174 lines
23 KiB
XML
174 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="2E1B0D788F97D3516E1D08C503D2D267">New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="91542DD568279AB44A93F809FC44EF2D">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C387E86624FFF6FF68E532838EF944" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8092127" ID-GBIF-Taxon="210479576" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8092127" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C387E86624FFF6FF68E532838EF944" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E86624FFF6FF68E532838EF944" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<subSubSection id="C37065756624FFF6FF68E532835BFD18" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE6624FFF6FF68E53287F1FD3F" blockId="21.[151,1352,618,675]" box="[151,482,618,645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<heading id="D09D81926624FFF6FF68E53287F1FD3F" bold="true" box="[151,482,618,645]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6624FFF6FF68E53287F1FD3F" ID-CoL="7P7NC" ID-ENA="655555" authority="Koehler, 1920" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,482,618,645]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FF68E53287F1FD3F" bold="true" box="[151,482,618,645]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FF68E532873CFD3E" bold="true" box="[151,303,618,645]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kampylaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6624FFF6FEC9E53287F1FD3F" author="Koehler, R." box="[310,482,618,644]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 308" refId="ref59531" refString="Koehler, R. (1920) Echinodermata: Asteroidea. Scientific Reports of the Australiasian Antarctic Expedition, C 8, 1 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85380" type="journal article" year="1920">Koehler, 1920</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE6624FFF6FF68E5D3835BFD18" blockId="21.[151,1352,618,675]" box="[151,1352,650,675]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6624FFF6FF68E5D3874FFD18" author="Koehler, R." box="[151,348,651,675]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 308" refId="ref59531" refString="Koehler, R. (1920) Echinodermata: Asteroidea. Scientific Reports of the Australiasian Antarctic Expedition, C 8, 1 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85380" type="journal article" year="1920">Koehler, 1920: 136</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6624FFF6FE98E5D38405FD19" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[359,534,650,675]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher 1940: 250</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6624FFF6FDDFE5D3851EFD18" author="Bernasconi, I" box="[544,781,651,675]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="335 - 346" refId="ref55665" refString="Bernasconi, I (1973 a) Asteroideos Argentinos. 6. Familia Asterinidae. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales " Bernardino Rivadavia " e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, 3 (4), 335 - 346, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1973">Bernasconi 1973a: 344</bibRefCitation>
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; A.M.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6624FFF6FCADE5D385EAFD18" author="Clark, A. M." box="[850,1017,651,675]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="187 - 366" refId="ref56339" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea. Part 2. Valvatida. E chinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366. https: // doi. org / 10.1201 / 9781003072553 - 4" type="journal article" year="1993">Clark 1993: 220</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6624FFF6FBFBE5D38350FD18" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters, J. M." box="[1028,1347,651,675]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref62280" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters, J. M. (2004) A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinoderamta: Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 61 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2004.61.1" type="journal article" year="2004">O’Loughlin & Waters 2004: 22</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37065756624FFF6FF68E58987FFFC78" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE6624FFF6FF68E5898719FD50" blockId="21.[151,1437,721,963]" box="[151,266,721,747]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FF68E5898719FD50" bold="true" box="[151,266,721,747]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE6624FFF6FF38E5AD87FFFC78" blockId="21.[151,1437,721,963]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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Arms five. Body thick, pentagonal to weakly stellate (R/r=1.0–2.2), strongly arched (dome-shaped). Abactinal surface composed of imbricate flattened to weakly convex plates, larger plates proximally becoming smaller distally. Abactinal and marginal plates covered by round to cylindrical/bullet-shaped granules, evenly distributed over abactinal and lateral surface covering boundaries between plates. Marginal plates forming crenulate margin. Actinal surface with one to three short, blunt spinelets. Furrow spines,
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<quantity id="4C929B1B6624FFF6FC53E4DD821BFC24" box="[940,1032,901,928]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.89" metricValueMax="12.7" metricValueMin="5.08" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="in" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2 to 5 in</quantity>
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transverse series. Superambulacrals and superactinal plates absent.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37065756624FFF6FF68E4A9838EF944" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE6624FFF6FF68E4A9870BFBB0" blockId="21.[151,1437,1009,1251]" box="[151,280,1009,1035]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FF68E4A9870BFBB0" bold="true" box="[151,280,1009,1035]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Comments</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE6624FFF6FF38E34D8219FB58" blockId="21.[151,1437,1009,1251]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6624FFF6FF38E34D8745FB94" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[199,342,1045,1071]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FF38E34D8745FB94" box="[199,342,1045,1071]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kampylaster</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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has received little discussion since its description (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6624FFF6FC56E34D8258FB94" author="Koehler, R." box="[937,1099,1045,1071]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 308" refId="ref59531" refString="Koehler, R. (1920) Echinodermata: Asteroidea. Scientific Reports of the Australiasian Antarctic Expedition, C 8, 1 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85380" type="journal article" year="1920">Koehler 1920</bibRefCitation>
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), which seems largely due to its lack of shared characters with other members of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6624FFF6FCF8E3618598FBE8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[775,907,1081,1107]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
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, including internal skeletal ossicles such as the superambulacrals and superactinals (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6624FFF6FDCFE305857BFBCC" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters, J. M." box="[560,872,1117,1143]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref62280" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters, J. M. (2004) A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinoderamta: Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 61 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2004.61.1" type="journal article" year="2004">O’Loughlin & Waters 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6624FFF6FC86E3058237FBCC" author="Koehler, R." box="[889,1060,1117,1143]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 308" refId="ref59531" refString="Koehler, R. (1920) Echinodermata: Asteroidea. Scientific Reports of the Australiasian Antarctic Expedition, C 8, 1 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85380" type="journal article" year="1920">Koehler (1920)</bibRefCitation>
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made early comparisons between
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6624FFF6FF68E3D98735FB20" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,294,1153,1179]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FF68E3D98735FB20" box="[151,294,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kampylaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6624FFF6FE9BE3DA87C6FB20" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1879" box="[356,469,1154,1179]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Tremaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FE9BE3DA87C6FB20" box="[356,469,1154,1179]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Tremaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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which have not found support (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6624FFF6FCAFE3D98286FB20" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters, J. M." box="[848,1173,1153,1179]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref62280" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters, J. M. (2004) A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinoderamta: Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 61 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2004.61.1" type="journal article" year="2004">O’Loughlin & Waters 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6624FFF6FB5BE3D98382FB20" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W." box="[1188,1425,1153,1179]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz 2011b</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Molecular phylogenetic work (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6624FFF6FE01E3FD84F8FB04" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W." box="[510,747,1189,1215]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz 2011b</bibRefCitation>
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) supported
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6624FFF6FC87E3FD8214FB04" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[888,1031,1189,1215]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FC87E3FD8214FB04" box="[888,1031,1189,1215]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kampylaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with the other Antarctic asterinid,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6624FFF6FF68E3918788FB58" authorityName="CASIZ" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[151,411,1225,1251]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Astrotholus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FF68E3918788FB58" box="[151,411,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Astrotholus antarcticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as members of a monophyletic clade, described herein.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE6624FFF6FF68E24987BDFA90" blockId="21.[151,1437,1297,1528]" box="[151,430,1297,1323]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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Key to
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6624FFF6FF15E24987BDFA90" box="[234,430,1297,1323]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FF15E249876AFA90" box="[234,377,1297,1323]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kampylaster</emphasis>
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||
spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE6624FFF6FF68E26A838FFA24" blockId="21.[151,1437,1297,1528]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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||
(0)
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<materialsCitation id="3B023CA36624FFF6FF1DE26A838FFA24" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4139000322" collectionCode="R" elevation="471" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" specimenCount="1">
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Marginal plates and lateral edge with round to cylindrical granules in irregular clusters, inferomarginal plates with rounded, actinolateral edge with round, close-set granules extending onto the distal actinal intermediate areas adjacent to the inferomarginals. Granules round, homogeneous in size and shape, close set. Body weakly stellate (R/r=1.0 at R=1.1.7)). Present at depths
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||
<elevation id="0047D1CD6624FFF6FEC1E2D28785FA24" box="[318,406,1418,1440]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.705" metricValueMax="9.35" metricValueMin="0.06" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="470.5" valueMax="935.0" valueMin="6.0">6–935 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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||
.......................................................
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6624FFF6FBD2E2D2838FFA24" authority="Koehler 1920" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1920" box="[1069,1436,1418,1440]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="incurvatus">
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||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FBD2E2D28300FA24" box="[1069,1299,1418,1439]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kampylaster incurvatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6624FFF6FAE6E2D2838FFA24" author="Koehler, R." box="[1305,1436,1418,1440]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="1 - 308" refId="ref59531" refString="Koehler, R. (1920) Echinodermata: Asteroidea. Scientific Reports of the Australiasian Antarctic Expedition, C 8, 1 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85380" type="journal article" year="1920">Koehler 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6624FFF6FF68E2FF838FFA4C" blockId="21.[151,1437,1297,1528]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
(0’) Inferomarginal plates with distinct spine series, cylindrical or bullet-shaped, 2–3× the length of those on abactinal granules in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6624FFF6FF1DE29D8759FA62" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[226,330,1476,1498]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tumulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FF1DE29D8759FA62" box="[226,330,1476,1498]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">K. tumulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, along actinolateral edge. Inferomarginals with a more angular lateral edge present. Granules more cylindrical, not spherical, more widely spaced, heterogeneous or homogeneous in size. Present at depths
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B6624FFF6FBC6E2BA82D2FA4C" box="[1081,1217,1506,1527]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.01" metricValueMax="3.02" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="m" value="2010.0" valueMax="3020.0" valueMin="1000.0">1000–3020 m</quantity>
|
||
................ (1)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6624FFF6FF68E145838EF91C" blockId="21.[151,1437,1564,1792]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
(1) Inferomarginal with three bullet-shaped granules (
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B6624FFF6FD24E1458515F989" box="[731,774,1564,1586]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
smaller individuals), approximately twice the length of abactinal granules. Body strongly stellate (R/r=~2.0–2.5), with arching disk narrowing on arms. At R=1.3, granules relatively fine, 5–6 granules along a 1.0 mm line, heterogeneous in size, some twice as large as others, widely spaced, throughout, especially on disk edge and distal actinal intermediate areas adjacent to the inferomarginals. Arm tips pointed......................................................................................................
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FB6FE1C9838EF91C" bold="true" box="[1168,1437,1681,1703]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6624FFF6FB6FE1C98372F91C" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[1168,1377,1681,1703]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="claireae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FB6FE1C98372F91C" bold="true" box="[1168,1377,1681,1703]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kampylaster claireae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976624FFF6FA99E1CA838EF91C" box="[1382,1437,1682,1703]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6624FFF6FF68E1F7838EF944" blockId="21.[151,1437,1564,1792]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
(1’) Inferomarginal with four to seven quadrate shaped granules at R=~
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B6624FFF6FC7FE1F785AAF97E" box="[896,953,1711,1733]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="in" value="1.5">1.5 in</quantity>
|
||
distinct series, 2–3 times the length of those on abactinal granules. Body thick, weakly stellate (R/r=~1.6). Granules coarse, approximately 3 along a 1.0 mm line (R=1.5), homogeneous in size, all relatively identical in size, shape. Arm tips rounded................
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FB72E1B1838EF944" bold="true" box="[1165,1437,1769,1791]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6624FFF6FB72E1B18373F944" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[1165,1376,1769,1791]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Kampylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tumulus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6624FFF6FB72E1B18373F944" bold="true" box="[1165,1376,1769,1791]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Kampylaster tumulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976624FFF6FA99E1B2838EF944" box="[1382,1437,1770,1791]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |