433 lines
65 KiB
XML
433 lines
65 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="5BD2A617AD08B14A74BC0F338A9294B8">New Genera, Species, and observations on the biology of Antarctic Valvatida (Asteroidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D161088D05BFF01B349830ED6E49A16D">2023</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C37065756606FFD4FF68E53885E4FCB1" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE6606FFD4FF68E5388419FDC0" blockId="55.[151,1437,608,1679]" box="[151,522,608,635]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<heading id="D09D81926606FFD4FF68E5388419FDC0" bold="true" box="[151,522,608,635]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" reason="4">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FF68E5388419FDC0" bold="true" box="[151,522,608,635]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FF68E5388729FDC0" ID-CoL="7PPR7" ID-ENA="559834" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,314,608,635]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FF68E5388729FDC0" bold="true" box="[151,314,608,635]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Paralophaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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versus
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FE6AE5388419FDC0" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" box="[405,522,608,635]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FE6AE5388419FDC0" bold="true" box="[405,522,608,635]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Lophaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD536FE6606FFD4FF38E5DC85E4FCB1" blockId="55.[151,1437,608,1679]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6606FFD4FF38E5DC87AFFD25" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W." box="[199,444,644,671]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz (2011b)</bibRefCitation>
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included three
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FD91E5DC857FFD25" ID-CoL="7PPR7" ID-ENA="559834" authority="Fisher, 1940" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[622,876,644,670]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FD91E5DC8503FD25" box="[622,784,644,670]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Paralophaster</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FC86E5DD8200FD25" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[889,1043,645,670]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FC86E5DD8200FD25" box="[889,1043,645,670]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. antarcticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FBDCE5DD828DFD25" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1059,1182,644,670]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="godfroyi">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FBDCE5DD828DFD25" box="[1059,1182,644,670]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. godfroyi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FB20E5DD8351FD25" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[1247,1346,644,670]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lorioli">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FB20E5DD8351FD25" box="[1247,1346,644,670]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. lorioli</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in their molecular phylogenetic overview of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FDA9E5F084D7FD79" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1884" box="[598,708,680,706]" class="Asteroidea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="order">Valvatida</taxonomicName>
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. Although these three species clustered together on both two-gene and three-gene trees, as part of a single lineage,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FD46E594856DFD5D" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[697,894,716,742]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FD46E594856DFD5D" box="[697,894,716,742]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Lophaster densus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was also supported. This has resulted in further study of the diagnostic characters that separate
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FD56E5A88508FCB1" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" box="[681,795,752,778]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FD56E5A88508FCB1" box="[681,795,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Lophaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FCAEE5A885E4FCB1" box="[849,1015,752,778]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FCAEE5A885E0FCB1" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[849,1011,752,778]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Paralophaster</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C37065756606FFD4FF38E44C8589FA9C" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6606FFD4FF38E44C86F3FB00" blockId="55.[151,1437,608,1679]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FF38E44C872AFC95" ID-CoL="7PCBR" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" box="[199,313,788,814]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FF38E44C872AFC95" box="[199,313,788,814]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Lophaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been historically characterized by the possession of distinct, more elongate, and larger marginal paxillae (i.e., marginal plates that are paxillae-like in shape), especially the superomarginal paxillae, which are clearly distinguished from the abactinal paxillae in
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FD70E4048512FCCD" ID-CoL="7PCBR" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" box="[655,769,860,886]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FD70E4048512FCCD" box="[655,769,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Lophaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This is contrasted with
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FBE2E40482ACFCCD" ID-CoL="7PPR7" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[1053,1215,860,886]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FBE2E40482ACFCCD" box="[1053,1215,860,886]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Paralophaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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that was originally characterized by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6606FFD4FEA3E4D88421FC20" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[348,562,896,923]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher (1940: 175)</bibRefCitation>
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as simply having “undifferentiated” superomarginals but has undergone redefinition to being similar in size or more precisely as being “…hardly if at all, larger than the abactinal paxillae” (e.g.,A.M.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6606FFD4FEECE49087A8FC58" author="Clark, A. M." box="[275,443,968,995]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="68 - 70" refId="ref56254" refString="Clark, A. M. (1962) Asteroidea. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931, B 9, 68 - 70." type="journal article" year="1962">Clark 1962: 80</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6606FFD4FE33E4908472FC58" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[460,609,968,995]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher (1940)</bibRefCitation>
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also described the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FC8AE49185F9FC59" ID-CoL="a47ca792-d04c-4fe9-91c3-caf633106ecd" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[885,1002,969,994]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Myoraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FC8AE49185F9FC59" box="[885,1002,969,994]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Myoraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to accommodate
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FB56E490838FFC59" ID-CoL="7ee27eee-0ff7-4c0f-863d-147db8ec33ea" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1912" box="[1193,1436,968,994]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FB56E490838FFC59" box="[1193,1436,968,994]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Lophaster antarcticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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which he argued was distinctive based on actinolateral muscle bands, in comparison to
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FBA3E4B48333FBBD" ID-CoL="3W22D" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[1116,1312,1004,1030]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FBA3E4B48333FBBD" box="[1116,1312,1004,1030]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Lophaster densus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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which was lacking
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FF0CE349877BFB91" ID-CoL="a47ca792-d04c-4fe9-91c3-caf633106ecd" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[243,360,1041,1066]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Myoraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FF0CE349877BFB91" box="[243,360,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Myoraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’s muscle bands. A.M.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6606FFD4FD8EE3488510FB91" author="Clark, A. M." box="[625,771,1040,1066]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="68 - 70" refId="ref56254" refString="Clark, A. M. (1962) Asteroidea. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931, B 9, 68 - 70." type="journal article" year="1962">Clark (1962)</bibRefCitation>
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synonymized the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FBDEE3498285FB91" ID-CoL="a47ca792-d04c-4fe9-91c3-caf633106ecd" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[1057,1174,1041,1066]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Myoraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FBDEE3498285FB91" box="[1057,1174,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Myoraster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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transferring
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FAD4E3488707FBF5" ID-CoL="7ee27eee-0ff7-4c0f-863d-147db8ec33ea" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1912" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FAD4E3488707FBF5" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Lophaster antarcticus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
to
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<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FEC3E36C849FFBF5" box="[316,652,1076,1102]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FEC3E36C87CDFBF5" ID-CoL="7PPR7" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[316,478,1076,1102]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Paralophaster</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FE15E36C849FFBF5" ID-CoL="7PPR7" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[490,652,1076,1102]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Paralophaster</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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has been reported from further occurrence (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6606FFD4FB3FE36C86C3FBC8" author="Presler, P. & Figielska, E." pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="107 - 117" refId="ref62703" refString="Presler, P. & Figielska, E. (1997) New data on the Asteroidea of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetland Island. Polish Polar Research, 18 (2), 107 - 117. https: // doi. org / 10.2478 / v 10183 - 011 - 0022 - 8" type="journal article" year="1997">Presler & Figielska 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and environmental accounts (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6606FFD4FD9AE300857FFBC8" author="McClintock, J. & Amsler, M. O. & Angus, R. O. & Challener, R. C. & Schram, J. B. & Amsler, C. D. & Baker, B. J." box="[613,876,1112,1139]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="457 - 466" refId="ref61209" refString="McClintock, J. B, Amsler, M. O., Angus, R. O., Challener, R. C., Schram, J. B. Amsler, C. D., Mah ,, C. L. & Baker, B. J. (2011) The Mg- Calcite composition of Antarctic echinoderms: important implications for predicting the impacts of ocean acidification. Journal of Geology, 119 (5), 457 - 466. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 660890" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
McClintock
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FD0DE3018536FBC9" box="[754,805,1112,1138]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with no further taxonomic/systematic overviews other than the recently described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FDE6E32484A8FB2D" ID-CoL="7PPR7" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[537,699,1148,1174]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FDE6E32484A8FB2D" box="[537,699,1148,1174]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from deep-sea North Pacific settings near
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D766E6606FFD4FB53E32582FFFB2C" box="[1196,1260,1149,1175]" name="Japan" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6606FFD4FB02E32486C7FB00" author="Mah, C. & Fujita, T." pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="67 - 100" refId="ref60716" refString="Mah, C. & Fujita, T. (2020) New species and occurrence records of Japanese Solasteridae and Ganeriidae including a new species of Paralophaster from the North Pacific with an overview of Hyalinothrix. Zootaxa, 4750 (1), 67 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4750.1.4" type="journal article" year="2020">Mah & Fujita 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6606FFD4FF38E39C8589FA9C" blockId="55.[151,1437,608,1679]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Phylogenetic analysis of the Valvatacea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6606FFD4FD77E39C8576FB65" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W." box="[648,869,1220,1247]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref60604" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz D. W. (2011 b) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz 2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), included three
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FBE6E39C8307FB65" ID-CoL="7PPR7" ID-ENA="559834" authority="Fisher, 1940" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[1049,1300,1220,1246]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FBE6E39C82A8FB65" box="[1049,1211,1220,1246]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FAE1E39D86E8FAB9" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FAE1E39D838BFB65" ID-CoL="6TPMZ" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1310,1432,1220,1246]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="godfroyi">P. godfroyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FF68E3B186E8FAB9" ID-CoL="4CZYC" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[151,251,1256,1282]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lorioli">P. lorioli</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FEC3E3B187C4FAB9" ID-CoL="7ee27eee-0ff7-4c0f-863d-147db8ec33ea" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1912" box="[316,471,1257,1282]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FEC3E3B187C4FAB9" box="[316,471,1257,1282]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. antarcticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well as the Antarctic
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FD0AE3B085D0FAB9" box="[757,963,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FD0AE3B085ACFAB9" ID-CoL="3W22D" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[757,959,1256,1282]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus">Lophaster densus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
All four taxa were supported on a single clade, supporting the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FE77E2548407FA9D" ID-CoL="7NL36" authorityName="Viguier" authorityYear="1878" box="[392,532,1292,1318]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Solasteridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by two-gene and three-gene trees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37065756606FFDBFF38E2688577FDA2" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6606FFD4FF38E26886F4FA0D" blockId="55.[151,1437,608,1679]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The key diagnostic character for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FDACE26884E6FAF1" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[595,757,1328,1354]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FDACE26884E6FAF1" box="[595,757,1328,1354]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based upon
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6606FFD4FC4FE2688272FAF0" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[944,1121,1328,1355]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher’s (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
diagnosis which describes “undifferentiated” superomarginal plates. The description of this character has undergone modification by A.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6606FFD4FF68E2208734FA29" author="Clark, A. M." box="[151,295,1400,1426]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="68 - 70" refId="ref56254" refString="Clark, A. M. (1962) Asteroidea. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931, B 9, 68 - 70." type="journal article" year="1962">Clark (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and H.E.S.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6606FFD4FE52E220842FFA29" author="Clark, H. E. S." box="[429,572,1400,1426]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="1 - 84" refId="ref56491" refString="Clark, H. E. S. (1963) The Fauna of the Ross Sea. Part 3. Asteroidea. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin, 151, 1 - 84." type="journal article" year="1963">Clark (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as superomarginal plates which are similar or identical to the abactinal plates in size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6606FFD4FF38E2988258F935" blockId="55.[151,1437,608,1679]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Based on observations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FE0AE2988474FA61" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" box="[501,615,1472,1498]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FE0AE2988474FA61" box="[501,615,1472,1498]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Lophaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens, the marginal plates show two relatively thick and elongate paxillar heads which are variably articulated or show fusion at the basal portion of each plate. This appears to be a consistent character of marginal plates among
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FD39E150858AF999" box="[710,921,1544,1570]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FD39E150852BF999" box="[710,824,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Lophaster</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FC5CE1508256F999" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[931,1093,1544,1570]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FC5CE1508256F999" box="[931,1093,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FB92E151838FF999" box="[1133,1436,1544,1570]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FB92E15182FEF999" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1133,1261,1544,1570]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="godfroyi">P. godfroyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FB05E151838BF999" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1912" box="[1274,1432,1545,1570]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">P. antarcticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FF38E1758723F9FD" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[199,304,1580,1606]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FF38E1758723F9FD" box="[199,304,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">P. densus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
when clearly present appear to be shorter and smaller overall than the inferomarginals, but closer in appearance to the abactinal paxillae. Marginal paxillae in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FCE6E1088598F9D1" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1878" box="[793,907,1616,1642]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FCE6E1088598F9D1" box="[793,907,1616,1642]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Lophaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be a function of size, length and wide spacing versus those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FE5EE12C8450F935" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[417,579,1652,1678]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FE5EE12C8450F935" box="[417,579,1652,1678]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which are smaller, shorter and more crowded.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6606FFD4FF68E1E4840DF96C" blockId="55.[151,1437,1724,2039]" box="[151,542,1724,1751]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FF68E1E4840DF96C" bold="true" box="[151,542,1724,1751]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Marginal Plates in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FE84E1E4840DF96C" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[379,542,1724,1751]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FE84E1E4840DF96C" bold="true" box="[379,542,1724,1751]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6606FFD4FF38E1B887C9F869" blockId="55.[151,1437,1724,2039]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6606FFD4FF38E1B88763F940" author="Blake, D. B." box="[199,368,1760,1787]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="234 - 241" refId="ref55856" refString="Blake, D. B. (1978) The taxonomic position of the modern sea-star Cistina Gray, 1840. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 91 (1), 234 - 241." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake’s (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
criterion defined the marginal plate series as extending from the primary on the disk to the terminal plate on the arm. Identification of plates as superomarginal versus inferomarginal plate series was based on their relative position, with the inferomarginal series identified based on its proximity to the adambulacral plate series. Marginal plate characters show two primary trends in
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6606FFD4FCA4E0148212F8DD" box="[859,1025,1868,1894]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6606FFD4FCA4E01485EEF8DD" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[859,1021,1868,1894]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Paralophaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
those with only a single prominent marginal plate series and those showing two, including clearly defined superomarginals. In both instances, it is assumed that both series are present but that there is some degree of character modification to the superomarginal and/or inferomarginal series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6606FFDBFF38E08587C2FEA6" blockId="55.[151,1437,1724,2039]" lastBlockId="56.[151,1437,151,537]" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
In the former, there is only a single prominent series which, based on location and position is thought to be an enlarged inferomarginal series. A.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6609FFDBFDC5E7CF84D9FF0A" author="Clark, A. M." box="[570,714,151,177]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="68 - 70" refId="ref56254" refString="Clark, A. M. (1962) Asteroidea. B. A. N. Z. Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 1931, B 9, 68 - 70." type="journal article" year="1962">Clark (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
interpreted this as superomarginal plates which were essentially identical with the abactinal paxillae but very weakly expressed or jumbled, such as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFB5EE7E387DAFF43" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFB5EE7E3838BFF6E" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[1185,1432,187,213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lorioli">Paralophaster lorioli</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFF68E78787DAFF43" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,457,223,249]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paucispinus" status="sp. nov.">Paralophaster paucispinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976609FFDBFE2DE7878402FF42" box="[466,529,223,249]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
displays a more extreme case with a seemingly incomplete or possibly absent superomarginal plate series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF38E67F8577FDA2" blockId="56.[151,1437,151,537]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
In the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFEAFE67F87E1FEFA" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[336,498,295,321]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFEAFE67F87E1FEFA" box="[336,498,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there is a well-developed, observable series of superomarginals that are present on the abactinal surface above and either adjacent or alternating with the inferomarginal plates, such as in
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFAE3E61387ACFE33" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFAE3E613838BFEDE" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1308,1432,331,357]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="godfroyi">P. godfroyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFF68E6378704FE32" authorityName="H. E. S. Clark" authorityYear="1970" box="[151,279,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hyalinus">P. hyalinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFEDBE63787ACFE33" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1912" box="[292,447,367,392]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">P. antarcticus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFE04E6378476FE32" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[507,613,367,393]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFE04E6378476FE32" box="[507,613,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">P. densus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In these latter species, larger specimens (>R=3.0 cm) such as those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFF68E6CB87B2FE16" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[151,417,403,429]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="godfroyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFF68E6CB87B2FE16" box="[151,417,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Paralophaster godfroyi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the paxillar base of the presumptive superomarginal plates were directly articulated on the surface of the trunk of the larger inferomarginal paxillae in a manner identical to those on other solasterids, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFF0FE68387B0FE4F" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1912" box="[240,419,475,501]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Lophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="gaini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFF0FE68387B0FE4F" box="[240,419,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Lophaster gaini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFE30E68384E6FE4F" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[463,757,475,501]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFE30E68384E6FE4F" box="[463,757,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Paralophaster antarcticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, superomarginal paxillae were observed as a separate series, intercalated above and between the larger inferomarginal series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37065756609FFDBFF68E51F838EF965" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="key">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF68E51F842BFDDA" blockId="56.[151,568,582,609]" box="[151,568,582,609]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFF68E51F842BFDDA" bold="true" box="[151,568,582,609]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Key to the Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFE6AE51E842BFDDA" ID-CoL="7PPR7" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[405,568,582,609]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFE6AE51E842BFDDA" bold="true" box="[405,568,582,609]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Paralophaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF68E5D4838FFD42" blockId="56.[151,1437,652,849]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
(0) Abactinal, marginal paxillae with abundant fine spinelets, 20 to 40. Abactinal surface with close-set paxillae presenting an almost brushy, fuzzy appearance (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFDD6E5F184AFFD05" box="[553,700,681,703]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="58.[151,250,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1916]" captionTargetId="figure-28@58.[151,1436,181,1916]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 18. Paralophaster antarcticus USNM E53506. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Closeup of abactinal and marginal paxillae. E. Closeup of oral and furrow spine region. F. Closeup of furrow spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090286/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 18A, B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Marginal plates number 20–45 per arm side, (40–80 per interradius) close-set. Superomarginal paxillae present intercalated between larger inferomarginals and distinctly larger (2–4×) than abactinal paxillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFEC4E5BC8780FD42" box="[315,403,740,762]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="58.[151,250,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1916]" captionTargetId="figure-28@58.[151,1436,181,1916]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 18. Paralophaster antarcticus USNM E53506. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Closeup of abactinal and marginal paxillae. E. Closeup of oral and furrow spine region. F. Closeup of furrow spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090286/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 18D</figureCitation>
|
||
).................................................................................... (1)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF68E459838FFCEA" blockId="56.[151,1437,652,849]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
(0’) Abactinal, marginal paxillae with fewer spinelets, 3 to 25, mostly 10–14 (e.g.,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFC39E459822BFCAD" box="[966,1080,769,791]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1900,1924]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-15@67.[164,1423,181,1876]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paralophaster lorioli USNM E13474 (all but B). A. Abactinal surface. B. CASIZ167622, brooding individual Abactinal surface cutaway showing eight brooded individuals (indicated by “b”) in coelom. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal and marginal paxillae view. E. Closeup of furrow spination and marginal plates. F. Serrated subambulacral spines. G. Closeup of serrated subambulacral spines and adjacent furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090298/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 22A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Marginal plates 13–26 per arm side. Superomarginal paxillae either inconspicuous or absent, only a single prominent series, the inferomarginals, present along each arm................................................................................................ (2)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF68E42E838FFC12" blockId="56.[151,1437,886,996]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
(1) Body more strongly stellate with elongate arms R/r= 2.0–4.0 at R=1.0–16.0 cm. Superomarginals similar or identical to abactinal paxillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFEC4E4CC8791FC12" box="[315,386,916,938]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="58.[151,250,1940,1964]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1916]" captionTargetId="figure-28@58.[151,1436,181,1916]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="FIGURE 18. Paralophaster antarcticus USNM E53506. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Closeup of abactinal and marginal paxillae. E. Closeup of oral and furrow spine region. F. Closeup of furrow spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090286" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090286/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
)....................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFC08E4CC838FFC12" ID-CoL="4CZY9" authority="(Koehler, 1912 a)" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1015,1436,916,938]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarcticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFC08E4CC82E0FC12" box="[1015,1267,916,937]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Paralophaster antarcticus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6609FFDBFAFFE4CC8385FC12" author="Koehler, R." box="[1280,1430,916,938]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 277" refId="ref59374" refString="Koehler, R. (1912 a) Echinodermes (Asteries, Ophiures et Echinides). In: Deuxieme Expedition Antarctique Francaise 1908 - 1910 J. Charcot. Masson et cie, Paris, pp. 1 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85347" type="book chapter" year="1912">Koehler, 1912a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF68E4E9838FFC58" blockId="56.[151,1437,886,996]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
(1’) Body more weakly stellate with short, triangular arms R/r=2.53 at R=
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B6609FFDBFC6DE4E985C7FC7D" box="[914,980,945,966]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="cm" value="1.9">1.9 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFC1CE4E9823EFC7D" box="[995,1069,945,967]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="60.[151,250,1886,1910]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetId="figure-51@60.[151,1436,273,1863]" captionTargetPageId="60" captionText="FIGURE 19. Paralophaster densus nov. comb. Holotype USNM E10102, string with label left on specimen during photography. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal and marginal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Closeup of marginal paxillae. E. Closeup of tube foot groove and adambulacral/furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090290" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090290/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). Superomarginals present/alternating with inferomarginals......................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFBC2E496838FFC58" ID-CoL="98088798-47b5-41aa-b323-7151adf74624" authority="(Fisher, 1940)" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Fisher" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[1085,1436,974,996]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="densus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFBC2E496831CFC58" box="[1085,1295,974,995]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Paralophaster densus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6609FFDBFAE3E4968386FC58" author="Fisher, W. K." box="[1308,1429,974,996]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="69 - 306" refId="ref57901" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher, 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF68E351838FFB80" blockId="56.[151,1437,1033,1142]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
(2) Subambulacral spines with serrations, either along the sides or the upper top of the spine (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFBC2E35182BFFBA5" box="[1085,1196,1033,1055]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1900,1924]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-15@67.[164,1423,181,1876]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paralophaster lorioli USNM E13474 (all but B). A. Abactinal surface. B. CASIZ167622, brooding individual Abactinal surface cutaway showing eight brooded individuals (indicated by “b”) in coelom. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal and marginal paxillae view. E. Closeup of furrow spination and marginal plates. F. Serrated subambulacral spines. G. Closeup of serrated subambulacral spines and adjacent furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090298/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 22F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Marginal paxillae 9–18 per arm side at R=2.0–4.0.............................................................................. (3)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF68E31C838FFBCD" blockId="56.[151,1437,1033,1142]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
(2’) Subambulacral spines might have rough surface, but without serrations (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFC56E31C8213FBE2" box="[937,1024,1092,1114]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="69.[151,260,1817,1843]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,237,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-15@69.[151,1436,234,1793]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 23. Paralophaster paucispinus n. sp. USNM 1660601 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal paxillae. C. Lateral view showing marginal paxillae. D. Closeup showing actinal intermediate surface, marginal plates. E. Actinal surface. F. Closeup of furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8092125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8092125/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 23F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Marginal paxillae 13–30 per arm side at R=1.7 to 4.1......................................................................................... (4)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF68E3C4838FFAB2" blockId="56.[151,1436,1180,1378]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
(3) Subambulacral spines with 7–12 thorny serrations along the shaft (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFC9AE3C485C5FB0A" box="[869,982,1180,1202]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1900,1924]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-15@67.[164,1423,181,1876]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paralophaster lorioli USNM E13474 (all but B). A. Abactinal surface. B. CASIZ167622, brooding individual Abactinal surface cutaway showing eight brooded individuals (indicated by “b”) in coelom. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal and marginal paxillae view. E. Closeup of furrow spination and marginal plates. F. Serrated subambulacral spines. G. Closeup of serrated subambulacral spines and adjacent furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090298/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 22F, G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abactinal paxillae relatively short, squat with spinelets, 10–25, emerging from plate near the body surface, each with 1–3 pointed tips (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFBC1E3E182A7FB75" box="[1086,1204,1209,1231]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1900,1924]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-15@67.[164,1423,181,1876]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paralophaster lorioli USNM E13474 (all but B). A. Abactinal surface. B. CASIZ167622, brooding individual Abactinal surface cutaway showing eight brooded individuals (indicated by “b”) in coelom. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal and marginal paxillae view. E. Closeup of furrow spination and marginal plates. F. Serrated subambulacral spines. G. Closeup of serrated subambulacral spines and adjacent furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090298/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 22D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Superomarginal plates absent or weakly present. A single prominent series of marginal paxillae present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFC09E38E829BFB50" box="[1014,1160,1238,1260]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1900,1924]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-15@67.[164,1423,181,1876]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paralophaster lorioli USNM E13474 (all but B). A. Abactinal surface. B. CASIZ167622, brooding individual Abactinal surface cutaway showing eight brooded individuals (indicated by “b”) in coelom. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal and marginal paxillae view. E. Closeup of furrow spination and marginal plates. F. Serrated subambulacral spines. G. Closeup of serrated subambulacral spines and adjacent furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090298/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 22C, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Individuals found to brood juveniles in coelom.
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFE55E3AC87EDFAB2" box="[426,510,1268,1290]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="67.[151,250,1900,1924]" captionTargetBox="[164,1423,181,1876]" captionTargetId="figure-15@67.[164,1423,181,1876]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="FIGURE 22. Paralophaster lorioli USNM E13474 (all but B). A. Abactinal surface. B. CASIZ167622, brooding individual Abactinal surface cutaway showing eight brooded individuals (indicated by “b”) in coelom. C. Actinal surface. D. Abactinal and marginal paxillae view. E. Closeup of furrow spination and marginal plates. F. Serrated subambulacral spines. G. Closeup of serrated subambulacral spines and adjacent furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090298" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090298/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 22B</figureCitation>
|
||
...............................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFBCEE3AC838FFAB2" ID-CoL="4CZYC" authority="(Koehler, 1907)" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1907" box="[1073,1436,1268,1290]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="lorioli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFBCEE3AC82EDFAB2" box="[1073,1278,1268,1289]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Paralophaster lorioli</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6609FFDBFAF5E3AC8386FAB2" author="Koehler, R." box="[1290,1429,1268,1290]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="140 - 147" refId="ref59234" refString="Koehler, R. (1907) Asteries et Echinides recueillis dans les mers australes par la Scotia (1902 - 1904). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 32 (6), 140 - 147." type="journal article" year="1907">Koehler, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF68E249838FFAD9" blockId="56.[151,1436,1180,1378]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
(3’) Subambulacral spines more weakly developed thorny serrations, 3–5 at the tip of each spine. Abactinal paxillae with elongate shaft, hyaline spinelets, 8–25 with single to bifid-tipped (i.e., fork-like) points. Superomarginal and inferomarginal paxillae both evident, similar in scale, inferomarginals, thicker than superomarginals....
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFC0DE214838FFAD9" ID-CoL="4CZYB" authority="H. E. S. Clark, 1970 b" authorityName="H. E. S. Clark" authorityYear="1970" box="[1010,1436,1356,1378]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hyalinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFC0DE21482C0FADA" box="[1010,1235,1356,1377]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Paralophaster hyalinus</emphasis>
|
||
H.E.S.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6609FFDBFAE0E214838FFAD9" author="Clark, H. E. S." box="[1311,1436,1356,1378]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="177 - 179" refId="ref56579" refString="Clark, H. E. S. (1970 b) A new species of Paralophaster (Asteroidea) from New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Biological Sciences, 12 (15), 177 - 179." type="journal article" year="1970">Clark, 1970b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF68E2DE838EFA6D" blockId="56.[151,1437,1414,1554]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
(4) Abactinal paxillae, relatively low and stout with spinelets 2 to 4 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFCB7E2DE85B3FA20" box="[840,928,1414,1436]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="69.[151,260,1817,1843]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,237,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-15@69.[151,1436,234,1793]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 23. Paralophaster paucispinus n. sp. USNM 1660601 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal paxillae. C. Lateral view showing marginal paxillae. D. Closeup showing actinal intermediate surface, marginal plates. E. Actinal surface. F. Closeup of furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8092125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8092125/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 23B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Marginal paxillae 14–16 per arm side at R=2.6 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFA8AE2DE873AFA02" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="69.[151,260,1817,1843]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,237,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-15@69.[151,1436,234,1793]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 23. Paralophaster paucispinus n. sp. USNM 1660601 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal paxillae. C. Lateral view showing marginal paxillae. D. Closeup showing actinal intermediate surface, marginal plates. E. Actinal surface. F. Closeup of furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8092125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8092125/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 23D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Each marginal paxillae with 4–10 spinelets (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFD1BE2FC8529FA02" box="[740,826,1444,1466]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="69.[151,260,1817,1843]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,237,1793]" captionTargetId="figure-15@69.[151,1436,234,1793]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="FIGURE 23. Paralophaster paucispinus n. sp. USNM 1660601 Holotype. A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup of abactinal paxillae. C. Lateral view showing marginal paxillae. D. Closeup showing actinal intermediate surface, marginal plates. E. Actinal surface. F. Closeup of furrow spines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8092125" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8092125/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 23F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Known only from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D1885C6609FFDBFBDFE2FC8264FA01" box="[1056,1143,1444,1466]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
..................................................................................................
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFBA8E298838EFA6D" bold="true" box="[1111,1437,1472,1494]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFBA8E2988373FA6D" ID-CoL="b9e5d393-bf48-4768-a953-e0631cc3779b" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[1111,1376,1472,1494]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="paucispinus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFBA8E2988373FA6D" bold="true" box="[1111,1376,1472,1494]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Paralophaster paucispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976609FFDBFA99E299838BFA6D" box="[1382,1432,1473,1494]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species">n. sp</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF68E286838FF9AA" blockId="56.[151,1437,1414,1554]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">(4’) Abactinal paxillae with numerous spinelets, 4–25, shaft variably elongate and narrow to short and thick. Marginal paxillae 13–23 per arm side, from R=1.7 to 4.1. Marginal paxillae with 8–30 spinelets..................................... (5)</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF68E16E838FF93D" blockId="56.[151,1437,1590,1759]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
(5) Abactinal paxillae slender and elongate with spinelets, 4–10 as long as the shaft on which they sit (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFB53E16E8316F9F0" box="[1196,1285,1590,1612]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1860,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1836]" captionTargetId="figure-28@64.[151,1436,181,1836]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 21. Paralophaster godfroyi USNM 1570993. A. Abactinal surface. Scale bar: 5.0 mm. A.1. Madreporite. B. Closeup of abactinal paxillae. C. Closeup of marginal paxillae. D. Closeup of oral region and adjacent furrow spination. E. Actinal surface. F. Closeup of furrow spination." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090294" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090294/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 21B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Actinal plates 4–10, slender. No brooded juveniles. Arms long and strap-like, R/r=2.3–4.1. Historical depth range:
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B6609FFDBFB5AE10C8305F9D2" box="[1189,1302,1620,1641]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.055" metricValueMax="2.04" metricValueMin="0.06999999999999999" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="1055.0" valueMax="2040.0" valueMin="70.0">70−2040 m</quantity>
|
||
..............................................................................
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFBE8E129838FF93D" ID-CoL="6TPMZ" authority="(Koehler 1912 a)" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[1047,1436,1649,1671]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="godfroyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFBE8E12982EBF93D" box="[1047,1272,1649,1670]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Paralophaster godfroyi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB4B0F6609FFDBFAFAE1298385F93D" author="Koehler, R." box="[1285,1430,1649,1671]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 277" refId="ref59374" refString="Koehler, R. (1912 a) Echinodermes (Asteries, Ophiures et Echinides). In: Deuxieme Expedition Antarctique Francaise 1908 - 1910 J. Charcot. Masson et cie, Paris, pp. 1 - 277. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 85347" type="book chapter" year="1912">Koehler 1912a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD536FE6609FFDBFF68E1D6838EF965" blockId="56.[151,1437,1590,1759]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
(5’) Abactinal paxillae short and thick with spinelets 10–25, longer than the shaft on which they sit (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFB8FE1D682DBF918" box="[1136,1224,1678,1700]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-28@62.[159,1429,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 20. Paralophaster ferax n. sp. Holotype USNM 1675790, A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup on abactinal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Brooded juveniles within coelomic cavity (abactinal surface cutaway). E. Closeup of brooded juvenile. F. Closeup of adambulacral furrow showing furrow and subambulacral spination, adambulacral plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090292" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090292/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 20B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Actinal plates one or two (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFEECE1F48797F97A" box="[275,388,1708,1730]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-28@62.[159,1429,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 20. Paralophaster ferax n. sp. Holotype USNM 1675790, A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup on abactinal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Brooded juveniles within coelomic cavity (abactinal surface cutaway). E. Closeup of brooded juvenile. F. Closeup of adambulacral furrow showing furrow and subambulacral spination, adambulacral plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090292" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090292/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 20C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Brooded juveniles enclosed by pouch in coelom (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13512A7B6609FFDBFC8FE1F485F7F97A" box="[880,996,1708,1730]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="62.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-28@62.[159,1429,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="62" captionText="FIGURE 20. Paralophaster ferax n. sp. Holotype USNM 1675790, A. Abactinal surface. B. Closeup on abactinal paxillae. C. Actinal surface. D. Brooded juveniles within coelomic cavity (abactinal surface cutaway). E. Closeup of brooded juvenile. F. Closeup of adambulacral furrow showing furrow and subambulacral spination, adambulacral plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8090292" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8090292/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 20D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Arms short, triangular, R/r=1.7−3.0. Known from
|
||
<quantity id="4C929B1B6609FFDBFEE9E19187B3F965" box="[278,416,1737,1758]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="3000.0" valueMax="4000.0" valueMin="2000.0">2000−4000 m</quantity>
|
||
................................................................
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFB65E190838EF965" bold="true" box="[1178,1437,1736,1759]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A4D7D6609FFDBFB65E1908373F964" ID-CoL="19337513-d6f5-4bad-8885-0224b00f18b3" authority="Mah, 2023" authorityName="Mah" authorityYear="2023" box="[1178,1376,1736,1759]" class="Asteroidea" family="Solasteridae" genus="Paralophaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ferax" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EEAEC6609FFDBFB65E1908373F964" bold="true" box="[1178,1376,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Paralophaster ferax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22D57976609FFDBFA99E191838EF965" box="[1382,1437,1737,1758]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |