360 lines
48 KiB
XML
360 lines
48 KiB
XML
<document id="D1E252E1D27E2BACC1B80BF1F50D2C39" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274409" ID-GBIF-Dataset="98f34207-2e2e-491c-b590-465aa2020b5c" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274409" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459897017322" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Medeiros, Matthew J." docDate="2008" docId="039587E4C352851E87A97B96FEB2FD07" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01830p062.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1830" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Thyrocopa kikaelekea Medeiros, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="59" masterDocId="FFACFF9CC353851D873E784CFF94FC55" masterDocTitle="A new species of flightless, jumping, alpine moth of the genus Thyrocopa from Hawaii (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae: Xyloryctinae)" masterLastPageNumber="62" masterPageNumber="57" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1698228428268" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="6E307890E4E442382D470293925DC630" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8199B5E11E278832A0A6FBD0DA13194D">
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<mods:title id="C803A92451EECD546B97A262AE61499B">A new species of flightless, jumping, alpine moth of the genus Thyrocopa from Hawaii (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae: Xyloryctinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="E8A9EE2FF53CFFAB10B1150EDEA3D731" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E133ABF66792883C112EE3BBEA2C4901">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B202F977FB59DF1C8D52639D33832B42">Medeiros, Matthew J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="96BF07736E34D1BDE49BCD46FE77ACC1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="1CF2302080ABCCC9CCBECDA20C401453">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="2C0B6163D06F31680AE46D010EC15A29">
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<mods:date id="5DEED38D1FE4A989F37123CF79A2ACDE">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="6BA4F27B4993888A43FDF51145E3CE23" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="4738D384C0C29C51F932C5CB1048E3A4">1830</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="76911E94B25323D6F527DDBD5608D20D">57</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="3BA86669422DD99E4A44B33CB3B43543" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.274409</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="97CF1370C41FCD6BB5E0A267B3C2FF87" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CD347C4A7E8981A965AC72F73603B480" type="Zenodo-Dep">274409</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039587E4C352851E87A97B96FEB2FD07" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3499930" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119372484" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3499930" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039587E4C352851E87A97B96FEB2FD07" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039587E4C352851E87A97B96FEB2FD07" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
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<subSubSection id="C3266579C352851C87A97B96FEF5F842" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8336F2C352851C87A97B96FD1DFFA1" blockId="1.[151,649,986,1047]" box="[151,649,986,1012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
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<heading id="D0CB819EC352851C87A97B96FD1DFFA1" bold="true" box="[151,649,986,1012]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C87A97B96FD1DFFA1" bold="true" box="[151,649,986,1012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C87A97B96FD8AFFA1" authority="Medeiros" authorityName="Medeiros" box="[151,542,986,1012]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C87A97B96FE35FFA1" bold="true" box="[151,417,986,1012]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Thyrocopa kikaelekea</emphasis>
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Medeiros
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27B579BC352851C85157B96FD1DFFA1" box="[555,649,986,1012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8336F2C352851C87A97BB1FEF5F842" blockId="1.[151,649,986,1047]" box="[151,353,1021,1047]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13072A77C352851C87A17BB1FECCF842" box="[159,344,1021,1047]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1700,1724]" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Thyrocopa, structures and habitat. 1, phallus, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 2, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 3, wing venation of male T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 45 wings); 4, male genitalia, T. apatela (slide Micro 19860 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 5, male genitalia, T. adumbrata (slide Micro 31574 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 6, Hale Pohaku area of Mauna Kea (photo by B. J. Ploger); 7, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 50); 8, female genitalia featuring corpus bursae and signum, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 9, female genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 10, descaled male abdomen, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 11, T. kikaelekea, male paratype, forewing length = 9 mm (BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 12, T. kikaelekea, female paratype, forewing length = 10 mm (BPBM)." pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Figs. 1–3, 7–12</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3266579C352851C87A97C01FC7CF902" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B8336F2C352851C87A97C01FC7CF902" blockId="1.[151,1436,1101,2007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C87A97C01FE83F832" bold="true" box="[151,279,1101,1127]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C861F7C01FE2FF833" box="[289,443,1101,1126]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C861F7C01FE2FF833" box="[289,443,1101,1126]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">T. kikaelekea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13072A77C352851C86F07C01FDC8F832" box="[462,604,1101,1127]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1700,1724]" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Thyrocopa, structures and habitat. 1, phallus, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 2, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 3, wing venation of male T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 45 wings); 4, male genitalia, T. apatela (slide Micro 19860 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 5, male genitalia, T. adumbrata (slide Micro 31574 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 6, Hale Pohaku area of Mauna Kea (photo by B. J. Ploger); 7, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 50); 8, female genitalia featuring corpus bursae and signum, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 9, female genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 10, descaled male abdomen, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 11, T. kikaelekea, male paratype, forewing length = 9 mm (BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 12, T. kikaelekea, female paratype, forewing length = 10 mm (BPBM)." pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Figs. 11–12</figureCitation>
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) is similar to
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C84377C01FC15F833" box="[777,897,1101,1126]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C84377C01FC15F833" box="[777,897,1101,1126]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">T. apatela</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in outward appearance and behavior but the wings are less strongly reduced and the male sacculus in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C846D7C39FC7BF8DB" box="[851,1007,1141,1166]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C846D7C39FC7BF8DB" box="[851,1007,1141,1166]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">T. kikaelekea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="13072A77C352851C833C7C39FBE3F8DA" box="[1026,1143,1141,1167]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1700,1724]" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Thyrocopa, structures and habitat. 1, phallus, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 2, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 3, wing venation of male T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 45 wings); 4, male genitalia, T. apatela (slide Micro 19860 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 5, male genitalia, T. adumbrata (slide Micro 31574 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 6, Hale Pohaku area of Mauna Kea (photo by B. J. Ploger); 7, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 50); 8, female genitalia featuring corpus bursae and signum, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 9, female genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 10, descaled male abdomen, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 11, T. kikaelekea, male paratype, forewing length = 9 mm (BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 12, T. kikaelekea, female paratype, forewing length = 10 mm (BPBM)." pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Figs. 2, 7</figureCitation>
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) is longer and narrower (compare with
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C86767CD1FE28F8E3" box="[328,444,1181,1206]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C86767CD1FE28F8E3" box="[328,444,1181,1206]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">T. apatela</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13072A77C352851C86F57CD1FD86F8E2" box="[459,530,1181,1207]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1700,1724]" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Thyrocopa, structures and habitat. 1, phallus, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 2, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 3, wing venation of male T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 45 wings); 4, male genitalia, T. apatela (slide Micro 19860 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 5, male genitalia, T. adumbrata (slide Micro 31574 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 6, Hale Pohaku area of Mauna Kea (photo by B. J. Ploger); 7, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 50); 8, female genitalia featuring corpus bursae and signum, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 9, female genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 10, descaled male abdomen, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 11, T. kikaelekea, male paratype, forewing length = 9 mm (BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 12, T. kikaelekea, female paratype, forewing length = 10 mm (BPBM)." pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C85107CD1FD53F8E3" box="[558,711,1181,1206]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C85107CD1FD53F8E3" box="[558,711,1181,1206]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">T. kikaelekea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has very similar male genitalia to
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C83677CD1FADAF8E2" authority="Meyrick" authorityName="Meyrick" box="[1113,1358,1181,1207]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epicapna">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C83677CD1FB75F8E3" box="[1113,1249,1181,1206]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">T. epicapna</emphasis>
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Meyrick
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</taxonomicName>
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, but
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C82B87CD1FE87F88B" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C82B87CD1FE87F88B" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">T. kikaelekea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is brachypterous whereas
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C85637C89FD7FF88B" box="[605,747,1221,1246]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epicapna">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C85637C89FD7FF88B" box="[605,747,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">T. epicapna</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is macropterous and its range does not overlap with
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C82B87C89FE87F953" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C82B87C89FE87F953" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">T. kikaelekea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The only other
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C86D27CA1FDFEF953" box="[492,618,1261,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C86D27CA1FDFEF953" box="[492,618,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Thyrocopa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species that has been found in the same area as
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C83FC7CA1FAC9F953" box="[1218,1373,1261,1286]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C83FC7CA1FAC9F953" box="[1218,1373,1261,1286]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">T. kikaelekea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C82B87CA1FDA3F97A" authority="Walsingham. However" authorityName="Walsingham. However" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adumbrata">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C82B87CA1FE8CF97B" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">T. adumbrata</emphasis>
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Walsingham. However
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</taxonomicName>
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, the macropterous
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C84267D59FC22F97B" box="[792,950,1301,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adumbrata">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C84267D59FC22F97B" box="[792,950,1301,1326]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">T. adumbrata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has significantly different male genitalia (
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<figureCitation id="13072A77C352851C87A17D71FF72F902" box="[159,230,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1700,1724]" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Thyrocopa, structures and habitat. 1, phallus, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 2, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 3, wing venation of male T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 45 wings); 4, male genitalia, T. apatela (slide Micro 19860 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 5, male genitalia, T. adumbrata (slide Micro 31574 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 6, Hale Pohaku area of Mauna Kea (photo by B. J. Ploger); 7, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 50); 8, female genitalia featuring corpus bursae and signum, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 9, female genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 10, descaled male abdomen, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 11, T. kikaelekea, male paratype, forewing length = 9 mm (BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 12, T. kikaelekea, female paratype, forewing length = 10 mm (BPBM)." pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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), including a much shorter sacculus and strongly bifurcate uncus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3266579C352851E87F87D29FEB2FD07" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8336F2C352851C87F87D29FDD1FBD2" blockId="1.[151,1436,1101,2007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C87F87D29FECBF92A" bold="true" box="[198,351,1381,1407]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Description.</emphasis>
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Adult. —
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C86C37D29FDD2F92B" box="[509,582,1381,1406]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Head:</emphasis>
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Vestiture mostly smooth except scaling erect at hind margin of head; brown to very light brownish-white. Antenna ~ 0.8–0.9x length of forewing; dense, short, cilia surrounding flagellomere in ɗ; few extremely short piliform cilia on flagellomere of Ψ. Labial palpus mottled white and brown; smooth, long (approx. 2.5x interocular width), recurved; third segment approximately as long as second and very slender. Haustellum present with basal scaling. Ocellus absent.
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C83747E49FB3DFA4B" box="[1098,1193,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Thorax:</emphasis>
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Brown to very light brownish-white. Wings slightly brachypterous relative to all other
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C84977E61FBB2FA13" box="[937,1062,1581,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C84977E61FBB2FA13" box="[937,1062,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Thyrocopa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C83B37E61FA97FA13" box="[1165,1283,1581,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C83B37E61FA97FA13" box="[1165,1283,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">T. apatela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) but with all veins found in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C352851C86AA7E19FD86FA3B" box="[404,530,1621,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C86AA7E19FD86FA3B" box="[404,530,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Thyrocopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A77C352851C851A7E19FDFAFA3A" box="[548,622,1621,1647]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1700,1724]" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Thyrocopa, structures and habitat. 1, phallus, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 2, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 3, wing venation of male T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 45 wings); 4, male genitalia, T. apatela (slide Micro 19860 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 5, male genitalia, T. adumbrata (slide Micro 31574 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 6, Hale Pohaku area of Mauna Kea (photo by B. J. Ploger); 7, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 50); 8, female genitalia featuring corpus bursae and signum, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 9, female genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 10, descaled male abdomen, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 11, T. kikaelekea, male paratype, forewing length = 9 mm (BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 12, T. kikaelekea, female paratype, forewing length = 10 mm (BPBM)." pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Forewing length
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C352851C84617E19FC51FA3A" box="[863,965,1621,1647]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="8.0">8–11mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD7BC352851C84E67E19FBEAFA3A" box="[984,1150,1621,1647]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="generic">22 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, mean=
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C352851C83E17E19FAB8FA3A" box="[1247,1324,1621,1647]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="10.0">10mm</quantity>
|
||
); mottled white and brown to very light brownish-white; sometimes with black scales forming 1–3 slightly linear spots in some specimens; fringe very short. Hindwing: light brown except apical margin, darker brown in some specimens; fringe light brown to brown with thick brush of hairlike scales at base of wing extended under a narrow costal fold.
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C86BF7EB9FE6DFB5B" box="[385,505,1781,1806]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Segments 2-7 with dorsal band of transverse orange spines just anterior to posterior margin; number of spines per segment varies depending on size of segment, most segments with between 80 and 190 spines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A77C352851C86DC7F09FDACFB0A" box="[482,568,1861,1887]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1700,1724]" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Thyrocopa, structures and habitat. 1, phallus, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 2, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 3, wing venation of male T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 45 wings); 4, male genitalia, T. apatela (slide Micro 19860 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 5, male genitalia, T. adumbrata (slide Micro 31574 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 6, Hale Pohaku area of Mauna Kea (photo by B. J. Ploger); 7, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 50); 8, female genitalia featuring corpus bursae and signum, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 9, female genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 10, descaled male abdomen, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 11, T. kikaelekea, male paratype, forewing length = 9 mm (BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 12, T. kikaelekea, female paratype, forewing length = 10 mm (BPBM)." pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
); scaling light brown, with row of broad, dense, semi-translucent, silveryappearing scales at posterior margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C352851C87F87FD9FA08FB82" blockId="1.[151,1436,1101,2007]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C352851C87F87FD9FEE7FBFB" box="[198,371,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A77C352851C86BB7FD9FD83FBFA" box="[389,535,1941,1967]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1700,1724]" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Thyrocopa, structures and habitat. 1, phallus, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 2, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 3, wing venation of male T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 45 wings); 4, male genitalia, T. apatela (slide Micro 19860 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 5, male genitalia, T. adumbrata (slide Micro 31574 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 6, Hale Pohaku area of Mauna Kea (photo by B. J. Ploger); 7, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 50); 8, female genitalia featuring corpus bursae and signum, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 9, female genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 10, descaled male abdomen, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 11, T. kikaelekea, male paratype, forewing length = 9 mm (BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 12, T. kikaelekea, female paratype, forewing length = 10 mm (BPBM)." pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Figs. 1–2, 7</figureCitation>
|
||
): Uncus triangular, slightly downcurved, with very small apical notch, with cluster of setae laterally. Gnathos V-shaped, upcurved, slightly flared distally with acute tip (lateral view;
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A77C352851C82507FF1FA08FB82" box="[1390,1436,1981,2007]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1700,1724]" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Thyrocopa, structures and habitat. 1, phallus, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 2, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 3, wing venation of male T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 45 wings); 4, male genitalia, T. apatela (slide Micro 19860 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 5, male genitalia, T. adumbrata (slide Micro 31574 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 6, Hale Pohaku area of Mauna Kea (photo by B. J. Ploger); 7, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 50); 8, female genitalia featuring corpus bursae and signum, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 9, female genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 10, descaled male abdomen, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 11, T. kikaelekea, male paratype, forewing length = 9 mm (BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 12, T. kikaelekea, female paratype, forewing length = 10 mm (BPBM)." pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Fig.</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C351851F87A978D4FEDCFC8F" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
7). Sacculus terminating in an elongate, pointed spur. Phallus cylindrical, with slightly hollowed-out appearing tip (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A77C351851F87CC788CFEA3FC8F" box="[242,311,192,218]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1700,1724]" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Thyrocopa, structures and habitat. 1, phallus, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 2, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 3, wing venation of male T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 45 wings); 4, male genitalia, T. apatela (slide Micro 19860 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 5, male genitalia, T. adumbrata (slide Micro 31574 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 6, Hale Pohaku area of Mauna Kea (photo by B. J. Ploger); 7, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 50); 8, female genitalia featuring corpus bursae and signum, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 9, female genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 10, descaled male abdomen, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 11, T. kikaelekea, male paratype, forewing length = 9 mm (BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 12, T. kikaelekea, female paratype, forewing length = 10 mm (BPBM)." pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C351851F87F878A4FBF1FD07" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F87F878A4FE04FD54" box="[198,400,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A77C351851F869D78A4FD8CFD57" box="[419,536,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 12" captionStartId="3.[151,269,1700,1724]" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 12. Thyrocopa, structures and habitat. 1, phallus, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 2, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 3, wing venation of male T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 45 wings); 4, male genitalia, T. apatela (slide Micro 19860 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 5, male genitalia, T. adumbrata (slide Micro 31574 BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 6, Hale Pohaku area of Mauna Kea (photo by B. J. Ploger); 7, male genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 05 A 50); 8, female genitalia featuring corpus bursae and signum, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 9, female genitalia, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 62); 10, descaled male abdomen, T. kikaelekea (slide 06 A 65); 11, T. kikaelekea, male paratype, forewing length = 9 mm (BMNH, photo courtesy of BMNH); 12, T. kikaelekea, female paratype, forewing length = 10 mm (BPBM)." pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Figs. 8–9</figureCitation>
|
||
): Anterior apophysis ~ 0.3x length of posterior apophysis. Ductus bursae about as long as anterior apophysis, gradually enlarged to corpus bursae; corpus bursae ovate, about as long as anterior apophysis; signum a sclerotized, elongate ribbon bearing tiny blunt spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C351851F87F8792CFBDDFD2F" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" box="[198,1097,352,378]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Immature stages. – No preserved specimens, but see below under “Biology.”</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C351851F87F879C4FCACFDA7" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Behavior.—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F866A79C4FE64FDF4" box="[340,496,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F866A79C4FE64FDF4" box="[340,496,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">T. kikaelekea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F850979C4FD3AFDF4" box="[567,686,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F850979C4FD3AFDF4" box="[567,686,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">T. apatela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is active during the day. However, these species may not be strictly diurnal, because they have been reported to be attracted to, and walking or jumping toward, lights at night (F.G. Howarth and S.L. Montgomery, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C351851F87F87A4CFC12FF5F" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Biology.—Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F86817A4CFDC3FE4C" box="[447,599,512,537]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F86817A4CFDC3FE4C" box="[447,599,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">T. kikaelekea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been seen under rocks: “…the larva makes a silken tunnel under a rock and at the end of it a blind sack in which it pupates” (K. Sattler, unpublished field notes). Larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F82B87A64FF7BFE3C" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F82B87A64FF7BFE3C" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">T. apatela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also live under rocks and feed on windblown plant debris, such as leaves of na’ene’e (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F83D57A1CFF47FEC4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Dubautia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="menziesii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F83D57A1CFF47FEC4" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Dubautia menziesii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B03C351851F87D07A34FE0AFEC7" author="Howarth" box="[238,414,632,658]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Howarth, F. G. (1987) Evolutionary ecology of aeolian and subterranean habitats in Hawaii. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2, 220 - 223." type="journal article" year="1987">Howarth 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Given that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F857C7A34FD54FEC4" box="[578,704,632,657]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F857C7A34FD54FEC4" box="[578,704,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Thyrocopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae are likely generalists on dead plant material (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B03C351851F820C7A34FE86FEEF" author="Zimmerman" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Zimmerman, E. C. (1978) Insects of Hawaii, Vol. 9: Microlepidoptera. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1903 pp." type="book" year="1978">Zimmerman 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B03C351851F861C7AECFE45FEEF" author="Howarth" box="[290,465,672,698]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Howarth, F. G. (1979) Notes and exhibitions. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 23, 14." type="journal article" year="1979">Howarth 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; M.J. Medeiros, pers. obs.),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F840E7AECFC58FEEC" box="[816,972,672,697]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F840E7AECFC58FEEC" box="[816,972,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">T. kikaelekea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae may be feeding on windblown debris of mamane (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F86407A84FD16FEB4" box="[382,642,712,737]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Sophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chrysophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F86407A84FD16FEB4" box="[382,642,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Sophora chrysophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or grass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F843B7A84FC37FEB4" box="[773,931,712,737]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Deschampsia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F843B7A84FC37FEB4" box="[773,931,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Deschampsia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or other species). Adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F83EB7A84FAE4FEB4" box="[1237,1392,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F83EB7A84FAE4FEB4" box="[1237,1392,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">T. kikaelekea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are most often found in clumps of grass (M.J. Medeiros, pers. obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C351851F87F87B54FB7BFF0F" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Flight period.—At least from May to September, though one unidentifiable specimen with a missing abdomen, possibly of this species, was found in January (see “Additional material examined”).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C351851F87F87B24FD9EFFAF" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Distribution.—Hawaiian Islands, Hawaii Island, Mauna Kea volcano, from at least ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F83917B24FA9CFFD7" box="[1199,1288,872,898]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.825" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="2825.0">2825 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F82297B24FAE5FFD7" box="[1303,1393,872,898]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.825496" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="ft" value="9270.0">9270 ft</quantity>
|
||
.) to ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F879B7BDCFE94FFFF" box="[165,256,912,938]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9869999999999997" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="2987.0">2987 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F862E7BDCFEF8FFFF" box="[272,364,912,938]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.98704" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="ft" value="9800.0">9800 ft</quantity>
|
||
.). One individual was collected on Mauna Kea at the significantly lower elevation of
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F825F7BDCFF3AFF87" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.075" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="2075.0">2075 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F87807BF4FE8EFF87" box="[190,282,952,978]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0747736" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="ft" value="6807.0">6807 ft</quantity>
|
||
.); this elevation is approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F85967BF4FD67FF87" box="[680,755,952,978]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="275.0">275 m</quantity>
|
||
above the historical low elevation on Maui for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F82187BF4FA08FF84" box="[1318,1436,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F82187BF4FA08FF84" box="[1318,1436,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">T. apatela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is also a windy, dry habitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C351851F87F87C44FC5FF81F" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Etymology.—This species is named after the Hawaiian word ‘kikaeleke,’ meaning “frisky, restless; to jump here and there,” alluding to its habit of jumping when disturbed.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C351851F87F87C14FA19F8CF" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54878850C351851F87F87C14FE94F827" box="[198,256,1112,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.—
|
||
<typeStatus id="54878850C351851F86B47C14FDB3F827" box="[394,551,1112,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
|
||
ɗ:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B7662C351851F85717C14FCA0F827" box="[591,820,1112,1138]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
|
||
: HAWAII:
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F84927C1BFBCFF824" bold="true" box="[940,1115,1111,1137]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Hawaii Island</emphasis>
|
||
: 9700’ (
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F83FE7C14FA83F827" box="[1216,1303,1112,1138]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.957" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="2957.0">2957m</quantity>
|
||
), Hamakua District, Mauna Kea Road, above Hale Pohaku:
|
||
<date id="FF821032C351851F85F27CCCFCDAF8CF" box="[716,846,1152,1178]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="1976-08-07">7.viii.1976</date>
|
||
, K. & E. Sattler (slide 21907 BMNH), (BMNH).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C351851F87F87CE4FADCF9E7" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54878850C351851F87F87CE4FEACF897" box="[198,312,1192,1218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
11 ɗ, 9 Ψ:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B7662C351851F86F27CE4FD27F897" box="[460,691,1192,1218]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
|
||
: HAWAII:
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F840D7CEBFC72F894" bold="true" box="[819,998,1191,1217]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Hawaii Island</emphasis>
|
||
: 9700’ (
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F836F7CE4FB3DF897" box="[1105,1193,1192,1218]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.957" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="2957.0">2957m</quantity>
|
||
), Hamakua District, Mauna Kea Road, above Hale Pohaku: 1 ɗ, 2 Ψ,
|
||
<date id="FF821032C351851F85D67C9CFC01F8BF" box="[744,917,1232,1258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="1976-08-01" valueMax="1976-08-14" valueMin="1976-08-01">1–14.viii.1976</date>
|
||
, K. & E. Sattler (BMNH); 9800’ (
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F82067C9CFA1BF8BF" box="[1336,1423,1232,1258]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9869999999999997" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="2987.0">2987m</quantity>
|
||
), Hamakua District, Mauna Kea Road, above Hale Pohaku: 1 ɗ, 1 Ψ,
|
||
<date id="FF821032C351851F84967CB4FBBDF947" box="[936,1065,1272,1298]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="1982-08-02">2.viii.1982</date>
|
||
, K. & E. Sattler (BMNH); Hale Pohaku,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F87C07D6CFEC0F96F" box="[254,340,1312,1338]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.825" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="2825.0">2825m</quantity>
|
||
: 2 Ψ,
|
||
<date id="FF821032C351851F86A97D6CFD9CF96F" box="[407,520,1312,1338]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="1977-09-02">2.ix.1977</date>
|
||
, F.G. Howarth (BPBM); Hale Pohaku,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F84E77D6CFBBBF96F" box="[985,1071,1312,1338]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.896" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="2896.0">2896m</quantity>
|
||
: 1 Ψ,
|
||
<date id="FF821032C351851F834C7D6CFB66F96F" box="[1138,1266,1312,1338]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="1980-06-15">15.vi.1980</date>
|
||
, F.G. Howarth (BPBM); Mauna Kea Forest Reserve, near Hale Pohaku, approx. 9500’ (
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F83047D04FB07F937" box="[1082,1171,1352,1378]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.896" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="2896.0">2896m</quantity>
|
||
): 1 Ψ (slide 04A65),
|
||
<date id="FF821032C351851F87A97D3CFE8BF9DF" box="[151,287,1392,1418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="2004-07-19">19.vii.2004</date>
|
||
; 5 ɗ (slides 05A45, 05A50, & 05A45wings), 1 Ψ,
|
||
<date id="FF821032C351851F84597D3CFC4BF9DF" box="[871,991,1392,1418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="2005-05-27">27.v.2005</date>
|
||
; 3 ɗ (slide 06A65), 2 Ψ (slide 06A62),
|
||
<date id="FF821032C351851F87A97DD4FE99F9E7" box="[151,269,1432,1458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="2006-05-27">27.v.2006</date>
|
||
; M.J. Medeiros; Mauna Kea State Park,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F85D67DD4FCAAF9E7" box="[744,830,1432,1458]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.075" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="2075.0">2075m</quantity>
|
||
: 1 ɗ,
|
||
<date id="FF821032C351851F84437DD4FC63F9E7" box="[893,1015,1432,1458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="1991-07-08">8.vii.1991</date>
|
||
, S.L. Montgomery (BPBM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C351851F87F87D8CFDA3FAF7" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Additional material examined: The two specimens from Mauna Loa mentioned below in the Discussion are both damaged. They have not been included in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54878850C351851F84747DA4FCE8FA57" box="[842,892,1512,1538]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B7662C351851F84E27DA4FB50FA57" box="[988,1220,1512,1538]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">UNITED STATES</collectingCountry>
|
||
: HAWAII:
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F827C7DABFF71FA7C" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Hawaii Island</emphasis>
|
||
: Mauna Loa Forest Reserve, near Big Red cave,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F84137E5CFC11FA7F" box="[813,901,1552,1578]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.31648" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="ft" value="7600.0">7600 ft</quantity>
|
||
. (
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F84A77E5CFC65FA7F" box="[921,1009,1552,1578]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.316" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="2316.0">2316m</quantity>
|
||
): 1 ɗ (abdomen missing),
|
||
<date id="FF821032C351851F82187E5CFA03FA7F" box="[1318,1431,1552,1578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="2000-01-23">23.i.2000</date>
|
||
, J.G. Giffin (BPBM); approx.
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F86D57E74FDC3FA07" box="[491,599,1592,1618]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5749504" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="mi" value="1.6">1.6 miles</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F855B7E74FD2EFA07" box="[613,698,1592,1618]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="km" value="2.6">2.6 km</quantity>
|
||
) down from weather station, on S side of road, in patch of vegetation, approx 10,800' (
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B17C351851F868C7E2CFD9FFA2F" box="[434,523,1632,1658]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.292" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" unit="m" value="3292.0">3292m</quantity>
|
||
): 1 ɗ (found dead; genitalia broken; specimen severely rubbed) (slide 05A55),
|
||
<date id="FF821032C351851F87A97EC4FE99FAF7" box="[151,269,1672,1698]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" value="2005-05-29">29.v.2005</date>
|
||
, M.J. Medeiros (BPBM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C351851F87F87EFCFBF9FB17" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
Remarks.—One specimen (LA17; BPBM), obtained by me through a loan, has identical genitalia, wing pattern, and mitochondrial DNA as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F85037E94FD43FAA4" box="[573,727,1752,1777]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F85037E94FD43FAA4" box="[573,727,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">T. kikaelekea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(M.J. Medeiros, unpublished data). This moth did not have a label affixed to its pin, though it was loaned to me along with a series of also unlabelled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F83917F4CFAB9FB4C" box="[1199,1325,1792,1817]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F83917F4CFAB9FB4C" box="[1199,1325,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Thyrocopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found on Diamond Head, Oahu. I believe this specimen was mistakenly placed in this series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336F2C351851E87F87F1CFEB2FD07" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,152,338]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
|
||
I confirmed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F86B57F1CFDB0FB3C" box="[395,548,1872,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F86B57F1CFDB0FB3C" box="[395,548,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">T. kikaelekea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is incapable of sustained ascending flight using a drop test, whereby moths were dropped into a meter-high cylindrical “drop chamber” identical to that used to study Hawaiian cave
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F87A97FECFE32FBEF" box="[151,422,1952,1978]" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Schrankia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F87A97FECFE9AFBEC" box="[151,270,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Schrankia</emphasis>
|
||
(Noctuidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Medeiros
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F85087FECFDE2FBEC" box="[566,630,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
in press), as well as by allowing them to move freely within an enclosed room at lower elevation (other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C351851F85457F84FD6DFBB4" box="[635,761,1992,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C351851F85457F84FD6DFBB4" box="[635,761,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Thyrocopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, which were observed in flight in the field, flew frequently and strongly in this same enclosed room).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C350851E841E78D4FC2FFCE4" box="[800,955,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kikaelekea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C350851E841E78D4FC2FFCE4" box="[800,955,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">T. kikaelekea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
moved by jumping, and was capable of jumping farther than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D71C350851E86AC788CFD9CFC8C" box="[402,520,192,217]" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Thyrocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="apatela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAE0C350851E86AC788CFD9CFC8C" box="[402,520,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">T. apatela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, probably aided by its larger wing area (Medeiros, unpublished data). Video of this moth in the field and in the enclosed room revealed that its wings are outstretched while jumping, but the shutter speed of the camera was inadequate to judge whether the wings were flapping (Medeiros, unpublished data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |