3462 lines
456 KiB
XML
3462 lines
456 KiB
XML
<document id="5F234E9D0E8128BD80C831E971ECAB29" ID-CLB-Dataset="7824" ID-DOI="10.1093/mspecies/sey004" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8940dba8-084a-4792-818f-a6fbb0bc7e81" ID-ISSN="1545-1410" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573481" ID-ZooBank="0F35A937-881D-459D-A9E5-6EBF32278A01" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1614694824830" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ahrestani, Farshid S" docDate="2018" docId="039587B71C60FF8680EDFBB1FAF1FE98" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpecies.50.959.34-50.pdf" docOrigin="Mammalian Species 50 (959)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sey004" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36.4:MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article" docStyleId="E260F2FEBB038053A7447521347BED36" docStyleName="MammalSpecies.2016-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Bos gaurus : Hamilton-Smith 1827" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="14" masterDocId="FFACFFCF1C60FF8B801DFFFDFF97FFBA" masterDocTitle="Bos frontalisandBosgaurus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="34" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1698931787852" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="17ED7D82B02AD6AC4C67218740C8229A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="52AC0626C23CBA228DF5A648E7E4321C">
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<mods:title id="90DEDF6F547B4EF7637B7079EE150635">Bos frontalisandBosgaurus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="0DE5AC1088F04B3B36EACB8F60578340" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="B88BA15254BAF0B4582565AB8EC48E8F">Ahrestani, Farshid S</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="838A6FC3176FD4BE3CA5E162FBFD745F">Foundation for Ecological Research, Advocacy and Learning, Auroville Post, Tamil Nadu 605 101, India;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="146CF790257C84FE3879DDFD40C92F76" type="email">farshid.ahrestani@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="21381BDEE845F1AA65CE5CE4AFADAEB3">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="61D7C4DF2528E160FDBEB2789AB40177">
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<mods:date id="E31C3435D06FA97FADB8AEFCEC76D655">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2D4203D4FE65C248DC576593203A938B">2018-08-17</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FE8372745C392A4C36186A0969D1A0EA">50</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="AD5869A2670665F2C1C3E79AC6D8CD14" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="62DFD82E8B230D76EEEA313262322C74">959</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:start id="789C8D920264B62604AB7E960D43A192">34</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="67C2C9B6FE810517EF26D2C401C68CBF">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mspecies/sey004</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="FEA73954FE110A75ECE5B817DE5769EF">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B41538958711DD72B3C480781E92F449" type="CLB-Dataset">7824</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="EF9391C9C81F459AEB0C17BA3DDA4EB9" type="DOI">10.1093/mspecies/sey004</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9CD345783E7FFDCC9736B23A8F6327AA" type="GBIF-Dataset">8940dba8-084a-4792-818f-a6fbb0bc7e81</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039587B71C60FF8680EDFBB1FAF1FE98" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4592241" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180301947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4592241" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039587B71C60FF8680EDFBB1FAF1FE98" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039587B71C60FF8680EDFBB1FAF1FE98" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection id="C326652A1C60FF8B80EDFBB1FD01FBDF" box="[240,662,1099,1126]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B80EDFBB1FD01FBDF" blockId="0.[240,662,1099,1126]" box="[240,662,1099,1126]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<heading id="D0CB81CD1C60FF8B80EDFBB1FD01FBDF" box="[240,662,1099,1126]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" reason="2">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B80EDFBB1FD01FBDF" ID-CoL="MLPV" authority="Hamilton-Smith, 1827" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[240,662,1099,1126]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
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||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B80EDFBB1FD01FBDF" bold="true" box="[240,662,1099,1126]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B80EDFBB1FEEDFBDC" bold="true" box="[240,378,1100,1126]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
Hamilton-Smith, 1827
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C326652A1C60FF8B8196FB7EFE6DFB20" box="[395,506,1155,1178]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="vernacular_names">
|
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<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B8196FB7EFE6DFB20" blockId="0.[395,506,1155,1178]" box="[395,506,1155,1178]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wild Gaur</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C326652A1C60FF8A8070FB45FA49FC98" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B8070FB45FC8FFB75" blockId="0.[109,793,1208,1807]" box="[109,792,1208,1231]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8070FB45FFEAFB75" box="[109,125,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
<insertion id="16B951601C60FF8B8063FB45FF3FFB75" box="[126,168,1208,1231]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B809BFB45FF09FB75" box="[134,158,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">os</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B80A9FB45FD83FB75" authority="Kerr, 1792: 339" authorityName="Kerr" authorityPageNumber="339" authorityYear="1792" box="[180,532,1208,1231]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guavera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B80A9FB45FEFEFB75" box="[180,361,1208,1231]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bubalus guavera</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C60FF8B816DFB45FD83FB75" author="KERR, R." box="[368,532,1208,1231]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref17500" refString="KERR, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system of Sir Charles Linnaeus: Class I Mammalia. Strahan and Cadell, Edinburgh, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1792">Kerr, 1792:339</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C60FF8B8200FB45FDC5FB75" box="[541,594,1208,1231]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C60FF8B82B2FB45FC8FFB75" box="[687,792,1208,1231]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C60FF8B82A4FB45FC9CFB75" box="[697,779,1208,1231]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B8070FB25FE6DFAF5" blockId="0.[109,793,1208,1807]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B8070FB25FE2EFB55" ID-CoL="5WP9P" authority="Lambert, 1804: 57" authorityName="Lambert" authorityPageNumber="57" authorityYear="1804" box="[109,441,1240,1263]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8070FB25FF64FB55" box="[109,243,1240,1263]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bos frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C60FF8B80E4FB25FE2EFB55" author="LAMBERT, A. B." box="[249,441,1240,1263]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="57 - 59" refId="ref17719" refString="LAMBERT, A. B. 1804. Description of Bos frontalis, a new species from India. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 7: 57 - 59." type="journal article" year="1804">Lambert, 1804:57</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C60FF8B81DCFB25FE61FB55" box="[449,502,1240,1263]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C60FF8B824DFB25FD32FB55" box="[592,677,1240,1263]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C60FF8B8247FB25FD00FB55" box="[602,663,1240,1263]" name="India" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
;”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
first use of the current name combination of the binomial for the domestic form (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C60FF8B811BFAE5FE5BFA95" author="GENTRY, A. & C. P. GROVES" box="[262,460,1304,1327]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="645 - 651" refId="ref16037" refString="GENTRY, A., J. CLUTTON- BROCK, and C. P. GROVES. 2004. The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives. Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 645 - 651." type="journal article" year="2004">Gentry et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C60FF8B81C0FAE5FE7DFAF5" author="INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="81 - 84" refId="ref16848" refString="INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 2003. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 60: 81 - 84." type="journal article" year="2003">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B8070FAA5FDCAFA75" blockId="0.[109,793,1208,1807]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B8070FAA5FE7CFAD5" authority="Colebrooke, 1808: 512" authorityName="Colebrooke" authorityPageNumber="512" authorityYear="1808" box="[109,491,1368,1391]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gavaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8070FAA5FF79FAD5" box="[109,238,1368,1391]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bos gavaeus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C60FF8B80E5FAA5FE7CFAD5" author="COLEBROOKE, H. T." box="[248,491,1368,1391]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="511 - 527" refId="ref15567" refString="COLEBROOKE, H. T. 1808. Description of a species of ox, named gayal. Asiatic Researches 8: 511 - 527." type="journal article" year="1808">Colebrooke, 1808:512</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 516.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C60FF8B822DFAA5FDF2FAD5" box="[560,613,1368,1391]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C60FF8B82DAFAA5FDCAFA75" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
“mountains that form the eastern boundary of the provinces of Aracan [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C60FF8B811CFA65FEC6FA15" box="[257,337,1432,1455]" name="Myanmar" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Burma</collectingCountry>
|
||
],
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C60FF8B8171FA65FE74FA15" box="[364,483,1432,1455]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chittagong</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Chitgozou) [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C60FF8B8294FA65FC9AFA15" box="[649,781,1432,1455]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
], Tipara [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C60FF8B80F2FA45FEBAFA75" box="[239,301,1464,1487]" name="India" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
], and Syilhet [
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C60FF8B81D9FA45FDDEFA75" box="[452,585,1464,1487]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
].”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B8070FA25FC8FF9B5" blockId="0.[109,793,1208,1807]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B8070FA25FE47FA55" authority="Cuvier, 1824: 2" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityPageNumber="2" authorityYear="1824" box="[109,464,1496,1519]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylhetanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8070FA25FE81FA55" box="[109,278,1496,1519]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bos sylhetanus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C60FF8B813BFA25FE47FA55" author="CUVIER, F." box="[294,464,1496,1519]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref15643" refString="CUVIER, F. 1824. Jungly-Gau. Chez Blaise, Paris, France." type="book" year="1824">Cuvier, 1824:2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C60FF8B81F9FA25FD8EFA55" box="[484,537,1496,1519]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C60FF8B8294FA25FC8FF9B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
“vivans à la ménagerie de Barracpour; au pied des montagnes du
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C60FF8B82DEFA05FC9CF9B5" box="[707,779,1528,1551]" country="Bangladesh" name="Sylhet" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sylhet</collectingRegion>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B8070F9E5FE6DF935" blockId="0.[109,793,1208,1807]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B8070F9E5FD8CF995" ID-CoL="MLPV" authority="Hamilton-Smith, 1827 a: 399" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityPageNumber="399" authorityYear="1827" box="[109,539,1560,1583]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8070F9E5FF71F995" box="[109,230,1560,1583]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
Hamilton-Smith, 1827a:399
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C60FF8B8251F9E5FDEDF995" box="[588,634,1560,1583]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality given; first use of the current name combination of binomial for the wild form (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C60FF8B810BF9A5FE43F9D5" author="GENTRY, A. & C. P. GROVES" box="[278,468,1624,1647]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="645 - 651" refId="ref16037" refString="GENTRY, A., J. CLUTTON- BROCK, and C. P. GROVES. 2004. The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives. Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 645 - 651." type="journal article" year="2004">Gentry et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C60FF8B81FFF9A5FE7DF935" author="INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="81 - 84" refId="ref16848" refString="INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE. 2003. Opinion 2027 (Case 3010). Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): conserved. The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 60: 81 - 84." type="journal article" year="2003">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B8070F965FEBDF975" blockId="0.[109,793,1208,1807]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8070F965FFEAF915" box="[109,125,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B809BF965FF09F915" box="[134,158,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">os</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B80DDF965FD55F915" ID-CoL="62FNF" authority=": Hamilton-Smith, 1827 b: 373" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityPageNumber="373" authorityYear="1827" box="[192,706,1688,1711]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B80DDF965FF6AF915" box="[192,253,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bison</emphasis>
|
||
)]
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B813FF965FEFBF915" box="[290,364,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
: Hamilton-Smith, 1827b:373
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4366291C60FF8B8354F940FA64F8B7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573483" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573483/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" startId="0.[841,876,1725,1746]" targetBox="[841,1521,1258,1711]" targetPageId="0">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B8354F940FA64F8B7" blockId="0.[841,1523,1725,1805]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8354F940FC10F968" bold="true" box="[841,903,1725,1746]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
|
||
—Adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B8410F940FBEEF968" ID-CoL="MLPV" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1037,1145,1725,1746]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8410F940FBEEF968" box="[1037,1145,1725,1746]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with conspicuous dorsal ridge and dewlaps from Nagarahole Tiger Reserve, southern India. Used with permission of the photographer K. Varma (http://www.http://kalyanvarma.net).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B8070F925FEBDF8B5" blockId="0.[109,793,1208,1807]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8070F925FFEAF955" box="[109,125,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B809BF925FF09F955" box="[134,158,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">os</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B80A2F925FD54F955" ID-CoL="62FNF" authority=": Hamilton-Smith, 1827 b: 375" authorityName="Hamilton-Smith" authorityPageNumber="375" authorityYear="1827" box="[191,707,1752,1775]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B80A2F925FF6BF955" box="[191,252,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bison</emphasis>
|
||
)]
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8102F925FEF8F955" box="[287,367,1752,1775]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">gavaeus</emphasis>
|
||
: Hamilton-Smith, 1827b:375
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B8355FC25FA64FB95" blockId="0.[840,1523,984,1199]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B8355FC25FB3BFC55" authority="Hardwicke, 1828: 231" authorityName="Hardwicke" authorityPageNumber="231" authorityYear="1828" box="[840,1196,984,1007]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gour">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8355FC25FC3AFC55" box="[840,941,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bos gour</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C60FF8B83ABFC25FB3BFC55" author="HARDWICKE, F. R." box="[950,1196,984,1007]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 233" refId="ref16481" refString="HARDWICKE, F. R. 1828. On the Bos gour of India. The Zoological Journal 3: 231 - 233." type="journal article" year="1828">Hardwicke, 1828:231</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C60FF8B84A5FC25FB79FC55" box="[1208,1262,984,1007]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C60FF8B8549FC25FA64FB95" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
“Mountainous District of Ramgurh [= Ramgarh,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C60FF8B84E5FC05FAFAFBB5" box="[1272,1389,1016,1039]" country="India" name="Jharkhand" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Jharkhand</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C60FF8B8564FC05FA2FFBB5" box="[1401,1464,1016,1039]" name="India" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
], and Table-land of Sirgoojas [= Surguja,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C60FF8B851EFBE5FA03FB95" box="[1283,1428,1048,1071]" country="India" name="Chhattisgarh" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Chhattisgarh</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C60FF8B8582FBE5FA49FB95" box="[1439,1502,1048,1071]" name="India" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
].”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B8355FBC5FB77FBD5" blockId="0.[840,1523,984,1199]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B8355FBC5FB24FBF5" authority="Hardwicke, 1828: 232" authorityName="Hardwicke" authorityPageNumber="232" authorityYear="1828" box="[840,1203,1080,1103]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gayaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8355FBC5FC52FBF5" box="[840,965,1080,1103]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bos gayaeus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C60FF8B83D6FBC5FB24FBF5" author="HARDWICKE, F. R." box="[971,1203,1080,1103]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 233" refId="ref16481" refString="HARDWICKE, F. R. 1828. On the Bos gour of India. The Zoological Journal 3: 231 - 233." type="journal article" year="1828">Hardwicke, 1828:232</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B8388FBA5FB4EFBD5" authority="Colebrooke, 1808" authorityName="Colebrooke" authorityYear="1808" box="[917,1241,1112,1135]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gavaeus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8388FBA5FB83FBD5" box="[917,1044,1112,1135]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bos gavaeus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C60FF8B8407FBA5FB4EFBD5" author="COLEBROOKE, H. T." box="[1050,1241,1112,1135]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="511 - 527" refId="ref15567" refString="COLEBROOKE, H. T. 1808. Description of a species of ox, named gayal. Asiatic Researches 8: 511 - 527." type="journal article" year="1808">Colebrooke, 1808</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B8355FB85FA18FB35" blockId="0.[840,1523,984,1199]" box="[840,1423,1144,1167]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B8355FB85FB25FB35" ID-CoL="62FNF" authority=": Jardine, 1836 a: 251" authorityName="Jardine" authorityPageNumber="251" authorityYear="1836" box="[840,1202,1144,1167]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8355FB85FC42FB35" box="[840,981,1144,1167]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bison gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C60FF8B83F9FB85FB25FB35" author="JARDINE, W." box="[996,1202,1144,1167]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="249 - 251" refId="ref17016" refString="JARDINE, W. 1836 a. The auroch. The Naturalist's Library 22: 249 - 251." type="journal article" year="1836">Jardine, 1836a:251</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C60FF8B8355FB65FA20FB15" blockId="0.[840,1523,984,1199]" box="[840,1463,1176,1199]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C60FF8B8355FB65FB4DFB15" authority=": Jardine, 1836 b: 257" authorityName="Jardine" authorityPageNumber="257" authorityYear="1836" box="[840,1242,1176,1199]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylhetanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C60FF8B8355FB65FC6BFB15" box="[840,1020,1176,1199]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bison sylhetanus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C60FF8B8417FB65FB4DFB15" author="JARDINE, W." box="[1034,1242,1176,1199]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="257 - 258" refId="ref17035" refString="JARDINE, W. 1836 b. The Sylhet ox. The Naturalist's Library 22: 257 - 258." type="journal article" year="1836">Jardine, 1836b:257</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4366291C61FF8A8070FD67FF4CFCB2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573485" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573485/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[109,144,666,687]" targetBox="[109,789,200,653]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FD67FF4CFCB2" blockId="1.[109,792,666,776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8070FD67FF24FD15" bold="true" box="[109,179,666,687]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
—Adult female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8141FD66FE58FD0A" ID-CoL="MLPV" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[348,463,667,688]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8141FD66FE58FD0A" box="[348,463,667,688]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with typical brown pelage and smooth, spiral-shaped horns from BR Hills, southern India. Used with permission of the photographer K. Varma (http://www.http://kalyanvarma.net).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FCBEFDD7FCC0" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<insertion id="16B951601C61FF8A8070FCBEFF6BFCE0" box="[109,252,835,858]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A806BFCBEFF6BFCE0" authority="" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityPageNumber="499" authorityYear="1837" box="[118,252,835,858]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Bibos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A806BFCBEFF09FCE0" box="[118,158,835,858]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A80B3FCBEFF7CFCE0" box="[174,235,835,858]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bibos</emphasis>
|
||
)]
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A811EFCBEFE30FCE0" box="[259,423,835,858]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">subhemachalus</emphasis>
|
||
Hodgson, 1837:499.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A8290FCBEFD55FCE0" box="[653,706,835,858]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C61FF8A8080FC9EFDD7FCC0" box="[157,576,867,890]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
“saul [= sal] forest of Nipal [=
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A81FAFC9EFDBAFCC0" box="[487,557,867,890]" name="Nepal" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
].”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FC7EFDCCFC00" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A806BFC7EFD41FC20" authority="" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1837" box="[118,726,899,922]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Bibos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A806BFC7EFF09FC20" box="[118,158,899,922]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A80B2FC7EFF7BFC20" box="[175,236,899,922]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bibos</emphasis>
|
||
)]
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8118FC7EFEF0FC20" box="[261,359,899,922]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">cavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
Hodgson, 1837:747 Replacement
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A80DEFC5EFDCFFC00" authority="Hodgson, 1837" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1837" box="[195,600,931,954]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subhemachalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A80DEFC5EFE3CFC00" box="[195,427,931,954]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bibos subhemachalus</emphasis>
|
||
Hodgson, 1837
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FC3EFE72FC40" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8070FC3EFE18FC60" authority="Gray, 1843: 151" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="151" authorityYear="1843" box="[109,399,963,986]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gareus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8070FC3EFF74FC60" box="[109,227,963,986]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos gareus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A80F5FC3EFE18FC60" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[232,399,963,986]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref16117" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1843. List of the specimens of Mammalia in the collection of the British Museum. Geroge Woodfall and Son, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1843">Gray, 1843:151</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A82EDFC3EFE75FC40" ID-CoL="MLPV" authority="Hamilton-Smith, 1827" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A82EDFC3EFF70FC40" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
Hamilton-Smith, 1827
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FBFEFD83FB80" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8070FBFEFE21FBA0" authority="Sundevall, 1844: 201" authorityName="Sundevall" authorityPageNumber="201" authorityYear="1844" box="[109,438,1027,1050]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaur">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8070FBFEFF58FBA0" box="[109,207,1027,1050]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos gaur</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A80CBFBFEFE21FBA0" author="SUNDEVALL, C. J." box="[214,438,1027,1050]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="121 - 210" refId="ref19733" refString="SUNDEVALL, C. J. 1844. Methodisk ofversigt af Idislande djuren, Linnes Pecora. Kongl Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar for Ar 1844: 121 - 210." type="journal article" year="1844">Sundevall, 1844:201</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8080FBDEFD87FB80" ID-CoL="MLPV" authority="Hamilton-Smith, 1827" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[157,528,1059,1082]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8080FBDEFE81FB80" box="[157,278,1059,1082]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
Hamilton-Smith, 1827
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FBBEFE47FBC0" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8070FBBEFE2DFBE0" authority="Gray 1846: 230" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="230" authorityYear="1846" box="[109,442,1091,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8070FBBEFE98FBE0" box="[109,271,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bibos frontatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A810BFBBEFE2DFBE0" author="GRAY, J. E." box="[278,442,1091,1114]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="227 - 233" refId="ref16149" refString="GRAY, J. E. 1846. On the arrangement of the hollow-horned ruminants. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 18: 227 - 233." type="journal article" year="1846">Gray 1846:230</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8080FB9EFE5EFBC0" ID-CoL="5WP9P" authority="Lambert, 1804" authorityName="Lambert" authorityYear="1804" box="[157,457,1123,1146]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8080FB9EFEB2FBC0" box="[157,293,1123,1146]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8131FB9EFE5EFBC0" author="LAMBERT, A. B." box="[300,457,1123,1146]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="57 - 59" refId="ref17719" refString="LAMBERT, A. B. 1804. Description of Bos frontalis, a new species from India. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 7: 57 - 59." type="journal article" year="1804">Lambert, 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FB7EFF4DFB60" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A806BFB7EFDB8FB20" authority=": Hodgson, 1847: 706" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityPageNumber="706" authorityYear="1847" box="[118,559,1155,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gaveus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A806BFB7EFF51FB20" box="[118,198,1155,1178]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Gaveus</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A80C2FB7EFEAFFB20" box="[223,312,1155,1178]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A814DFB7EFDB8FB20" author="HODGSON, B. H." box="[336,559,1155,1178]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="685 - 711" refId="ref16599" refString="HODGSON, B. H. 1847. On various genera of the ruminants. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 16: 685 - 711." type="journal article" year="1847">Hodgson, 1847:706</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination and incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8235FB5EFF45FB60" ID-CoL="5WP9P" authority="Lambert, 1804" authorityName="Lambert" authorityYear="1804" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8235FB5EFD27FB00" box="[552,688,1187,1210]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A82AAFB5EFF45FB60" author="LAMBERT, A. B." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="57 - 59" refId="ref17719" refString="LAMBERT, A. B. 1804. Description of Bos frontalis, a new species from India. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 7: 57 - 59." type="journal article" year="1804">Lambert, 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FB1EFD70FB40" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" box="[109,743,1251,1274]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A806BFB1EFF51FB40" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1847" box="[118,198,1251,1274]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gaveus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A806BFB1EFF51FB40" box="[118,198,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Gaveus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A80CBFB1EFEB1FB40" box="[214,294,1251,1274]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">gayoeus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8129FB1EFD9EFB40" author="HODGSON, B. H." box="[308,521,1251,1274]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="685 - 711" refId="ref16599" refString="HODGSON, B. H. 1847. On various genera of the ruminants. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 16: 685 - 711." type="journal article" year="1847">Hodgson, 1847:706</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FAFEFC90FAA0" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" box="[109,775,1283,1306]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A806BFAFEFDBDFAA0" authority=": Hodgson, 1847: 706" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityPageNumber="706" authorityYear="1847" box="[118,554,1283,1306]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gaveus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A806BFAFEFF51FAA0" box="[118,198,1283,1306]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Gaveus</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A80CBFAFEFED0FAA0" box="[214,327,1283,1306]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">sylhetanus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8149FAFEFDBDFAA0" author="HODGSON, B. H." box="[340,554,1283,1306]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="685 - 711" refId="ref16599" refString="HODGSON, B. H. 1847. On various genera of the ruminants. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 16: 685 - 711." type="journal article" year="1847">Hodgson, 1847:706</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FADEFDAEFAE0" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8070FADEFE64FA80" authority="Roulin 1849: 619" authorityName="Roulin" authorityPageNumber="619" authorityYear="1849" box="[109,499,1315,1338]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8070FADEFEAFFA80" box="[109,312,1315,1338]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bibos concavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8120FADEFE64FA80" author="ROULIN, F. D." box="[317,499,1315,1338]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref19254" refString="ROULIN, F. D. 1849. Boeuf. Pp. 616 - 625 in Dictionnaire universel d'histoire naturelle (M. C. D'Orbigny, ed.). M. M. Renard, Paris, France." type="book" year="1849">Roulin 1849:619</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A80FEFABEFDA1FAE0" authority="Hodsgon, 1837" authorityName="Hodsgon" authorityYear="1837" box="[227,566,1347,1370]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A80FEFABEFE1FFAE0" box="[227,392,1347,1370]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bibos cavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
Hodsgon, 1837
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FA9EFD78FAC0" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" box="[109,751,1379,1402]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8070FA9EFF5DFAC0" box="[109,202,1379,1402]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Gavaeus</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A80CCFA9EFD87FAC0" ID-CoL="5WP9P" authority=": Horsfield, 1851: 179" authorityName="Horsfield" authorityPageNumber="179" authorityYear="1851" box="[209,528,1379,1402]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A80CCFA9EFEBDFAC0" box="[209,298,1379,1402]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8124FA9EFD87FAC0" author="HORSFIELD, T." box="[313,528,1379,1402]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref16711" refString="HORSFIELD, T. 1851. Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the East India Company. J & H Cox, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1851">Horsfield, 1851:179</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FA7EFE72FA00" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8070FA7EFE40FA20" authority="Horsfield, 1851: 181" authorityName="Horsfield" authorityPageNumber="181" authorityYear="1851" box="[109,471,1411,1434]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="asseel">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8070FA7EFF63FA20" box="[109,244,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bibos asseel</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A80E0FA7EFE40FA20" author="HORSFIELD, T." box="[253,471,1411,1434]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref16711" refString="HORSFIELD, T. 1851. Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the East India Company. J & H Cox, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1851">Horsfield, 1851:181</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A81FEFA7EFD8FFA20" box="[483,536,1411,1434]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C61FF8A8267FA7EFE72FA00" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">“South-eastern Frontier of Bengal and Silhet.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FA3EFC8EFA60" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" box="[109,793,1475,1498]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8070FA3EFDD5FA60" authority="Fitzinger, 1860: 387" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityPageNumber="387" authorityYear="1860" box="[109,578,1475,1498]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="frontalis" subSpecies="domesticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8070FA3EFEFAFA60" box="[109,365,1475,1498]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos frontalis domesticus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A816DFA3EFDD5FA60" author="FITZINGER, L. J." box="[368,578,1475,1498]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref15886" refString="FITZINGER, L. J. 1860. Naturgeschichte der Saugthiere in ihren sammtlichen Hauptformen. V. Band, Vienna, Austria." type="book" year="1860">Fitzinger, 1860:387</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070FA1EFD27FA40" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" box="[109,688,1507,1530]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8070FA1EFF54FA40" box="[109,195,1507,1530]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Gavaeus</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A80D7FA1EFE44FA40" ID-CoL="MLPV" authority=": Blyth, 1860: 284" authorityName=": Blyth" authorityPageNumber="284" authorityYear="1860" box="[202,467,1507,1530]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A80D7FA1EFE83FA40" box="[202,276,1507,1530]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A813FFA1EFE44FA40" author="BLYTH, E." box="[290,467,1507,1530]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="282 - 306" refId="ref15141" refString="BLYTH, E. 1860. On the flat-horned taurine cattle of SE Asia with a note on the races of rein deer, and a note on domestic animals in general. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 29: 282 - 306." type="journal article" year="1860">Blyth, 1860:284</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070F9FEFC96F9A0" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" box="[109,769,1539,1562]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8070F9FEFDB4F9A0" ID-CoL="5WP9P" authority=": Lydekker, 1898: 32" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityPageNumber="32" authorityYear="1898" box="[109,547,1539,1562]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis" subGenus="Bibos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8070F9FEFF02F9A0" box="[109,149,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A80B8F9FEFF75F9A0" box="[165,226,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bibos</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A80ECF9FEFEDDF9A0" box="[241,330,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8145F9FEFDB4F9A0" author="LYDEKKER, R." box="[344,547,1539,1562]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref17878" refString="LYDEKKER, R. 1898. Wild oxen, sheep, and goats of all lands, living and extinct. Rowland Ward, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1898">Lydekker, 1898:32</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070F9DEFE8AF900" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8070F9DEFDADF980" authority="Heude, 1901: 3" authorityName="Heude" authorityPageNumber="3" authorityYear="1901" box="[109,570,1571,1594]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gauribos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8070F9DEFEEFF980" box="[109,376,1571,1594]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Gauribos brachyrhinus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8190F9DEFDADF980" author="HEUDE, P. - M." box="[397,570,1571,1594]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref16505" refString="HEUDE, P. - M. 1901. Genre Gauribos H. Memoires concernant L'Histoire Naturelle De L'Empire Chinois 5: 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1901">Heude, 1901:3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 4. Type locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C61FF8A8080F9BEFEB0F920" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C61FF8A80BAF9BEFF67F9E0" box="[167,240,1603,1626]" country="Cambodia" name="Pursat" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pursat</collectingRegion>
|
||
, station située sur un affluent des grand lacs du
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8080F99EFE85F9C0" box="[157,274,1635,1658]" name="Cambodia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cambodge</collectingCountry>
|
||
[= on one of the tributaries of the grand lakes of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8080F97EFE84F920" box="[157,275,1667,1690]" name="Cambodia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
],”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
based on
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A8186F97EFE68F920" box="[411,511,1667,1690]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
selection by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A828BF97EFE8DF900" author="BRAUN, A. & C. P. GROVES & P. GRUBB & Q. - S. YANG & L. XIA" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="608 - 660" refId="ref15187" refString="BRAUN, A., C. P. GROVES, P. GRUBB, Q. - S. YANG, AND L. XIA. 2001. Catalogue of the Musee Heude collection of mammal skulls. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 26: 608 - 660." type="journal article" year="2001">Braun et al. (2001:652)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070F93EFD66F880" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8070F93EFE6FF960" authority="Heude, 1901: 3" authorityName="Heude" authorityPageNumber="3" authorityYear="1901" box="[109,504,1731,1754]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gauribos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laosiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8070F93EFED0F960" box="[109,327,1731,1754]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Gauribos laosiensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8149F93EFE6FF960" author="HEUDE, P. - M." box="[340,504,1731,1754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref16505" refString="HEUDE, P. - M. 1901. Genre Gauribos H. Memoires concernant L'Histoire Naturelle De L'Empire Chinois 5: 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1901">Heude, 1901:3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Type locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C61FF8A82BAF93EFC8FF8A0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
“la chaine qui sépare le
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8132F91EFEF4F940" box="[303,355,1763,1786]" name="Laos" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Laos</collectingCountry>
|
||
du
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8193F91EFE4BF940" box="[398,476,1763,1786]" name="Vietnam" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tonkin</collectingCountry>
|
||
, vers la province de Camoun [= Annamite Mountain, separating
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A823FF8FEFDC1F8A0" box="[546,598,1795,1818]" name="Laos" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Laos</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A828CF8FEFC93F8A0" box="[657,772,1795,1818]" name="Cambodia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
],”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
based on
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A811FF8DEFEF3F880" box="[258,356,1827,1850]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
selection by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A81ECF8DEFD7AF880" author="BRAUN, A. & C. P. GROVES & P. GRUBB & Q. - S. YANG & L. XIA" box="[497,749,1827,1850]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="608 - 660" refId="ref15187" refString="BRAUN, A., C. P. GROVES, P. GRUBB, Q. - S. YANG, AND L. XIA. 2001. Catalogue of the Musee Heude collection of mammal skulls. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 26: 608 - 660." type="journal article" year="2001">Braun et al. (2001:652)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8070F8BEFE78F820" blockId="1.[109,793,835,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8070F8BEFE79F8E0" authority="Heude, 1901: 4" authorityName="Heude" authorityPageNumber="4" authorityYear="1901" box="[109,494,1859,1882]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gauribos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8070F8BEFEACF8E0" box="[109,315,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Gauribos sylvanus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8155F8BEFE79F8E0" author="HEUDE, P. - M." box="[328,494,1859,1882]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref16505" refString="HEUDE, P. - M. 1901. Genre Gauribos H. Memoires concernant L'Histoire Naturelle De L'Empire Chinois 5: 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1901">Heude, 1901:4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Type locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C61FF8A8282F8BEFE01F8C0" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">“foréts des Mois [= Moi forests],”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8183F89EFE6CF8C0" box="[414,507,1891,1914]" name="Vietnam" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, based on
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A826EF89EFD47F8C0" box="[627,720,1891,1914]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
selection by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A80F2F87EFE7DF820" author="BRAUN, A. & C. P. GROVES & P. GRUBB & Q. - S. YANG & L. XIA" box="[239,490,1923,1946]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="608 - 660" refId="ref15187" refString="BRAUN, A., C. P. GROVES, P. GRUBB, Q. - S. YANG, AND L. XIA. 2001. Catalogue of the Musee Heude collection of mammal skulls. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 26: 608 - 660." type="journal article" year="2001">Braun et al. (2001:652)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8355FF36FC61FE98" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355FF36FB7BFF58" authority="Heude, 1901: 5" authorityName="Heude" authorityPageNumber="5" authorityYear="1901" box="[840,1260,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Gauribos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mekongensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8355FF36FBA8FF58" box="[840,1087,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Gauribos mekongensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8454FF36FB7BFF58" author="HEUDE, P. - M." box="[1097,1260,203,226]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref16505" refString="HEUDE, P. - M. 1901. Genre Gauribos H. Memoires concernant L'Histoire Naturelle De L'Empire Chinois 5: 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1901">Heude, 1901:5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Type locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C61FF8A8589FF36FA64FF58" box="[1428,1523,203,226]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C61FF8A8580FF36FA73FF58" box="[1437,1508,203,226]" country="Cambodia" name="Kratie" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Kratié</collectingRegion>
|
||
,”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8365FF16FC7FFEB8" box="[888,1000,235,258]" name="Cambodia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, based on
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A8477FF16FB5BFEB8" box="[1130,1228,235,258]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
selection by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8576FF16FC66FE98" author="BRAUN, A. & C. P. GROVES & P. GRUBB & Q. - S. YANG & L. XIA" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="608 - 660" refId="ref15187" refString="BRAUN, A., C. P. GROVES, P. GRUBB, Q. - S. YANG, AND L. XIA. 2001. Catalogue of the Musee Heude collection of mammal skulls. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 26: 608 - 660." type="journal article" year="2001">Braun et al. (2001:652)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8355FED6FB68FE38" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355FED6FB2AFEF8" authority="Heude, 1901: 5" authorityName="Heude" authorityPageNumber="5" authorityYear="1901" box="[840,1213,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Uribos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="platyceros">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8355FED6FB9BFEF8" box="[840,1036,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Uribos platyceros</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8405FED6FB2AFEF8" author="HEUDE, P. - M." box="[1048,1213,299,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref16505" refString="HEUDE, P. - M. 1901. Genre Gauribos H. Memoires concernant L'Histoire Naturelle De L'Empire Chinois 5: 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1901">Heude, 1901:5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Type locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C61FF8A8576FED6FB23FED8" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">“Tourane de bassins des rivières de Hué,”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A84A1FEB6FA8EFED8" box="[1212,1305,331,354]" name="Vietnam" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, based on
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A858CFEB6FA64FED8" box="[1425,1523,331,354]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
selection by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A83E2FE96FB6DFE38" author="BRAUN, A. & C. P. GROVES & P. GRUBB & Q. - S. YANG & L. XIA" box="[1023,1274,363,386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="608 - 660" refId="ref15187" refString="BRAUN, A., C. P. GROVES, P. GRUBB, Q. - S. YANG, AND L. XIA. 2001. Catalogue of the Musee Heude collection of mammal skulls. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 26: 608 - 660." type="journal article" year="2001">Braun et al. (2001:652)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8355FE76FBA7FE58" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355FE76FB67FE18" authority="Heude, 1901: 3" authorityName="Heude" authorityPageNumber="3" authorityYear="1901" box="[840,1264,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalibos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="annamiticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8355FE76FBD6FE18" box="[840,1089,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bubalibos annamiticus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8450FE76FB67FE18" author="HEUDE, P. - M." box="[1101,1264,395,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref16505" refString="HEUDE, P. - M. 1901. Genre Gauribos H. Memoires concernant L'Histoire Naturelle De L'Empire Chinois 5: 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1901">Heude, 1901:3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 6. Type locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C61FF8A85A7FE76FC6EFE78" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">“Hué [Province],”</quote>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A83E0FE56FBCDFE78" box="[1021,1114,427,450]" name="Vietnam" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, based on
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A84DBFE56FABFFE78" box="[1222,1320,427,450]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
selection by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A85ACFE56FBBBFE58" author="BRAUN, A. & C. P. GROVES & P. GRUBB & Q. - S. YANG & L. XIA" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="608 - 660" refId="ref15187" refString="BRAUN, A., C. P. GROVES, P. GRUBB, Q. - S. YANG, AND L. XIA. 2001. Catalogue of the Musee Heude collection of mammal skulls. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 26: 608 - 660." type="journal article" year="2001">Braun et al. (2001:652)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8355FE16FC5FFDF8" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8355FE16FC65FDB8" box="[840,1010,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355FE16FCE4FDB8" ID-CoL="3BQW" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[840,883,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bos</taxonomicName>
|
||
? leptoceros
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A83E5FE16FB00FDB8" author="HEUDE, P. - M." box="[1016,1175,491,514]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref16505" refString="HEUDE, P. - M. 1901. Genre Gauribos H. Memoires concernant L'Histoire Naturelle De L'Empire Chinois 5: 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1901">Heude, 1901:7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A84BFFE16FB40FDB8" box="[1186,1239,491,514]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C61FF8A852EFE16FC5FFDF8" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
“Kampot, au bord du golfe de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A841EFDF6FBADFD98" box="[1027,1082,523,546]" name="Thailand" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Siam</collectingCountry>
|
||
[=
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A847AFDF6FB42FD98" box="[1127,1237,523,546]" name="Cambodia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
on shores of the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8365FDD6FC23FDF8" box="[888,948,555,578]" name="Thailand" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Siam</collectingCountry>
|
||
].”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8355FDB6FA34FDD8" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,802]" box="[840,1443,587,610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355FDB6FB1FFDD8" authority="Heude, 1901: 3" authorityName="Heude" authorityPageNumber="3" authorityYear="1901" box="[840,1160,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="discolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8355FDB6FC75FDD8" box="[840,994,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bibos discolor</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A83F4FDB6FB1FFDD8" author="HEUDE, P. - M." box="[1001,1160,587,610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref16505" refString="HEUDE, P. - M. 1901. Genre Gauribos H. Memoires concernant L'Histoire Naturelle De L'Empire Chinois 5: 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1901">Heude, 1901:3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 8. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A84CBFDB6FA93FDD8" box="[1238,1284,587,610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality given.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8355FD96FA21FD38" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,802]" box="[840,1462,619,642]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355FD96FB0CFD38" authority="Heude, 1901: 3" authorityName="Heude" authorityPageNumber="3" authorityYear="1901" box="[840,1179,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sondaicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8355FD96FC61FD38" box="[840,1014,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bibos sondaicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A83E0FD96FB0CFD38" author="HEUDE, P. - M." box="[1021,1179,619,642]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref16505" refString="HEUDE, P. - M. 1901. Genre Gauribos H. Memoires concernant L'Histoire Naturelle De L'Empire Chinois 5: 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1901">Heude, 1901:3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 8. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A84F4FD96FA80FD38" box="[1257,1303,619,642]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality given.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8355FD76FA3DFD18" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,802]" box="[840,1450,651,674]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355FD76FB3CFD18" authority="Heude, 1901: 9" authorityName="Heude" authorityPageNumber="9" authorityYear="1901" box="[840,1195,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8355FD76FB93FD18" box="[840,1028,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bibos longicornis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8411FD76FB3CFD18" author="HEUDE, P. - M." box="[1036,1195,651,674]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref16505" refString="HEUDE, P. - M. 1901. Genre Gauribos H. Memoires concernant L'Histoire Naturelle De L'Empire Chinois 5: 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1901">Heude, 1901:9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. No
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A84C0FD76FA9CFD18" box="[1245,1291,651,674]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality given.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8355FD56FBB0FD58" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8355FD56FB84FD78" box="[840,1043,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355FD56FC1FFD78" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1837" box="[840,904,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bibos</taxonomicName>
|
||
? fuscicornis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8402FD56FB54FD78" author="HEUDE, P. - M." box="[1055,1219,683,706]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="3 - 11" refId="ref16505" refString="HEUDE, P. - M. 1901. Genre Gauribos H. Memoires concernant L'Histoire Naturelle De L'Empire Chinois 5: 3 - 11." type="journal article" year="1901">Heude, 1901:9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A84CEFD56FA9FFD78" box="[1235,1288,683,706]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C61FF8A8572FD56FBB0FD58" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">“Dûa sur la rivière de Vinh.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8355FD16FA48FCB8" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,802]" box="[840,1503,747,770]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355FD16FB49FCB8" authority="Lydekker, 1903: 266" authorityName="Lydekker" authorityPageNumber="266" authorityYear="1903" box="[840,1246,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gaurus" subSpecies="readi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8355FD16FC69FCB8" box="[840,1022,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos gaurus readi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8418FD16FB49FCB8" author="LYDEKKER, R." box="[1029,1246,747,770]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="264 - 266" refId="ref17907" refString="LYDEKKER, R. 1903. The Burmese gaur, or pyoung. The Zoologist, 4 th Series, 7: 264 - 266." type="journal article" year="1903">Lydekker, 1903:266</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="548788031C61FF8A84F5FD16FA8AFCB8" box="[1256,1309,747,770]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="F9C3C1B31C61FF8A8567FD16FA48FCB8" box="[1402,1503,747,770]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8599FD16FA45FCB8" box="[1412,1490,747,770]" name="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Burma</collectingCountry>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8355FCF6FA49FC98" blockId="1.[840,1523,203,802]" box="[840,1502,779,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355FCF6FADCFC98" ID-CoL="5WP9P" authority=": Lydekker, 1912: 177 Name" authorityName=": Lydekker" authorityYear="1912" box="[840,1355,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gaurus" subSpecies="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8355FCF6FBB7FC98" box="[840,1056,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos gaurus frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8432FCF6FA93FC98" author="LYDEKKER, R." box="[1071,1284,779,802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref17959" refString="LYDEKKER, R. 1912. The ox and its kindred. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Lydekker, 1912:177</bibRefCitation>
|
||
Name
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C326652A1C61FF8A8355FCB6FAEBFAD8" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF8A8355FCB6FAEBFAD8" blockId="1.[840,1523,843,1378]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A84F4FCB6FAE6FCD8" authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1848" box="[1257,1393,843,866]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Artiodactyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355FC96FC50FC38" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[840,967,875,898]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Ruminantia">Ruminantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, infraorder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8441FC96FB30FC38" box="[1116,1191,875,898]" class="Mammalia" infraOrder="Pecora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="infraOrder">Pecora</taxonomicName>
|
||
, family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A850BFC96FAE6FC38" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1302,1393,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Bovidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355FC76FC34FC18" baseAuthorityName="Grubb" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[840,931,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bovinae">Bovinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A83F7FC76FBA1FC18" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1002,1078,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Bovini">Bovini</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A845CFC76FB61FC18" author="LYDEKKER, R." box="[1089,1270,907,930]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref17933" refString="LYDEKKER, R. 1907. The game animals of India, Burma, Malaya and Tibet. Rowland Ward, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1907">Lydekker (1907)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
classified 3 subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8379FC56FC4CFC78" authorityName=": Blyth" authorityYear="1860" box="[868,987,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8379FC56FC4CFC78" box="[868,987,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A83F5FC56FB09FC78" authority="gaurus" box="[1000,1182,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gaurus" subSpecies="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A83F5FC56FB09FC78" box="[1000,1182,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">B. gaurus gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A84B6FC56FABBFC78" box="[1195,1324,939,962]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8528FC56FAF9FC78" box="[1333,1390,939,962]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A85BEFC56FA70FC78" box="[1443,1511,939,962]" name="Nepal" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355FC36FC68FC58" box="[840,1023,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gaurus" subSpecies="readei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8355FC36FC68FC58" box="[840,1023,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">B. gaurus readei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A840DFC36FBCDFC58" box="[1040,1114,971,994]" name="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Burma</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8489FC36FB4FFC58" box="[1172,1240,971,994]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8500FC36FC28FBB8" authority="(Malaysia)" baseAuthorityName="Malaysia" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gaurus" subSpecies="hubbacki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8500FC36FA65FC58" box="[1309,1522,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">B. gaurus hubbacki</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A834DFC16FC2FFBB8" box="[848,952,1003,1026]" name="Malaysia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Lydekker classified the 3 subspecies using only 5–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C61FF8A837EFBF6FC7EFB98" box="[867,1001,1035,1058]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="generic">6 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, and all of the morphological differences that he relied on have since been proved to be incorrect. More recently, based on skull and horn measurements, 2 subspecies were proposed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8388FB96FB8BFB38" author="GROVES, C. P." box="[917,1052,1131,1154]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="341 - 362" refId="ref16236" refString="GROVES, C. P. 2003. Taxonomy of ungulates of the Indian subcontinent. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 100: 341 - 362." type="journal article" year="2003">Groves 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8434FB96FAB1FB38" author="GROVES, C. P. & P. GRUBB" box="[1065,1318,1131,1154]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref16265" refString="GROVES, C. P., AND P. GRUBB. 2011. Ungulate taxonomy. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2011">Groves and Grubb 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
):
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8521FB96FA64FB38" authority="gaurus" box="[1340,1523,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gaurus" subSpecies="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8521FB96FA64FB38" box="[1340,1523,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">B. gaurus gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8375FB76FC08FB18" box="[872,927,1163,1186]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A83C6FB76FB8CFB18" box="[987,1051,1163,1186]" name="Nepal" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
(and possibly
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A84D8FB76FAD4FB18" box="[1221,1347,1163,1186]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A859AFB76FC26FB78" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="gaurus" subSpecies="laosiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A859AFB76FC26FB78" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">B. gaurus laosiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A83CEFB56FBACFB78" box="[979,1083,1195,1218]" name="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8455FB56FB01FB78" box="[1096,1174,1195,1218]" name="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Burma</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Lao PDR,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A850AFB56FAE3FB78" box="[1303,1396,1195,1218]" name="Vietnam" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8563FB56FA79FB78" box="[1406,1518,1195,1218]" name="Cambodia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8355FB36FC3DFB58" box="[840,938,1227,1250]" name="Thailand" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and West
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8400FB36FBE8FB58" box="[1053,1151,1227,1250]" name="Malaysia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(and presumably southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A85BEFB36FA70FB58" box="[1443,1511,1227,1250]" name="China" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
). This new classification was also based on a small sample size of skulls. Thus far, no genetic analyses have yet conclusively corroborated the existence of subspecies. Therefore, the evidence to split
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8360FAB6FC73FAD8" authorityName=": Blyth" authorityYear="1860" box="[893,996,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8360FAB6FC73FAD8" box="[893,996,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into subspecies remains inconclusive.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C326652A1C61FF898355FA5EFDB7FDD8" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C61FF898355FA5EFD3DFED8" blockId="1.[840,1523,1443,1946]" lastBlockId="2.[109,793,203,610]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES. Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A84D3FA5EFA64FA00" author="WILSON, D. E. & D. M. REEDER" box="[1230,1523,1443,1466]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref20277" refString="WILSON, D. E., AND D. M. REEDER. 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3 rd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2005">Wilson and Reeder (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
list
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A836CFA3EFB3EFA60" authority="Temminck, 1838" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[881,1193,1475,1498]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diardii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A836CFA3EFC7EFA60" box="[881,1001,1475,1498]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos diardii</emphasis>
|
||
Temminck, 1838
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A84FEFA3EFC17FA40" authority="Temminck, 1938" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1938" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A84FEFA3EFAE4FA60" box="[1251,1395,1475,1498]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos frontatus</emphasis>
|
||
Temminck, 1938
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8420FA1EFA2AFA40" authority="Hamilton-Smith, 1827 a" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1085,1469,1507,1530]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8420FA1EFB20FA40" box="[1085,1207,1507,1530]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
Hamilton-Smith, 1827a
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8355F9FEFB0CF9A0" authority="Temminck, 1838" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[840,1179,1539,1562]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8355F9FEFC42F9A0" box="[840,981,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
Temminck, 1838
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8579F9FEFC7FF980" authority="Lambert, 1804" authorityName="Lambert" authorityYear="1804" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frantalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8579F9FEFA64F9A0" box="[1380,1523,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos frantalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A8355F9DEFC7FF980" author="LAMBERT, A. B." box="[840,1000,1571,1594]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="57 - 59" refId="ref17719" refString="LAMBERT, A. B. 1804. Description of Bos frontalis, a new species from India. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 7: 57 - 59." type="journal article" year="1804">Lambert, 1804</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—while using
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8496F9DEFA80F980" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[1163,1303,1571,1594]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">Bos frontalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
to refer to both the wild and domestic forms—they clarify that references for both these synonyms were “nomen nudum.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A84F5F99EFAF2F9C0" author="KERR, R." box="[1256,1381,1635,1658]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref17500" refString="KERR, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system of Sir Charles Linnaeus: Class I Mammalia. Strahan and Cadell, Edinburgh, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1792">Kerr (1792)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A85D6F99EFC6FF920" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bubalus" subSpecies="guavera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A85D6F99EFC6FF920" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Bos bubalus guavera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in his list of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C61FF8A8462F97EFB64F920" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1151,1267,1667,1690]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">Mammalia</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the Animal Kingdom based on the description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A847AF95EFA87F900" author="KNOX, R." box="[1127,1296,1699,1722]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref17582" refString="KNOX, R. 1681. An historical relation of the Island Ceylon in the East- Indies. Royal Society, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1681">Knox (1681:21)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of a wild buffalo with white legs called
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A8413F93EFBF2F960" box="[1038,1125,1731,1754]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">gauvera</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8492F93EFB48F960" box="[1167,1247,1731,1754]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A84F0F93EFA2FF960" author="PENNANT, T." box="[1261,1464,1731,1754]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref18823" refString="PENNANT, T. 1792. History of quadrupeds. B & J White, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1792">Pennant (1792:31)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, also referring to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A83DBF91EFBD9F940" author="KNOX, R." box="[966,1102,1763,1786]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refId="ref17582" refString="KNOX, R. 1681. An historical relation of the Island Ceylon in the East- Indies. Royal Society, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1681">Knox (1681)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, described a subspecies of buffalo from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C61FF8A8355F8FEFC02F8A0" box="[840,917,1795,1818]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
|
||
with “legs that are white one-half way from the hoofs” as
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C61FF8A837AF8DEFC29F880" box="[871,958,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">gauvera</emphasis>
|
||
in his “History of quadrupeds.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C61FF8A853BF8DEFA64F880" author="COLEBROOKE, H. T." box="[1318,1523,1827,1850]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="511 - 527" refId="ref15567" refString="COLEBROOKE, H. T. 1808. Description of a species of ox, named gayal. Asiatic Researches 8: 511 - 527." type="journal article" year="1808">Colebrooke (1808)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided the first detailed description and measurements of wild and domestic form and called the animal gayal, which is one of the common names for the domestic form. Hardwicke (1827) coined his
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8980FEFF36FED2FF58" authorityName="Hardwicke" authorityYear="1828" box="[227,325,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gour">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF8980FEFF36FED2FF58" box="[227,325,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bos gour</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
synonym based on the detailed description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C62FF898090FF16FE83FEB8" author="TRAILL, T. S." box="[141,276,235,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="334 - 340" refId="ref19954" refString="TRAILL, T. S. 1824. Some account of an animal of the genus Bos, which in India is named gour. The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal 11: 334 - 340." type="journal article" year="1824">Traill (1824)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who described an animal he thought was known as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898094FEF6FF2CFE98" authorityName="Hardwicke" authorityYear="1828" box="[137,187,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gour">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898094FEF6FF2CFE98" box="[137,187,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">gour</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C62FF8980C6FEF6FE82FE98" box="[219,277,267,290]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. F.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C62FF89812AFEF6FE5AFE98" author="CUVIER, F." box="[311,461,267,290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref15643" refString="CUVIER, F. 1824. Jungly-Gau. Chez Blaise, Paris, France." type="book" year="1824">Cuvier (1824)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided the first colored illustrations of male and female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8981B5FED6FD84FEF8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[424,531,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF8981B5FED6FD84FEF8" box="[424,531,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that were based on the description of wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898120FEB6FE32FED8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[317,421,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898120FEB6FE32FED8" box="[317,421,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by M. Alfred Duvaucel.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C62FF898085FE96FDB7FDD8" blockId="2.[109,793,203,610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Common names of the wild form in other languages include tadok (Adi); peeoug (Burmese); kaati, kaadu kona, kaadu yemme (Kannada); kulga, gameya (Kannada in Uttara Kannada district); duddu (Kannada in Northern Udupi district); meuay (Lao); seladang (Malay); Da-E-Ni, Xffi+ (Mandarin); raangawa (Marathi); kattu pothu (Malayalam); gauri gai (Nepali); kaatu maadu (Tamil); Bò Tót (Vietnamese); adavi dunna (Telugu); krating กระทง (Thai); and moo (Gonds).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2B32F4A1C62FF89816CFD74FB77FC38" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C326652A1C62FF89816CFD74FB77FC38" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C62FF89816CFD74FD83FD19" blockId="2.[369,532,649,675]" box="[369,532,649,675]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading id="D0CB81CD1C62FF89816CFD74FD83FD19" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[369,532,649,675]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF89816CFD74FD83FD19" bold="true" box="[369,532,649,675]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C62FF898085FD30FAEDFE98" blockId="2.[109,793,717,1092]" lastBlockId="2.[840,1523,203,898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Species in the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8981B2FD30FD90FD5E" baseAuthorityName="Grubb" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[431,519,717,740]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bovinae">Bovinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
are large and have stout bodies, hollow horns, relatively short legs, long tails with a terminal tuft of hair, broad muzzles, and no facial, pedal, or inguinal glands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C62FF8980DFFCD0FECAFCFE" author="BLANFORD, W. T." box="[194,349,813,836]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref15116" refString="BLANFORD, W. T. 1888. The fauna of British India: Mammalia. Taylor and Francis, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1888">Blanford 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C62FF898176FCD0FD9CFCFE" author="LYDEKKER, R." box="[363,523,813,836]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref17983" refString="LYDEKKER, R. 1913. Catalogue of the ungulate mammals in the British Museum (Natural History), Vol. 1: Artiodactyla, family Bovidae, subfamilies Bovinae to Ovibovinae (cattle, sheep, goats, chamois, serows, takin, musk-oxen, etc.). William Clowes and Sons, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1913">Lydekker 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Five genera in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8982DDFCD0FF69FCDE" authority="(Grubb 2005)" baseAuthorityName="Grubb" baseAuthorityYear="2005" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bovinae">
|
||
Bovinae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C62FF89806BFCB0FF62FCDE" author="GRUBB, P." box="[118,245,845,868]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref16291" refString="GRUBB, P. 2005. Order Artiodactyla. Pp. 637 - 722 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2005">Grubb 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are currently considered in the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898262FCB0FD5CFCDE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[639,715,845,868]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Bovini">Bovini</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8982C8FCB0FC85FCDE" box="[725,786,845,868]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF8982C8FCB0FC85FCDE" box="[725,786,845,868]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bison</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898070FC90FF02FC3E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[109,149,877,900]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898070FC90FF02FC3E" box="[109,149,877,900]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8980B8FC90FF6BFC3E" box="[165,252,877,900]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF8980B8FC90FF6BFC3E" box="[165,252,877,900]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bubalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898110FC90FEE9FC3E" authorityName="Vu Van Dung, Pham Mong Giao, Nguyen Ngoc Chinh, Do Tuoc, Arctander & MacKinnon" authorityYear="1993" box="[269,382,877,900]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Pseudoryx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898110FC90FEE9FC3E" box="[269,382,877,900]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Pseudoryx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8981A0FC90FD8AFC3E" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1847" box="[445,541,877,900]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Syncerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF8981A0FC90FD8AFC3E" box="[445,541,877,900]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Syncerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8982CDFC90FC8FFC3E" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[720,792,877,900]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Bovini">Bovini</taxonomicName>
|
||
tribe are distinguishable by their smooth horns that are strongly keeled and spirally twisted, although not being regularly ridged (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C62FF89806BFC30FF4FFC5E" box="[118,216,973,996]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="0.[841,876,1725,1746]" captionStartId-1="1.[109,144,666,687]" captionStartId-2="2.[109,144,1911,1932]" captionTargetBox-0="[841,1521,1258,1711]" captionTargetBox-1="[109,789,200,653]" captionTargetBox-2="[389,1243,1134,1897]" captionTargetId-0="figure-458@0.[841,1521,1258,1711]" captionTargetId-1="figure-767@1.[109,789,200,653]" captionTargetId-2="figure-551@2.[389,1243,1134,1897]" captionTargetPageId-0="0" captionTargetPageId-1="1" captionTargetPageId-2="2" captionText-0="Fig. 1.—Adult male Bos gaurus with conspicuous dorsal ridge and dewlaps from Nagarahole Tiger Reserve, southern India. Used with permission of the photographer K.Varma (http://www.http://kalyanvarma.net)." captionText-1="Fig. 2.—Adult female Bos gaurus with typical brown pelage and smooth, spiral-shaped horns from BR Hills, southern India. Used with permission of the photographer K. Varma (http://www.http://kalyanvarma.net)." captionText-2="Fig. 3.—Differences in thickness, shape, and curvature of horns, and thickness of neck between female and male Bos gaurus from Mysore Zoo, southern India. Photographer F. S. Ahrestani." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573483" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573485" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573487" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4573483/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4573485/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4573487/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C62FF8980F8FC30FEF4FC5E" author="GRUBB, P." box="[229,355,973,996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref16291" refString="GRUBB, P. 2005. Order Artiodactyla. Pp. 637 - 722 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2005">Grubb 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C62FF89816DFC30FDFCFC5E" author="GROVES, C. P. & P. GRUBB" box="[368,619,973,996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref16265" refString="GROVES, C. P., AND P. GRUBB. 2011. Ungulate taxonomy. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2011">Groves and Grubb 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Extant species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898091FC10FF43FBBE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[140,212,1005,1028]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Bovini">Bovini</taxonomicName>
|
||
are further distinguished from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898277FC10FD55FBBE" baseAuthorityName="Grubb" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[618,706,1005,1028]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bovinae">Bovinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species by their low, wide skulls, internal sinuses in the frontals extending into the horn cores, a short braincase and widened occiput, molars with larger basal pillars and complicated central cavities, and upper molars that are strongly hypsodont (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C62FF898554FF16FA7CFEB8" author="LYDEKKER, R." box="[1353,1515,235,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref17983" refString="LYDEKKER, R. 1913. Catalogue of the ungulate mammals in the British Museum (Natural History), Vol. 1: Artiodactyla, family Bovidae, subfamilies Bovinae to Ovibovinae (cattle, sheep, goats, chamois, serows, takin, musk-oxen, etc.). William Clowes and Sons, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1913">Lydekker 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C62FF898355FEF6FC59FE98" author="GENTRY, A. W." box="[840,974,267,290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref16012" refString="GENTRY, A. W. 1992. The subfamilies and tribes of the family Bovidae. Mammal Review 22: 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1992">Gentry 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C62FF8983C1FEF6FBCBFE98" author="GRUBB, P." box="[988,1116,267,290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref16291" refString="GRUBB, P. 2005. Order Artiodactyla. Pp. 637 - 722 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2005">Grubb 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C62FF898477FEF6FAFDFE98" author="GROVES, C. P. & P. GRUBB" box="[1130,1386,267,290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refId="ref16265" refString="GROVES, C. P., AND P. GRUBB. 2011. Ungulate taxonomy. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2011">Groves and Grubb 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C62FF89836EFED6FB77FC38" blockId="2.[840,1523,203,898]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Except for the yak (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898452FED6FB57FEF8" baseAuthorityName="Przewalski" baseAuthorityYear="1883" box="[1103,1216,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mutus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898452FED6FB57FEF8" box="[1103,1216,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bos mutus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which is hairy and has 14 dorsal and 5 lumbar vertebrae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C62FF8984BFFEB6FA25FED8" author="LESLIE, D. M., Jr & G. B. SCHALLER" box="[1186,1458,331,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 17" refId="ref17785" refString="LESLIE, D. M., Jr, AND G. B. SCHALLER. 2009. Bos grunniens and Bos mutus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae). Mammalian Species 836: 1 - 17." type="journal article" year="2009">Leslie and Schaller 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8985D6FEB6FC1FFE38" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gauru">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF8985D6FEB6FC1FFE38" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bos gauru</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
s shares its traits of not being hairy and having 13 dorsal and 6 lumbar vertebrae with the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8984CCFE76FB6EFE18" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1233,1273,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF8984CCFE76FB6EFE18" box="[1233,1273,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898534FE76FA17FE18" box="[1321,1408,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898534FE76FA17FE18" box="[1321,1408,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bubalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
wild cattle species of Asia. Dewlaps that hang under the neck and chin and a dorsal ridge are prominent features that distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898598FE36FA3AFE58" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1413,1453,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898598FE36FA3AFE58" box="[1413,1453,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898398FE16FC4BFDB8" box="[901,988,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898398FE16FC4BFDB8" box="[901,988,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bubalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males. Dewlaps and the dorsal ridge are prominent distinguishing features of adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898519FDF6FAFCFD98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1284,1387,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898519FDF6FAFCFD98" box="[1284,1387,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C62FF898564FDF6FA21FD98" box="[1401,1462,523,546]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[841,876,1725,1746]" captionTargetBox="[841,1521,1258,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-458@0.[841,1521,1258,1711]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—Adult male Bos gaurus with conspicuous dorsal ridge and dewlaps from Nagarahole Tiger Reserve, southern India. Used with permission of the photographer K.Varma (http://www.http://kalyanvarma.net)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573483/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), and these traits are shared with the males of other Southeast Asian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898355FDB6FCE7FDD8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[840,880,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898355FDB6FCE7FDD8" box="[840,880,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, such as the banteng (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8984B3FDB6FAA6FDD8" authorityName="d Alton" authorityYear="1823" box="[1198,1329,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF8984B3FDB6FAA6FDD8" box="[1198,1329,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. javanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the now presumed extinct kouprey (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898452FD96FB2DFD38" authorityName="Urbain" authorityYear="1937" box="[1103,1210,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sauveli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898452FD96FB2DFD38" box="[1103,1210,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. sauveli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Both sexes in all 3 species have white lower legs, and females of both species are primarily brown and males are primarily black.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF89850BFD56FA3AFD78" authorityName="d Alton" authorityYear="1823" box="[1302,1453,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF89850BFD56FA3AFD78" box="[1302,1453,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bos javanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, has a white patch on its rump that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8984E8FD36FACAFD58" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1269,1373,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF8984E8FD36FACAFD58" box="[1269,1373,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not, and reported weights suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898499FD16FA90FCB8" authorityName="d Alton" authorityYear="1823" box="[1156,1287,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898499FD16FA90FCB8" box="[1156,1287,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. javanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is smaller in size than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898355FCF6FC38FC98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[840,943,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898355FCF6FC38FC98" box="[840,943,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF89842BFCF6FB0AFC98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1078,1181,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF89842BFCF6FB0AFC98" box="[1078,1181,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are further distinguishable from adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8983DDFCD6FBD3FCF8" authorityName="d Alton" authorityYear="1823" box="[960,1092,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF8983DDFCD6FBD3FCF8" box="[960,1092,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. javanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by their very muscular appearance, and the brown pelage of female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF898465FCB6FB6AFCD8" authorityName="d Alton" authorityYear="1823" box="[1144,1277,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898465FCB6FB6AFCD8" box="[1144,1277,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. javanicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a shade lighter than the brown pelage of female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF89846FFC96FB4EFC38" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1138,1241,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF89846FFC96FB4EFC38" box="[1138,1241,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2B32F4A1C62FF8883F6FC3BFA64FCF8" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C326652A1C62FF8883F6FC3BFA64FCF8" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C62FF8983F6FC3BFAC7FC5A" blockId="2.[1003,1360,966,992]" box="[1003,1360,966,992]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<heading id="D0CB81CD1C62FF8983F6FC3BFAC7FC5A" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,966,992]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF8983F6FC3BFAC7FC5A" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,966,992]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C62FF88836EFBF7FF61FB98" blockId="2.[840,1523,1034,1089]" lastBlockId="3.[109,793,203,1378]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF89836EFBF7FC7FFB9B" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[883,1000,1034,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF89836EFBF7FC7FFB9B" box="[883,1000,1034,1057]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a sexually dimorphic species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C62FF89852AFBF7FAEBFB9B" box="[1335,1404,1034,1057]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[841,876,1725,1746]" captionTargetBox="[841,1521,1258,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-458@0.[841,1521,1258,1711]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—Adult male Bos gaurus with conspicuous dorsal ridge and dewlaps from Nagarahole Tiger Reserve, southern India. Used with permission of the photographer K.Varma (http://www.http://kalyanvarma.net)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573483/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C62FF8985B1FBF7FA2EFB9B" box="[1452,1465,1034,1057]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[109,144,666,687]" captionTargetBox="[109,789,200,653]" captionTargetId="figure-767@1.[109,789,200,653]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2.—Adult female Bos gaurus with typical brown pelage and smooth, spiral-shaped horns from BR Hills, southern India. Used with permission of the photographer K. Varma (http://www.http://kalyanvarma.net)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573485/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">2</figureCitation>
|
||
), and differences between the sexes begin to be noticeable after the age of 2 years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF8880FFFF36FE7FFF58" author="AHRESTANI, F. S. & H. H. T. PRINS" box="[226,488,203,226]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="151 - 155" refId="ref14517" refString="AHRESTANI, F. S., AND H. H. T. PRINS. 2011. Age and sex determination of gaur Bos gaurus (Bovidae). Mammalia 75: 151 - 155." type="journal article" year="2011">Ahrestani and Prins 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Young calves (0–2 months) have light orange-brown body coats and do not have white stockings. The white stockings (all 4 legs, starting just above the knee in both sexes, are white) develop from the age of 3 months (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C63FF8882D6FED6FC9EFEF8" box="[715,777,299,322]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[841,876,1725,1746]" captionTargetBox="[841,1521,1258,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-458@0.[841,1521,1258,1711]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—Adult male Bos gaurus with conspicuous dorsal ridge and dewlaps from Nagarahole Tiger Reserve, southern India. Used with permission of the photographer K.Varma (http://www.http://kalyanvarma.net)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573483/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Males grow rapidly to attain large sizes (>
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF888232FEB6FDEEFED8" box="[559,633,331,354]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="kg" value="900.0">900 kg</quantity>
|
||
) and develop a black pelage with age; adult males, generally> 5 years are referred to as black bulls. Females are smaller in size (<
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF88824BFE76FD08FE18" box="[598,671,395,418]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="kg" value="600.0">600 kg</quantity>
|
||
) and have a brown pelage (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C63FF88811BFE56FEDCFE78" box="[262,331,427,450]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[841,876,1725,1746]" captionTargetBox="[841,1521,1258,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-458@0.[841,1521,1258,1711]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—Adult male Bos gaurus with conspicuous dorsal ridge and dewlaps from Nagarahole Tiger Reserve, southern India. Used with permission of the photographer K.Varma (http://www.http://kalyanvarma.net)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573483" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573483/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C63FF888166FE56FE1FFE78" box="[379,392,427,450]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[109,144,666,687]" captionTargetBox="[109,789,200,653]" captionTargetId="figure-767@1.[109,789,200,653]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 2.—Adult female Bos gaurus with typical brown pelage and smooth, spiral-shaped horns from BR Hills, southern India. Used with permission of the photographer K. Varma (http://www.http://kalyanvarma.net)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573485" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573485/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Both sexes have a light brown “boss” between their horns. Horns in both sexes are black in their early stages of development and, with advancing age, begin to whiten from the base up. The greater the proportion of white on the horns of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C63FF888081FDD6FE96FDF8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[156,257,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF888081FDD6FE96FDF8" box="[156,257,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the older is the individual (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C63FF88823BFDD6FDF4FDF8" box="[550,611,555,578]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[109,144,1896,1917]" captionTargetBox="[393,1246,1445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-840@3.[384,1248,1436,1883]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 4.—Age-specific differences in the size and shape of the head and horns, and the black:white ratio on horns of (a) female and (b) male Bos gaurus. (Reprinted from F. S. Ahrestani [2009] Ph.D. dissertation titled “Asian Eden: large herbivore ecology in India”)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573489/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Horns of males are thicker and extend outwards first before curving inward, which results in the horns on males being further apart from each other (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C63FF88806BFD76FF28FD18" box="[118,191,651,674]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[109,144,1911,1932]" captionTargetBox="[389,1243,1134,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-551@2.[389,1243,1134,1897]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 3.—Differences in thickness, shape, and curvature of horns, and thickness of neck between female and male Bos gaurus from Mysore Zoo, southern India. Photographer F. S. Ahrestani." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573487/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C63FF8880EAFD76FE93FD18" box="[247,260,651,674]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[109,144,1896,1917]" captionTargetBox="[393,1246,1445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-840@3.[384,1248,1436,1883]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 4.—Age-specific differences in the size and shape of the head and horns, and the black:white ratio on horns of (a) female and (b) male Bos gaurus. (Reprinted from F. S. Ahrestani [2009] Ph.D. dissertation titled “Asian Eden: large herbivore ecology in India”)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573489/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Female horns, in contrast, extend outward a lot less, and are thus closer to one another, and have a spiral curvature that makes the horns point at each other; the inward curvature of female horns begins by the age of 2 years (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C63FF88822AFD16FDE8FCB8" box="[567,639,747,770]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[109,144,1911,1932]" captionTargetBox="[389,1243,1134,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-551@2.[389,1243,1134,1897]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 3.—Differences in thickness, shape, and curvature of horns, and thickness of neck between female and male Bos gaurus from Mysore Zoo, southern India. Photographer F. S. Ahrestani." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573487/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C63FF8882A9FD16FD56FCB8" box="[692,705,747,770]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="3.[109,144,1896,1917]" captionTargetBox="[393,1246,1445,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-840@3.[384,1248,1436,1883]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 4.—Age-specific differences in the size and shape of the head and horns, and the black:white ratio on horns of (a) female and (b) male Bos gaurus. (Reprinted from F. S. Ahrestani [2009] Ph.D. dissertation titled “Asian Eden: large herbivore ecology in India”)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573489/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Horns on both sexes appear to grow throughout the lifetime of an individual, and it is not uncommon to see old females with horns that are nearly touching. A muscular elevated dorsal ridge and dewlaps that hang under the neck and chin easily distinguish adult males from females. Frontals and parietals of the skull are in a single plane and are similar to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C63FF888183FC56FE52FC78" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[414,453,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF888183FC56FE52FC78" box="[414,453,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C63FF88823EFC56FDC8FC78" box="[547,607,939,962]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[110,145,1371,1392]" captionTargetBox="[140,763,200,1358]" captionTargetId="figure-722@4.[139,763,200,1358]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 5.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of adult male Bos gaurus (American Museum of Natural History, New York, [AMNH] specimen 54468). Greatest length of skull is 683 mm. Photographer F. S. Ahrestani." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573491/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). A more detailed description of the differences in morphological characteristics between the sexes across age classes is presented in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF88829AFC16FF79FB98" author="AHRESTANI, F. S. & H. H. T. PRINS" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="151 - 155" refId="ref14517" refString="AHRESTANI, F. S., AND H. H. T. PRINS. 2011. Age and sex determination of gaur Bos gaurus (Bovidae). Mammalia 75: 151 - 155." type="journal article" year="2011">Ahrestani and Prins (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4366291C62FF898070F88AFD88F810" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573487" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573487" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573487/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" startId="2.[109,144,1911,1932]" targetBox="[389,1243,1134,1897]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C62FF898070F88AFD88F810" blockId="2.[109,1523,1911,1962]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF898070F88AFF39F836" bold="true" box="[109,174,1911,1932]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 3.</emphasis>
|
||
—Differences in thickness, shape, and curvature of horns, and thickness of neck between female and male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C62FF8984D4F88AFAAFF836" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1225,1336,1911,1932]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C62FF8984D4F88AFAAFF836" box="[1225,1336,1911,1932]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mysore Zoo, southern India. Photographer F. S. Ahrestani.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C63FF888085FBD6FBE3FE38" blockId="3.[109,793,203,1378]" lastBlockId="3.[840,1524,203,834]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Reported weights of adult males shot in the wild were as follows: 590, 782, 864, 864, 931, and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF888213FBB6FDCEFBD8" box="[526,601,1099,1122]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.41" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="kg" value="941.0">941 kg</quantity>
|
||
(Dunbar-Brander 1923;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF8880AFFB96FE18FB38" author="MEINERTZHAGEN, R." box="[178,399,1131,1154]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="433 - 440" refId="ref18363" refString="MEINERTZHAGEN, R. 1939. Some weights and measurements of large mammals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 108: 433 - 440." type="journal article" year="1939">Meinertzhagen 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF888182FB96FDB2FB38" author="MORRIS, R. C." box="[415,549,1131,1154]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="153" refId="ref18421" refString="MORRIS, R. C. 1947. Weight of bull bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 45: 153." type="journal article" year="1947">Morris 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Reported weights of adult females shot in hunts were as follows:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF88827AFB76FD22FB18" box="[615,693,1163,1186]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="kg" value="440.0">440 kg</quantity>
|
||
(excluding blood—Schaller 1967) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF8881D7FB56FD80FB78" box="[458,535,1195,1218]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.029999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="kg" value="703.0">703 kg</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF888234FB56FC9FFB78" author="MEINERTZHAGEN, R." box="[553,776,1195,1218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="433 - 440" refId="ref18363" refString="MEINERTZHAGEN, R. 1939. Some weights and measurements of large mammals. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 108: 433 - 440." type="journal article" year="1939">Meinertzhagen 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The skull of a male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C63FF88817CFB36FE58FB58" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[353,463,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF88817CFB36FE58FB58" box="[353,463,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded to weigh about
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF8880ADFB16FF79FAB8" box="[176,238,1259,1282]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="kg" value="21.0">21 kg</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF8880E3FB16FE03FAB8" author="ROBISON, S. C. H." box="[254,404,1259,1282]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="100 - 101" refId="ref19181" refString="ROBISON, S. C. H. 1941. Measurements of an Indian bison head (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 43: 100 - 101." type="journal article" year="1941">Robison 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Based on measurements of 9 captive males and 14 captive females,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF8881EDFAF6FC8FFA98" author="AHRESTANI, F. S. & H. H. T. PRINS" box="[496,792,1291,1314]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="151 - 155" refId="ref14517" refString="AHRESTANI, F. S., AND H. H. T. PRINS. 2011. Age and sex determination of gaur Bos gaurus (Bovidae). Mammalia 75: 151 - 155." type="journal article" year="2011">Ahrestani and Prins (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported a maximum shoulder height of
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF888235FAD6FDEDFAF8" box="[552,634,1323,1346]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="175.0">175 cm</quantity>
|
||
for males and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF888070FAB6FF28FAD8" box="[109,191,1355,1378]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.48" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="148.0">148 cm</quantity>
|
||
for females. Other records of shoulder height of males include those killed in hunts:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF888497FF36FB4CFF58" box="[1162,1243,203,226]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="145.0">145 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF8884F6FF36FA1DFF58" author="CAMERON, I. L." box="[1259,1418,203,226]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="983 - 985" refId="ref15276" refString="CAMERON, I. L. 1929. Body measurements of a gaur (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 33: 983 - 985." type="journal article" year="1929">Cameron 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF8885BFFF36FA64FF58" box="[1442,1523,203,226]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.76" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="176.0">176 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF88834CFF16FC60FEB8" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[849,1015,235,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF88840CFF16FBF3FEB8" box="[1041,1124,235,258]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.78" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="178.0">178 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF88846BFF16FA91FEB8" author="FORSYTH, J." box="[1142,1286,235,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref15931" refString="FORSYTH, J. 1889. The highlands of central India. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1889">Forsyth 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF88854DFF16FA35FEB8" box="[1360,1442,235,258]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.97" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="197.0">197 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF8885A9FF16FCEAFE98" author="PILLAY, B. S." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="935 - 936" refId="ref18917" refString="PILLAY, B. S. 1952. The record spread of gaur horns (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 50: 935 - 936." type="journal article" year="1952">Pillay 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Length from nose to root of the tail of a male’s body was reported to be
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF8883F1FED6FBA8FEF8" box="[1004,1087,299,322]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4899999999999998" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="249.0">249 cm</quantity>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF88844CFED6FB65FEF8" author="CAMERON, I. L." box="[1105,1266,299,322]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="983 - 985" refId="ref15276" refString="CAMERON, I. L. 1929. Body measurements of a gaur (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 33: 983 - 985." type="journal article" year="1929">Cameron 1929</bibRefCitation>
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) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF888528FED6FA1FFEF8" box="[1333,1416,299,322]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.84" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="284.0">284 cm</quantity>
|
||
(Dunbar- Brander 1923). Length of tail was
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF8884ACFEB6FB64FED8" box="[1201,1267,331,354]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="86.0">86 cm</quantity>
|
||
(Dunbar-Brander 1923) and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF888368FE96FC2FFE38" box="[885,952,363,386]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="89.0">89 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF8883DAFE96FBF3FE38" author="CAMERON, I. L." box="[967,1124,363,386]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="983 - 985" refId="ref15276" refString="CAMERON, I. L. 1929. Body measurements of a gaur (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 33: 983 - 985." type="journal article" year="1929">Cameron 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C63FF88836EFE76FA64FCF8" blockId="3.[840,1524,203,834]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The range of length of a male’s horn is
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF88853BFE76FA07FE18" box="[1318,1424,395,418]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.85" metricValueMax="9.6" metricValueMin="6.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="78.5" valueMax="96.0" valueMin="61.0">61–96 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF8885BFFE76FCEAFE78" author="FORSYTH, J." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref15931" refString="FORSYTH, J. 1889. The highlands of central India. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1889">Forsyth 1889</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF88838CFE56FBADFE78" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[913,1082,427,450]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF888453FE56FB58FE78" author="BAKER, E. C. S." box="[1102,1231,427,450]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="227 - 248" refId="ref14906" refString="BAKER, E. C. S. 1903. The gaur and the gayal (Bos gaurus and Bos frontalis). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 15: 227 - 248." type="journal article" year="1903">Baker 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF8884FEFE56FA11FE78" author="CAMERON, I. L." box="[1251,1414,427,450]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="983 - 985" refId="ref15276" refString="CAMERON, I. L. 1929. Body measurements of a gaur (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 33: 983 - 985." type="journal article" year="1929">Cameron 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF888586FE56FCEAFE58" author="ROBISON, S. C. H." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="100 - 101" refId="ref19181" refString="ROBISON, S. C. H. 1941. Measurements of an Indian bison head (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 43: 100 - 101." type="journal article" year="1941">Robison 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF888397FE36FBB7FE58" author="HUNDLEY, H. G." box="[906,1056,459,482]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="933 - 934" refId="ref16763" refString="HUNDLEY, H. G. 1952. Measurements of an Indian bison head (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 50: 933 - 934." type="journal article" year="1952">Hundley 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF888433FE36FB31FE58" author="PILLAY, B. S." box="[1070,1190,459,482]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="935 - 936" refId="ref18917" refString="PILLAY, B. S. 1952. The record spread of gaur horns (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 50: 935 - 936." type="journal article" year="1952">Pillay 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF8884A9FE36FAD2FE58" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[1204,1349,459,482]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the spread (between the widest outside points) is
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF8884E1FE16FAE0FDB8" box="[1276,1399,491,514]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.115" metricValueMax="1.34" metricValueMin="0.89" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="111.5" valueMax="134.0" valueMin="89.0">89–134 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF888591FE16FCEAFD98" author="INVERARITY, J. D." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF888397FDF6FB94FD98" author="BAKER, E. C. S." box="[906,1027,523,546]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="227 - 248" refId="ref14906" refString="BAKER, E. C. S. 1903. The gaur and the gayal (Bos gaurus and Bos frontalis). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 15: 227 - 248." type="journal article" year="1903">Baker 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF888412FDF6FB3CFD98" author="CAMERON, I. L." box="[1039,1195,523,546]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="983 - 985" refId="ref15276" refString="CAMERON, I. L. 1929. Body measurements of a gaur (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 33: 983 - 985." type="journal article" year="1929">Cameron 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF8884AAFDF6FADDFD98" author="ROBISON, S. C. H." box="[1207,1354,523,546]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="100 - 101" refId="ref19181" refString="ROBISON, S. C. H. 1941. Measurements of an Indian bison head (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 43: 100 - 101." type="journal article" year="1941">Robison 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF88854BFDF6FA7CFD98" author="HUNDLEY, H. G." box="[1366,1515,523,546]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="933 - 934" refId="ref16763" refString="HUNDLEY, H. G. 1952. Measurements of an Indian bison head (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 50: 933 - 934." type="journal article" year="1952">Hundley 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF888355FDD6FC54FDF8" author="PILLAY, B. S." box="[840,963,555,578]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="935 - 936" refId="ref18917" refString="PILLAY, B. S. 1952. The record spread of gaur horns (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 50: 935 - 936." type="journal article" year="1952">Pillay 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For males, the circumference of horns at the base has been measured to be
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF888440FDB6FB5EFDD8" box="[1117,1225,587,610]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.05" metricValueMax="5.8" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="50.5" valueMax="58.0" valueMin="43.0">43–58 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF8884C6FDB6FACFFDD8" author="BAKER, E. C. S." box="[1243,1368,587,610]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="227 - 248" refId="ref14906" refString="BAKER, E. C. S. 1903. The gaur and the gayal (Bos gaurus and Bos frontalis). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 15: 227 - 248." type="journal article" year="1903">Baker 1903</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF888575FDB6FA74FDD8" author="PILLAY, B. S." box="[1384,1507,587,610]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="935 - 936" refId="ref18917" refString="PILLAY, B. S. 1952. The record spread of gaur horns (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 50: 935 - 936." type="journal article" year="1952">Pillay 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and ear length is about
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF88845BFD96FB1AFD38" box="[1094,1165,619,642]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="23.0">23 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Hind foot length is about
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF8885B2FD96FA64FD38" box="[1455,1523,619,642]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="cm" value="55.0">55 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF88834CFD76FC79FD18" author="CAMERON, I. L." box="[849,1006,651,674]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="983 - 985" refId="ref15276" refString="CAMERON, I. L. 1929. Body measurements of a gaur (Bibos gaurus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 33: 983 - 985." type="journal article" year="1929">Cameron 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); the proportion of the length of legs to its body mass is probably one of the smallest in the animal kingdom. The eyes of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C63FF8883FEFD36FBDCFD58" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[995,1099,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF8883FEFD36FBDCFD58" box="[995,1099,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are normally colored brown. The eyes, however, sometimes appear blue under certain light conditions because of the presence of tapetum lucidum, a membrane behind the retina that makes the eyes of several animals shine in the dark.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2B32F4A1C63FF8F842CFC7BFAE5F8B8" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C326652A1C63FF8F842CFC7BFAE5F8B8" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C63FF88842CFC7BFA9EFC1A" blockId="3.[1073,1289,902,928]" box="[1073,1289,902,928]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<heading id="D0CB81CD1C63FF88842CFC7BFA9EFC1A" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,902,928]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF88842CFC7BFA9EFC1A" bold="true" box="[1073,1289,902,928]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C63FF88836EFC37FAD1FB5B" blockId="3.[840,1523,970,1377]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The global distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C63FF888493FC37FA90FC5B" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1166,1287,970,993]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF888493FC37FA90FC5B" box="[1166,1287,970,993]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both historically and in present time, has been restricted to southern and southeastern Asia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C63FF888391FBF7FC5AFB9B" box="[908,973,1034,1057]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[109,144,823,844]" captionTargetBox="[385,1248,201,809]" captionTargetId="figure-324@5.[384,1248,200,810]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 6.—Distribution of Bos gaurus endemic to southern and southeastern Asia. Map redrawn from International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Redlist with modifications and courtesy of Srinivas Vaidyanathan, Foundation for Ecological Research, Advocacy and Learning, Puducherry, India." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573495/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
), which includes
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C63FF888489FBF7FA84FB9B" box="[1172,1299,1034,1057]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C63FF88853CFBF7FAE6FB9B" box="[1313,1393,1034,1057]" name="Bhutan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C63FF888563FBF7FA79FB9B" box="[1406,1518,1034,1057]" name="Cambodia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C63FF888355FBD7FC1FFBFB" box="[840,904,1066,1089]" name="China" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C63FF88838AFBD7FC7DFBFB" box="[919,1002,1066,1089]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
and southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C63FF88849BFBD7FB55FBFB" box="[1158,1218,1066,1089]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C63FF8884CBFBD7FA98FBFB" box="[1238,1295,1066,1089]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Lao PDR,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C63FF88858CFBD7FA64FBFB" box="[1425,1523,1066,1089]" name="Malaysia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C63FF8883D2FBB7FBA2FBDB" box="[975,1077,1098,1121]" name="Malaysia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C63FF888450FBB7FB22FBDB" box="[1101,1205,1098,1121]" name="Myanmar" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C63FF8884D4FBB7FA80FBDB" box="[1225,1303,1098,1121]" name="Myanmar" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Burma</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C63FF88852DFBB7FAE5FBDB" box="[1328,1394,1098,1121]" name="Nepal" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C63FF888599FBB7FA64FBDB" box="[1412,1523,1098,1121]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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||
(extinct),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C63FF8883AFFB97FB83FB3B" box="[946,1044,1130,1153]" name="Thailand" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C63FF88844DFB97FB39FB3B" box="[1104,1198,1130,1153]" name="Vietnam" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In the last century, the overall distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C63FF88840DFB77FBECFB1B" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1040,1147,1162,1185]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF88840DFB77FBECFB1B" box="[1040,1147,1162,1185]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has shrunk by> 80%, and today,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C63FF888355FB57FC23FB7B" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[840,948,1194,1217]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF888355FB57FC23FB7B" box="[840,948,1194,1217]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is mainly found in protected areas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF88854EFB57FA7CFB7B" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[1363,1515,1194,1217]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF888355FB37FC6BFB5B" author="CHOUDHURY, A." box="[840,1020,1226,1249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="199 - 226" refId="ref15472" refString="CHOUDHURY, A. 2002. Distribution and conservation of the gaur Bos gaurus in the Indian subcontinent. Mammal Review 32: 199 - 226." type="journal article" year="2002">Choudhury 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C63FF888414FB37FAA1FB5B" author="AHRESTANI, F. S. & K. U. KARANTH" box="[1033,1334,1226,1249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref14452" refString="AHRESTANI, F. S., AND K. U. KARANTH. 2014. Gaur (Bos gaurus C. H. Smith, 1827). Pp. 174 - 193 in Ecology, evolution and behaviour of wild cattle (M. Melletti and J. Burton, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom." type="book" year="2014">Ahrestani and Karanth 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C63FF8F836EFB17FEDDF922" blockId="3.[840,1523,970,1377]" lastBlockId="4.[109,792,1537,1976]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Although the elevational range of habitats that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C63FF88859BFB17FA64FABB" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1414,1523,1258,1281]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF88859BFB17FA64FABB" box="[1414,1523,1258,1281]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occupies is wide, sea level to
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C63FF888495FAF7FB74FA9B" box="[1160,1251,1290,1313]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="2700.0">2,700 m</quantity>
|
||
, it is found more on hills than on plains. Early natural history accounts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C63FF88855BFAD7FA3AFAFB" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1350,1453,1322,1345]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF88855BFAD7FA3AFAFB" box="[1350,1453,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
report that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C63FF888366FAB7FC70FADB" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[891,999,1354,1377]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF888366FAB7FC1CFADB" box="[891,907,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF888380FAB7FC70FADB" box="[925,999,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefers hilly areas, particularly during the dry season. However, it is unclear if this behavior is driven by some ecological need or if it is a function of the fact that the majority of all remaining habitat available to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F81EEF9BCFDCBF9E2" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[499,604,1601,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F81EEF9BCFDCBF9E2" box="[499,604,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is hilly terrain as nearly all suitable habitat in the plains have been lost to agriculture (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C64FF8F80BBF97CFEAEF922" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[166,313,1665,1688]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4366291C63FF888070F895FB67F820" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573489" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573489" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573489/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[109,144,1896,1917]" targetBox="[393,1246,1445,1881]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C63FF888070F895FB67F820" blockId="3.[109,1523,1896,1947]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF888070F895FF39F8C7" bold="true" box="[109,174,1896,1917]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4.</emphasis>
|
||
—Age-specific differences in the size and shape of the head and horns, and the black:white ratio on horns of (a) female and (b) male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C63FF8885D2F895FF27F821" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C63FF8885D2F895FF27F821" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (Reprinted from F. S. Ahrestani [2009] Ph.D. dissertation titled “Asian Eden: large herbivore ecology in India”).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4366291C64FF8F8073FAA6FE6DFA72" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573491" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573491" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573491/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[110,145,1371,1392]" targetBox="[140,763,200,1358]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C64FF8F8073FAA6FE6DFA72" blockId="4.[109,793,1371,1480]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F8073FAA6FF26FACA" bold="true" box="[110,177,1371,1392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 5.</emphasis>
|
||
—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F8169FA84FE74FA34" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[372,483,1401,1422]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F8169FA84FE74FA34" box="[372,483,1401,1422]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(American Museum of Natural History, New York, [AMNH] specimen 54468). Greatest length of skull is 683 mm. Photographer F. S. Ahrestani.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C64FF8F8085F95CFD18F802" blockId="4.[109,792,1537,1976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
More than 80% of the global population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F8293F95CFD6CF902" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[654,763,1697,1720]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F8293F95CFD6CF902" box="[654,763,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F80CEF93CFE9BF962" box="[211,268,1729,1752]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, distributed over 3 widely separated geographical regions: the Western Ghats, central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F8203F91CFDC0F942" box="[542,599,1761,1784]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F8070F8FCFF33F8A2" box="[109,164,1793,1816]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C64FF8F80A5F8FCFEF8F8A2" author="CHOUDHURY, A." box="[184,367,1793,1816]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="199 - 226" refId="ref15472" refString="CHOUDHURY, A. 2002. Distribution and conservation of the gaur Bos gaurus in the Indian subcontinent. Mammal Review 32: 199 - 226." type="journal article" year="2002">Choudhury 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The largest population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F82B1F8FCFC8FF8A2" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[684,792,1793,1816]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F82B1F8FCFC8FF8A2" box="[684,792,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0850661C64FF8F8068F8DCFF25F882" box="[117,178,1825,1848]" degrees="3,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="55" value="3.0">3,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0850661C64FF8F80AFF8DCFF69F882" box="[178,254,1825,1848]" degrees="5,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="55" value="-5.0">–5,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) in the world is found in the
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C64FF8F8248F8DCFD29F882" box="[597,702,1825,1848]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.52" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="km" value="5520.0">5,520 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C64FF8F82A3F8E2FD51F897" attach="left" box="[702,710,1823,1837]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">2</superScript>
|
||
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F81B7F8BCFE73F8E2" box="[426,484,1857,1880]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Currently, in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F829CF8BCFD2DF8E2" box="[641,698,1857,1880]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F80DAF89CFEA7F8C2" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[199,304,1889,1912]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F80DAF89CFEA7F8C2" box="[199,304,1889,1912]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Western Ghats are secure; populations in central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F80CBF87CFE9AF822" box="[214,269,1921,1944]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
are less secure, while populations in northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F8070F85CFF33F802" box="[109,164,1953,1976]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
are vulnerable (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C64FF8F814FF85CFDE8F802" author="AHRESTANI, F. S. & K. U. KARANTH" box="[338,639,1953,1976]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref14452" refString="AHRESTANI, F. S., AND K. U. KARANTH. 2014. Gaur (Bos gaurus C. H. Smith, 1827). Pp. 174 - 193 in Ecology, evolution and behaviour of wild cattle (M. Melletti and J. Burton, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom." type="book" year="2014">Ahrestani and Karanth 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C64FF8F836EFF36FA64FDD8" blockId="4.[840,1524,203,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F836EFF36FC65FF58" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[883,1010,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F836EFF36FC65FF58" box="[883,1010,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most probably extinct in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F855AFF36FA51FF58" box="[1351,1478,203,226]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
; no records have been reported since the 1970s (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C64FF8F8528FF16FA39FEB8" author="KHAN, M. A. R." box="[1333,1454,235,258]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref17531" refString="KHAN, M. A. R. 1985. Future conservation priorities for Bangladesh. Pp. 1 - 15 in Paper presented at 25 th working session of IUCN's Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, 4 - 5 February 1985. Corbett National Park, India." type="book" year="1985">Khan 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is possible that individuals from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C64FF8F84BDFEF6FA96FE98" box="[1184,1281,267,290]" country="India" name="Mizoram" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mizoram</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C64FF8F855DFEF6FA19FE98" box="[1344,1422,267,290]" country="India" name="Tripura" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tripura</collectingRegion>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F85A1FEF6FA65FE98" box="[1468,1522,267,290]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
occasionally cross over into
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F846BFED6FB66FEF8" box="[1142,1265,299,322]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C64FF8F851CFED6FA23FEF8" author="CHOUDHURY, A." box="[1281,1460,299,322]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="199 - 226" refId="ref15472" refString="CHOUDHURY, A. 2002. Distribution and conservation of the gaur Bos gaurus in the Indian subcontinent. Mammal Review 32: 199 - 226." type="journal article" year="2002">Choudhury 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The overall population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F8427FEB6FB32FED8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1082,1189,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F8427FEB6FB32FED8" box="[1082,1189,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F84CCFEB6FA84FED8" box="[1233,1299,331,354]" name="Nepal" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, confined mainly to Chitwan National Park and Parsa Wildlife Reserve, is understood to be less than 500 individuals, but is considered to be stable. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F837BFE56FC22FE78" box="[870,949,427,450]" name="Bhutan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F83DCFE56FBBDFE78" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[961,1066,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F83DCFE56FBBDFE78" box="[961,1066,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is apparently found all along the southern foothill zone, mostly in protected areas with a few recent sightings outside protected areas. The status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F8518FE16FAFCFDB8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1285,1387,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F8518FE16FAFCFDB8" box="[1285,1387,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F8591FE16FA64FDB8" box="[1420,1523,491,514]" name="Myanmar" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
is poorly understood, though during a national tiger survey from over a decade ago,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F843DFDD6FB1EFDF8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1056,1161,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F843DFDD6FB1EFDF8" box="[1056,1161,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was camera trapped in 11 of 15 sites, with a high rate of capture in 5 of these sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C64FF8F8542FDB6FA74FDD8" author="LYNAM, A. J." box="[1375,1507,587,610]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref18045" refString="LYNAM, A. J. 2003. A national tiger action plan for the Union of Myanmar. Myanmar Forest Department, Ministry of Forestry, Yangon, Myanmar." type="book" year="2003">Lynam 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C64FF8F836EFD96FA10FB38" blockId="4.[840,1524,203,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The overall population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F8497FD96FB64FD38" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1162,1267,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F8497FD96FB64FD38" box="[1162,1267,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F8508FD96FAE3FD38" box="[1301,1396,619,642]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
could be in excess of 1,000 individuals. The outlook for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F8508FD76FAECFD18" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1301,1403,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F8508FD76FAECFD18" box="[1301,1403,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F8355FD56FC30FD78" box="[840,935,683,706]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
is currently favorable because an effective antipoaching campaign and reforestation program over the last couple of decades has led to several increasing populations, most notably in Khao Yai National Park, Huai Kha Khaeng, and Thung Yai Naresuan wildlife sanctuaries. Forests are highly fragmented in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F83B3FCB6FB87FCD8" box="[942,1040,843,866]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and it is assumed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F8500FCB6FA1FFCD8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1309,1416,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F8500FCB6FA1FFCD8" box="[1309,1416,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been largely extirpated in this region. Nevertheless, it may survive along the Malaysian border, where the human population is low and forest fragments are larger because of an ongoing insurgency in that region. Across the border, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F84D6FC36FAA6FC58" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1227,1329,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F84D6FC36FAA6FC58" box="[1227,1329,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population within mainland
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F83A9FC16FB81FBB8" box="[948,1046,1003,1026]" name="Malaysia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
was estimated to be around
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C64FF8F854CFC16FA01FBB8" box="[1361,1430,1003,1026]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="in" value="500.0">500 in</quantity>
|
||
1994; it is suspected that this population has now reduced by 50%. The outlook for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F83DAFBD6FBB8FBF8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[967,1071,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F83DAFBD6FBB8FBF8" box="[967,1071,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F844CFBD6FB24FBF8" box="[1105,1203,1067,1090]" name="Malaysia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
is grim, and it possible that it survives at a viable population only in Taman Negara (peninsular Malaysia’s largest national park—Lynam et al. 2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C64FF8F836EFB76FAE5F8B8" blockId="4.[840,1524,203,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F8392FB76FC46FB18" box="[911,977,1163,1186]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F83C6FB76FBD5FB18" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[987,1090,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F83C6FB76FBD5FB18" box="[987,1090,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C64FF8F84B1FB76FB6AFB18" box="[1196,1277,1163,1186]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
and southeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C64FF8F85A6FB76FA65FB18" box="[1467,1522,1163,1186]" country="China" name="Xizang" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Tibet</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C64FF8F834CFB56FB15FB78" author="AHRESTANI, F. S. & K. U. KARANTH" box="[849,1154,1195,1218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref14452" refString="AHRESTANI, F. S., AND K. U. KARANTH. 2014. Gaur (Bos gaurus C. H. Smith, 1827). Pp. 174 - 193 in Ecology, evolution and behaviour of wild cattle (M. Melletti and J. Burton, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom." type="book" year="2014">Ahrestani and Karanth 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although the exact status of the populations in these regions is unknown, it is understood that the overall population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F847EFB16FB59FAB8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1123,1230,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F847EFB16FB59FAB8" box="[1123,1230,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F84E5FB16FAAFFAB8" box="[1272,1336,1259,1282]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
does not exceed 200 (H. Jianlin, pers. comm.). A report from nearly 20 years stated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F83A0FAD6FBB1FAF8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[957,1062,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F83A0FAD6FBB1FAF8" box="[957,1062,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been extirpated from much of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C64FF8F85BCFAD6FC32FAD8" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Yunnan province</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C64FF8F83A9FAB6FB49FAD8" author="XIANG, Z. & C. SANTIAPILLAI" box="[948,1246,1355,1378]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="54 - 55" refId="ref20318" refString="XIANG, Z., AND C. SANTIAPILLAI. 1993. Asian elephant specialist group report. Species 20: 54 - 55." type="journal article" year="1993">Xiang and Santiapillai 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F850DFAB6FA17FAD8" box="[1296,1408,1355,1378]" name="Cambodia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F8596FAB6FA64FAD8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1419,1523,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F8596FAB6FA64FAD8" box="[1419,1523,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was widespread until the 1960s, after which the overall country population has decreased by nearly 90%. The largest population can be found in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F844EFA56FB56FA78" box="[1107,1217,1451,1474]" name="Cambodia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C64FF8F84CCFA56FA2FFA78" box="[1233,1464,1451,1474]" country="Cambodia" name="Mondolkiri" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mondulkiri Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
), and recent protection measures may have stabilized this population (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C64FF8F834CFA16FB1DF9B8" author="TIMMINS, R. J. & O. RATTANAK" box="[849,1162,1515,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref19858" refString="TIMMINS, R. J., AND O. RATTANAK. 2001. The importance of Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and adjacent areas for the conservation of tigers and other key species. WWF Indochina Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam." type="book" year="2001">Timmins and Rattanak 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C64FF8F8486FA16FAFAF9B8" author="TORDOFF, A. W. & R. J. TIMMINS & A. MAXWELL & H. KEAVUTH & L. VUTHY & K. E. HOURT" box="[1179,1389,1515,1538]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref19900" refString="TORDOFF, A. W., R. J. TIMMINS, A. MAXWELL, H. KEAVUTH, L. VUTHY, AND K. E. HOURT. 2005. Biological assessment of the Lower Mekong Dry Forests Ecoregion. WWF Greater Mekong Programme, Phnom Penh, Cambodia." type="book" year="2005">Tordoff et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F859AFA16FA64F9B8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1415,1523,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F859AFA16FA64F9B8" box="[1415,1523,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Lao DPR was estimated to be about 1,000 individuals in the 1990s (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C64FF8F838AF9D6FBDCF9F8" author="BYERS, O. & S. HEDGES & U. S. SEAL" box="[919,1099,1579,1602]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref15235" refString="BYERS, O., S. HEDGES, AND U. S. SEAL. 1995. Asian wild cattle conservation assessment and management plan workshop. IUCN / SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, Minnesota." type="proceedings" year="1995">Byers et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); however, since then, multiple populations in Lao have been extirpated, and it is estimated that the current overall population in Lao is no more than 500 individuals. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F8392F976FC7BF918" box="[911,1004,1675,1698]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the current status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F84CFF976FAAEF918" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1234,1337,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F84CFF976FAAEF918" box="[1234,1337,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in unknown, and it is thought that populations that remain are in serious decline. The majority of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F83E6F936FBF2F958" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1019,1125,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F83E6F936FBF2F958" box="[1019,1125,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C64FF8F8494F936FB74F958" box="[1161,1251,1739,1762]" name="Vietnam" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
are confined to Cat Tien National Park (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C64FF8F83F6F916FB54F8B8" author="POLET, G. & S. LING" box="[1003,1219,1771,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="186" refId="ref18949" refString="POLET, G., AND S. LING. 2004. Protecting mammal diversity: opportunities and constraints for pragmatic conservation management in Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam. Oryx 38: 186." type="journal article" year="2004">Polet and Ling 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C64FF8F84CFF916FAF5F8B8" author="NGUYEN, M. H." box="[1234,1378,1771,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="129 - 135" refId="ref18525" refString="NGUYEN, M. H. 2009. The status of Vulnerable gaur Bos gaurus and Endangered banteng Bos javanicus in Ea So Nature Reserve and Yok Don and Cat Tien National Parks, Vietnam. Oryx 43: 129 - 135." type="journal article" year="2009">Nguyen 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C326652A1C64FF8C843BF8C0FD0AFEF8" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
|
||
<subSection id="E2B32F4A1C64FF8D843BF8C0FE15FDB8" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C64FF8F843BF8C0FA82F8ED" blockId="4.[1062,1301,1853,1879]" box="[1062,1301,1853,1879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading id="D0CB81CD1C64FF8F843BF8C0FA82F8ED" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,1853,1879]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F843BF8C0FA82F8ED" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,1853,1879]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C64FF8E836EF87CFD1EF903" blockId="4.[840,1523,1921,1976]" lastBlockId="5.[109,793,1506,1945]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The first fossil record attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C64FF8F84C6F87CFAC5F822" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1243,1362,1921,1944]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C64FF8F84C6F87CFAC5F822" box="[1243,1362,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included a partial skull and horns found in the older alluvium of the Narmada (= Narbada) River in central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C65FF8E81BBFA1FFE4AFA43" box="[422,477,1506,1529]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C65FF8E81F3FA1FFD07FA43" author="SPILSBURY" box="[494,656,1506,1529]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="551" refId="ref19511" refString="SPILSBURY. 1840. On Bos gaurus. The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 9: 551." type="journal article" year="1840">Spilsbury 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This fossil record, however, was not dated. In general, the origins of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E82EDF9FFFC8FF9A3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[752,792,1538,1561]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E82EDF9FFFC8FF9A3" box="[752,792,1538,1561]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the relationships of fossils that have been attributed to this genus remain problematic, which when combined with the poor fossil record from Africa for the time period 7–10 million years ago has made it difficult to confirm whether or not the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E82CDF97FFC8FF923" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[720,792,1666,1689]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Bovini">Bovini</taxonomicName>
|
||
tribe originated in southern Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C65FF8E81C8F95FFDEEF903" author="BIBI, F. & M. BUKHSIANIDZE & A. W. GENTRY & D. GERAADS & D. S. KOSTOPOULOS & E. S. VRBA" box="[469,633,1698,1721]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref14982" refString="BIBI, F., M. BUKHSIANIDZE, A. W. GENTRY, D. GERAADS, D. S. KOSTOPOULOS, AND E. S. VRBA. 2009. The fossil record and evolution of Bovidae: state of the field. Palaeontologia Electronica 12: 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2009">Bibi et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4366291C65FF8E8070FCCAFE16FC3D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573495" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573495/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[109,144,823,844]" targetBox="[385,1248,201,809]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C65FF8E8070FCCAFE16FC3D" blockId="5.[109,1523,823,903]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E8070FCCAFF3BFCF6" bold="true" box="[109,172,823,844]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 6.</emphasis>
|
||
—Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E8145FCC5FE52FCF7" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[344,453,824,845]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E8145FCC5FE52FCF7" box="[344,453,824,845]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
endemic to southern and southeastern Asia. Map redrawn from International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Redlist with modifications and courtesy of Srinivas Vaidyanathan, Foundation for Ecological Research, Advocacy and Learning, Puducherry, India.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF4366291C65FF8E8070FA89FF6BFA1C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573499" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573499/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[109,144,1396,1417]" targetBox="[336,1296,946,1383]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C65FF8E8070FA89FF6BFA1C" blockId="5.[109,1523,1396,1446]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E8070FA89FF39FA33" bold="true" box="[109,174,1396,1417]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 7.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E80DBFA89FEA3FA33" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[198,308,1396,1417]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E80DBFA89FEA3FA33" box="[198,308,1396,1417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
herd with adult females and calves from Bandipur Tiger Reserve, southern India. Used with permission of the photographer M. N. Naveen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C65FF8E8085F93FFA4DF983" blockId="5.[109,793,1506,1945]" lastBlockId="5.[840,1523,1506,1945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C65FF8E8085F93FFED7F963" author="PILGRIM, G. E." box="[152,320,1730,1753]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref18890" refString="PILGRIM, G. E. 1939. The fossil Bovidae of India. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 26: 1 - 44." type="journal article" year="1939">Pilgrim (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in great detail, attributed the different
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E8070F91FFF52F943" baseAuthorityName="Grubb" baseAuthorityYear="2005" box="[109,197,1762,1785]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Bovinae">Bovinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(wild cattle) fossils that had been found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C65FF8E82B8F91FFD4BF943" box="[677,732,1762,1785]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
from the early 19th century to various genera, namely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E829EF8FFFC85F8A3" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1939" box="[643,786,1794,1817]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Proamphibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E829EF8FFFC85F8A3" box="[643,786,1794,1817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Proamphibos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E8070F8DFFF5BF883" box="[109,204,1826,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Hemibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E8070F8DFFF5BF883" box="[109,204,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hemibos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E80C0F8DFFEA3F883" box="[221,308,1826,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E80C0F8DFFEA3F883" box="[221,308,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bubalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E8159F8DFFE08F883" authorityName="Rutimeyer" authorityYear="1877" box="[324,415,1826,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bucapra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E8159F8DFFE08F883" box="[324,415,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bucapra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E81ADF8DFFDA6F883" box="[432,561,1826,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Proleptobos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E81ADF8DFFDA6F883" box="[432,561,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Proleptobos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E825FF8DFFD33F883" box="[578,676,1826,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Leptobos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E825FF8DFFD33F883" box="[578,676,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Leptobos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E82A9F8DFFC86F883" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1939" box="[692,785,1826,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Platybos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E82A9F8DFFC86F883" box="[692,785,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Platybos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E8070F8BFFF3DF8E3" box="[109,170,1858,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E8070F8BFFF3DF8E3" box="[109,170,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bison</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E80F7F8BFFE85F8E3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[234,274,1858,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E80F7F8BFFE85F8E3" box="[234,274,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This splitting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E81C1F8BFFD93F8E3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[476,516,1858,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E81C1F8BFFD93F8E3" box="[476,516,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like fossils into multiple genera was based mostly on partial fossils of not more than a couple of specimens found each in the Siwalik Hills (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E82B4F87FFC9FF823" box="[681,776,1922,1945]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Hemibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E82B4F87FFC9FF823" box="[681,776,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hemibos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); Padri, Kangra, and Hoshiarpur in the Siwaliks, Jhansi Ghat in the Narmada (= Narbada) valley, and Pemganga River in Hyderabad (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E834CF9DFFCEEF983" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[849,889,1570,1593]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E834CF9DFFCEEF983" box="[849,889,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and Pinjor in the Upper Siwaliks (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E84E1F9DFFAAEF983" box="[1276,1337,1570,1593]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E84E1F9DFFAAEF983" box="[1276,1337,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bison</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E8570F9DFFA5DF983" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1939" box="[1389,1482,1570,1593]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Platybos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E8570F9DFFA5DF983" box="[1389,1482,1570,1593]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Platybos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C65FF8D836EF9BFFE00FEB8" blockId="5.[840,1523,1506,1945]" lastBlockId="6.[109,792,203,514]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
In general, fossils of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E847DF9BFFB1FF9E3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1120,1160,1602,1625]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E847DF9BFFB1FF9E3" box="[1120,1160,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-like species found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C65FF8E859CF9BFFA2FF9E3" box="[1409,1464,1602,1625]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
have been dated as belonging to the Upper Pliocene, i.e., 3.5–5 million years ago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C65FF8E83E9F97FFB16F923" author="PILGRIM, G. E." box="[1012,1153,1666,1689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 44" refId="ref18890" refString="PILGRIM, G. E. 1939. The fossil Bovidae of India. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 26: 1 - 44." type="journal article" year="1939">Pilgrim 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C65FF8E848FF97FFAB8F923" author="CHAUHAN, P. R." box="[1170,1327,1666,1689]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="20 - 42" refId="ref15359" refString="CHAUHAN, P. R. 2008. Large mammal fossil occurrences and associated archaeological evidence in Pleistocene contexts of peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Quaternary International 192: 20 - 42." type="journal article" year="2008">Chauhan 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The majority of fossils of oxen species found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C65FF8E84B5F95FFB48F903" box="[1192,1247,1698,1721]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
from the late Quaternary (Pleistocene) period have been attributed mainly to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E8563F93FFC17F943" authorityName="Falconer" authorityYear="1859" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="namadicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E8563F93FFC17F943" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bos namadicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the species considered to be the wild stock of the extant domestic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E83A8F8FFFBA1F8A3" box="[949,1078,1794,1817]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E83A8F8FFFBA1F8A3" box="[949,1078,1794,1817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bos indicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C65FF8E8456F8FFFB74F8A3" author="GRIGSON, C." box="[1099,1251,1794,1817]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref16178" refString="GRIGSON, C. 1985. Bos indicus and Bos namadicus and the problem of autochthonous domestication in India. Pp. 425 - 428 in Recent advances in Indo-Pacific prehistory (V. N. Mishra and P. Bellwood, eds.). Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, India." type="book" year="1985">Grigson 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C65FF8E84EAF8FFFA00F8A3" author="CHAUHAN, P. R." box="[1271,1431,1794,1817]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="20 - 42" refId="ref15359" refString="CHAUHAN, P. R. 2008. Large mammal fossil occurrences and associated archaeological evidence in Pleistocene contexts of peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Quaternary International 192: 20 - 42." type="journal article" year="2008">Chauhan 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Fossil records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C65FF8E83DFF8DFFBFEF883" authorityName="Falconer" authorityYear="1859" box="[962,1129,1826,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="namadicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C65FF8E83DFF8DFFBFEF883" box="[962,1129,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bos namadicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that were attributed to middle–late Pleistocene (32,000 BP) were found mainly in the Godavari Valley (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C65FF8E8386F89FFBCCF8C3" author="BADAM, G. & V. SATHE & R. GANJOO" box="[923,1115,1890,1913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="245 - 251" refId="ref14817" refString="BADAM, G., V. SATHE, AND R. GANJOO. 1984. New fossil finds from the Manjra valley, Central Godavari Basin, India. Journal of the Geological Society of India 25: 245 - 251." type="journal article" year="1984">Badam et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C65FF8E8474F89FFAD9F8C3" author="BADAM, G. L. & S. L. JAIN" box="[1129,1358,1890,1913]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="97 - 104" refId="ref14765" refString="BADAM, G. L., AND S. L. JAIN. 1988. First record of Bos namadicus from middle-late Pleistocene deposits of lower Godavari, near Servaipet in Karimnagar Dist., Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 33: 97 - 104." type="journal article" year="1988">Badam and Jain 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Fossils found in the Narmada valley in central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C65FF8E84A8F87FFB79F823" box="[1205,1262,1922,1945]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which were also dated to the Pleistocene, were classified as belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D8297FF36FE04FEB8" authority="(Badam and Grigson 1990)" baseAuthorityName="Badam and Grigson" baseAuthorityYear="1990" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D8297FF36FC8FFF58" box="[650,792,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bibos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D806BFF16FE10FEB8" author="BADAM, G. & C. GRIGSON" box="[118,391,235,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="49 - 58" refId="ref14727" refString="BADAM, G., AND C. GRIGSON. 1990. A cranium of gaur, Bibos gaurus (Bovidae, Mammalia) from the Pleistocene of India. Modern Geology 15: 49 - 58." type="journal article" year="1990">Badam and Grigson 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C66FF8D8085FEF6FE15FDB8" blockId="6.[109,792,203,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Besides
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D80EEFEF6FEBBFE98" box="[243,300,267,290]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, abundant skulls, horns, mandibles, and teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D8093FED6FEF3FEF8" baseAuthorityName="Badam and Grigson" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[142,356,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus" subGenus="Bos">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D8093FED6FEF3FEF8" box="[142,356,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bibos (Bos) gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and supposedly also of a similar species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D80BCFEB6FEB1FED8" box="[161,294,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bibos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geron">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D80BCFEB6FEB1FED8" box="[161,294,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bibos geron</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) belonging to the Pleistocene were found in different areas in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D8135FE96FEFFFE38" box="[296,360,363,386]" name="China" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
beginning in the end of the 19th century (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D806BFE76FEAFFE18" author="COLBERT, E. H. & D. A. HOOIJER & W. GRANGER" box="[118,312,395,418]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 134" refId="ref15522" refString="COLBERT, E. H., D. A. HOOIJER, AND W. GRANGER. 1953. Pleistocene mammals from the limestone fissures of Szechwan, China. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 102: 1 - 134." type="journal article" year="1953">Colbert et al. 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These areas included the regions of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C66FF8D82DFFE76FC8FFE18" box="[706,792,395,418]" country="China" name="Sichuan" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sichuan</collectingRegion>
|
||
(= Szechuan—Matsumoto 1915), Yanjinggou (= Yenchingkou—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8070FE36FED2FE58" author="MATTHEW, W. D. & W. GRANGER & R. C. ANDREWS" box="[109,325,459,482]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="563 - 578" refId="ref18255" refString="MATTHEW, W. D., W. GRANGER, AND R. C. ANDREWS. 1923. New fossil mammals from the Pliocene of Sze-Chuan, China. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 48: 563 - 578." type="journal article" year="1923">Matthew et al. 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D814FFE36FE43FE58" author="YOUNG, C. C." box="[338,468,459,482]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 158" refId="ref20343" refString="YOUNG, C. C. 1932. On the Artiodactyla from the Sinanthropus site at Chouk'outien. Palaeontologia Sinica Series C 8: 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="1932">Young 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D81FFFE36FD8CFE58" author="YOUNG, C. C." box="[482,539,459,482]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="317 - 331" refId="ref20371" refString="YOUNG, C. C. 1939. New fossils from Wanhsien (Szechuan). Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 19: 317 - 331." type="journal article" year="1939">1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the Bailong cave,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C66FF8D8070FE16FF39FDB8" box="[109,174,491,514]" country="China" name="Hubei" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hubei</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D80A3FE16FEE5FDB8" author="WANG, X. M. & C. H. XU & H. W. TONG" box="[190,370,491,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref20166" refString="WANG, X. M., C. H. XU, AND H. W. TONG. 2015. Pleistocene Bos (Bibos) gaurus from Bailong Cave in Yunxi County, Hubei. Acta Anthropologica Sinica 34: 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="2015">Wang et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2B32F4A1C66FF8D813CFDD0FE53F9D2" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C66FF8D813CFDD0FDF3FDFD" blockId="6.[289,612,557,583]" box="[289,612,557,583]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<heading id="D0CB81CD1C66FF8D813CFDD0FDF3FDFD" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[289,612,557,583]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D813CFDD0FDF3FDFD" bold="true" box="[289,612,557,583]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C66FF8D8085FD8CFED2FBF2" blockId="6.[109,793,625,1640]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
A distinguishing feature of a male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D820AFD8CFD05FD32" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[535,658,625,648]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D820AFD8CFD05FD32" box="[535,658,625,648]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is its dorsal ridge, which is “formed by a row of single bones springing from the back bone immediately behind the junction of each pair of ribs, of which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D8119FD2CFEFCFD52" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[260,363,721,744]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D8119FD2CFEFCFD52" box="[260,363,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has 13 pairs” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8215FD2CFD4AFD52" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[520,733,721,744]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889:295</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The highest point of the dorsal ridge is above the 5th–6th rib, after which the ridge reduces in height and ends abruptly at the last rib. The dental formula is i 0/4, c 0/0, p 3/3, m 3/3, total 32 (A. Bourgeois, pers. comm.), which is the same as that of cattle.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D8070FC8CFF41FC32" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[109,214,881,904]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D8070FC8CFF41FC32" box="[109,214,881,904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
secretes an oily chemical through its skin, which had been noticed by early naturalists who had proposed that it acted as an insect repellent (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D816CFC4CFD85FC72" author="HUBBACK, T. R." box="[369,530,945,968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="267 - 279" refId="ref16740" refString="HUBBACK, T. R. 1937. The Malayan gaur or seladang. Journal of Mammalogy 18: 267 - 279." type="journal article" year="1937">Hubback 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The oil, identified as 5-(1-hydroxynonyl)-2-tetrahydrofuranpentanoic acid, has been named bovidic acid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8157FC0CFE7CFBB2" author="ISHII, H. & S. KRANE & Y. I TAGAKI & N. BEROVA & K. NAKANISHI & P. J. WELDON" box="[330,491,1009,1032]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1426 - 1430" refId="ref16906" refString="ISHII, H., S. KRANE, Y. I TAGAKI, N. BEROVA, K. NAKANISHI, AND P. J. WELDON. 2004. Absolute configuration of a hydroxyfuranoid acid from the pelage of the genus Bos, 18 - (6 S, 9 R, 10 R) - bovidic acid. Journal of Natural Products 67: 1426 - 1430." type="journal article" year="2004">Ishii et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and 2 studies have found it to have mosquito repellent properties (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8213FBECFC87FB92" author="TRAN, K. & K. R. CHAUHAN" box="[526,784,1041,1064]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="53 - 57" refId="ref19989" refString="TRAN, K., AND K. R. CHAUHAN. 2007. Structural activity of bovidic acid and related compounds as feeding deterrents against Aedes aegypti. Biopesticides International 3: 53 - 57." type="journal article" year="2007">Tran and Chauhan 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8070FBCCFEA2FBF2" author="PHILLIPS, G. A. & T. B. WRIGHT & A. C. STEVENS & B. L. PAGENKOPF" box="[109,309,1073,1096]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="196 - 198" refId="ref18843" refString="PHILLIPS, G. A., T. B. WRIGHT, A. C. STEVENS, AND B. L. PAGENKOPF. 2015. Synthesis of (+) - bovidic acid. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 93: 196 - 198." type="journal article" year="2015">Phillips et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C66FF8D8085FBACFF67FA32" blockId="6.[109,793,625,1640]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Mean heart rates for 5
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D81B2FBACFD88FBD2" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[431,543,1105,1128]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D81B2FBACFD88FBD2" box="[431,543,1105,1128]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ranged from 49.3 to 57.7 beats/min, and mean body temperatures for 2
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D82B1FB8CFC8FFB32" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[684,792,1137,1160]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D82B1FB8CFC8FFB32" box="[684,792,1137,1160]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were 38.2°C and 38.8°C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8191FB6CFDF6FB12" author="THOMAS, P. R. & R. A. COOK & D. A. BURNEY & J. G. DOHERTY & F. W. KOONTZ & J. B. DOHERTY" box="[396,609,1169,1192]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="513 - 521" refId="ref19794" refString="THOMAS, P. R., R. A. COOK, D. A. BURNEY, J. G. DOHERTY, F. W. KOONTZ, AND J. B. DOHERTY. 1996. Biotelemetric monitoring of physiological function in gaur (Bos gaurus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27: 513 - 521." type="journal article" year="1996">Thomas et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Short-duration adverse stimuli caused brief 3-fold increase in heart rate, but baseline rates returned after the stressors were removed. Moving
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D80D7FB0CFEA3FAB2" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[202,308,1265,1288]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D80D7FB0CFEA3FAB2" box="[202,308,1265,1288]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to novel environments or pairing them with nonaffiliates also increased heart rates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8230FAECFC9FFA92" author="THOMAS, P. R. & R. A. COOK & D. A. BURNEY & J. G. DOHERTY & F. W. KOONTZ & J. B. DOHERTY" box="[557,776,1297,1320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="513 - 521" refId="ref19794" refString="THOMAS, P. R., R. A. COOK, D. A. BURNEY, J. G. DOHERTY, F. W. KOONTZ, AND J. B. DOHERTY. 1996. Biotelemetric monitoring of physiological function in gaur (Bos gaurus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27: 513 - 521." type="journal article" year="1996">Thomas et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Body temperature was not affected by short-term stressors, but it was positively correlated with ambient temperature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D82DCFAACFF77FA32" author="THOMAS, P. R. & R. A. COOK & D. A. BURNEY & J. G. DOHERTY & F. W. KOONTZ & J. B. DOHERTY" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="513 - 521" refId="ref19794" refString="THOMAS, P. R., R. A. COOK, D. A. BURNEY, J. G. DOHERTY, F. W. KOONTZ, AND J. B. DOHERTY. 1996. Biotelemetric monitoring of physiological function in gaur (Bos gaurus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27: 513 - 521." type="journal article" year="1996">Thomas et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C66FF8D8085FA6CFE53F9D2" blockId="6.[109,793,625,1640]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D8085FA6CFE83FA12" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[152,276,1425,1448]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D8085FA6CFE83FA12" box="[152,276,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a ruminant and, among all extant true ruminants, is only second to the giraffe in body mass. Observations by multiple naturalists and field biologists suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D8070FA0CFF4AF9B2" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[109,221,1521,1544]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D8070FA0CFF4AF9B2" box="[109,221,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
depends less on sight (despite being capable of seeing at night) and more on smell and hearing to detect danger (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D80B8F9CCFEC6F9F2" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[165,337,1585,1608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Dunbar-Brander 1923;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8271F9CCFC87F9F2" author="HUBBACK, T. R." box="[620,784,1585,1608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="267 - 279" refId="ref16740" refString="HUBBACK, T. R. 1937. The Malayan gaur or seladang. Journal of Mammalogy 18: 267 - 279." type="journal article" year="1937">Hubback 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8070F9ACFE93F9D2" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[109,260,1617,1640]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D810EF9ACFE23F9D2" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[275,436,1617,1640]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2B32F4A1C66FF8C80D2F954FD0AFEF8" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C66FF8D80D2F954FD21F979" blockId="6.[207,694,1705,1731]" box="[207,694,1705,1731]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<heading id="D0CB81CD1C66FF8D80D2F954FD21F979" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[207,694,1705,1731]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D80D2F954FD21F979" bold="true" box="[207,694,1705,1731]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C66FF8D8085F910FB78FEB8" blockId="6.[109,792,1773,1956]" lastBlockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8085F910FE13F8BE" author="JOHNSTON, L." box="[152,388,1773,1796]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="131 - 136" refId="ref17164" refString="JOHNSTON, L., et al. 1994. Oocyte maturation, fertilization and embryo development in vitro and in vivo in the gaur (Bos gaurus). Journal of reproduction and fertility 100: 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1994">Johnston et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that ovarian oocytes of immature
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D80BFF8F0FE88F89E" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[162,287,1805,1828]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D80BFF8F0FE88F89E" box="[162,287,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were capable of in vitro maturation and fertilization with thawed homologous spermatozoa and that the resulting embryos were capable of advancing to blastocysts in culture and of producing live-born offspring after embryo transfer. Specifically, the embryos developed to the blastocyst stage in 7 days, and a live-born calf was delivered 308 days after transferring the embryos to Holstein recipients.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C66FF8D836EFEF6FB48FD38" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Primiparity (i.e., age at first birth) for captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D8573FEF6FA4FFE98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1390,1496,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D8573FEF6FA4FFE98" box="[1390,1496,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is 3 years, which is similar to what has been observed for other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D8355FEB6FC07FED8" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[840,912,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Bovini">Bovini</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (Ahrestani et al. 2011). Ovulation has been found to occur at 19- to 22-day intervals, and onset of ovulation can be predicted based on measured temperature spikes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8580FE76FC2BFE78" author="THOMAS, P. R. & R. A. COOK & D. A. BURNEY & J. G. DOHERTY & F. W. KOONTZ & J. B. DOHERTY" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="513 - 521" refId="ref19794" refString="THOMAS, P. R., R. A. COOK, D. A. BURNEY, J. G. DOHERTY, F. W. KOONTZ, AND J. B. DOHERTY. 1996. Biotelemetric monitoring of physiological function in gaur (Bos gaurus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 27: 513 - 521." type="journal article" year="1996">Thomas et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although no data exist for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D84E0FE56FAF0FE78" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1277,1383,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D84E0FE56FAF0FE78" box="[1277,1383,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the average length of the estrous cycle in the domestic form
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D8575FE36FA64FE58" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[1384,1523,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D8575FE36FA64FE58" box="[1384,1523,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bos frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found to be 22 days, and the average duration of how long female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D83D3FDF6FBD1FD98" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[974,1094,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D83D3FDF6FBD1FD98" box="[974,1094,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remain in heat was found to be 45 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D834CFDD6FBA3FDF8" author="GIASUDDIN, M. & K. S. HUQUE & J. ALAM" box="[849,1076,555,578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="5" refId="ref16077" refString="GIASUDDIN, M., K. S. HUQUE, AND J. ALAM. 2003. Reproductive potentials of gayal (Bos frontalis) under semi-intensive management. Asian- Australian Journal of Animal Science 16: 5." type="journal article" year="2003">Giasuddin et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Volume of semen in a single ejaculation ranges from 0.2 to 11.0 ml, and pH level in the semen ranges from 6.58 to 8.42 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D840CFD96FB59FD38" author="ISWADI, M." box="[1041,1230,619,642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="109 - 114" refId="ref16977" refString="ISWADI, M., et al. 2016. Collection, analysis and cryopreservation of semen from Malayan gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki): a preliminary study. Open Veterinary Journal 2: 109 - 114." type="journal article" year="2016">Iswadi et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C66FF8D836EFD76FBFFFC58" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Data from Omaha Zoo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D8494FD76FAB7FD18" box="[1161,1312,651,674]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and Mysore Zoo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D8355FD56FC16FD78" box="[840,897,683,706]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, suggest that the gestation period for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D850FFD56FAEDFD78" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1298,1402,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D850FFD56FAEDFD78" box="[1298,1402,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is between 9 and 10 months, about 280 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D84D1FD36FA74FD58" author="AHRESTANI, F. S. & H. H. T. PRINS" box="[1228,1507,715,738]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="151 - 155" refId="ref14517" refString="AHRESTANI, F. S., AND H. H. T. PRINS. 2011. Age and sex determination of gaur Bos gaurus (Bovidae). Mammalia 75: 151 - 155." type="journal article" year="2011">Ahrestani and Prins 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is similar in duration to the 9-month gestation period that we know for domestic cattle and that was reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D8596FCF6FA64FC98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1419,1523,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D8596FCF6FA64FC98" box="[1419,1523,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8376FCD6FB8BFCF8" author="HUBBACK, T. R." box="[875,1052,811,834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="267 - 279" refId="ref16740" refString="HUBBACK, T. R. 1937. The Malayan gaur or seladang. Journal of Mammalogy 18: 267 - 279." type="journal article" year="1937">Hubback (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In captivity,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D84A9FCD6FA8AFCF8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1204,1309,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D84A9FCD6FA8AFCF8" box="[1204,1309,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been known to give birth every year, and an 18-year-old
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D8515FCB6FAE6FCD8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1288,1393,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D8515FCB6FAE6FCD8" box="[1288,1393,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was known to have given birth with no complications (Ahrestani et al. 2011). Given their 9- to 10-month gestation period, there is no reason not to assume that free-ranging
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D84BFFC56FA9CFC78" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1186,1291,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D84BFFC56FA9CFC78" box="[1186,1291,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
give birth every year too (Ahrestani et al. 2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C66FF8D836EFC16FA3CFA18" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D836EFC16FBDFFBB8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[883,1096,1003,1026]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller (1967:181)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that “single births are the rule, there being no records of twins” for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D84F6FBF6FACFFB98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1259,1368,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D84F6FBF6FACFFB98" box="[1259,1368,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Thus far, no evidence has been found to contradict this statement; no twins were recorded in 319 births of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D848FFBB6FB6DFBD8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1170,1274,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D848FFBB6FB6DFBD8" box="[1170,1274,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in European zoos until 2011 (A. Bourgeois, pers. comm.), in more than 150 births (1968–2006) in Omaha Zoo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D8488FB76FABBFB18" box="[1173,1324,1163,1186]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and in 41 births (1994–2006) in Mysore Zoo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D8484FB56FB47FB78" box="[1177,1232,1195,1218]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.). A study of 13
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D83C0FB36FBC4FB58" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[989,1107,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D83C0FB36FBC4FB58" box="[989,1107,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D84D1FB36FADFFB58" box="[1228,1352,1227,1250]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
found the mean daily milk yield and lactation length were 305 ml and 117 days, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D83C4FAF6FB54FA98" author="GIASUDDIN, M. & K. S. HUQUE & J. ALAM" box="[985,1219,1291,1314]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="5" refId="ref16077" refString="GIASUDDIN, M., K. S. HUQUE, AND J. ALAM. 2003. Reproductive potentials of gayal (Bos frontalis) under semi-intensive management. Asian- Australian Journal of Animal Science 16: 5." type="journal article" year="2003">Giasuddin et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although calves as old as 180–240 days have been observed suckling (F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.), it is understood that calves rarely suckle beyond the age of 6 months (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D83A7FA96FBD9FA38" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[954,1102,1387,1410]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The longest continuous suckling by a calf has been recorded to be about 9 min (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8515FA76FA0CFA18" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[1288,1435,1419,1442]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C66FF8C836EFA56FD0AFEF8" blockId="6.[840,1523,203,1954]" lastBlockId="7.[109,792,203,322]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D836EFA56FC7BFA78" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[883,1004,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D836EFA56FC7BFA78" box="[883,1004,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to breed throughout the year. In a study from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D83FEFA36FB8BFA58" box="[995,1052,1483,1506]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8438FA36FAB7FA58" author="AHRESTANI, F. S. & F. VAN LANGEVELDE & I. M. A. HEITKONIG & H. H. T. PRINS" box="[1061,1312,1483,1506]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1300 - 1310" refId="ref14554" refString="AHRESTANI, F. S., F. VAN LANGEVELDE, I. M. A. HEITKONIG, AND H. H. T. PRINS. 2012 b. Contrasting timing of parturition of chital Axis axis and gaur Bos gaurus in tropical South India - the role of body mass and seasonal forage quality. Oikos 121: 1300 - 1310." type="journal article" year="2012">Ahrestani et al. (2012b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C66FF8D8591FA36FA64FA58" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1420,1523,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C66FF8D8591FA36FA64FA58" box="[1420,1523,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calves throughout the year, with no discernable peak, similar to what
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D83B5F9F6FBF4F998" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[936,1123,1547,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D84E3F9F6FAA0F998" box="[1278,1335,1547,1570]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D855AF9F6FA64F998" author="PEACOCK, E. H." box="[1351,1523,1547,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref18800" refString="PEACOCK, E. H. 1933. A game-book for Burma and adjoining territories. Witherby, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1933">Peacock (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D83D2F9D6FB8DF9F8" box="[975,1050,1579,1602]" name="Myanmar" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Burma</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D844EF9D6FB6BF9F8" author="WEIGUM, L. E." box="[1107,1276,1579,1602]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref20212" refString="WEIGUM, L. E. 1972. The problems in the preservation of the seladang in the Malaysian National Park. M. Sc. thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing." type="book" year="1972">Weigum (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D8597F9D6FA78F9F8" box="[1418,1519,1579,1602]" name="Malaysia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. There have been, however, others that have suggested mating and calving seasons in different regions. For example, Dunbar- Brander (1923) reported that the majority of mating in central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D8355F956FCE8F978" box="[840,895,1707,1730]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
occurred in December–January, with the majority of calves born in August–September;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8491F936FAD7F958" author="STEBBING, E. P." box="[1164,1344,1739,1762]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref19565" refString="STEBBING, E. P. 1911. Jungle by-ways in India. Jonh Lane, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1911">Stebbing (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D8599F936FC18F8B8" author="SANDERSON, G. P." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref19325" refString="SANDERSON, G. P. 1912. Thirteen years among the wild beasts of India. John Grant, Edinburg, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Sanderson (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
not only reported similar months but also noted that calves were born in April–June;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D84B0F8F6FACAF898" author="HUBBACK, T. R." box="[1197,1373,1803,1826]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="267 - 279" refId="ref16740" refString="HUBBACK, T. R. 1937. The Malayan gaur or seladang. Journal of Mammalogy 18: 267 - 279." type="journal article" year="1937">Hubback (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported seeing young in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D83F4F8D6FBDCF8F8" box="[1001,1099,1835,1858]" name="Malaysia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
at all times except from October to December;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C66FF8D83DEF8B6FBCFF8D8" author="MORRIS, R. C." box="[963,1112,1867,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="621 - 622" refId="ref18390" refString="MORRIS, R. C. 1937. Close seasons for big game - are they beneficial? Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 39: 621 - 622." type="journal article" year="1937">Morris (1937)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that the peak rutting period in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C66FF8D83B7F896FC76F838" box="[938,993,1899,1922]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
was from November to March; K. U. Karanth (in litt.) found peak rutting activity in June–September (wet season) in Nagarahole, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C8160FF36FE20FF58" box="[381,439,203,226]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
; and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C81E8FF36FD58FF58" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[501,719,203,226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller (1967:180)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, while having observed calves throughout the year, reported that “the frequency of rutting call and other aspects of sexual behavior reached a peak in March and April” in Kanha,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C8242FED6FD0EFEF8" box="[607,665,299,322]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C326652A1C67FF878165FE75FA4AFDF8" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<subSection id="E2B32F4A1C67FF818165FE75FDC7FBF8" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C67FF8C8165FE75FD99FE18" blockId="7.[376,526,392,418]" box="[376,526,392,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<heading id="D0CB81CD1C67FF8C8165FE75FD99FE18" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[376,526,392,418]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C8165FE75FD99FE18" bold="true" box="[376,526,392,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C67FF8C8085FE36FD8AFB78" blockId="7.[109,793,459,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C8085FE36FE45FE59" bold="true" box="[152,466,459,483]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Population characteristics.</emphasis>
|
||
—The majority of density (individuals/km
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C67FF8C8107FE14FEB5FE4D" attach="right" box="[282,290,489,503]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2</superScript>
|
||
) estimates of free-ranging
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C827BFE16FD7FFDB8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[614,744,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C827BFE16FD7FFDB8" box="[614,744,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C80B2FDF6FF7DFD98" box="[175,234,523,546]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and these estimates vary by location and time. The highest densities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C8193FDD6FE6AFDF8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[398,509,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C8193FDD6FE6AFDF8" box="[398,509,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been found in the southern region of the Western Ghats, which include: densities as high as
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C67FF8C8108FD96FEE0FD38" box="[277,375,619,642]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.175" metricValueMax="3.81" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="in" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 in</quantity>
|
||
the backwaters of the Kabini dam in 2001–2002 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C80EAFD76FE28FD18" author="MADHUSUDAN, M. D." box="[247,447,651,674]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="858 - 869" refId="ref18131" refString="MADHUSUDAN, M. D. 2004. Recovery of wild large herbivores following livestock decline in a tropical Indian wildlife reserve. Journal of Applied Ecology 41: 858 - 869." type="journal article" year="2004">Madhusudan 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 14.4 (± 3.8
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C824CFD76FDF8FD18" box="[593,623,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">SE</emphasis>
|
||
) in Mudumalui Tiger Reserve in 1988–1992 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C81D1FD56FC90FD78" author="VARMAN, K. S. & R. SUKUMAR" box="[460,775,683,706]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="273 - 287" refId="ref20119" refString="VARMAN, K. S., AND R. SUKUMAR. 1995. The line transect method for estimating densities of large mammals in a tropical deciduous forest: an evaluation of models and field experiments. Journal of Biosciences 20: 273 - 287." type="journal article" year="1995">Varman and Sukumar 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 12.3 (5.6–16.4, 95%
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C8179FD36FEE8FD58" box="[356,383,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">CI</emphasis>
|
||
) in the Anamalai Tiger Reserve in 2001–2004 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C80E4FD16FE6AFCB8" author="KUMARAGURU, A. & R. SARAVANAMUTHU & K. BRINDA & S. ASOKAN" box="[249,509,747,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="627 - 637" refId="ref17638" refString="KUMARAGURU, A., R. SARAVANAMUTHU, K. BRINDA, AND S. ASOKAN. 2011. Prey preference of large carnivores in Anamalai Tiger Reserve, India. European Journal of Wildlife Research 57: 627 - 637." type="journal article" year="2011">Kumaraguru et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); densities in Nagarahole Tiger Reserve have been consistently high over 20 years: 5.6 (± 1.8
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C80DCFCD6FF48FCF8" box="[193,223,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">SE</emphasis>
|
||
) between 1987 and 1990 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C823DFCD6FF34FCD8" author="KARANTH, K. U. & M. E. SUNQUIST" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="439 - 450" refId="ref17410" refString="KARANTH, K. U., AND M. E. SUNQUIST. 1995. Prey selection by tiger, leopard and dhole in tropical forests. Journal of Animal Ecology 64: 439 - 450." type="journal article" year="1995">Karanth and Sunquist 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 4.5 (± 0.8
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C8129FCB6FEC5FCD8" box="[308,338,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">SE</emphasis>
|
||
) in the mid-1990s (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C822EFCB6FF34FC38" author="KARANTH, K. U. & J. D. NICHOLS" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="2852 - 2862" refId="ref17277" refString="KARANTH, K. U., AND J. D. NICHOLS. 1998. Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures. Ecology 79: 2852 - 2862." type="journal article" year="1998">Karanth and Nichols 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and 5.1 (± 1.3
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C8179FC96FE15FC38" box="[356,386,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">SE</emphasis>
|
||
) individuals/km
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C67FF8C822AFC94FDCAFC38" box="[567,605,873,898]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C67FF8C822AFC94FDA8FCCD" attach="left" box="[567,575,873,887]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
2011 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C82B3FC96FEB9FC18" author="AHRESTANI, F. S. & K. U. KARANTH" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref14452" refString="AHRESTANI, F. S., AND K. U. KARANTH. 2014. Gaur (Bos gaurus C. H. Smith, 1827). Pp. 174 - 193 in Ecology, evolution and behaviour of wild cattle (M. Melletti and J. Burton, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom." type="book" year="2014">Ahrestani and Karanth 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 5.3 (± 1.5
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C81AEFC76FE46FC18" box="[435,465,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">SE</emphasis>
|
||
) in Bandipur Tiger Reserve in 2011; and estimates from Bhadra Tiger Reserve in 2011 were 1.0 (± 0.4
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C80FCFC36FF68FC58" box="[225,255,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">SE</emphasis>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C8107FC36FDC7FC58" author="AHRESTANI, F. S. & K. U. KARANTH" box="[282,592,971,994]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref14452" refString="AHRESTANI, F. S., AND K. U. KARANTH. 2014. Gaur (Bos gaurus C. H. Smith, 1827). Pp. 174 - 193 in Ecology, evolution and behaviour of wild cattle (M. Melletti and J. Burton, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom." type="book" year="2014">Ahrestani and Karanth 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), down from 1.48 (± 0.6
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C80A7FC16FF4FFBB8" box="[186,216,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">SE</emphasis>
|
||
) recorded in 2000 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C81A7FC16FD0EFBB8" author="JATHANNA, D. & K. U. KARANTH & A. J. T. JOHNSINGH" box="[442,665,1003,1026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="285 - 290" refId="ref17055" refString="JATHANNA, D., K. U. KARANTH, AND A. J. T. JOHNSINGH. 2003. Estimation of large herbivore densities in the tropical forests of southern India using distance sampling. Journal of Zoology 261: 285 - 290." type="journal article" year="2003">Jathanna et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Densities of 0.7 (± 0.2
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C80E6FBF6FE8EFB98" box="[251,281,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">SE</emphasis>
|
||
) in the mid-1990s (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C81ECFBF6FC98FB98" author="KARANTH, K. U. & J. D. NICHOLS" box="[497,783,1035,1058]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="2852 - 2862" refId="ref17277" refString="KARANTH, K. U., AND J. D. NICHOLS. 1998. Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures. Ecology 79: 2852 - 2862." type="journal article" year="1998">Karanth and Nichols 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and densities of 0.3 (0.1–1.1, 95%
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C81EEFBD6FD99FBF8" box="[499,526,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">CI</emphasis>
|
||
) in 1998–1999 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C82D7FBD6FEB1FBD8" author="BISWAS, S. & K. SANKAR" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="411 - 420" refId="ref15037" refString="BISWAS, S., AND K. SANKAR. 2002. Prey abundance and food habit of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India. Journal of Zoology 256: 411 - 420." type="journal article" year="2002">Biswas and Sankar 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were recorded in Pench National Park, central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C8085FB96FF43FB38" box="[152,212,1131,1154]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The population density in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C8158FB76FE3EFB18" box="[325,425,1163,1186]" name="Thailand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, was reported to be 1.8 (1.3–2.3, 95%
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C80BBFB56FF56FB78" box="[166,193,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">CI</emphasis>
|
||
) in 1998 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C8129FB56FD9AFB78" author="SRIKOSAMATARA, S." box="[308,525,1195,1218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="33 - 43" refId="ref19531" refString="SRIKOSAMATARA, S. 1993. Density and biomass of large herbivores and other mammals in a dry tropical forest, western Thailand. Journal of Tropical Ecology 9: 33 - 43." type="journal article" year="1993">Srikosamatara 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C67FF8C8085FB36FF24F8B8" blockId="7.[109,793,459,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The ratio of males:females at birth is only available for captive populations and has been recorded as 0.86 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C82BAFB16FD23FAB8" box="[679,692,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 41) in Mysore Zoo, 1.36 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C815FFAF6FED8FA98" box="[322,335,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 180) in Omaha Zoo, and 1.29 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C82DAFAF6FD43FA98" box="[711,724,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 16) from the National Zoological Park, Calcutta,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C824BFAD6FD1AFAF8" box="[598,653,1323,1346]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C8280FAD6FC87FAF8" author="REED, T." box="[669,784,1323,1346]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19118" refString="REED, T. 1959. Report on the National Zoological Park for 1958. Pp. 140 - 179. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1959">Reed 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ahrestani et al. 2011). Although these reports do not provide a definite ratio, based on data of other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C8219FA96FDDBFA38" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[516,588,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Bovini">Bovini</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, Ahrestani et al. (2011) concluded that there was no reason not to assume that the sex ratio at birth for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C81B5FA56FD86FA78" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[424,529,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C81B5FA56FD86FA78" box="[424,529,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is parity. Given that the difference between males and females till the age of 2 years is minimal, it is not surprising that the survival rates for both sexes were found to be similar till the age of 2 years: among 109 medium-sized and large-sized calves sexed in Kanha National Park,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C80B0F9B6FF71F9D8" box="[173,230,1611,1634]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 55 were male and 54 were female (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C826EF9B6FC90F9D8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[627,775,1611,1634]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and in the Bandipur–Mudumalai landscape,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C824BF996FD18F938" box="[598,655,1643,1666]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, among 282
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C8070F976FF4FF918" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[109,216,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C8070F976FF4FF918" box="[109,216,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sexed below the age of 1 year, 140 were males and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C67FF8C8070F956FF70F978" box="[109,231,1707,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="female">142 female</specimenCount>
|
||
, and among 153
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C8183F956FD92F978" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[414,517,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C8183F956FD92F978" box="[414,517,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sexed between the age of 1 and 2 years, 76 were males and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C67FF8C81F4F936FDC8F958" box="[489,607,1739,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="female">77 females</specimenCount>
|
||
(Ahrestani et al. 2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C67FF8C8085F8F6FA64FD98" blockId="7.[109,793,459,1954]" lastBlockId="7.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The ratio of adult females:males in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C825AF8F6FD20F898" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[583,695,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C825AF8F6FD20F898" box="[583,695,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations is often 2:1, and sometimes 4:1. In southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C82B3F8D6FD70F8F8" box="[686,743,1835,1858]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the adult male:female ratio has been reported as being 25:100 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C806BF896FE13F838" author="ASHOKKUMAR, M. & R. NAGARAJAN & A. A. DESAI" box="[118,388,1899,1922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="27 - 34" refId="ref14684" refString="ASHOKKUMAR, M., R. NAGARAJAN, AND A. A. DESAI. 2010. Group size and age-sex composition of Asian elephant and gaur in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern India. Gajah 32: 27 - 34." type="journal article" year="2010">Ashokkumar et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 39:100 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C81E0F896FD41F838" author="RAMESH, T. & K. SANKAR & Q. QURESHI & R. KALLE" box="[509,726,1899,1922]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="47 - 54" refId="ref19063" refString="RAMESH, T., K. SANKAR, Q. QURESHI, AND R. KALLE. 2012. Group size and population structure of megaherbivores (gaur Bos gaurus and Asian elephant Elephas maximus) in a deciduous habitat of Western Ghats, India. Mammal Study 37: 47 - 54." type="journal article" year="2012">Ramesh et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and 33:100 (Ahrestani et al. 2011) in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve; 18:100 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C83B1FF36FB79FF58" author="KARANTH, K. U. & M. E. SUNQUIST" box="[940,1262,203,226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="21 - 35" refId="ref17366" refString="KARANTH, K. U., AND M. E. SUNQUIST. 1992. Population structure, density and biomass of large herbivores in the tropical forests of Nagarahole, India. Journal of Tropical Ecology 8: 21 - 35." type="journal article" year="1992">Karanth and Sunquist 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in Nagarahole Tiger Reserve; 45:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C67FF8C83CBFF16FBB1FEB8" box="[982,1062,235,258]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="in" value="100.0">100 in</quantity>
|
||
Parambikulam Tiger Reserve (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C8586FF16FCEAFE98" author="VAIRAVEL, S. M." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref20072" refString="VAIRAVEL, S. M. 1998. Ecology of gaur (Bos gaurus H. Smith) with special reference to habitat utilization in Parambikulum Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India. Ph. D. dissertation, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India." type="book" year="1998">Vairavel 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); in central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C8419FEF6FBACFE98" box="[1028,1083,267,290]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
ratios of 60:
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C67FF8C84D8FEF6FA9AFE98" box="[1221,1293,267,290]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="in" value="100.0">100 in</quantity>
|
||
Pench National Park (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C834CFED6FB87FEF8" author="SANKAR, K. & Q. QURESHI & M. K. S. PASHA & G. AREENDRAN" box="[849,1040,299,322]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19393" refString="SANKAR, K., Q. QURESHI, M. K. S. PASHA, AND G. AREENDRAN. 2002. Ecology of gaur (Bos gaurus) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India." type="book" year="2002">Sankar et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and 50:100 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C84BAFED6FAFBFEF8" author="BELSARE, D. K. & S. C. CHANDIRAMANI & J. J. DUTTA" box="[1191,1388,299,322]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="28 - 31" refId="ref14942" refString="BELSARE, D. K., S. C. CHANDIRAMANI, AND J. J. DUTTA. 1984. Composition and behaviour of gaur herd in Kanha National Park. Cheetal 26: 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="1984">Belsare et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and 80:200 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C834CFEB6FC72FED8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[849,997,331,354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) from Kanha National Park; and in northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C8355FE96FCE8FE38" box="[840,895,363,386]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
a ratio of 58:100 has been reported from Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C83DFFE76FB0BFE18" author="DASGUPTA, S. & K. SANKAR & A. K. GUPTA" box="[962,1180,395,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1281 - 1288" refId="ref15658" refString="DASGUPTA, S., K. SANKAR, AND A. K. GUPTA. 2008. Density, group size and sex ratios of gaur (Bos gaurus H. Smith) in a sub-tropical semi-evergreen forest of northeast India. Indian Forester 134: 1281 - 1288." type="journal article" year="2008">Dasgupta et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Also, survival rates of females appear to be higher than those of males. Analyzing the survival of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C67FF8C837BFE36FC50FE58" box="[870,967,459,482]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="male">72 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C67FF8C83E0FE36FBE4FE58" box="[1021,1139,459,482]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="female">58 females</specimenCount>
|
||
from birth to death in Omaha Zoo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C8355FE16FC40FDB8" box="[840,983,491,514]" name="United States of America" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Ahrestani et al. (2011) found that after the age of 2, survival of females was higher than males in captive conditions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C67FF8C836EFDD6FBE2FC98" blockId="7.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Despite the difference in survival between the sexes, the maximum-recorded lifespan for both sexes in captivity has been found to be the same: about 24 years for a captive female (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C834CFD76FC7BFD18" author="CRANDALL, L. S." box="[849,1004,651,674]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref15619" refString="CRANDALL, L. S. 1964. The management of wild animals in captivity. Chicago University Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1964">Crandall 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and 23.6 years for a captive male (Ahrestani et al. 2011). Considering data from populations of other freeranging
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C83BCFD36FC7EFD58" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[929,1001,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Bovini">Bovini</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, a female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C84B2FD36FA80FD58" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1199,1303,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C84B2FD36FA80FD58" box="[1199,1303,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that reaches the age of 20 years may be expected to produce 8–10 calves in her lifetime (Ahrestani et al. 2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C67FF8C836EFCD6FC7EFAD8" blockId="7.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C836EFCD6FC7AFCF9" bold="true" box="[883,1005,811,835]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Space use.</emphasis>
|
||
—Today,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C8441FCD6FB4CFCF8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1116,1243,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C8441FCD6FB4CFCF8" box="[1116,1243,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is primarily confined to forested areas (dry and moist deciduous, semi-evergreen, and evergreen) and hilly terrain (<
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C67FF8C84B7FC96FA90FC38" box="[1194,1287,875,898]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" unit="m" value="2500.0">2,500 m</quantity>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C8527FC96FAE5FC38" box="[1338,1394,875,898]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and across much of its distribution in Southeast Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C852CFC76FA7CFC18" author="CHOUDHURY, A." box="[1329,1515,907,930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="199 - 226" refId="ref15472" refString="CHOUDHURY, A. 2002. Distribution and conservation of the gaur Bos gaurus in the Indian subcontinent. Mammal Review 32: 199 - 226." type="journal article" year="2002">Choudhury 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C8355FC56FBB5FC78" author="KARANTH, K. K. & J. D. NICHOLS & J. E. HINES & K. U. KARANTH & N. L. CHRISTENSEN" box="[840,1058,939,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1189 - 1200" refId="ref17312" refString="KARANTH, K. K., J. D. NICHOLS, J. E. HINES, K. U. KARANTH, AND N. L. CHRISTENSEN. 2009. Patterns and determinants of mammal species occurrence in India. Journal of Applied Ecology 46: 1189 - 1200." type="journal article" year="2009">Karanth et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C842EFC56FABCFC78" author="AHRESTANI, F. S. & I. M. A. HEITKONIG & H. H. T. PRINS" box="[1075,1323,939,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="385 - 394" refId="ref14350" refString="AHRESTANI, F. S., I. M. A. HEITKONIG, AND H. H. T. PRINS. 2012 a. Diet and habitat-niche relationships within an assemblage of large herbivores in a seasonal tropical forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 28: 385 - 394." type="journal article" year="2012">Ahrestani et al. 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This appears to be a function of the forested habitat available in the protected areas to which the species is more-or-less confined; there is an acute lack of protected plains and grassland habitats in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C8355FBD6FC17FBF8" box="[840,896,1067,1090]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and southeastern Asia. For example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C8504FBD6FA64FBF8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[1305,1523,1067,1090]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller (1967:178)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested nearly 50 years ago that “the apparent preference of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C8374FB96FC42FB38" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[873,981,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C8374FB96FC42FB38" box="[873,981,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for hilly terrain may in part be due to the conversion of much of an earlier habitat in the plains into fields, whereas the hills have until recent years been left relatively undisturbed.” Naturalists have observed the preference for hilly terrain for more than a century (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C84B8FB16FAA2FAB8" author="FORSYTH, J." box="[1189,1333,1259,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref15931" refString="FORSYTH, J. 1889. The highlands of central India. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1889">Forsyth 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C8559FB16FA7CFAB8" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[1348,1515,1259,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Dunbar-Brander 1923), but there is no evidence to support the oft-mentioned claim that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C847AFAD6FB43FAF8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1127,1236,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C847AFAD6FB43FAF8" box="[1127,1236,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
moves to hilly terrain to escape insects.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C67FF83836EFA96FD21FEB8" blockId="7.[840,1523,203,1954]" lastBlockId="8.[109,793,203,1922]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C838BFA96FC6FFA38" box="[918,1016,1387,1410]" name="Thailand" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
, a population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C84DBFA96FAA2FA38" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1222,1333,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C84DBFA96FAA2FA38" box="[1222,1333,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recovering after poaching selected deciduous over evergreen forest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C8595FA76FC2EFA78" author="STEINMETZ, R. & W. CHUTIPONG & N. SEUATURIEN & E. CHIRNGSAARD & M. KHAENGKHETKARN" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="42 - 51" refId="ref19633" refString="STEINMETZ, R., W. CHUTIPONG, N. SEUATURIEN, E. CHIRNGSAARD, AND M. KHAENGKHETKARN. 2010. Population recovery patterns of Southeast Asian ungulates after poaching. Biological Conservation 143: 42 - 51." type="journal article" year="2010">Steinmetz et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Lao PDR,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C8442FA56FB2BFA78" box="[1119,1212,1451,1474]" name="Vietnam" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C84E8FA56FAF2FA78" box="[1269,1381,1451,1474]" name="Cambodia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C856CFA56FA4EFA78" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1393,1497,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C856CFA56FA4EFA78" box="[1393,1497,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in evergreen forests, montane forests, and in both open and closed lowland forests, with the species frequenting grassy openings in closed canopy forests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C848FF9F6FA13F998" author="DUCKWORTH, J. W. & R. E. SALTER & K. KHOUNBLINE" box="[1170,1412,1547,1570]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref15820" refString="DUCKWORTH, J. W., R. E. SALTER, AND K. KHOUNBLINE. 1999. Wildlife in Lao PDR: 1999 status report. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Vientiane, Laos." type="book" year="1999">Duckworth et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C858EF9F6FB87F9F8" author="TIMMINS, R. J. & O. RATTANAK" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19858" refString="TIMMINS, R. J., AND O. RATTANAK. 2001. The importance of Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary and adjacent areas for the conservation of tigers and other key species. WWF Indochina Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam." type="book" year="2001">Timmins and Rattanak 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C8459F9D6FB3FF9F8" box="[1092,1192,1579,1602]" name="Malaysia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C84AEF9D6FA8CF9F8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1203,1307,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C84AEF9D6FA8CF9F8" box="[1203,1307,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been associated with habitats dominated by secondary vegetation, such as jungle clearings, abandoned fields of shifting cultivators, forest fringes, and openings along rivers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C849FF976FAB3F918" author="HUBBACK, T. R." box="[1154,1316,1675,1698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="267 - 279" refId="ref16740" refString="HUBBACK, T. R. 1937. The Malayan gaur or seladang. Journal of Mammalogy 18: 267 - 279." type="journal article" year="1937">Hubback 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C8524F976FA7CF918" author="FOENANDER, E. C." box="[1337,1515,1675,1698]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref15910" refString="FOENANDER, E. C. 1952. Big game of Malaya. Batchworth Press, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1952">Foenander 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C8355F956FC40F978" author="STEVENS, W. E." box="[840,983,1707,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref19675" refString="STEVENS, W. E. 1968. The conservation of wildlife in west Malaysia. Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." type="book" year="1968">Stevens 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C83F8F956FBECF978" author="WEIGUM, L. E." box="[997,1147,1707,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref20212" refString="WEIGUM, L. E. 1972. The problems in the preservation of the seladang in the Malaysian National Park. M. Sc. thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing." type="book" year="1972">Weigum 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C8496F956FA9DF978" author="CONRY, P. J." box="[1163,1290,1707,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="47 - 65" refId="ref15593" refString="CONRY, P. J. 1989. Gaur (Bos gaurus) and development in Malaysia. Biological Conservation 49: 47 - 65." type="journal article" year="1989">Conry 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Multiple naturalists have reported observing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C844FF936FB2DF958" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1106,1210,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C844FF936FB2DF958" box="[1106,1210,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
foraging along stream banks in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C67FF8C8378F916FC0BF8B8" box="[869,924,1771,1794]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C83B0F916FBACF8B8" author="FORSYTH, J." box="[941,1083,1771,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref15931" refString="FORSYTH, J. 1889. The highlands of central India. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1889">Forsyth 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C8456F916FB67F8B8" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[1099,1264,1771,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Dunbar-Brander 1923;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C67FF8C8355F8F6FC71F898" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[840,998,1803,1826]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is possible that low-lying regions near rivers and drainage lines—areas that typically retain the last remaining herbaceous layer in the dry season—act as key foraging habitats for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C8386F896FB93F838" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[923,1028,1899,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C8386F896FB93F838" box="[923,1028,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the dry season.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C67FF8C84CCF896FAADF838" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1233,1338,1899,1922]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C67FF8C84CCF896FAADF838" box="[1233,1338,1899,1922]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have historically and even today use mineral licks throughout their distributional range (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF8380A6FF36FEF6FF58" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[187,353,203,226]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF83816FFF36FD87FF58" author="HUBBACK, T. R." box="[370,528,203,226]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="267 - 279" refId="ref16740" refString="HUBBACK, T. R. 1937. The Malayan gaur or seladang. Journal of Mammalogy 18: 267 - 279." type="journal article" year="1937">Hubback 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF83823CFF36FD27FF58" author="OGILVIE, C. S." box="[545,688,203,226]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref18715" refString="OGILVIE, C. S. 1954. The behaviour of seladang. Malay Nature Journal 9: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1954">Ogilvie 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF8382DCFF36FF35FEB8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF8380ACFF16FED9FEB8" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[177,334,235,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF838141FF16FE66FEB8" author="WEIGUM, L. E." box="[348,497,235,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref20212" refString="WEIGUM, L. E. 1972. The problems in the preservation of the seladang in the Malaysian National Park. M. Sc. thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing." type="book" year="1972">Weigum 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF83821DFF16FD31FEB8" author="STEINMETZ, R." box="[512,678,235,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="141 - 157" refId="ref19586" refString="STEINMETZ, R. 2004. Gaur (Bos gaurus) and Banteng (B. javanicus) in the lowland forest mosaic of Xe Pian Protected Area, Lao PDR: abundance, habitat use, and conservation. Mammalia 68: 141 - 157." type="journal article" year="2004">Steinmetz 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C68FF838085FEF6FEE2FD78" blockId="8.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838085FEF6FE82FE98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[152,277,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF838085FEF6FE82FE98" box="[152,277,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forages day and night and seems to prefer to forage at night, dawn, and dusk in areas with warm climate. During the hottest periods of the day,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838209FEB6FDE8FED8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[532,639,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF838209FEB6FDE8FED8" box="[532,639,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
often retreats to forested areas to chew cud, often done while lying down (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF83806BFE76FE91FE18" author="FORSYTH, J." box="[118,262,395,418]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref15931" refString="FORSYTH, J. 1889. The highlands of central India. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1889">Forsyth 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF838108FE76FE22FE18" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[277,437,395,418]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.). During his seminal study,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF83815BFE56FE63FE78" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[326,500,427,450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that the majority of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8380A8FE36FEB6FE58" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[181,289,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8380A8FE36FEB6FE58" box="[181,289,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were under shelter of trees by 0700 h, were rarely seen in the open after 0800 h, and emerged from forested patches to open grasslands in the evenings. A radio-telemetry study in Pench Tiger Reserve,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF8381D9FDD6FE69FDF8" box="[452,510,555,578]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, recorded the mean daily (daytime) movement of an adult male to be
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF83824DFDB6FD0BFDD8" box="[592,668,587,610]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="1.8">1.8 km</quantity>
|
||
in summer and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF838081FD96FF7FFD38" box="[156,232,619,642]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="1.3">1.3 km</quantity>
|
||
in the rainy (monsoon) season and that of an adult female to be
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF8380E4FD76FED3FD18" box="[249,324,651,674]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="1.2">1.2 km</quantity>
|
||
in the summer and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF838207FD76FDF3FD18" box="[538,612,651,674]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="1.4">1.4 km</quantity>
|
||
in the rainy season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF8380BEFD56FEF1FD78" author="SANKAR, K. & Q. QURESHI & M. K. S. PASHA & G. AREENDRAN" box="[163,358,683,706]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref19393" refString="SANKAR, K., Q. QURESHI, M. K. S. PASHA, AND G. AREENDRAN. 2002. Ecology of gaur (Bos gaurus) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India." type="book" year="2002">Sankar et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C68FF838085FD36FD27FA98" blockId="8.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838085FD36FE82FD58" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[152,277,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF838085FD36FE82FD58" box="[152,277,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found to range over areas that vary from
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF8380B5FD16FEBFFCB8" box="[168,296,747,770]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.85" metricValueMax="16.9" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="88.5" valueMax="169.0" valueMin="8.0">8 to 169 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF838135FD14FEA7FD4D" attach="left" box="[296,304,745,759]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
. A free-ranging
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8381FDFD16FDDFFCB8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[480,584,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8381FDFD16FDDFFCB8" box="[480,584,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
herd monitored for 2 years (1967–1969) in Taman Negara National Park,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF8382ADFCF6FC83FC98" box="[688,788,779,802]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, ranged over
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF8380EEFCD6FEBDFCF8" box="[243,298,811,834]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF838137FCD4FEA5FC8D" attach="left" box="[298,306,809,823]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
, mainly along the Tembeling River (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF8382A3FCD6FF35FCD8" author="WEIGUM, L. E." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref20212" refString="WEIGUM, L. E. 1972. The problems in the preservation of the seladang in the Malaysian National Park. M. Sc. thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing." type="book" year="1972">Weigum 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Another telemetry study from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF838216FCB6FDFAFCD8" box="[523,621,843,866]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
of 3
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8382B0FCB6FC8FFCD8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[685,792,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8382B0FCB6FC8FFCD8" box="[685,792,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found a yearling male that ranged over
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF838215FC96FDDDFC38" box="[520,586,875,898]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF838257FC94FDC5FCCD" attach="left" box="[586,594,873,887]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<date id="FF8210611C68FF838243FC96FC9EFC38" box="[606,777,875,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1978-11">November 1978</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<date id="FF8210611C68FF838070FC76FF49FC18" box="[109,222,907,930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1979-05">May 1979</date>
|
||
), a yearling female that ranged over
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF83827BFC76FD3DFC18" box="[614,682,907,930]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="52.0">52 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF8382B7FC74FD25FC2D" attach="left" box="[682,690,905,919]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<date id="FF8210611C68FF8382DDFC76FF08FC78" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1977-10">October 1977</date>
|
||
–
|
||
<date id="FF8210611C68FF8380B0FC56FECCFC78" box="[173,347,939,962]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="1978-12">December 1978</date>
|
||
), and an adult male (about 5 years old) that ranged over
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF8380E5FC36FEDBFC58" box="[248,332,971,994]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="137.0">137 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF838151FC34FEC3FC6D" attach="left" box="[332,340,969,983]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
(January–November 1978;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF83829AFC36FC9FFC58" author="CONRY, P. J." box="[647,776,971,994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="47 - 65" refId="ref15593" refString="CONRY, P. J. 1989. Gaur (Bos gaurus) and development in Malaysia. Biological Conservation 49: 47 - 65." type="journal article" year="1989">Conry 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite the availability of primary forest within
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF83826AFC16FD55FBB8" box="[631,706,1003,1026]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="1.5">1.5 km</quantity>
|
||
of their home ranges, these 3
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF83814FFBF6FE2EFB98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[338,441,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF83814FFBF6FE2EFB98" box="[338,441,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that were monitored in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF8382ABFBF6FC8FFB98" box="[694,792,1035,1058]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
primarily used disturbed and early seral habitats created by logging and agricultural development, secondary forest, and agricultural estates. Furthermore, areas within
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF83822BFB96FDEEFB38" box="[566,633,1131,1154]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
of agricultural fields, areas within
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF838159FB76FE1DFB18" box="[324,394,1163,1186]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
|
||
of major rivers, and areas below
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF8382E0FB76FF15FB78" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="m" value="61.0">61 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation were used disproportionately with respect to their availability in the ranges of these individuals. These 3
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8382ADFB36FC8FFB58" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[688,792,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8382ADFB36FC8FFB58" box="[688,792,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals also frequently used areas adjacent to human settlements, and all their ranges included at least 1 salt lick.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C68FF838085FAD6FE74F918" blockId="8.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
In Pench Tiger Reserve,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF8381BAFAD6FE77FAF8" box="[423,480,1323,1346]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the ranges of an adult male and female—radio-collared and monitored for nearly a year (1997–1998)—were 12.6 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF8381A5FA96FD91FA38" box="[440,518,1387,1410]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="7.3">7.3 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF83821BFA94FDBAFA38" box="[518,557,1385,1410]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF83821BFA94FD99FACD" attach="left" box="[518,526,1385,1399]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
summer and 7.6 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF838070FA76FF5EFA18" box="[109,201,1419,1442]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.38" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="13.8">13.8 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF8380D4FA74FF67FA18" box="[201,240,1417,1442]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF8380D4FA74FF46FA2D" attach="left" box="[201,209,1417,1431]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
winter, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF8381FEFA76FD38FA18" author="SANKAR, K. & Q. QURESHI & M. K. S. PASHA & G. AREENDRAN" box="[483,687,1419,1442]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref19393" refString="SANKAR, K., Q. QURESHI, M. K. S. PASHA, AND G. AREENDRAN. 2002. Ecology of gaur (Bos gaurus) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India." type="book" year="2002">Sankar et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among the 19
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8380A2FA56FEBDFA78" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[191,298,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8380A2FA56FEBDFA78" box="[191,298,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reintroduced in 2011 to Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF8380CEFA36FE9BFA58" box="[211,268,1483,1506]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C68FF838107FA36FEF1FA58" box="[282,358,1483,1506]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="adult">3 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
males and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C68FF8381F5FA36FDA3FA58" box="[488,564,1483,1506]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="adult">9 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
females were radiocollared and monitored from
|
||
<date id="FF8210611C68FF8381BCFA16FDB8F9B8" box="[417,559,1515,1538]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2011-01">January 2011</date>
|
||
to
|
||
<date id="FF8210611C68FF838252FA16FD76F9B8" box="[591,737,1515,1538]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2012-01">January 2012</date>
|
||
. This reintroduced herd utilized an area of
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF838215F9F6FDCCF998" box="[520,603,1547,1570]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="290.0">290 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF838246F9F4FD15F998" box="[603,642,1545,1570]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF838246F9F4FDF4F9AD" attach="left" box="[603,611,1545,1559]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
summer,
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF8382EDF9F6FF18F9F8" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="137.0">137 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF838092F9D4FF23F9F8" box="[143,180,1577,1602]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF838092F9D4FF00F98D" attach="left" box="[143,151,1577,1591]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
the rainy (monsoon) season, and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF83823DF9D6FDE5F9F8" box="[544,626,1579,1602]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="155.0">155 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF83826FF9D4FD00F9F8" box="[626,663,1577,1602]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF83826FF9D4FDEDF98D" attach="left" box="[626,634,1577,1591]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
winter. The ranges of individual males in this reintroduced herd varied from
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF838070F996FE92F938" box="[109,261,1643,1666]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.385" metricValueMax="1.42" metricValueMin="1.35" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="138.5" valueMax="142.0" valueMin="135.0">135 to 142 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF838118F994FE9AF9CD" attach="left" box="[261,269,1641,1655]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
, and the ranges of individual females varied from
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF838070F976FF6CF918" box="[109,251,1675,1698]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.005" metricValueMax="1.69" metricValueMin="0.32" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="100.5" valueMax="169.0" valueMin="32.0">32 to 169 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF8380E6F974FE94F92D" attach="left" box="[251,259,1673,1687]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF83810FF976FE44F918" author="SANKAR, K." box="[274,467,1675,1698]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="50 - 69" refId="ref19350" refString="SANKAR, K., et al. 2013. Home range, habitat use and food habits of reintroduced gaur (Bos gaurus gaurus) in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Central India. Tropical Conservation Science 6: 50 - 69." type="journal article" year="2013">Sankar et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C68FF838085F956FBAEFDB8" blockId="8.[109,793,203,1922]" lastBlockId="8.[840,1523,201,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838085F956FE84F978" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[152,275,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF838085F956FE84F978" box="[152,275,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has shown site fidelity spanning a few days to sometimes years. In Nagarahole,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF8381CAF936FD87F958" box="[471,528,1739,1762]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, an adult female, recognized because of a horn deformity, remained within a
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF8382D4F916FC87F8B8" box="[713,784,1771,1794]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF83830DF914FC8FF94D" attach="left" box="[784,792,1769,1783]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
area for over a decade (K. U. Karanth, pers. comm.). It is also common to see the same solitary males in an area for months (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF83806BF8B6FE8AF8D8" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[118,285,1867,1890]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838220F8B6FD3FF8D8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[573,680,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF838220F8B6FD3FF8D8" box="[573,680,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, also makes local seasonal migrations: a year-long study across
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF838355FF36FC0CFF58" box="[840,923,203,226]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="km" value="200.0">200 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C68FF838386FF34FC57FF58" box="[923,960,201,226]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="7C499BE91C68FF838386FF34FC34FF6D" attach="left" box="[923,931,201,215]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
Bandipur,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF838426FF36FBE3FF58" box="[1083,1140,203,226]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8384D5FF36FAA6FF58" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1224,1329,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8384D5FF36FAA6FF58" box="[1224,1329,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be confined to moist deciduous forests in the dry season and to dry deciduous forests in the wet season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF838484FEF6FA1CFE98" author="AHRESTANI, F. S. & I. M. A. HEITKONIG & H. H. T. PRINS" box="[1177,1419,267,290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="385 - 394" refId="ref14350" refString="AHRESTANI, F. S., I. M. A. HEITKONIG, AND H. H. T. PRINS. 2012 a. Diet and habitat-niche relationships within an assemblage of large herbivores in a seasonal tropical forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 28: 385 - 394." type="journal article" year="2012">Ahrestani et al. 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); in both Garumara Wildlife Sanctuary,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C68FF838488FED6FAB6FEF8" box="[1173,1313,299,322]" country="India" name="West Bengal" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">West Bengal</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and the Rairakhol region,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C68FF838386FEB6FC75FED8" box="[923,994,331,354]" country="India" name="Odisha" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Orissa</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF8383F2FEB6FBBFFED8" box="[1007,1064,331,354]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838428FEB6FB08FED8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1077,1183,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF838428FEB6FB08FED8" box="[1077,1183,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found to be absent during the dry season (July–October, Garumara—Guin and Pal 1982; March–July, Rairakhol—Imam 1985), but was present during the rest of the year. It is likely that such seasonal migrations are driven by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8383AFFE36FB8EFE58" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[946,1049,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8383AFFE36FB8EFE58" box="[946,1049,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trying to satisfy the nutritional requirements of its large body mass.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C68FF83836EFDF6FAB9FB58" blockId="8.[840,1523,201,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF83836EFDF6FC3FFD99" bold="true" box="[883,936,523,547]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diet.</emphasis>
|
||
—Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838429FDF6FB26FD98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1076,1201,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF838429FDF6FB26FD98" box="[1076,1201,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eats a diverse array of plant species and plant parts, a growing body of evidence suggests it is primarily a grazer. This is consistent with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF838546FDB6FC79FD38" author="HOFMANN, R. R. & D. R. M. STEWART" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="226 - 240" refId="ref16668" refString="HOFMANN, R. R., AND D. R. M. STEWART. 1972. Grazer or browser: a classification based on the stomach-structure and feeding habits of East African ruminants. Mammalia 36: 226 - 240." type="journal article" year="1972">Hofmann and Stewart (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
classifying
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838464FD96FB54FD38" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1145,1219,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Bovini">Bovini</taxonomicName>
|
||
species as bulk feeders of grasses, a classification that was made considering the large rumen size, the stomach structure, and the feeding habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838355FD36FC05FD58" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[840,914,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Bovini">Bovini</taxonomicName>
|
||
species such as the African buffalo
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838559FD36FA64FD58" baseAuthorityName="Sparrman" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[1348,1523,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Syncerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caffer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF838559FD36FA64FD58" box="[1348,1523,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Syncerus caffer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and American bison
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838430FD16FB38FCB8" authority="bison" box="[1069,1199,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bison" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bison">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF838430FD16FB38FCB8" box="[1069,1199,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bison bison</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(currently recognized as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8385D7FD16FC14FC98" baseAuthorityName="McHugh" baseAuthorityYear="1958" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bison">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8385D7FD16FC14FC98" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bos bison</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). In general, other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838449FCF6FB09FC98" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1108,1182,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Bovini">Bovini</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in Asia that are closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8383A5FCD6FBB5FCF8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[952,1058,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8383A5FCD6FBB5FCF8" box="[952,1058,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as the water buffalo
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838550FCD6FA7BFCF8" baseAuthorityName="Kerr" baseAuthorityYear="1792" box="[1357,1516,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnee">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF838550FCD6FA7BFCF8" box="[1357,1516,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bubalus arnee</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are also considered grazers. Over a century ago, naturalists such as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF8383B9FC96FBF6FC38" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[932,1121,875,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
claimed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8384E0FC96FAFEFC38" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1277,1385,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8384E0FC96FAFEFC38" box="[1277,1385,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was mainly a grazer. Since then, evidence to support this claim has grown. For example, the mean proportion of grasses found in the rumen contents of 4
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8383F8FC36FBC6FC58" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[997,1105,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8383F8FC36FBC6FC58" box="[997,1105,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
autopsied in Kanha was 85% (range 66–100%,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF8383A3FC16FBC3FBB8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[958,1108,1003,1026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); grasses made up 66%, browse 26%, and herbs and other plants 8% of the diet of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF83852FFBF6FA0BFB98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1330,1436,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF83852FFBF6FA0BFB98" box="[1330,1436,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
studied in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF838379FBD6FC32FBF8" box="[868,933,1067,1090]" name="Nepal" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF8383A9FBD6FBA3FBF8" author="CHETRI, M." box="[948,1076,1067,1090]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="31 - 36" refId="ref15393" refString="CHETRI, M. 2003. Food habits of gaur (Bos gaurus) and livestock (cows and buffaloes) in Parsa Wildlife Sanctuary, central Nepal. Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1: 31 - 36." type="journal article" year="2003">Chetri 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF83845FFBD6FBEAFBF8" author="CHETRI, M." box="[1090,1149,1067,1090]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="20 - 28" refId="ref15432" refString="CHETRI, M. 2006. Diet analysis of gaur, Bos gaurus gaurus (Smith, 1827) by micro-histological analysis of fecal samples in Parsa Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Our Nature 4: 20 - 28." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); graminoids (grasses, sedges, and bamboo) accounted for> 60% of epidermal fragments found in their feces in a multisite study from central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF838550FB96FA12FB38" box="[1357,1413,1131,1154]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF83858BFB96FC76FB18" author="GAD, S. D. & S. K. SHYAMA" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="264 - 267" refId="ref15952" refString="GAD, S. D., AND S. K. SHYAMA. 2011. Diet composition and quality in Indian bison (Bos gaurus) based on fecal analysis. Zoological Science 28: 264 - 267." type="journal article" year="2011">Gad and Shyama 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and an isotopic analysis of their feces from southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF8383ADFB56FC7FFB78" box="[944,1000,1195,1218]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF83849DFB56FB7BFB78" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1152,1260,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF83849DFB56FB7BFB78" box="[1152,1260,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was primarily a grazer throughout the year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF838433FB36FA8AFB58" author="AHRESTANI, F. S. & I. M. A. HEITKONIG & H. H. T. PRINS" box="[1070,1309,1227,1250]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="385 - 394" refId="ref14350" refString="AHRESTANI, F. S., I. M. A. HEITKONIG, AND H. H. T. PRINS. 2012 a. Diet and habitat-niche relationships within an assemblage of large herbivores in a seasonal tropical forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 28: 385 - 394." type="journal article" year="2012">Ahrestani et al. 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C68FF83836EFB16FA86FA58" blockId="8.[840,1523,201,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Leaves and shoots of bamboo, the world’s largest grass species, are sought after by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838447FAF6FB52FA98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1114,1221,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF838447FAF6FB52FA98" box="[1114,1221,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
throughout its range: the 3 dominant bamboo species in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF8384C6FAD6FA85FAF8" box="[1243,1298,1323,1346]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF83853DFAD6FCFAFAD8" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bambusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arundinacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF83853DFAD6FCFAFAD8" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bambusa arundinacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838360FAB6FBE8FAD8" box="[893,1151,1355,1378]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dendrocalamus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF838360FAB6FBE8FAD8" box="[893,1151,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dendrocalamus strictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8384DDFAB6FA7EFAD8" box="[1216,1513,1355,1378]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oxytenanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="monostigma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8384DDFAB6FA7EFAD8" box="[1216,1513,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Oxytenanthera monostigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are all eaten (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF8383C6FA96FBEDFA38" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[987,1146,1387,1410]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; K. U. Karanth, pers. comm.), and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF83837EFA76FC52FA18" box="[867,965,1419,1442]" name="Thailand" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8383D2FA76FBA1FA18" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[975,1078,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8383D2FA76FBA1FA18" box="[975,1078,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found to preferentially eat bamboo shoots in the wet season and bamboo leaves in the dry season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF838360FA36FBDBFA58" author="PRAYURASIDDHI, T." box="[893,1100,1483,1506]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref18985" refString="PRAYURASIDDHI, T. 1997. The ecological separation between gaur (Bos gaurus) and banteng (Bos javanicus) in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis." type="book" year="1997">Prayurasiddhi 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF838446FA36FA96FA58" author="STEINMETZ, R." box="[1115,1281,1483,1506]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="141 - 157" refId="ref19586" refString="STEINMETZ, R. 2004. Gaur (Bos gaurus) and Banteng (B. javanicus) in the lowland forest mosaic of Xe Pian Protected Area, Lao PDR: abundance, habitat use, and conservation. Mammalia 68: 141 - 157." type="journal article" year="2004">Steinmetz 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C68FF82836EFA16FEAFFE98" blockId="8.[840,1523,201,1922]" lastBlockId="9.[109,793,203,1922]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF83836EFA16FC7CF9B8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[883,1003,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF83836EFA16FC7CF9B8" box="[883,1003,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, eats far more species than just grasses. For example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF8383C1F9F6FB73F998" author="GAD, S. D. & S. K. SHYAMA" box="[988,1252,1547,1570]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="264 - 267" refId="ref15952" refString="GAD, S. D., AND S. K. SHYAMA. 2011. Diet composition and quality in Indian bison (Bos gaurus) based on fecal analysis. Zoological Science 28: 264 - 267." type="journal article" year="2011">Gad and Shyama (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF83857DF9F6FA5EF998" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1376,1481,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF83857DF9F6FA5EF998" box="[1376,1481,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fed on 7 grass species, 5 herb species, 8 shrub species, and 12 tree species; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF8383DDF9B6FB95F9D8" box="[960,1026,1611,1634]" name="Nepal" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF838413F9B6FBE1F9D8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1038,1142,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF838413F9B6FBE1F9D8" box="[1038,1142,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found to feed on 49 plant species (23 grasses, 17 browse species, and 9 herbs and others—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF838355F976FC51F918" author="CHETRI, M." box="[840,966,1675,1698]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="31 - 36" refId="ref15393" refString="CHETRI, M. 2003. Food habits of gaur (Bos gaurus) and livestock (cows and buffaloes) in Parsa Wildlife Sanctuary, central Nepal. Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1: 31 - 36." type="journal article" year="2003">Chetri 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF8383CEF976FB9FF918" author="CHETRI, M." box="[979,1032,1675,1698]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="20 - 28" refId="ref15432" refString="CHETRI, M. 2006. Diet analysis of gaur, Bos gaurus gaurus (Smith, 1827) by micro-histological analysis of fecal samples in Parsa Wildlife Reserve, Nepal. Our Nature 4: 20 - 28." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C68FF838443F976FB57F918" box="[1118,1216,1675,1698]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
89 different plant species, of which only 38 were grass species were reported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF838553F956FA75F978" author="WEIGUM, L. E." box="[1358,1506,1707,1730]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref20212" refString="WEIGUM, L. E. 1972. The problems in the preservation of the seladang in the Malaysian National Park. M. Sc. thesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing." type="book" year="1972">Weigum 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); in Kanha,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF8383A1F936FBB0F958" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[956,1063,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF8383A1F936FBB0F958" box="[956,1063,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been found to feed on 7 shrub species, 6 grass species, 3 vine species, 4 forb species, fruits from 2 tree species, and leaves from at least 17 tree species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C68FF838586F8F6FCEAF8F8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and Dunbar-Brander (1923) recorded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C68FF83852CF8D6FA0DF8F8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1329,1434,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C68FF83852CF8D6FA0DF8F8" box="[1329,1434,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding on more than 40 plant species. In some areas, the proportion of browse in their diet might vary by season; for example, in a 4-year study,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF8280E2FF36FD93FF58" author="GAD, S. D. & S. K. SHYAMA" box="[255,516,203,226]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="264 - 267" refId="ref15952" refString="GAD, S. D., AND S. K. SHYAMA. 2011. Diet composition and quality in Indian bison (Bos gaurus) based on fecal analysis. Zoological Science 28: 264 - 267." type="journal article" year="2011">Gad and Shyama (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that the proportion of browse consumed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828172FF16FE40FEB8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[367,471,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828172FF16FE40FEB8" box="[367,471,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
increased from 15% in winter to 40% in summer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C69FF828085FED6FEA4FCD8" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828115FED6FEE2FEF8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[264,373,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828115FED6FEE2FEF8" box="[264,373,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds on different plant parts, it primarily eats leaves. For example, in their histologic study,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF8282F1FEB6FEA8FE38" author="GAD, S. D. & S. K. SHYAMA" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="264 - 267" refId="ref15952" refString="GAD, S. D., AND S. K. SHYAMA. 2011. Diet composition and quality in Indian bison (Bos gaurus) based on fecal analysis. Zoological Science 28: 264 - 267." type="journal article" year="2011">Gad and Shyama (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that 87% of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828213FE96FDE1FE38" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[526,630,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828213FE96FDE1FE38" box="[526,630,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diet composed of leaves.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF8280C0FE76FED0FE18" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[221,327,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF8280C0FE76FED0FE18" box="[221,327,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds primarily by extending its tongue to curl around leaves and twigs, which it pulls into its mouth and bites off with a tug (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828145FE36FE78FE58" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[344,495,459,482]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82821CFE36FD35FE58" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[513,674,459,482]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Multiple studies have found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828126FE16FE34FDB8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[315,419,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828126FE16FE34FDB8" box="[315,419,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding on fruits (Dunbar-Brander 1923;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF8280AEFDF6FED0FD98" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[179,327,523,546]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828145FDF6FE60FD98" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[344,503,523,546]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82821AFDF6FD10FD98" author="CHETRI, M." box="[519,647,523,546]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="31 - 36" refId="ref15393" refString="CHETRI, M. 2003. Food habits of gaur (Bos gaurus) and livestock (cows and buffaloes) in Parsa Wildlife Sanctuary, central Nepal. Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1: 31 - 36." type="journal article" year="2003">Chetri 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and its eating of shoots is generally associated with its foraging on bamboo (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF8280B7FDB6FEABFDD8" author="FORSYTH, J." box="[170,316,587,610]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref15931" refString="FORSYTH, J. 1889. The highlands of central India. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1889">Forsyth 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82814DFDB6FE64FDD8" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[336,499,587,610]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82821BFDB6FC9FFDD8" author="GAD, S. D. & S. K. SHYAMA" box="[518,776,587,610]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="264 - 267" refId="ref15952" refString="GAD, S. D., AND S. K. SHYAMA. 2011. Diet composition and quality in Indian bison (Bos gaurus) based on fecal analysis. Zoological Science 28: 264 - 267." type="journal article" year="2011">Gad and Shyama 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828070FD96FF4BFD38" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[109,220,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828070FD96FF4BFD38" box="[109,220,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been observed eating the bark of trees, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF8280C5FD76FD10FD18" authority="(Dunbar-Brander 1923)" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[216,647,651,674]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Adina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cordifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF8280C5FD76FE12FD18" box="[216,389,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Adina cordifolia</emphasis>
|
||
(Dunbar-Brander 1923)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, teak
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF8282D8FD76FE1EFD78" authority="(Pasha et al. 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Pasha" baseAuthorityYear="2002" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Tectona" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF8282D8FD76FF29FD78" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tectona grandis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF8280D0FD56FEE8FD78" author="PASHA, M. K. S. & G. AREENDRAN & K. SANKAR & Q. QURESHI" box="[205,383,683,706]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="238 - 244" refId="ref18737" refString="PASHA, M. K. S., G. AREENDRAN, K. SANKAR, AND Q. QURESHI. 2002. Debarking of teak Tectona grandis Linn. by gaur Bos gaurus H. Smith during summer in a tropical dry deciduous habitat of central India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99: 238 - 244." type="journal article" year="2002">Pasha et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and cashew
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828209FD56FEE7FD58" authority="(Gad and Shyama 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Gad and Shyama" baseAuthorityYear="2011" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Anacardium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentale">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828209FD56FC8FFD78" box="[532,792,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Anacardium occidentale</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82806BFD36FEF0FD58" author="GAD, S. D. & S. K. SHYAMA" box="[118,359,715,738]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="264 - 267" refId="ref15952" refString="GAD, S. D., AND S. K. SHYAMA. 2011. Diet composition and quality in Indian bison (Bos gaurus) based on fecal analysis. Zoological Science 28: 264 - 267." type="journal article" year="2011">Gad and Shyama 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C69FF82818CFD36FE5FFD58" box="[401,456,715,738]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF8281E6FD36FC8FFD58" box="[507,792,715,738]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Holarrhena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="antidysentrica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF8281E6FD36FC8FFD58" box="[507,792,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Holarrhena antidysentrica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828087FD16FE1CFCB8" box="[154,395,747,770]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Wendlandia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="natoniana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828087FD16FE1CFCB8" box="[154,395,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Wendlandia natoniana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C69FF8281B0FD16FD98FCB8" box="[429,527,747,770]" name="Malaysia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828202FD16FD3DFCB8" author="OGILVIE, C. S." box="[543,682,747,770]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref18715" refString="OGILVIE, C. S. 1954. The behaviour of seladang. Malay Nature Journal 9: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1954">Ogilvie 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The eating of bark, which has often been recorded in summer, is understood to be in response to either a shortage of forage or mineral resources, or both.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C69FF828085FC96FEE0F838" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828085FC96FE31FC39" bold="true" box="[152,422,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diseases and parasites.</emphasis>
|
||
—The cattle diseases rinderpest, foot-and-mouth, and anthrax have been reported as affecting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828070FC56FF7BFC78" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[109,236,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828070FC56FF7BFC78" box="[109,236,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations from the very earliest reports of the species. Rinderpest has been the most common and widespread of the 3 diseases: rinderpest was reported to have affected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828070FBF6FF4CFB98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[109,219,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828070FBF6FF4CFB98" box="[109,219,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C69FF82818EFBF6FE5CFB98" box="[403,459,1035,1058]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
as early as the 19th century (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82806AFBD6FE8AFBF8" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[119,285,1067,1090]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828136FBD6FE3FFBF8" author="BAKER, S." box="[299,424,1067,1090]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref14887" refString="BAKER, S. 1890. Wild beasts and their ways. Macmillan, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1890">Baker 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); the disease affected populations in central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C69FF8280C3FBB6FE81FBD8" box="[222,278,1099,1122]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the early part of the 20th century (Dunbar- Brander 1923;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828133FB96FE5BFB38" author="STEWART, A. E." box="[302,460,1131,1154]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref19703" refString="STEWART, A. E. 1927. Tiger and other game: the practical experiences of a soldier shikari in India. Longmans, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1927">Stewart 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82822DFB96FC8FFB38" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[560,792,1131,1154]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller (1967:181)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that “a virulent epidemic of rinderpest killed many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828070FB56FF4DFB78" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[109,218,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828070FB56FF4DFB78" box="[109,218,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Kanha Park area in the years 1925–26.” In southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C69FF8280C5FB36FE84FB58" box="[216,275,1227,1250]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, rinderpest has been reported to have killed hundreds of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF8280E7FB16FEF2FAB8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[250,357,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF8280E7FB16FEF2FAB8" box="[250,357,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the 1st one-half of the 20th century (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82806AFAF6FEB6FA98" author="ANDERSON, K." box="[119,289,1291,1314]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref14663" refString="ANDERSON, K. 1954. Nine man-eaters and one rogue. Allen & Unwin, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1954">Anderson 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), to have all but wiped out
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828277FAF6FD4FFA98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[618,728,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828277FAF6FD4FFA98" box="[618,728,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mudumalai in 1968 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82814FFAD6FE64FAF8" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[338,499,1323,1346]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and to have nearly wiped out the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF8280A3FAB6FEB0FAD8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[190,295,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF8280A3FAB6FEB0FAD8" box="[190,295,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population in Bandipur in 1989 (D. V. Girish, pers. comm.). In northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C69FF8281C1FA96FD80FA38" box="[476,535,1387,1410]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, rinderpest epidemics killed several hundred
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828174FA76FE43FA18" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[361,468,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828174FA76FE43FA18" box="[361,468,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Raimora,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C69FF828278FA76FD25FA18" box="[613,690,1419,1442]" country="India" name="Assam" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Assam</collectingRegion>
|
||
, in 1967, in the Rairakhol region,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C69FF82819EFA56FE5CFA78" box="[387,459,1451,1474]" country="India" name="Odisha" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Orissa</collectingRegion>
|
||
, in 1972, and in Berbera and Dhuanali,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C69FF8280C3FA36FEB1FA58" box="[222,294,1483,1506]" country="India" name="Odisha" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Orissa</collectingRegion>
|
||
, in 1973 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82818CFA36FD9BFA58" author="IMAM, A. R. H. B." box="[401,524,1483,1506]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="45 - 48" refId="ref16795" refString="IMAM, A. R. H. B. 1985. Seasonal migrations of gaur (Bos gaurus). Cheetal 26: 45 - 48." type="journal article" year="1985">Imam 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease have never been reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF8282B2FA16FC8FF9B8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[687,792,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF8282B2FA16FC8FF9B8" box="[687,792,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82811DF9F6FE09F998" author="MORRIS, R. C." box="[256,414,1547,1570]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="578" refId="ref18445" refString="MORRIS, R. C. 1949. A diseased gaur. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 48: 578." type="journal article" year="1949">Morris (1949)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported shooting an adult male that had foot-and-mouth disease; a case of foot-and-mouth disease was reported from Hyderabad, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C69FF828243F9B6FD01F9D8" box="[606,662,1611,1634]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF8282BAF9B6FC90F9D8" author="ALI, S." box="[679,775,1611,1634]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref14620" refString="ALI, S. 1953. Hyderabad State. Pp. 82 - 89 in The preservation of wild life in India: a compilation (R. W. Burton, ed.). Bangalore Press, Mysore, India." type="book" year="1953">Ali 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 4
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF82809AF996FE8FF938" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[135,280,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF82809AF996FE8FF938" box="[135,280,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bos frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
contracted foot-and-mouth disease and died within 10 days in
|
||
<date id="FF8210611C69FF828126F976FE44F918" box="[315,467,1675,1698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1990-10">
|
||
October
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C69FF828180F976FE44F918" box="[413,467,1675,1698]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0546" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="1990.0">1990</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
in Calcutta Zoo (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828283F976FF34F978" author="CHOUDHURY, A." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="199 - 226" refId="ref15472" refString="CHOUDHURY, A. 2002. Distribution and conservation of the gaur Bos gaurus in the Indian subcontinent. Mammal Review 32: 199 - 226." type="journal article" year="2002">Choudhury 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); in
|
||
<date id="FF8210611C69FF8280C2F956FEFEF978" box="[223,361,1707,1730]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="2007-03">March 2007</date>
|
||
, a male afflicted with foot-and-mouth disease was observed in Bandipur (F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.); and 2
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828098F916FF64F8B8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[133,243,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828098F916FF64F8B8" box="[133,243,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
died of foot-and-mouth disease in Bannerghatta Park,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C69FF8280B2F8F6FF7DF898" box="[175,234,1803,1826]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, after a major outbreak of the disease in domestic cattle in neighboring villages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF8281DCF8D6FD5DF8F8" author="CHANDRANAIK, B. M." box="[449,714,1835,1858]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="933 - 937" refId="ref15307" refString="CHANDRANAIK, B. M., et al. 2015. Serotyping of foot and mouth disease virus and Pasteurella multocida from Indian gaurs (Bos gaurus), concurrently infected with foot and mouth disease and haemorrhagic septicaemia. Tropical Animal Health and Production 47: 933 - 937." type="journal article" year="2015">Chandranaik et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus far, there has been only 1 report of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF82823FF8B6FD18F8D8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[546,655,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF82823FF8B6FD18F8D8" box="[546,655,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dying from anthrax (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF8280D2F896FEF0F838" author="PEACOCK, E. H." box="[207,359,1899,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref18800" refString="PEACOCK, E. H. 1933. A game-book for Burma and adjoining territories. Witherby, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1933">Peacock 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C69FF82836EFF36FC7DFDD8" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF82836EFF36FB40FF58" box="[883,1239,203,226]" class="Actinobacteridae" family="Mycobacteriaceae" genus="Mycobacterium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Actinomycetales" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Actinobacteria" rank="species" species="paratuberculosis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF82836EFF36FB40FF58" box="[883,1239,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Mycobacterium paratuberculosis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found in “histopathological sections of the intestine mucous” during the autopsy of an adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828414FEF6FBE3FE98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1033,1140,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828414FEF6FB8EFE98" box="[1033,1049,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828437FEF6FBE3FE98" box="[1066,1140,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that fell ill and subsequently died in Palamau Tiger Reserve (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828462FED6FAFEFEF8" author="LAL, H. & N. ASHRAF" box="[1151,1385,299,322]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="463 - 464" refId="ref17681" refString="LAL, H., AND N. ASHRAF. 1993. Paratuberculosis in a wild gaur (Bos gaurus Smith) in Palamau Tigere Reserve, Bihar. Indian Veterinary Journal 70: 463 - 464." type="journal article" year="1993">Lal and Ashraf 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Kanha, a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF82837DFEB6FC5AFED8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[864,973,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF82837DFEB6FC5AFED8" box="[864,973,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female autopsied was lightly infested by nematodes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF82838EFE96FB5CFE38" baseAuthorityName="Rudolphi" baseAuthorityYear="1803" box="[915,1227,363,386]" class="Secernentea" family="Strongylidae" genus="Oesophagostomum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Strongylida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="radiatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF82838EFE96FB5CFE38" box="[915,1227,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oesophagostomum radiatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the large intestine and trematodes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF8283CCFE76FB4CFE18" baseAuthorityName="Creplin" baseAuthorityYear="1847" box="[977,1243,395,418]" class="Trematoda" family="Gastrothylacidae" genus="Gastrothylax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plagiorchiida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="crumenifer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF8283CCFE76FB4CFE18" box="[977,1243,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Gastrothylax crumenifer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the rumen, and ticks (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF82834CFE56FBBBFE78" box="[849,1068,427,450]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Boophilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microplus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF82834CFE56FBBBFE78" box="[849,1068,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Boophilus microplus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were found on
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C69FF8284C6FE56FAB9FE78" box="[1243,1326,427,450]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="adult">2 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
that were checked for ectoparasites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828413FE36FB33FE58" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[1038,1188,459,482]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Histologic examination of 2
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828355FE16FC24FDB8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[840,947,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828355FE16FC24FDB8" box="[840,947,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that died in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C69FF828473FE16FB4AFDB8" box="[1134,1245,491,514]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
City Zoo,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C69FF828547FE16FA79FDB8" box="[1370,1518,491,514]" name="United States of America" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, showed that they had Sarcosporidiosis, an infection caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF8284EEFDD6FC72FDD8" authority="(Welch and Zimmer 1981)" baseAuthorityName="Welch and Zimmer" baseAuthorityYear="1981" class="Conoidasida" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Sarcocystis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiorida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF8284EEFDD6FAFCFDF8" box="[1267,1387,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Sarcocystis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828562FDD6FC4DFDD8" author="WELCH, P. & M. ZIMMER" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1251 - 1251" refId="ref20247" refString="WELCH, P., AND M. ZIMMER. 1981. Sarcosporidiosis in Indian gaur. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 179: 1251 - 1251." type="journal article" year="1981">Welch and Zimmer 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C69FF82836EFD96FA17FBB8" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF82836EFD96FB00FD39" bold="true" box="[883,1175,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Interspecific interactions.</emphasis>
|
||
—There have been no reports of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828375FD76FC71FD18" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[872,998,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828375FD76FC71FD18" box="[872,998,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fighting with other herbivores, and in general,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828355FD56FC27FD78" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[840,944,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828355FD56FC27FD78" box="[840,944,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered to be tolerant of other herbivores. While old bachelor males are tolerant of the presence of humans, females and herds are generally shy of humans, avoiding contact as much as possible. There have been, however, reports of humans being charged by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828472FCD6FB4DFCF8" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1135,1242,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828472FCD6FB4DFCF8" box="[1135,1242,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and even fatalities from such attacks. Reports of such encounters have been related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828375FC96FC42FC38" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[872,981,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828375FC96FC42FC38" box="[872,981,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
charging after being shot or wounded (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF8285BDFC96FCE9FC18" author="FORSYTH, J." pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref15931" refString="FORSYTH, J. 1889. The highlands of central India. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1889">Forsyth 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), after being inadvertently surprised by people in forests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82834CFC56FC6BFC78" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[849,1020,939,962]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828412FC56FB0EFC78" author="MORRIS, R. C." box="[1039,1177,939,962]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="266" refId="ref18468" refString="MORRIS, R. C. 1952. Cases of unwounded gaur or Indian bison (Bibos gaurus) charging. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 51: 266." type="journal article" year="1952">Morris 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF8284B6FC56FB72FC78" author="MORRIS, R. C." box="[1195,1253,939,962]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="204 - 205" refId="ref18500" refString="MORRIS, R. C. 1953. Gaur attacking man. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 52: 204 - 205." type="journal article" year="1953">1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), after being injured by tigers (K. U. Karanth, pers. comm.), and when disturbed by close-up flash photography (F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C69FF82836EFBF6FBDCFAD8" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF82836EFBF6FC7BFB98" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[883,1004,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF82836EFBF6FC7BFB98" box="[883,1004,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calves are preyed on by leopards
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828540FBF6FCFAFBF8" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828540FBF6FCFAFBF8" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Panthera pardus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, dhole
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF8283A2FBD6FBD8FBF8" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1811" box="[959,1103,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Cuon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alpinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF8283A2FBD6FBD8FBF8" box="[959,1103,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Cuon alpinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and tigers, although adults are preyed on primarily by tigers (Ahrestani et al. 2011). Leopards and tigers typically kill calves and females by asphyxiation using bites to their throats; 88% of 33
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF82844FFB76FB2CFB18" authorityName=": Hamilton-Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[1106,1211,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF82844FFB76FB2CFB18" box="[1106,1211,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that were recorded killed by tigers were found with bites to their throats in Nagarahole,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C69FF8285A1FB56FA64FB78" box="[1468,1523,1195,1218]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82834CFB36FBE5FB58" author="KARANTH, K. U. & M. E. SUNQUIST" box="[849,1138,1227,1250]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="439 - 450" refId="ref17410" refString="KARANTH, K. U., AND M. E. SUNQUIST. 1995. Prey selection by tiger, leopard and dhole in tropical forests. Journal of Animal Ecology 64: 439 - 450." type="journal article" year="1995">Karanth and Sunquist 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Males, however, have a thick neck and often a dewlap, which makes killing them by asphyxiation difficult. Tigers have been known to overcome this by biting the hock, thereby hamstringing and bringing down male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828594FAD6FBD1FAD8" authority="(Dunbar-Brander 1923)" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828594FAD6FA64FAF8" box="[1417,1523,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(Dunbar-Brander 1923)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C69FF82836EFA96FA78F8B8" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1922]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Records of tigers preying on calves and adults, including solitary males, date back to nearly a century ago (Dunbar-Brander 1923). Reports from different areas suggest that this behavior has not changed: the cause of death of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF8284E1FA36FAF0FA58" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1276,1383,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF8284E1FA36FAF0FA58" box="[1276,1383,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Kanha in 1964 was attributed mainly to tiger predation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828551FA16FA75F9B8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[1356,1506,1515,1538]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); a carcass of an adult female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828461F9F6FB73F998" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1148,1252,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828461F9F6FB73F998" box="[1148,1252,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
killed by a tiger, and the remains of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF8283DFF9D6FBBCF9F8" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[962,1067,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF8283DFF9D6FBBCF9F8" box="[962,1067,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were regularly found in tiger feces within Eravikulam National Park,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C69FF82846CF9B6FB3FF9D8" box="[1137,1192,1611,1634]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF8284A4F9B6FABFF9D8" author="RICE, C. G." box="[1209,1320,1611,1634]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="283 - 305" refId="ref19148" refString="RICE, C. G. 1986. Observations on predators and prey at Eravikulam National Park, Kerala. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 83: 283 - 305." type="journal article" year="1986">Rice 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); analysis of scats of the primary predators in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C69FF8285A8F996FA79F938" box="[1461,1518,1643,1666]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF8283CFF976FBACF918" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[978,1083,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF8283CFF976FBACF918" box="[978,1083,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
made up 0.19% of dhole diet and about 5% of tiger diet (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828414F956FB24F978" author="JOHNSINGH, A. J. T." box="[1033,1203,1707,1730]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref17102" refString="JOHNSINGH, A. J. T. 1983. Large mammalian prey and predators in Bandipur, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 80: 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1983">Johnsingh 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and adult female and adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF828399F936FC79F958" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[900,1006,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF828399F936FC79F958" box="[900,1006,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comprised 23% and 15% of tiger kills, respectively, in Nagarahole,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C69FF82842EF916FBFDF8B8" box="[1075,1130,1771,1794]" name="India" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828464F916FA0BF8B8" author="KARANTH, K. U. & M. E. SUNQUIST" box="[1145,1436,1771,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="439 - 450" refId="ref17410" refString="KARANTH, K. U., AND M. E. SUNQUIST. 1995. Prey selection by tiger, leopard and dhole in tropical forests. Journal of Animal Ecology 64: 439 - 450." type="journal article" year="1995">Karanth and Sunquist 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF8285B7F916FA73F8B8" author="KARANTH, K. U. & M. E. SUNQUIST" box="[1450,1508,1771,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="255 - 265" refId="ref17448" refString="KARANTH, K. U., AND M. E. SUNQUIST. 2000. Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India. Journal of Zoology 250: 255 - 265." type="journal article" year="2000">2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C69FF81836EF8F6FE24FD58" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1922]" lastBlockId="10.[109,792,203,1090]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C69FF82836EF8F6FC65F898" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[883,1010,1803,1826]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C69FF82836EF8F6FC65F898" box="[883,1010,1803,1826]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been observed facing the direction of a perceived threat with a raised head, raised muzzle, and flared nostrils (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF8283B0F8B6FBDFF8D8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[941,1096,1867,1890]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF828446F8B6FA97F8D8" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[1115,1280,1867,1890]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C69FF82850EF8B6FA7CF8D8" author="BELSARE, D. K. & S. C. CHANDIRAMANI & J. J. DUTTA" box="[1299,1515,1867,1890]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="28 - 31" refId="ref14942" refString="BELSARE, D. K., S. C. CHANDIRAMANI, AND J. J. DUTTA. 1984. Composition and behaviour of gaur herd in Kanha National Park. Cheetal 26: 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="1984">Belsare et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.). In such situations, males and females often emit short, deep, and loud grunts and snorts that have been described as follows: “a violent and rapid expulsions of air through the nostrils” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF8181B1FEF6FD15FE98" author="HUBBACK, T. R." box="[428,642,267,290]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="267 - 279" refId="ref16740" refString="HUBBACK, T. R. 1937. The Malayan gaur or seladang. Journal of Mammalogy 18: 267 - 279." type="journal article" year="1937">Hubback 1937:275</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); “a trumpetlike blast of air through the nose, accompanied occasionally by a growling sound—a harsh, rolling bru-u-u-u” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF8182A2FEB6FF40FE38" author="SCHALLER, G. B." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967:186</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and “a call spelled pff-hong; the pff is the noise made by the rush of air past the lips before the note is struck” (Dunbar-Brander 1923:151). These snorts or grunts often “raise every head in the herd” (Dunbar-Brander 1923:151; F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.). If a herd has calves, the females in the herd are known to bunch together in a muskox fashion, i.e., backs to each other and facing outwards, and have been observed leaping and kicking their hind legs, snorting and tossing their horns, and holding their heads low and advancing, sometimes rapidly toward detected leopards and tigers and other perceived threats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF8180DBFD56FEF0FD78" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[198,359,683,706]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF81816BFD56FDB6FD78" author="JOHNSINGH, A. J. T." box="[374,545,683,706]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref17102" refString="JOHNSINGH, A. J. T. 1983. Large mammalian prey and predators in Bandipur, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 80: 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1983">Johnsingh 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF81822DFD56FD52FD78" author="KARANTH, K. U." box="[560,709,683,706]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="460 - 461" refId="ref17246" refString="KARANTH, K. U. 1984. Interaction between gaur and tiger in Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary. Journal of The Bombay Natural History Society 81: 460 - 461." type="journal article" year="1984">Karanth 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF8182CEFD56FF34FD58" author="TYABJI, H. N." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="287 - 288" refId="ref20026" refString="TYABJI, H. N. 1989. Reaction of a group of gaur (Bos gaurus) to the presence of an unidentified predator at Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 87: 287 - 288." type="journal article" year="1989">Tyabji 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6AFF818085FD16FDC7FBF8" blockId="10.[109,792,203,1090]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
When fleeing from danger, which it often does,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8182B0FD16FC8FFCB8" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[685,792,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8182B0FD16FC8FFCB8" box="[685,792,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been observed giving “a series of rather stiff-legged bounds, some
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C6AFF8180B1FCD6FE92FCF8" box="[172,261,811,834]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" metricValueMax="2.032" metricValueMin="0.508" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="in" value="5.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="2.0">2 to 8 in</quantity>
|
||
number, with their forelegs brought down hard in unison to produce a series of distinct thumps. After thumping the ground, they usually trot off without making further sounds other than the usual commotion of a large animal moving through the forest” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF8180D5FC56FE06FC78" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[200,401,939,962]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967:186</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Finally, males are capable of killing tigers: corpses of a dead tigress and a male were both found after what was evidently a fight to death (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF818232FC16FD4DFBB8" author="BLACKBURN, H. V." box="[559,730,1003,1026]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="950 - 951" refId="ref15080" refString="BLACKBURN, H. V. 1934. A bull gaur (B. gaurus) and a tigress fight to death. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 37: 950 - 951." type="journal article" year="1934">Blackburn 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and a radio-collared tiger that was found dead was apparently killed by a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8180BCFBD6FE9EFBF8" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[161,265,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8180BCFBD6FE9EFBF8" box="[161,265,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(K. U. Karanth, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2B32F4A1C6AFF81817AFB7BFB1AFB78" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6AFF81817AFB7BFD88FB1A" blockId="10.[359,543,1158,1184]" box="[359,543,1158,1184]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<heading id="D0CB81CD1C6AFF81817AFB7BFD88FB1A" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[359,543,1158,1184]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF81817AFB7BFD88FB1A" bold="true" box="[359,543,1158,1184]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">HUSBANDRY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6AFF818085FB37FD46F89B" blockId="10.[109,792,1226,1953]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The mithun/gayal/mithan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8181A9FB37FDA9FB5B" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[436,574,1226,1249]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8181A9FB37FDA9FB5B" box="[436,574,1226,1249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bos frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the domestic form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF818094FB17FE96FABB" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[137,257,1258,1281]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF818094FB17FE96FABB" box="[137,257,1258,1281]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is found in northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6AFF818213FB17FDD0FABB" box="[526,583,1258,1281]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6AFF81824CFB17FD36FABB" box="[593,673,1258,1281]" name="Bhutan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6AFF8182B6FB17FC83FABB" box="[683,788,1258,1281]" name="Myanmar" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6AFF818087FAF7FF4AFA9B" box="[154,221,1290,1313]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8180FBFAF7FECCFA9B" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[230,347,1290,1313]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8180FBFAF7FECCFA9B" box="[230,347,1290,1313]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
looks very similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF81825DFAF7FD31FA9B" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[576,678,1290,1313]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF81825DFAF7FD31FA9B" box="[576,678,1290,1313]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the males have small dewlaps and a pronounced dorsal ridge, and both sexes have white lower legs. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF81820AFAB7FD18FADB" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[535,655,1354,1377]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF81820AFAB7FD18FADB" box="[535,655,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF818070FA97FF41FA3B" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[109,214,1386,1409]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF818070FA97FF41FA3B" box="[109,214,1386,1409]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by being slightly smaller in size and by the shape of its horns, i.e., horns of both male and female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF81824EFA77FD5DFA1B" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[595,714,1418,1441]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF81824EFA77FD5DFA1B" box="[595,714,1418,1441]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extend outwards and are straight, with only a gentle curve inwards. In contrast, the horns of female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8181B2FA37FD8EFA5B" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[431,537,1482,1505]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8181B2FA37FD8EFA5B" box="[431,537,1482,1505]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
barely extent outwards and curve significantly inwards, and though the horns of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF818070F9F7FF4DF99B" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[109,218,1546,1569]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF818070F9F7FF4DF99B" box="[109,218,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extend outwards, they curve noticeably inwards at their ends. The domestication of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8181CFF9D7FDDDF9FB" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[466,586,1578,1601]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8181CFF9D7FDDDF9FB" box="[466,586,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be as old as the Indus Valley civilization (Clutton-Brock 1987), but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8182D8F9B7FF0CF93B" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8182D8F9B7FF0CF93B" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are rarely milked, are rarely used as draught or plough animals, and are often allowed to range free, though some choose to return to village pens for the night.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF81820AF957FD07F97B" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[535,656,1706,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF81820AF957FD07F97B" box="[535,656,1706,1729]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is primarily used as a status symbol, to barter for goods, pay for brides, and is often eaten after being sacrificed for various occasions, including weddings, burials, prayers to ward off misfortune etc.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6AFF818085F8D7FB36FE18" blockId="10.[109,792,1226,1953]" lastBlockId="10.[840,1523,203,1218]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF818085F8D7FE85F8FB" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[152,274,1834,1857]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF818085F8D7FE85F8FB" box="[152,274,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males have been found mating with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8182BDF8D7FC8FF8FB" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[672,792,1834,1857]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8182BDF8D7FC8FF8FB" box="[672,792,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females, and there have been reports of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF818207F8B7FD05F8DB" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[538,658,1866,1889]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF818207F8B7FD05F8DB" box="[538,658,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
×
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8182ADF8B7FC8FF8DB" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[688,792,1866,1889]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8182ADF8B7FC8FF8DB" box="[688,792,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hybrids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF8180CFF897FEC4F83B" author="BAKER, S." box="[210,339,1898,1921]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref14887" refString="BAKER, S. 1890. Wild beasts and their ways. Macmillan, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1890">Baker 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF81817AF897FE44F83B" author="GEE, E. P." box="[359,467,1898,1921]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref15992" refString="GEE, E. P. 1964. The wildlife of India. Fontana, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1964">Gee 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF8181FAF897FD1AF83B" author="SIMMONS, F. J." box="[487,653,1898,1921]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19471" refString="SIMMONS, F. J. 1984. Gayal or mithan. Pp. 34 - 38 in Evolution of domesticated cattle (I. L. Mason, ed.). Longman, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1984">Simmons 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Beginning in 1983, a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8180FEF877FEDAF81B" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[227,333,1930,1953]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8180FEF877FEDAF81B" box="[227,333,1930,1953]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male was interbred with Sahiwal Friesian dairy heifers on a Malaysian Government, Department of Veterinary Services farm, and these hybrids outgrew other dairy calves (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF8183BDFEF6FBF7FE98" author="KAMALLUDIN, M. H." box="[928,1120,267,290]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref17205" refString="KAMALLUDIN, M. H. 2009. Cytogenetic studies of Malayan gaur (Bos gaurus hubbacki), Sahiwal-Friesian cattle and their hybrid backcrosses. M. Sc. thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia." type="book" year="2009">Kamalludin 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF818460FEF6FB6DFE98" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[1149,1274,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF818460FEF6FB6DFE98" box="[1149,1274,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and cattle have been deliberately interbred in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6AFF818448FED6FB32FEF8" box="[1109,1189,299,322]" name="Bhutan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and all cases of interbreeding between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8183B4FEB6FB85FED8" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[937,1042,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8183B4FEB6FB85FED8" box="[937,1042,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF818457FEB6FB55FED8" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[1098,1218,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF818457FEB6FB55FED8" box="[1098,1218,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF818547FEB6FA53FED8" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1370,1476,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF818547FEB6FA53FED8" box="[1370,1476,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and cattle have resulted in only a few fertile females and always in infertile males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF8183ECFE76FB06FE18" author="SIMMONS, F. J." box="[1009,1169,395,418]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19471" refString="SIMMONS, F. J. 1984. Gayal or mithan. Pp. 34 - 38 in Evolution of domesticated cattle (I. L. Mason, ed.). Longman, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1984">Simmons 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6AFF81836EFE56FB01FC58" blockId="10.[840,1523,203,1218]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Initial attempts to breed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8184BDFE56FA85FE78" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1184,1298,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8184BDFE56FA85FE78" box="[1184,1298,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in captivity failed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF81834CFE36FC77FE58" author="FORSYTH, J." box="[849,992,459,482]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref15931" refString="FORSYTH, J. 1889. The highlands of central India. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1889">Forsyth 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The first successful and consistent breeding of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF818355FE16FC38FDB8" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[840,943,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF818355FE16FC38FDB8" box="[840,943,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurred at the National Zoological Park,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C6AFF818570FE16FA78FDB8" box="[1389,1519,491,514]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
, D.C.,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6AFF818396FDF6FBB7FD98" box="[907,1056,523,546]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, when a male and female—obtained from Mysore,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6AFF8183BBFDD6FC48FDF8" box="[934,991,555,578]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in 1937—produced 13 offspring (1940–1957) till the male died (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF8183F4FDB6FB16FDD8" author="CRANDALL, L. S." box="[1001,1153,587,610]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref15619" refString="CRANDALL, L. S. 1964. The management of wild animals in captivity. Chicago University Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1964">Crandall 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Since then, there have been over 319
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF818364FD96FC74FD38" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[889,995,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF818364FD96FC74FD38" box="[889,995,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
births in European zoos, an equal number have been born in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6AFF8183FDFD76FB95FD18" box="[992,1026,651,674]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
zoos, and there have been over 50 births in Indian zoos. Today, the largest captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8184EEFD56FACAFD78" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1267,1373,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8184EEFD56FACAFD78" box="[1267,1373,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population is in Omaha Zoo (there over 70 individuals housed in 2 subpopulations), and across
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6AFF81841BFD16FBA8FCB8" box="[1030,1087,747,770]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, there are over
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C6AFF8184C2FD16FA83FCB8" box="[1247,1300,747,770]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.778" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="in" value="70.0">70 in</quantity>
|
||
captivity. Many captive populations have a high degree of inbreeding. For example, all 23
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF818390FCD6FC62FCF8" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[909,1013,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF818390FCD6FC62FCF8" box="[909,1013,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that were present in Mysore Zoo in 2005 were bred from 3 founder individuals that were captured 15 years ago in the wild. The male:female ratio in inbred captive populations has been skewed toward males, 62:38, in contrast to the 46:
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C6AFF8185CBFC76FCEAFC78" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="male">54 male</specimenCount>
|
||
:female ratio found in captive populations that were not inbred (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF818381FC36FB11FC58" author="HINTZ, R. L. & T. J. FOOSE" box="[924,1158,971,994]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="297 - 298" refId="ref16628" refString="HINTZ, R. L. and T. J. FOOSE. 1982. Inbreeding, mortality, and sex ratio in gaur (Bos gaurus) under captivity. Journal of Heredity 73: 297 - 298." type="journal article" year="1982">Hintz and Foose 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6AFF81836EFC16FB1AFB78" blockId="10.[840,1523,203,1218]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The 1st group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF81845DFC16FB28FBB8" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1088,1215,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF81845DFC16FB28FBB8" box="[1088,1215,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals relocated from Kanha Tiger Reserve to Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6AFF81858BFBF6FA46FB98" box="[1430,1489,1035,1058]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, in 2011 were immobilized before relocation using a combination of etorphine hydrochloride and azaperone, and the 2nd group of individuals relocated in 2013 were immobilized before relocation using a combination of thiafentanil and ketamine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF8185B4FB76FC2DFB78" author="NIGAM, P. & K. SANKAR & D. COOPER & L. CARLISLE & H. S. PABLA" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref18641" refString="NIGAM, P., K. SANKAR, D. COOPER, L. CARLISLE, and H. S. PABLA. 2014. Capture and translocation of gaur (Bos gaurus) in India. Pp. 393 - 402 in Ecology, evolution and behaviour of wild cattle (M. Melletti and J. Burton, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom." type="book" year="2014">Nigam et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; P. Nigam, in litt.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2B32F4A1C6AFF87844DFAFBFA4AFDF8" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6AFF81844DFAFBFB7CFA9A" blockId="10.[1104,1259,1286,1312]" box="[1104,1259,1286,1312]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<heading id="D0CB81CD1C6AFF81844DFAFBFB7CFA9A" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1104,1259,1286,1312]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF81844DFAFBFB7CFA9A" bold="true" box="[1104,1259,1286,1312]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">BEHAVIOR</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6AFF81836EFAB7FB2CF91B" blockId="10.[840,1523,1354,1953]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF81836EFAB7FB75FADB" box="[883,1250,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF81836EFAB7FBDAFAD8" bold="true" box="[883,1101,1354,1378]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Grouping behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF818475FAB7FB75FADB" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1128,1250,1354,1377]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">Bos gaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is predominantly a herding animal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C6AFF8183D4FA97FB91FA3B" box="[969,1030,1386,1409]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[109,144,1396,1417]" captionTargetBox="[336,1296,946,1383]" captionTargetId="figure-366@5.[336,1296,946,1383]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 7.—Bos gaurus herd with adult females and calves from Bandipur Tiger Reserve, southern India. Used with permission of the photographer M. N. Naveen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573499" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573499/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Females of all ages and males below the age of 3 years are nearly always found in herds, and adult males are found both within herds and alone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF8184CAFA57FA17FA7B" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[1239,1408,1450,1473]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF81858CFA57FCE9FA5B" author="HUBBACK, T. R." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="267 - 279" refId="ref16740" refString="HUBBACK, T. R. 1937. The Malayan gaur or seladang. Journal of Mammalogy 18: 267 - 279." type="journal article" year="1937">Hubback 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF818393FA37FB81FA5B" author="MORRIS, R. C." box="[910,1046,1482,1505]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="621 - 622" refId="ref18390" refString="MORRIS, R. C. 1937. Close seasons for big game - are they beneficial? Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 39: 621 - 622." type="journal article" year="1937">Morris 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6AFF81843BFA37FB2AFA5B" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[1062,1213,1482,1505]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Herds of only adult males are uncommon, though in 2007,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C6AFF8184DFFA17FAB0F9BB" box="[1218,1319,1514,1537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="male">16 males</specimenCount>
|
||
(> 4 years) were once observed together in Mudumalai,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6AFF8184E0F9F7FAA2F99B" box="[1277,1333,1546,1569]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.). Given the absence of detailed studies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF818549F9D7FA2AF9FB" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1364,1469,1578,1601]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF818549F9D7FA2AF9FB" box="[1364,1469,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is unclear how herds are formed, maintained, change over time, are organized socially and hierarchically, and how individuals in a herd are related to each other.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6AFF80836EF957FEE4FE98" blockId="10.[840,1523,1354,1953]" lastBlockId="11.[109,792,203,1378]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The majority of solitary males are old, black bulls, which suggests that the solitary nature of males increases with advancing age. As solitary adult males appear to be fearless of man, and mostly anything else too, they are a common sight in areas with high densities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF81842EF8D7FB0DF8FB" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1075,1178,1834,1857]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF81842EF8D7FB0DF8FB" box="[1075,1178,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For example, 137 of 385 (35%) encounters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6AFF8183C2F8B7FBD1F8DB" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[991,1094,1866,1889]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6AFF8183C2F8B7FBD1F8DB" box="[991,1094,1866,1889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
over a 12-month period (2006–2007) in the Bandipur–Mudumalai landscape were of solitary adult males (F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.), and in other studies from Mudumalai, 48% of males observed in 2008–2009 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF80820EFF36FD76FF58" author="RAMESH, T. & K. SANKAR & Q. QURESHI & R. KALLE" box="[531,737,203,226]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="47 - 54" refId="ref19063" refString="RAMESH, T., K. SANKAR, Q. QURESHI, AND R. KALLE. 2012. Group size and population structure of megaherbivores (gaur Bos gaurus and Asian elephant Elephas maximus) in a deciduous habitat of Western Ghats, India. Mammal Study 37: 47 - 54." type="journal article" year="2012">Ramesh et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and 52% of all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6BFF8080FEFF16FEDCFEB8" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[227,331,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6BFF8080FEFF16FEDCFEB8" box="[227,331,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
observed in 1976–1978 were solitary adult males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF8080A6FEF6FEF4FE98" author="JOHNSINGH, A. J. T." box="[187,355,267,290]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref17102" refString="JOHNSINGH, A. J. T. 1983. Large mammalian prey and predators in Bandipur, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 80: 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1983">Johnsingh 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6BFF808085FED6FF47FD38" blockId="11.[109,792,203,1378]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Black bulls, however, are not always solitary. Of 200 herds tallied in Kanha, about 50% had a black bull (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF80826FFEB6FC9FFED8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[626,776,331,354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and 56 of 147 herds encountered in the Bandipur–Mudumalai landscape had a black bull (F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.). Herds often include 2–3 black bulls and sometimes even include 6–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C6BFF8082D3FE56FC8FFE78" box="[718,792,427,450]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="adult">8 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF8080A0FE36FEC5FE58" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[189,338,459,482]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.). The structure of herds with adult males, especially black bulls, is most probably fluid; there is, however, not enough information to understand when adult males join herds, how long they remain in a herd, when they leave a herd, and how such behavior changes with age.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6BFF808085FD76FE1FFB18" blockId="11.[109,792,203,1378]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Mean herd size is about 6–7 and varies by study and location: 7.8 (± 0.51
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6BFF808131FD56FEDDFD78" box="[300,330,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">SE</emphasis>
|
||
) in Mudumalai,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6BFF808218FD56FDABFD78" box="[517,572,683,706]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808253FD56FF35FD58" author="ASHOKKUMAR, M. & R. NAGARAJAN & A. A. DESAI" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="27 - 34" refId="ref14684" refString="ASHOKKUMAR, M., R. NAGARAJAN, AND A. A. DESAI. 2010. Group size and age-sex composition of Asian elephant and gaur in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, southern India. Gajah 32: 27 - 34." type="journal article" year="2010">Ashokkumar et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF8080A9FD36FE1DFD58" author="RAMESH, T. & K. SANKAR & Q. QURESHI & R. KALLE" box="[180,394,715,738]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="47 - 54" refId="ref19063" refString="RAMESH, T., K. SANKAR, Q. QURESHI, AND R. KALLE. 2012. Group size and population structure of megaherbivores (gaur Bos gaurus and Asian elephant Elephas maximus) in a deciduous habitat of Western Ghats, India. Mammal Study 37: 47 - 54." type="journal article" year="2012">Ramesh et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 4 (± 0.21
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6BFF80820AFD36FDA2FD58" box="[535,565,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">SE</emphasis>
|
||
) in Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6BFF8080FEFD16FE8DFCB8" box="[227,282,747,770]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808135FD16FD97FCB8" author="DASGUPTA, S. & K. SANKAR & A. K. GUPTA" box="[296,512,747,770]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1281 - 1288" refId="ref15658" refString="DASGUPTA, S., K. SANKAR, AND A. K. GUPTA. 2008. Density, group size and sex ratios of gaur (Bos gaurus H. Smith) in a sub-tropical semi-evergreen forest of northeast India. Indian Forester 134: 1281 - 1288." type="journal article" year="2008">Dasgupta et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 4.6 (± 0.29
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6BFF80828DFD16FD39FCB8" box="[656,686,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">SE</emphasis>
|
||
) in Pench Tiger Reserve,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6BFF80810AFCF6FED9FC98" box="[279,334,779,802]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF80817CFCF6FDBBFC98" author="SANKAR, K. & Q. QURESHI & M. K. S. PASHA & G. AREENDRAN" box="[353,556,779,802]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19393" refString="SANKAR, K., Q. QURESHI, M. K. S. PASHA, AND G. AREENDRAN. 2002. Ecology of gaur (Bos gaurus) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India." type="book" year="2002">Sankar et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C6BFF80825BFCF6FDE4FC98" box="[582,627,779,802]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
|
||
Parambikulam Tiger Reserve,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6BFF808109FCD6FEDCFCF8" box="[276,331,811,834]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808140FCD6FE65FCF8" author="VAIRAVEL, S. M." box="[349,498,811,834]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref20072" refString="VAIRAVEL, S. M. 1998. Ecology of gaur (Bos gaurus H. Smith) with special reference to habitat utilization in Parambikulum Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India. Ph. D. dissertation, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India." type="book" year="1998">Vairavel 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C6BFF808211FCD6FDDCFCF8" box="[524,587,811,834]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7526" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="6.9">6.9 in</quantity>
|
||
Nargarahole Tiger Reserve,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6BFF8080C5FCB6FE98FCD8" box="[216,271,843,866]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF80813BFCB6FDC8FCD8" author="KARANTH, K. U. & M. E. SUNQUIST" box="[294,607,843,866]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="21 - 35" refId="ref17366" refString="KARANTH, K. U., AND M. E. SUNQUIST. 1992. Population structure, density and biomass of large herbivores in the tropical forests of Nagarahole, India. Journal of Tropical Ecology 8: 21 - 35." type="journal article" year="1992">Karanth and Sunquist 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C6BFF808263FCB6FD38FCD8" box="[638,687,843,866]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
|
||
Palamau Wildlife Sanctuary,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6BFF80815FFC96FEEEFC38" box="[322,377,875,898]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808194FC96FD97FC38" author="SAHAI, S. P." box="[393,512,875,898]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19295" refString="SAHAI, S. P. 1977. Backs to the walls: saga of wildlife in Bihar, India. Affiliated East-West Press, New Delhi, India." type="book" year="1977">Sahai 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 6.5 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808255FC96FC98FC38" author="BELSARE, D. K. & S. C. CHANDIRAMANI & J. J. DUTTA" box="[584,783,875,898]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="28 - 31" refId="ref14942" refString="BELSARE, D. K., S. C. CHANDIRAMANI, AND J. J. DUTTA. 1984. Composition and behaviour of gaur herd in Kanha National Park. Cheetal 26: 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="1984">Belsare et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and about 9 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF8080E0FC76FE06FC18" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[253,401,907,930]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in Kanha Tiger Reserve,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6BFF8082ACFC76FD7CFC18" box="[689,747,907,930]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
; 5.5 (± 5.2
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6BFF8080A1FC56FF4AFC78" box="[188,221,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">SD</emphasis>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6BFF808113FC56FEFFFC78" box="[270,360,939,962]" name="Vietnam" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808161FC56FD87FC78" author="NGUYEN, M. H." box="[380,528,939,962]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="129 - 135" refId="ref18525" refString="NGUYEN, M. H. 2009. The status of Vulnerable gaur Bos gaurus and Endangered banteng Bos javanicus in Ea So Nature Reserve and Yok Don and Cat Tien National Parks, Vietnam. Oryx 43: 129 - 135." type="journal article" year="2009">Nguyen 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); about
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C6BFF80826CFC56FD3BFC78" box="[625,684,939,962]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="11.0">11 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6BFF8082ABFC56FC8FFC78" box="[694,792,939,962]" name="Malaysia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF80806BFC36FE81FC58" author="HUBBACK, T. R." box="[118,278,971,994]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="267 - 279" refId="ref16740" refString="HUBBACK, T. R. 1937. The Malayan gaur or seladang. Journal of Mammalogy 18: 267 - 279." type="journal article" year="1937">Hubback 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and
|
||
<quantity id="4CC49B441C6BFF80817CFC36FE54FC58" box="[353,451,971,994]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.81" metricValueMax="5.08" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" unit="in" value="15.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="10.0">10–20 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6BFF8081D0FC36FD81FC58" box="[461,534,971,994]" name="Myanmar" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Burma</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808235FC36FD57FC58" author="PEACOCK, E. H." box="[552,704,971,994]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref18800" refString="PEACOCK, E. H. 1933. A game-book for Burma and adjoining territories. Witherby, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1933">Peacock 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Large (> 50 individuals) aggregations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6BFF8081E5FC16FDF2FBB8" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[504,613,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6BFF8081E5FC16FDF2FBB8" box="[504,613,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have also been observed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF8080C0FBF6FE1EFB98" author="SANDERSON, G. P." box="[221,393,1035,1058]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19325" refString="SANDERSON, G. P. 1912. Thirteen years among the wild beasts of India. John Grant, Edinburg, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Sanderson 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808185FBF6FDB6FB98" author="MUSTILL, F. J." box="[408,545,1035,1058]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="731 - 733" refId="ref18568" refString="MUSTILL, F. J. 1938. Behaviour of gaur or Indian Bison (Bibos gaurus). Journal of The Bombay Natural History Society 40: 731 - 733." type="journal article" year="1938">Mustill 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF80822DFBF6FD4EFB98" author="JOHNSINGH, A. J. T." box="[560,729,1035,1058]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref17102" refString="JOHNSINGH, A. J. T. 1983. Large mammalian prey and predators in Bandipur, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 80: 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1983">Johnsingh 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.). These large aggregations appear to be temporary composite herds, i.e., multiple smaller herds coming together to form 1 large herd, most likely to exploit a favorable forage resource in an area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6BFF808085FB56FB45FDF8" blockId="11.[109,792,203,1378]" lastBlockId="11.[840,1523,203,1378]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Although understood to be an uncommon occurrence, males do fight each other (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808149FB36FE6CFB58" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[340,507,1227,1250]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808210FB36FD39FB58" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[525,686,1227,1250]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF8082DCFB36FF35FAB8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One such confrontation involved a pair of males fighting next to a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6BFF808118FAF6FEE7FA98" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[261,368,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6BFF808118FAF6FEE7FA98" box="[261,368,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
herd, with the pair displaying at each other, thumping the ground and snorting repeatedly, the younger of the 2 repeatedly threatening the older combatant with horns held low, and the
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C6BFF80841AFF36FBCDFF58" box="[1031,1114,203,226]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
|
||
making contact with their heads multiple times, pushing against each other, and once twisting their entwined horns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF8083E7FEF6FB1AFE98" author="JOHNSON, J. M." box="[1018,1165,267,290]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="659 - 660" refId="ref17135" refString="JOHNSON, J. M. 1986. A fight between bull gaurs in Mudumalai. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 83: 659 - 660." type="journal article" year="1986">Johnson 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The confrontation finally ended by the older male managing to push the younger male down a slope, and the younger male was found limping a couple of days later. Another report describes “2 bison fighting, shoving each other about, and when disengaged, swinging their heads from side to side with a twisting motion, and in so doing giving each other terrific blows on the horns” (Dunbar-Brander 1923:150).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808355FE16FC61FDB8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[840,1014,491,514]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller (1967)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed that the bony boss (the forehead between the horns) of the males absorbed much of the headbutting in male–male confrontations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6BFF80836EFDB6FBDFFA98" blockId="11.[840,1523,203,1378]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Adult males have been observed making a lateral (oblique) end-on display, which appears to be a nonphysical method to establish dominance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808478FD76FA9CFD18" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[1125,1291,651,674]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This display, first described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF8083C7FD56FB24FD78" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[986,1203,683,706]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller (1967:192)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, is “when a bull
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6BFF808572FD56FA4FFD78" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1391,1496,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6BFF808572FD56FA4FFD78" box="[1391,1496,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is seen standing still with its feet together and back held somewhat hunched, in the presence of another bull.” Such lateral displays can last several minutes. Adult males also threaten each other by lowering their heads and walking up to opponents, laterally sweeping their horns, emitting low moans and grumbles, snorting, thumping the ground with hooves, and sometimes running or walking around in circles while swiping at undergrowth with their lowered horns (Dunbar-Brander 1923;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF80855BFC56FA7CFC78" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[1350,1515,939,962]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808355FC36FB89FC58" author="BELSARE, D. K. & S. C. CHANDIRAMANI & J. J. DUTTA" box="[840,1054,971,994]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="28 - 31" refId="ref14942" refString="BELSARE, D. K., S. C. CHANDIRAMANI, AND J. J. DUTTA. 1984. Composition and behaviour of gaur herd in Kanha National Park. Cheetal 26: 28 - 31." type="journal article" year="1984">Belsare et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.). Although older black bulls do not commonly spar with each other, younger (3–5 years) adult males spar by facing each other with lowered heads (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13072A241C6BFF808384FBD6FC4BFBF8" box="[921,988,1067,1090]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[109,144,1941,1962]" captionTargetBox="[272,1360,1434,1928]" captionTargetId="figure-794@11.[272,1360,1434,1928]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 8.—Two (3- and 6-year-old) captive male Bos gaurus sparring in Mysore Zoo, southern India. Photographer F. S. Ahrestani." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573503" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573503/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
), locking horns, and then twisting their locked heads from side to side (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF80844FFBB6FB71FBD8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[1106,1254,1099,1122]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.). Schaller observed 81 sparring incidents during his study, the majority of which (48%) were between young adult males, 10% were between young adult males and adult females, and 14% were between adult females. There are also reports from over a century ago of adult males sparring with their horns and butting heads (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6BFF808389FAF6FBAFFA98" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[916,1080,1291,1314]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6BFF87836EFAD6FD86FDD8" blockId="11.[840,1523,203,1378]" lastBlockId="12.[109,792,203,1954]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6BFF80836EFAD6FBEDFAF9" bold="true" box="[883,1146,1323,1347]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Reproductive behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—Adult males and females have been observed licking each other, and it is assumed such behavior is related to courtship.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF8781C5FF36FD23FF58" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[472,692,203,226]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller (1967:198)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that “cows and bulls lick each other’s necks, shoulders, and rump, occasionally for as long as 10 min without interruption, and bulls also lick each other at times, in 5 out of 7 instances the subordinate individual licked the individual of higher rank.”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF8780A8FE96FE89FE38" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[181,286,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF8780A8FE96FE89FE38" box="[181,286,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males exhibit flehmen, i.e., raising the muzzle and curling the lips after licking a female’s vulva, or sniffing a female’s urine or feces, a habit that is common among ungulates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF8780A8FE36FEC7FE58" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[181,336,459,482]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Males have also been observed tending to females—a behavior originally described for American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF878070FDF6FEC8FD98" authority="(McHugh 1958)" baseAuthorityName="McHugh" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[109,351,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bison">
|
||
bison (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF8780A4FDF6FEC0FD98" author="MCHUGH, T. C." box="[185,343,523,546]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref18300" refString="MCHUGH, T. C. 1958. Social behaviour of the American buffalo (Bison bison bison). Zoologica 43: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1958">McHugh 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—which is when a male stands beside a female while she grazes and then follows her step for step as she moves and grazes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF878177FDB6FD97FDD8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[362,512,587,610]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4366291C6BFF808070F868FAD5F810" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573503" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573503" box="[109,1346,1941,1963]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573503/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[109,144,1941,1962]" targetBox="[272,1360,1434,1928]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6BFF808070F868FAD5F810" blockId="11.[109,1346,1941,1963]" box="[109,1346,1941,1963]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6BFF808070F868FF3BF810" bold="true" box="[109,172,1941,1962]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 8.</emphasis>
|
||
—Two (3- and 6-year-old) captive male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6BFF808232F86BFD0BF811" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[559,668,1942,1963]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6BFF808232F86BFD0BF811" box="[559,668,1942,1963]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sparring in Mysore Zoo, southern India. Photographer F. S. Ahrestani.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6CFF878085FD96FF48FC78" blockId="12.[109,792,203,1954]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Females separate from their herd to give birth alone and have been known to stay away for as long as 4 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF878242FD76FC9FFD18" author="SANDERSON, G. P." box="[607,776,651,674]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref19325" refString="SANDERSON, G. P. 1912. Thirteen years among the wild beasts of India. John Grant, Edinburg, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1912">Sanderson 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mothers tend to thoroughly lick calves directly after their birth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF87806BFD36FE81FD58" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[118,278,715,738]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Calves below the age of 2 months have been found alone lying motionless in undergrowth with their necks stretched out close to the ground that appear to be attempts to remain concealed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF87815FFCD6FE7DFCF8" author="INVERARITY, J. D." box="[322,490,811,834]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="294 - 311" refId="ref16823" refString="INVERARITY, J. D. 1889. The Indian bison. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3: 294 - 311." type="journal article" year="1889">Inverarity 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF8781E3FCD6FD09FCF8" author="HUBBACK, T. R." box="[510,670,811,834]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="267 - 279" refId="ref16740" refString="HUBBACK, T. R. 1937. The Malayan gaur or seladang. Journal of Mammalogy 18: 267 - 279." type="journal article" year="1937">Hubback 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ahrestani et al. 2011). Calves and yearlings (<18 months) are always seen in herds with adult females, and a young calf (<3 months) is nearly always found at the heels of an adult female, presumably its mother.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6CFF878085FC36FB81FEF8" blockId="12.[109,792,203,1954]" lastBlockId="12.[840,1523,203,578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF878085FC36FEC3FC59" bold="true" box="[152,340,971,995]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Communication.</emphasis>
|
||
—Older (black) bulls make a call, presumably a rutting call, that is so unique that it distinguishes an adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF8780FAFBF6FEF5FB98" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[231,354,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF8780FAFBF6FEF5FB98" box="[231,354,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from other animals as much as its other prominent features do, such as the dorsal ridge and dewlap. When this call is heard, it is common to hear other black bulls responding with the same call. The black bull begins the call by keeping its head low, and as the call progresses, it raises its head slowly and stretches out its neck, pointing its muzzle upwards with lips partly open and the whites of its eyes showing with the effort. The call has been described by many naturalists in their own words: “as the most absurd piping or whistling sound, more like the call of a bird than anything else, and absurd because such a strange sound emanates from an animal so large and powerful” (Dunbar-Brander 1923:151); “a most peculiar sound, a cross between the bugling of a wapiti (elk) and the trumpeting of an elephant, but at the same time a melodious sound that carries a long way” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF878224FA36FC9CFA58" author="HUBBACK, T. R." box="[569,779,1483,1506]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="267 - 279" refId="ref16740" refString="HUBBACK, T. R. 1937. The Malayan gaur or seladang. Journal of Mammalogy 18: 267 - 279." type="journal article" year="1937">Hubback 1937:275</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); “a song, because of its musical qualities that is not low but can be heard a mile away” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF8781B2F9F6FDEBF998" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[431,636,1547,1570]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967:195</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and “a long drawn, resonant, low and high pitched at the same time, not necessarily loud if heard at close quarters, but has the ability to be heard one-half a mile away” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF87822EF996FC9BF938" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[563,780,1643,1666]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972:335</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The call has been described in detail as follows: “a clear, resonant u-u-u-u-u about one to 3 seconds long, either constant in pitch or slightly rising and falling; this note may be followed by a second one somewhat lower in tone, by a third one still lower, and so forth, giving the impression of someone practicing musical scales; and as many as ten seconds sometimes elapse between the 1st and last note (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF878209F8B6FD48F8D8" author="SCHALLER, G. B." box="[532,735,1867,1890]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref19441" refString="SCHALLER, G. B. 1967. The deer and the tiger: a study of wildlife in India. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="1967">Schaller 1967:195</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).” In contrast to adult males, females, besides snorting during fear and threatening behavior, are only known to moo, sounding just like cattle (Dunbar-Brander 1923;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF878518FF36FA3DFF58" author="KRISHNAN, M." box="[1285,1450,203,226]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="322 - 349" refId="ref17608" refString="KRISHNAN, M. 1972. An ecological survey of the larger mammals of peninsular India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69: 322 - 349." type="journal article" year="1972">Krishnan 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; F. S. Ahrestani, in litt.). It is still unclear, however, if the mooing is a mother communicating to its calf or is communication for some other reason.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6CFF87836EFEB6FA4AFDF8" blockId="12.[840,1523,203,578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF87836EFEB6FB15FED9" bold="true" box="[883,1154,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Miscellaneous behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—Similar to cattle,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF878577FEB6FC00FE38" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurusgrooms">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF878577FEB6FC00FE38" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bos gaurusgrooms</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
itself by licking its hide; rubbing its neck, rump, and sides against trees; or scratching itself with the tips of its horns. When
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF878355FE56FC24FE78" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[840,947,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF878355FE56FC24FE78" box="[840,947,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lies down, it generally does so with its legs folded under its body, but it will occasionally also lie flat on its side with legs stretched out.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF878410FE16FBE4FDB8" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1037,1139,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF878410FE16FBE4FDB8" box="[1037,1139,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
generally lies down under the shade of trees and within swards of tall grass, where it is difficult for it to be detected in the flickering shadow of trees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF87855FFDD6FA5AFDF8" author="FORSYTH, J." box="[1346,1485,555,578]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref15931" refString="FORSYTH, J. 1889. The highlands of central India. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1889">Forsyth 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="E2B32F4A1C6CFF86844FFD7BFDF4FBD8" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C326652A1C6CFF86844FFD7BFDF4FBD8" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6CFF87844FFD7BFB7DFD1A" blockId="12.[1106,1258,646,672]" box="[1106,1258,646,672]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<heading id="D0CB81CD1C6CFF87844FFD7BFB7DFD1A" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1106,1258,646,672]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF87844FFD7BFB7DFD1A" bold="true" box="[1106,1258,646,672]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">GENETICS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6CFF87836EFD37FA72FBB8" blockId="12.[840,1523,714,1953]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The amplification of the cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF878508FD37FAB5FD5B" box="[1301,1314,714,737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">b</emphasis>
|
||
(Cyt
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF878540FD37FAFDFD5B" box="[1373,1386,714,737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">b</emphasis>
|
||
) gene, used as a mitochondrial DNA genetic maker, produced a 154- and 603-bp fragment in the DNA sequence of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF87852AFCF7FA23FC9B" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1335,1460,778,801]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF87852AFCF7FA23FC9B" box="[1335,1460,778,801]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6CFF878355FCD7FC3BFCFB" box="[840,940,810,833]" name="Malaysia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF8783DFFCD7FB25FCFB" author="ROMAINO, S." box="[962,1202,810,833]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="406 - 414" refId="ref19215" refString="ROMAINO, S., et al. 2014. Species identification of Malayan Gaur, Kedah- Kelantan and Bali cattle using polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism. Genetics and Molecular Research 13: 406 - 414." type="journal article" year="2014">Romaino et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Testing 130 cattle microsatellite markers on a panel of 11 individual
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF87855AFCB7FA24FCDB" baseAuthorityName="Dunbar-Brander" baseAuthorityYear="1923" box="[1351,1459,842,865]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF87855AFCB7FA24FCDB" box="[1351,1459,842,865]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6CFF878355FC97FC33FC3B" box="[840,932,874,897]" name="Vietnam" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
found amplification of 117 markers (90%) with a total of 264 alleles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF8783E5FC77FB43FC1B" author="NGUYEN, T. T." box="[1016,1236,906,929]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="77" refId="ref18600" refString="NGUYEN, T. T., et al. 2007. Genomic conservation of cattle microsatellite loci in wild gaur (Bos gaurus) and current genetic status of this species in Vietnam. BMC Genetics 8: 77." type="journal article" year="2007">Nguyen et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Of the 117 makers, 68 were polymorphic that had 2–6 alleles per locus, and 3 cattle Y chromosome microsatellite markers (INRA124, INRA126, and BM861) were specific to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF878496FC17FA49FBBB" authority="(Nguyen et al. 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Nguyen" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[1163,1502,1002,1025]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF878496FC17FB62FBBB" box="[1163,1269,1002,1025]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF87851BFC17FA42FBBB" author="NGUYEN, T. T." box="[1286,1493,1002,1025]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="77" refId="ref18600" refString="NGUYEN, T. T., et al. 2007. Genomic conservation of cattle microsatellite loci in wild gaur (Bos gaurus) and current genetic status of this species in Vietnam. BMC Genetics 8: 77." type="journal article" year="2007">Nguyen et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6CFF87836EFBF7FB70F9BB" blockId="12.[840,1523,714,1953]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Sequencing the entire genome of an individual, the domestic form
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF8783ACFBD7FBA8FBFB" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[945,1087,1066,1089]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF8783ACFBD7FBA8FBFB" box="[945,1087,1066,1089]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bos frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
detected 23,828,562 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and identified 16,901 breed-specific nonsynonymous SNPs among 6,167 genes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF878528FB97FA74FB3B" author="MEI, C." box="[1333,1507,1130,1153]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="19787" refId="ref18327" refString="MEI, C., et al. 2016. Whole-genome sequencing of the endangered bovine species gayal (Bos frontalis) provides new insights into its genetic features. Scientific Reports 6: 19787." type="journal article" year="2016">Mei et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Annotation of these SNPs showed that 78.2% of the SNPs were located in intergenic regions; 21.1% were located in genic regions, including intronic regions, splicing sites, exonic regions, and untranslated regions; and the remaining 0.7% were located in upstream or downstream regions. This sequencing found the homozygous/heterozygous ratio to be 1:0.8, and Nei’s unbiased mean heterozygosity and the mean allele number across loci were 0.23 and 2.2, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF87855FFA97FA74FA3B" author="MEI, C." box="[1346,1507,1386,1409]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="19787" refId="ref18327" refString="MEI, C., et al. 2016. Whole-genome sequencing of the endangered bovine species gayal (Bos frontalis) provides new insights into its genetic features. Scientific Reports 6: 19787." type="journal article" year="2016">Mei et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Another cytogenetic study of the domestic form
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF87856BFA77FA65FA1B" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[1398,1522,1418,1441]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF87856BFA77FA65FA1B" box="[1398,1522,1418,1441]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found the karyotype of the female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF8784A5FA57FAB8FA7B" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[1208,1327,1450,1473]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF8784A5FA57FAB8FA7B" box="[1208,1327,1450,1473]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF878523FA57FADCFA7B" box="[1342,1355,1450,1473]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 4) comprised 58 chromosomes, including 54 acrocentric and 4 large submetacentric chromosomes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF878423FA17FB40F9BB" author="QU, K." box="[1086,1239,1514,1537]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="131 - 140" refId="ref19027" refString="QU, K., et al. 2012. Karyotype analysis of mithun (Bos frontalis) and mithun bull × Brahman cow hybrids. Genetics and Molecular Research 11: 131 - 140." type="journal article" year="2012">Qu et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6CFF87836EF9F7FA1CF95B" blockId="12.[840,1523,714,1953]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
A genetic analysis of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF87849CF9F7FB7AF99B" box="[1153,1261,1546,1569]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF87849CF9F7FB7AF99B" box="[1153,1261,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female at Toronto Zoo detected a chromosome anomaly in an individual that had 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF878348F9B7FCF5F9DB" box="[853,866,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 57 chromosomes (an extra submetacentric, but 2 less acrocentric chromosomes) instead of the normal 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF87855FF997FAD8F93B" box="[1346,1359,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 58 found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF878355F977FC23F91B" box="[840,948,1674,1697]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF878355F977FC23F91B" box="[840,948,1674,1697]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which consists of 27 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes, 1 pair of submetacentric chromosomes, and the submetacentric sex chromosomes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6CFF878478F937FAECF95B" author="MASTROMONACO, G. F. & G. COPPOLA & G. CRAWSHAW & D. DIBERARDINO & W. A. KING" box="[1125,1403,1738,1761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="725 - 731" refId="ref18164" refString="MASTROMONACO, G. F., G. COPPOLA, G. CRAWSHAW, D. DIBERARDINO, AND W. A. KING. 2004. Identification of the homologue of the bovine Rob (1; 29) in a captive gaur (Bos gaurus). Chromosome Research 12: 725 - 731." type="journal article" year="2004">Mastromonaco et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6CFF86836EF917FD97FC38" blockId="12.[840,1523,714,1953]" lastBlockId="13.[109,792,203,1122]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The genotype data collected from 117 successfully amplified microsatellites used to assess the genetic diversity within the reaming
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6CFF8783C9F8D7FBC6F8FB" box="[980,1105,1834,1857]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6CFF8783C9F8D7FBC6F8FB" box="[980,1105,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population in Vietnam—estimated to be no more than 500 individuals—found the mean polymorphic information content (PIC) to be 0.252 (range:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0850661C6CFF8785B5F897FA72F83B" box="[1448,1509,1898,1921]" degrees="0.083" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="0.083">0.083</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0850661C6CFF8785F8F897FC10F81B" degrees="0.767" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" precision="55" value="-0.767">– 0.767</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) and mean heterozygosity (Ho) to be 0.269 (range:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0850661C6DFF868070FF36FF3FFF58" box="[109,168,203,226]" degrees="0.091" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="0.091">0.091</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0850661C6DFF8680B4FF36FF63FF58" box="[169,244,203,226]" degrees="0.909" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-0.909">–0.909</geoCoordinate>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6DFF86810CFF36FE64FF58" author="NGUYEN, T. T." box="[273,499,203,226]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="77" refId="ref18600" refString="NGUYEN, T. T., et al. 2007. Genomic conservation of cattle microsatellite loci in wild gaur (Bos gaurus) and current genetic status of this species in Vietnam. BMC Genetics 8: 77." type="journal article" year="2007">Nguyen et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Multiple studies in the last decade have genetically investigated whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868281FF16FC8FFEB8" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[668,792,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868281FF16FC8FFEB8" box="[668,792,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a domestic version of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF86819EFEF6FE78FE98" box="[387,495,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF86819EFEF6FE78FE98" box="[387,495,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the majority of these studies have found evidence that this is indeed the case. These studies include sequencing the Cyt
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF8681E7FEB6FD90FED8" box="[506,519,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">b</emphasis>
|
||
genes of 33
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868281FEB6FC8FFED8" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[668,792,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868281FEB6FC8FFED8" box="[668,792,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF8680B6FE96FE83FE38" box="[171,276,363,386]" name="Myanmar" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF868153FE96FE0BFE38" box="[334,412,363,386]" name="Bhutan" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and finding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868230FE96FD0FFE38" box="[557,664,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868230FE96FD0FFE38" box="[557,664,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
haplotypes in 28 of these individuals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6DFF868189FE76FDCBFE18" author="TANAKA, K." box="[404,604,395,418]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="52 - 56" refId="ref19761" refString="TANAKA, K., et al. 2011. Molecular phylogeny and diversity of Myanmar and Bhutan mithun based on mtDNA sequences. Animal Science Journal 82: 52 - 56." type="journal article" year="2011">Tanaka et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); sequencing the 16S rRNA gene in the mitochondrial DNA of mithun from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF868070FE36FF2CFE58" box="[109,187,459,482]" name="Bhutan" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
|
||
that demonstrated phylogenetic proximity to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF8682B3FE36FEA3FDB8" authority="(Dorji et al. 2010)" baseAuthorityName="Dorji" baseAuthorityYear="2010" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF8682B3FE36FC8FFE58" box="[686,792,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6DFF86806BFE16FEBFFDB8" author="DORJI, T. & H. MANNEN & T. NAMIKAWA & T. INAMURA & Y. KAWAMOTO" box="[118,296,491,514]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="554 - 556" refId="ref15709" refString="DORJI, T., H. MANNEN, T. NAMIKAWA, T. INAMURA, AND Y. KAWAMOTO. 2010. Diversity and phylogeny of mitochondrial DNA isolated from mithun Bos frontalis located in Bhutan. Animal Genetics 41: 554 - 556." type="journal article" year="2010">Dorji et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and sequencing the Cyt
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868258FE16FDC5FDB8" box="[581,594,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">b</emphasis>
|
||
genes of 11 gayal from Yunan,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF8680E2FDF6FED4FD98" box="[255,323,523,546]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, found 6 haplotypes that clustered around
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868070FDD6FF4EFDF8" box="[109,217,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868070FDD6FF4EFDF8" box="[109,217,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other domestic cattle species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF8682A7FDD6FF07FDD8" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF8682A7FDD6FF07FDD8" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bos taurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF8680D0FDB6FD9CFDD8" authority="(Li et al. 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Li" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[205,523,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="indicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF8680D0FDB6FED8FDD8" box="[205,335,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bos indicus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6DFF86817EFDB6FD97FDD8" author="LI, S. P. & H. CHANG & G. L. MA & H. Y. CHENG" box="[355,512,587,610]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="789 - 793" refId="ref17822" refString="LI, S. P., H. CHANG, G. L. MA, AND H. Y. CHENG. 2008. Molecular phylogeny of the gayal in Yunnan China inferred from the analysis of cytochrome b gene entire sequences. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 21: 789 - 793." type="journal article" year="2008">Li et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In contradiction to the above studies, a study that sequenced the Cyt
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF86827BFD96FDE4FD38" box="[614,627,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">b</emphasis>
|
||
genes from 28
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868070FD76FF72FD18" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[109,229,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868070FD76FF72FD18" box="[109,229,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C6DFF86813EFD76FEEEFD18" box="[291,377,651,674]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF86819FFD76FE51FD18" box="[386,454,651,674]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 13
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF8681EDFD76FDFFFD18" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[496,616,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF8681EDFD76FDFFFD18" box="[496,616,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C6DFF8682BAFD76FF51FD78" country="India" name="Arunachal Pradesh" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Arunachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF8680CCFD56FE9BFD78" box="[209,268,683,706]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and 1
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868144FD56FE55FD78" box="[345,450,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868144FD56FE55FD78" box="[345,450,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49F8F8431C6DFF86821FFD56FDCFFD78" box="[514,600,683,706]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF86827FFD56FD31FD78" box="[610,678,683,706]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
, found the genome sequence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868147FD36FE42FD58" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[346,469,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868147FD36FE42FD58" box="[346,469,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to differ from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF8682B1FD36FEACFCB8" authority="(Baig et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Baig" baseAuthorityYear="2013" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF8682B1FD36FC8FFD58" box="[684,792,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6DFF86806BFD16FEA7FCB8" author="BAIG, M." box="[118,304,747,770]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="115 - 120" refId="ref14860" refString="BAIG, M., et al. 2013. Mitochondrial DNA diversity and origin of Bos frontalis. Current Science 104: 115 - 120." type="journal article" year="2013">Baig et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This individual study, however, does not provide enough conclusive evidence to override all the other genetic evidence and the detailed morphological comparisons that collectively strongly suggest that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868228FCB6FD38FCD8" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[565,687,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868228FCB6FD38FCD8" box="[565,687,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is indeed the domestic derivative of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868192FC96FE6FFC38" box="[399,504,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868192FC96FE6FFC38" box="[399,504,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6DFF868085FC76FDF4FBD8" blockId="13.[109,792,203,1122]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868085FC76FE8DFC18" box="[152,282,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868085FC76FE8DFC18" box="[152,282,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is one of the first mammals to have been cloned. Somatic cells from the skin of a male were successfully electrofused with enucleated oocytes from domestic females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6DFF86806BFC16FEA2FBB8" author="LANZA, R. P." box="[118,309,1003,1026]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="79 - 90" refId="ref17752" refString="LANZA, R. P., et al. 2000. Cloning of an endangered species (Bos gaurus) using interspecies nuclear transfer. Cloning 2: 79 - 90." type="journal article" year="2000">Lanza et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One of these embryos successfully developed in a surrogate domestic female. The calf that was successfully delivered, however, developed a fatal bacterial infection 2 days after birth and died on
|
||
<date id="FF8210611C6DFF8681A8FBB6FDC8FBD8" box="[437,607,1099,1122]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2001-01-08">8 January 2001</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C326652A1C6DFF868152FB60FAF1FE98" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6DFF868152FB60FDA1FB0D" blockId="13.[335,566,1181,1207]" box="[335,566,1181,1207]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<heading id="D0CB81CD1C6DFF868152FB60FDA1FB0D" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[335,566,1181,1207]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868152FB60FDA1FB0D" bold="true" box="[335,566,1181,1207]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">CONSERVATION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6DFF868085FB1CFC96F8A2" blockId="13.[109,792,1249,1944]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
The global
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868112FB1CFE10FB42" box="[271,391,1249,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868112FB1CFE10FB42" box="[271,391,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bos gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population is estimated to be
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0850661C6DFF8682DCFB1CFC9DFB42" box="[705,778,1249,1272]" degrees="13,000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="13.0">13,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE0850661C6DFF868317FB1CFF21FAA2" degrees="30,000" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" precision="55" value="-30.0">– 30,000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
and is projected to decline by 30% over the next 3 decades (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B501C6DFF86806BFADCFECAFA82" author="DUCKWORTH, J. W." box="[118,349,1313,1336]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="46363646" refId="ref15756" refString="DUCKWORTH, J. W., et al. 2016. Bos gaurus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e. T 2891 A 46363646. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 2. RLTS. T 2891 A 46363646. en. Accessed 26 April 2018." type="book chapter" year="2016">Duckworth et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF86816CFADCFE41FA82" box="[369,470,1313,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF86816CFADCFE41FA82" box="[369,470,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is listed as “Vulnerable” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and its greatest threats are loss of habitat, being poached for its meat and horns, and contracting fatal diseases from overlapping cattle populations. Country-wide populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF86820DFA5CFD18FA02" box="[528,655,1441,1464]" name="Bangladesh" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bangladesh</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF8682B9FA5CFC83FA02" box="[676,788,1441,1464]" name="Cambodia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF868070FA3CFF38FA62" box="[109,175,1473,1496]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF8680A2FA3CFF62FA62" box="[191,245,1473,1496]" name="Laos" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Laos</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF868118FA3CFEFEFA62" box="[261,361,1473,1496]" name="Malaysia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF868165FA3CFE42FA62" box="[376,469,1473,1496]" name="Vietnam" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF86820BFA3CFDE2FA62" box="[534,629,1473,1496]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
have declined by over 70% in the last 2–3 decades, although the decline in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF868070F9FCFF33F9A2" box="[109,164,1537,1560]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF8680CBF9FCFE81F9A2" box="[214,278,1537,1560]" name="Nepal" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
have been considerably lower. Recent poaching, mainly for meat and horns, has decimated the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868244F9DCFD57F982" box="[601,704,1569,1592]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868244F9DCFD57F982" box="[601,704,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF8680A7F9BCFE89F9E2" box="[186,286,1601,1624]" name="Malaysia" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and there is a fear that the hunters responsible for this catastrophe could be soon targeting populations in other countries. Conservation action in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF8681C2F97CFDA9F922" box="[479,574,1665,1688]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
has recently shown that it is possible to stall the decline of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868235F95CFD05F902" box="[552,658,1697,1720]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868235F95CFD05F902" box="[552,658,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations prevalent across southeastern Asia. On a positive note, multiple protected areas in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32B76311C6DFF868193F91CFE52F942" box="[398,453,1761,1784]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
have recorded increasing trends in their
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF8680DDF8FCFEBFF8A2" box="[192,296,1793,1816]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF8680DDF8FCFEBFF8A2" box="[192,296,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations over the last couple of decades.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8336A11C6DFF868085F8DCFAF1FE98" blockId="13.[109,792,1249,1944]" lastBlockId="13.[840,1523,203,290]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
In 1995, the last remaining herd of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF8681E6F8DCFDF7F882" box="[507,608,1825,1848]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF8681E6F8DCFDF7F882" box="[507,608,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
left Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve. To restore
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868193F8BCFE6EF8E2" box="[398,505,1857,1880]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868193F8BCFE6EF8E2" box="[398,505,1857,1880]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Bandhavgarh, 19 individuals in
|
||
<date id="FF8210611C6DFF8680EDF89CFE1FF8C2" box="[240,392,1889,1912]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" value="2011-01">January 2011</date>
|
||
—
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C6DFF8681B8F89CFE68F8C2" box="[421,511,1889,1912]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="male">5 males</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C6DFF868205F89CFD0AF8C2" box="[536,669,1889,1912]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="subadult">3 subadults</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C6DFF8682AFF89CFC87F8C2" box="[690,784,1889,1912]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="adult">2 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
) and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C6DFF868083F87CFE80F822" box="[158,279,1921,1944]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="female">14 females</specimenCount>
|
||
(1 yearling,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C6DFF8681B7F87CFDBEF822" box="[426,553,1921,1944]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="subadult">5 subadults</specimenCount>
|
||
, and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD281C6DFF868274F87CFD57F822" box="[617,704,1921,1944]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="adult">7 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
)—were translocated from Kanha Tiger Reserve to Bandhavgarh. Since the reintroduction, the newly established
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D221C6DFF868510FF16FAE0FEB8" box="[1293,1399,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gaurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B948EAB31C6DFF868510FF16FAE0FEB8" box="[1293,1399,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B. gaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population in Bandhavgarh has been thriving and multiplying.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |