234 lines
25 KiB
XML
234 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="3583E4C812E3B73D58318B7D01D4184C" ID-CLB-Dataset="58517" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6514377" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58bf4faf-7498-4c12-bcb3-b6f085b58978" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514377" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1635374545975" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03A087C4FFCFFFCEFF42F83FE173F8E8" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Cervidae_0350.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Rusa unicolor" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="417" masterDocId="FF99FFBCFFC5FFC4FFCBFFB7E63DFFF9" masterDocTitle="Cervidae" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="417" updateTime="1699464900173" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D05A53F4815B9781ED069E715D283C61">
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<mods:title id="8E5EFDA1D7E5C41444D0B952F9BE9FD7">Cervidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="CE18D4FD2F6FE06C764AFFAB810D9ED7" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="59F6CA5103D985C719A468C927D06EA5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="517A9A5B54E0C0E36F06F687BD09D713">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="EF945712ABFDD6FA5F75F2DBBC6001A0">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="87F47834AD2BD4F3749994D404FFB43B" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="08A80DEB373AB6DCC353AEF14A8AA74E">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="8596C953092EC33EF3BCA3324FD31F21">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="5A0C765EA9EBDF03F0EFE7004F53761D">
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<mods:title id="C652502F785C0D52D6778AED7CF0A921">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C907BD52B2DD49F58B7B61161755EA46">
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<mods:identifier id="C79BDB387B482758631F33888D9230D2" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6514377</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03A087C4FFCFFFCEFF42F83FE173F8E8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514476" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195657947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514476" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A087C4FFCFFFCEFF42F83FE173F8E8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A087C4FFCFFFCEFF42F83FE173F8E8" lastPageNumber="417" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFF42F83FE682F857" box="[137,191,1928,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFF42F83FE682F857" blockId="10.[132,734,1928,2007]" box="[137,191,1928,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCFFFCEFF42F83FE682F857" box="[137,191,1928,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<figureCitation id="13322A57FFCFFFCEFF42F83FE682F857" box="[137,191,1928,1966]" captionStart="Plate 17: Cervidae" captionStartId="8.[137,169,3395,3416]" captionTargetBox="[13,2763,16,3636]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="13. Chital (Axis axis), 14. Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), 15. Bawean Deer (Axis kuhlii)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6554879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6554879/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">19.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFF1AF83FE752F857" box="[209,367,1928,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFF1AF83FE752F857" blockId="10.[132,734,1928,2007]" box="[209,367,1928,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCFFFCEFF1AF83FE752F857" box="[209,367,1928,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCFFFCEFF1AF83FE752F857" box="[209,367,1928,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Sambar</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFE6AF83FE491F857" box="[417,684,1928,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFE6AF83FE491F857" blockId="10.[132,734,1928,2007]" box="[417,684,1928,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCFFFCEFE6AF83FE491F857" box="[417,684,1928,1966]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEFE6AF83FE491F857" ID-CoL="4TQSL" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[417,684,1928,1966]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFE6AF83FE491F857" box="[417,684,1928,1966]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Rusa unicolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFF4DF877E4E0F82C" box="[134,733,1984,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFF4DF877E4E0F82C" blockId="10.[132,734,1928,2007]" box="[134,733,1984,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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||
<heading id="D0FE81BEFFCFFFCEFF4DF877E4E0F82C" box="[134,733,1984,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFF4DF877E6EEF82C" bold="true" box="[134,211,1984,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCFFFCEFF17F877E76BF82C" box="[220,342,1984,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Cerf sambar</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFEA1F877E7F8F82C" bold="true" box="[362,453,1984,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCFFFCEFE05F877E424F82C" box="[462,537,1984,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Sambar</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFDE5F877E4B4F82C" bold="true" box="[558,649,1984,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050A46FCFFCFFFCEFD59F877E4E0F82C" box="[658,733,1984,2005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Sambar</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFD26F7B4E33EF7DD" box="[749,1283,2051,2084]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFD26F7B4E33EF7DD" blockId="10.[749,1336,2051,2477]" box="[749,1283,2051,2084]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFD26F7B4E5B5F7DD" bold="true" box="[749,904,2051,2084]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEFC52F7B4E2C3F7DD" ID-CoL="T56R" authority="Kerr, 1792" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[921,1278,2051,2084]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Cervus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="unicolor">Cervus unicolor Kerr, 1792</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFADBF7B4E577F7B2" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFADBF7B4E577F7B2" blockId="10.[749,1336,2051,2477]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<materialsCitation id="3B613C8FFFCFFFCEFADBF7B4E577F7B2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785196311" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFADBF7B4E57AF7B2" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFD25F7E6E2D4F6CE" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFD25F7E6E2D4F6CE" blockId="10.[749,1336,2051,2477]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Deer of this genus are characterized by deep lachrymal pits, robust rugose threetined antlers, dark coat, and relatively long tail. Current Sambar originated in early to middle Pleistocene, possibly from R. hilzheiment. Five subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFD26F6F5E5D6F560" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF76665AFFCFFFCEFD26F6F5E5D6F560" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6514439" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6514439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6514439/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" targetBox="[131,725,2057,2473]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFD26F6F5E241F6A6" blockId="10.[749,1336,2051,2477]" box="[749,1148,2370,2399]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFD26F6F5E241F6A6" bold="true" box="[749,1148,2370,2399]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFD25F6DEE2D9F654" blockId="10.[749,1336,2051,2477]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEFD25F6DEE2D9F654" authority="Kerr, 1792" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="unicolor" subSpecies="unicolor">
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFD25F6DEE2D9F654" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">R.u.unicolorKerr,1792—India,Nepal,Bhutan,Bangladesh,andSriLanka.</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFF4DF60BE465F62C" blockId="10.[132,1336,2492,3459]" box="[134,600,2492,2517]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEFF4DF60BE465F62C" authority="Hose, 1893" authorityName="Hose" authorityYear="1893" box="[134,600,2492,2517]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="unicolor" subSpecies="brooket">R.u.brooketHose,1893—Borneo.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFF4DF668E45DF5DA" blockId="10.[132,1336,2492,3459]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEFF4DF668E45DF5DA" authority="Gray, 1861" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1861" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1861" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="unicolor" subSpecies="cambojensis">
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFF4DF668E45DF5DA" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">R.u.cambojensisGray,1861—mainlandSEAsia,fromSChina(includingHainanI)andMyanmartoMalayPeninsula.</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFF4DF586E24FF5B3" blockId="10.[132,1336,2492,3459]" box="[134,1138,2609,2634]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEFF4DF586E24FF5B3" authority="G. Cuvier, 1823" authorityName="G. Cuvier" authorityYear="1823" baseAuthorityName="G. Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[134,1138,2609,2634]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="unicolor" subSpecies="equina">
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCFFFCEFF4DF586E24FF5B3" box="[134,1138,2609,2634]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">R.u.equinaG.Cuvier,1823—Sumatra,andseveralsmallerassociatedIs.</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFF4DF5EEE440F58B" blockId="10.[132,1336,2492,3459]" box="[134,637,2649,2674]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<taxonomicName id="4C094D51FFCFFFCEFF4DF5EEE7CEF58B" authority="Sclater, 1862" authorityName="Sclater" authorityYear="1862" box="[134,499,2649,2674]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="unicolor" subSpecies="swinhoer">R. u. swinhoer Sclater, 1862</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFDDEF5EEE447F58B" box="[533,634,2649,2674]" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFF4EF537E5D6F560" blockId="10.[132,1336,2492,3459]" box="[133,1003,2688,2713]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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Introduced to
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFE9AF537E7F2F560" box="[337,463,2688,2713]" name="Australia" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Australia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFE14F537E4A5F560" box="[479,664,2688,2713]" name="New Zealand" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFD63F537E565F560" box="[680,856,2688,2713]" name="South Africa" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFC6CF537E5DAF560" box="[935,999,2688,2713]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFF4FF528E41BF2CD" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFF4FF528E41BF2CD" blockId="10.[132,1336,2492,3459]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
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<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFF4FF528E7B8F539" bold="true" box="[132,389,2719,2752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 160-210 cm, tail 25-33 cm, shoulder height 110-160 cm; weight of males 180-270 kg (up
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFCFFFCEFD0EF571E51FF51E" box="[709,802,2758,2791]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" unit="kg" value="350.0">350 kg</quantity>
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) and of females 130-230 kg (
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFCFFFCEFB0FF571E32CF51E" box="[1220,1297,2758,2791]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" unit="kg" value="90.0">90 kg</quantity>
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in Taiwan). Large-sized deer with relatively large ears, bushy, blackish long tail; males with short pedicles and long, massive, and rugose antlers. The coat is brown with shaggy and coarse hairs. The belly is darker than the back. Females have paler coats. Newborn fawns are unspotted. Both sexes have a throat mane. Preorbital, metatarsal, and caudal glands are present. The preorbital gland is conspicuous and eversible. There is a “sore spot” on the throat, presumably a dermal gland associated with rut. Permanent dentition of 34 teeth. Molars erupt at 2-30 months. Antlers of adults are three-tined, with a long, acutely angled brow tine and a high second point that with the main beam forms a terminal fork. Antlers are generally 70-100 cm long (
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<quantity id="4CF19B37FFCFFFCEFC46F39FE5DFF3B0" box="[909,994,3112,3145]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" unit="cm" value="45.0">45 cm</quantity>
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in Taiwan), but records of 120-128 cm are known. The first antler set develops in yearling stags and consists of two spikes. Subadults 2-3 years old have two-tined antlers consisting of the main beam and a brow tine; the surface is smooth. Maximum antler size is attained at 7-10 years of age. The peak of antler casting occurs in January-February in
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFC22F37EE270F31F" box="[1001,1101,3273,3302]" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
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, in April-May in Bandipur (
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFEE9F346E74CF2F7" box="[290,369,3313,3342]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">India</collectingCountry>
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), and in summer in
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<collectingRegion id="49CDF830FFCFFFCEFD58F346E534F2F7" box="[659,777,3313,3342]" country="India" name="Rajasthan" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Rajastan</collectingRegion>
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. In
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<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFC8AF346E5AEF2F7" box="[833,915,3313,3342]" name="Nepal" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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stags in hard antlers are seen during any month of the year.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFF4EF28CEF6FFE9A" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFF4EF28CEF6FFE9A" blockId="10.[132,1336,2492,3459]" lastBlockId="10.[1404,2609,282,1810]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFF4EF28CE6CEF2A5" bold="true" box="[133,243,3387,3420]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
It occurs in a variety of forest habitats, from arid, dry, and moist deciduous forests, to pine and oak forests and evergreen forests at tropical latitudes, and also in montane woodlands of temperate latitudes. It seems to prefer well-watered moist deciduous forests on hilly terrain. It occurs up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CF19B37FFCFFFCEF7DBFEF5EE48FE9A" box="[2064,2165,322,355]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" unit="m" value="3800.0">3800 m</quantity>
|
||
above sea level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFAB5FEDEEEFCFE21" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB5FEDEEEFCFE21" blockId="10.[1404,2609,282,1810]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFAB5FEDEE0B6FE73" bold="true" box="[1406,1675,361,394]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
It is basically a grass-roughage feeder and tends to graze green grass, but itis very flexible and may switch to browse leaves, buds, flowers, and fruit. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFAB4FE00E3F5FE21" box="[1407,1480,439,472]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
it has been recorded eating 130-180 species of plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFAB5FE68E00FFBDF" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB5FE68E00FFBDF" blockId="10.[1404,2609,282,1810]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFAB5FE68E03AFDF9" bold="true" box="[1406,1543,479,512]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Females attain puberty at 18-24 months of age; in captivity, with high levels of nutrition puberty can occur at seven months of age. Males begin to reproduce at four years of age. Hinds are polyestrous, with a mean estrous length of 18 days. After a gestation of 248-259 days hinds give birth to a single calf weighing 5-9 kg. Mating occurs at least seven months of the year, with a peak in October-December. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFA63FD10E033FD3D" box="[1448,1550,679,708]" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, at temperate latitudes, the rutting season is from June to January with a peak in August—October. Stags do not defend a harem of hinds; groups of males aggregate temporarily with female groups, establishing a hierarchy of access to receptive females, with subadults at the periphery. Males thrash vegetation with their antlers, wallow, rub their necks on trunks, scrape large stomping grounds, and urinate. Calves remain hidden in thick vegetation for their first three months. Sambar live to a maximum of 17-24 years of age, in captivity up to 26-28 years. Tigers (Panthera tigris), Leopards (P. pardus), and Dholes (Cuon alpinus) are the main predators. Sambar readily face wild predators defensively, exhibiting a low-head posture, stomping, and barking.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFAB7FB9BE063FB8C" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB7FB9BE063FB8C" blockId="10.[1404,2609,282,1810]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFAB7FB9BE058FBB4" bold="true" box="[1404,1637,1068,1101]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
It is mainly crepuscular and nocturnal and spends a total of 4-6 hours per day feeding.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFAB6FBC8EF56FA2F" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB6FBC8EF56FA2F" blockId="10.[1404,2609,282,1810]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFAB6FBC8EE7CFB65" bold="true" box="[1405,2113,1151,1180]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Males have home ranges of about 4-15 km?, females of 2-3 km? males are more mobile, especially during the long rutting season, when they visit different female groups. In mountainous areas deer may descend in winter to lower elevations. The Sambar is a barely social species. Females form small family groups, often consisting of a mother, the young-of-the-year, and a female yearling. Adult males are mainly solitary. Subadult males sometimes form small groups close to females. Aggregations of more than ten animals are seen during the monsoon season in foraging areas and in summer near waterholes. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF696FA25EFD9FA56" box="[2397,2532,1426,1455]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with higher food availability, groups of 30-40 animals are regularly observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFAB5FA56E00EF93B" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB5FA56E00EF93B" blockId="10.[1404,2609,282,1810]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFAB5FA56E0E0FA07" bold="true" box="[1406,1757,1505,1534]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List for the rapid decline of the last thirty years. It is rare in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF81DF9BBEE47F9DC" box="[2006,2170,1548,1573]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF741F9BBEF36F9DC" box="[2186,2315,1548,1573]" name="Thailand" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF6D6F9BBEF62F9DC" box="[2333,2399,1548,1573]" name="Laos" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Laos</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF665F9BBEC1AF9DC" box="[2478,2599,1548,1573]" name="Vietnam" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and it is decreasing in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF905F983E15DF9B4" box="[1742,1888,1588,1613]" name="Cambodia" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF8BFF983E1CAF9B4" box="[1908,2039,1588,1613]" name="Myanmar" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF7C7F983EEBEF9B4" box="[2060,2179,1588,1613]" name="Malaysia" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Sumatra, and Borneo. More stable in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEFA34F9E5E075F98A" box="[1535,1608,1618,1651]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF958F9E5E0D8F98A" box="[1683,1765,1618,1651]" name="Nepal" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
and slightly increasing in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31E7642FFCFFFCEF794F9E5EEFEF98A" box="[2143,2243,1618,1651]" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where hunting has been banned since 1989. Habitat encroachment and overhunting continue to represent the main threats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3136559FFCFFFCEFAB5F962E173F8E8" pageId="10" pageNumber="417" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB636D2FFCFFFCEFAB5F962E173F8E8" blockId="10.[1404,2609,282,1810]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">
|
||
<emphasis id="B97DEAC0FFCFFFCEFAB5F962E025F913" bold="true" box="[1406,1560,1749,1770]" pageId="10" pageNumber="417">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Acharjyo (1982), Geist (1998), Johnsingh & Sankar (1991), Leslie (2011), Ngampongsai (1987), Sankar & Acharya (2004b), Schaller (1967).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |