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<document id="511A31304112002416659FFE8C017004" ID-CLB-Dataset="29375" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.11" ID-GBIF-Dataset="167edaa1-d9a0-438f-9c42-d4ac47034ece" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1442040" ID-ZooBank="5410B0DF-67BA-4D9A-B891-3ADFAB79A8EC" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1538406071376" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Reiswig, Henry M." docDate="2018" docId="039587B3BE30FFFEFF51FBC75C8D7B51" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4466.1.11.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4466 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pinulasma bowiensis Reiswig 2018, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="131" masterDocId="FFACFFCBBE34FFF9FFC6FFB65D187E04" masterDocTitle="Four new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) and a name replacement from the NE Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="151" masterPageNumber="124" pageNumber="128" updateTime="1698561982052" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="79A7AFC2CCCC401AF8365957FE03A83A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="51CA20A291DE9C9C14BD757CC71467BA">
<mods:title id="ACAF324A88E2EAA79479E9C24492B643">Four new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) and a name replacement from the NE Pacific</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="1192853C4E3FF06DDE7C69EAEB9782D2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="12839C90DF36D1B4DE18B9A1F607C193">Reiswig, Henry M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9E2B5AB15AD400B2D2D2E1CE902D536A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="E5ED7289FE638C62371D2450C8DB0620">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D06C9ECC04FE426DB2AC8EFE96923881">
<mods:date id="5BA648300B48CD68BA627D5A13F75F8F">2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="D51E62E2185669C54B3A67B7E5B4760A" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="3447E0299D40407ED20E6A824732B5C8">2018-08-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="43CE3A1795722DB5FC58EFC67C6318B7">4466</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6C829AA6CCDE5623AAA488760E3EF54B">1</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="F5CEC2D6684625ED9D169C7B3F95FBA5">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="8E343B2EBB4532855C4091CF5C763DA2" type="CLB-Dataset">29375</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="DF296C5C130764DA78F8C926EFFA8B07" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4466.1.11</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="FDC69A9FCA091804ECB755753138A02C" type="GBIF-Dataset">167edaa1-d9a0-438f-9c42-d4ac47034ece</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="6342A092E92AA826EA66B671A78E4259" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B2772C12996A46CDBD4C675EE06A1F8B" type="Zenodo-Dep">1442040</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C2B7BF85CE4AE657A7F51BFBB0A7358A" type="ZooBank">5410B0DF-67BA-4D9A-B891-3ADFAB79A8EC</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039587B3BE30FFFEFF51FBC75C8D7B51" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5970359" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148425408" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5970359" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039587B3BE30FFFEFF51FBC75C8D7B51" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039587B3BE30FFFEFF51FBC75C8D7B51" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">
<subSubSection id="C326652EBE30FFFDFF51FBC75C867AA8" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE30FFFDFF51FBC75CC77A8F" blockId="4.[151,479,1137,1197]" box="[151,479,1137,1163]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">
<heading id="D0CB81C9BE30FFFDFF51FBC75CC77A8F" bold="true" box="[151,479,1137,1163]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE30FFFDFF51FBC75CC77A8F" bold="true" box="[151,479,1137,1163]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE30FFFDFF51FBC75C8D7A8F" authority="Reiswig, 2018" authorityName="Reiswig" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,405,1137,1163]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Pinulasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bowiensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE30FFFDFF51FBC75C8D7A8F" bold="true" box="[151,405,1137,1163]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Pinulasma bowiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27B57CCBE30FFFDFE5BFBC75CC77A8F" box="[413,479,1137,1163]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE30FFFDFF51FB225C867AA8" blockId="4.[151,479,1137,1197]" box="[151,414,1172,1197]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">
(
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE30FFFDFF59FB225DFF7AA8" box="[159,231,1172,1197]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,194,1611]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[166,1421,194,1612]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype body. A. Dermal side of some larger fragments of the preserved holotype showing dermal processes projecting out and fused to form ridges. B. The largest fragment, atrial side, showing large apertures on the atrial surface that pass out into the dermal processes. C. Outer (dermal) view of a medium-size fragment, upper end left. D. lateral view of the same fragment, main wall at bottom from which dermal processes project upwards in this view. E. Outer ridge of dermal process with two parietal oscula. F. Parietal osculum with a few scopules projecting from its margin. G. Dermal lattice of loose pentactins covering the dark inhalant channels. H. Close view of dermal pentactin lattice showing variation in arrangement of spicule rays. I. Close view of atrial lattice showing a consistent uniform arrangement of spicule rays." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442044/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Figs 2</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE30FFFDFF35FB225C197AA8" box="[243,257,1172,1196]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1746]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,200,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[166,1421,193,1703]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype framework. A. The cleaned dictyonal framework of fragment of Fig. 1C viewed from the outer (dermal) side. B. A 5 mm thick section of the same framework viewed from the side, main wall left; note the shift in skeletal arrangement from septate main framework to dermal process framework about 1 cm out from the main wall. C. Thick cross-section of the main wall, with long-meshed primary dictyonal wall between the thick dermal cortex (right) and thin atrial cortex (left). D. Frontal view of main framework with dermal cortex intact on right side and dermal cortex dissected away on left side to reveal the long-meshed primary layer. E. Primary dictyonal layer dissected from fragment in LM. F. Framework of dermal process showing approximately even spacing between longitudinal and transverse beam lengths (lacking elongate meshes and strong septa). G. Dermal spurs. H. View of heterogeneous ornamentation of beams—some areas with dense spines and other areas without spines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442046/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">3</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE30FFFDFEE3FB225C2D7AA8" box="[293,309,1172,1196]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype spicules. A. Dermal and atrial pentactins with enlarged tangential and proximal ray ends. B. Tyloscopules, whole, enlarged ends and greatly enlarged tine club. C. Choanosomal small oxyhexactins, separate (above) and fused network (below). D. Uncinate, whole and enlarged mid-segment. E. Discohexasters 1 (above) and discohexaster 2 (below). F. Terminal ray tufts of discohexaster 1 (left) and discohexaster 2 (right). G. Oxyhexaster whole. H. Terminal rays of oxyhexaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442048/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">4</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6BE031EBE30FFFDFE87FB225C8D7AA8" box="[321,405,1172,1197]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,440,463]" captionText="TABLE 2. Framework and spicule dimensions of Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., RBCM 016-00230-001 (dimensions in µm unless otherwise indicated)." pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Table 2</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C326652EBE30FFFDFF51FB6A5CA87B38" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE30FFFDFF51FB6A5CA87B38" blockId="4.[151,1437,1244,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE30FFFDFF51FB6A5C9A7AF1" bold="true" box="[151,386,1244,1269]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54878807BE30FFFDFE4AFB6B5CDB7AF1" box="[396,451,1245,1269]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Type</typeStatus>
material:
<typeStatus id="54878807BE30FFFDFDFCFB6A5FBF7AF1" box="[570,679,1244,1269]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
<collectionCode id="ED2DAE60BE30FFFDFD75FB6A5E1C7AF0" box="[691,772,1244,1268]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">RBCM</collectionCode>
016-00230-001, FV Pacific Viking,
<date id="FF821065BE30FFFDFB6DFB6A59ED7AF0" box="[1195,1269,1244,1268]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" value="1918-09">Set 18</date>
,0
<date id="FF821065BE30FFFDFACCFB6A58807AF1" box="[1290,1432,1244,1269]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" value="2016-06-08">8 June 2016</date>
, Bowie Seamount,
<quantity id="4CC49B40BE30FFFDFEADFAB65CDB7B1C" box="[363,451,1279,1304]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" unit="km" value="180.0">180 km</quantity>
W of Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands),
<collectingRegion id="49F8F847BE30FFFDFC21FB4959B67B1C" box="[999,1198,1279,1304]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32B7635BE30FFFDFB7BFB49580C7B1C" box="[1213,1300,1279,1304]" name="Canada" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Canada</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE085062BE30FFFDFAE4FB49588F7B1C" box="[1314,1431,1279,1304]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" precision="92" value="53.351665">53°21.1’N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE085062BE30FFFDFF51FA925C067B39" box="[151,286,1316,1341]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" precision="92" value="-135.59334">135°35.6’W</geoCoordinate>
,
<quantity id="4CC49B40BE30FFFDFEECFA925CB47B38" box="[298,428,1316,1341]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.32" metricValueMax="9.879999999999999" metricValueMin="4.76" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" unit="m" value="732.0" valueMax="988.0" valueMin="476.0">
476–
<specimenCount id="9D3AFD2CBE30FFFDFEA4FA925CB47B38" box="[354,428,1316,1341]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" type="generic">988 m</specimenCount>
</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C326652EBE30FFFDFF01FAF15F127BAC" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE30FFFDFF01FAF15F127BAC" blockId="4.[151,1437,1244,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE30FFFDFF01FAF15C837B64" bold="true" box="[199,411,1351,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Species diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE30FFFDFE64FAF15F027B64" authorityName=", Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[418,538,1351,1376]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Pinulasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE30FFFDFE64FAF15F027B64" box="[418,538,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Pinulasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with fistulous outgrowths of the dermal body wall that branch and anastomose. Dermalia and atrialia are microspined pentactins. Other spicules include tyloscopules, uncinates, two
<typeStatus id="54878807BE30FFFDFAF8FADB58617B81" box="[1342,1401,1389,1413]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">types</typeStatus>
of discohexasters and oxyhexasters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C326652EBE30FFFEFF01FA025C217CF4" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE30FFFDFF01FA02594B795C" blockId="4.[151,1437,1244,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE30FFFDFF01FA025C417BC9" bold="true" box="[199,345,1460,1485]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Description.</emphasis>
Body form of the
<typeStatus id="54878807BE30FFFDFDFCFA025F847BC9" box="[570,668,1460,1485]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is not precisely known since it was broken during collection and recovered as about 60 hard but fragile fragments ranging in size from
<quantity id="4CC49B40BE30FFFDFC69FA6E59587BEB" box="[943,1088,1496,1520]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.15" metricValueMax="12.1" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="61.5" valueMax="121.0" valueMin="2.0">2 to 121 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE30FFFDFB89FA6159B37BF4" box="[1103,1195,1495,1520]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,194,1611]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[166,1421,194,1612]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype body. A. Dermal side of some larger fragments of the preserved holotype showing dermal processes projecting out and fused to form ridges. B. The largest fragment, atrial side, showing large apertures on the atrial surface that pass out into the dermal processes. C. Outer (dermal) view of a medium-size fragment, upper end left. D. lateral view of the same fragment, main wall at bottom from which dermal processes project upwards in this view. E. Outer ridge of dermal process with two parietal oscula. F. Parietal osculum with a few scopules projecting from its margin. G. Dermal lattice of loose pentactins covering the dark inhalant channels. H. Close view of dermal pentactin lattice showing variation in arrangement of spicule rays. I. Close view of atrial lattice showing a consistent uniform arrangement of spicule rays." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442044/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
); it was most likely a large cone or plate. The atrial surface of the largest fragment is rather smooth with large evenly-spaced openings (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE30FFFDFF59F9A95DE1783C" box="[159,249,1567,1592]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,194,1611]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[166,1421,194,1612]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype body. A. Dermal side of some larger fragments of the preserved holotype showing dermal processes projecting out and fused to form ridges. B. The largest fragment, atrial side, showing large apertures on the atrial surface that pass out into the dermal processes. C. Outer (dermal) view of a medium-size fragment, upper end left. D. lateral view of the same fragment, main wall at bottom from which dermal processes project upwards in this view. E. Outer ridge of dermal process with two parietal oscula. F. Parietal osculum with a few scopules projecting from its margin. G. Dermal lattice of loose pentactins covering the dark inhalant channels. H. Close view of dermal pentactin lattice showing variation in arrangement of spicule rays. I. Close view of atrial lattice showing a consistent uniform arrangement of spicule rays." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442044/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
), 4.7–
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE30FFFDFE87F9A95C7C783C" bold="true" box="[321,356,1567,1592]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">6.9</emphasis>
–9.2 (n = 15) mm in diameter and 15–
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE30FFFDFCE7F9A95E25783C" bold="true" box="[801,829,1567,1592]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">20</emphasis>
–25 (n = 21) mm center-to-center spacing, extending vertically outwards into diverticula of the dermal surface. On the dermal surface, those atrial apertures extend into hollow dermal processes that extend vertically outwards
<quantity id="4CC49B40BE30FFFDFCDEF9DE5E73787B" box="[792,875,1640,1664]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="128" unit="cm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 cm</quantity>
from the dermal surface and bend rather abruptly to extend parallel to the body wall and anteriorly as evidenced by orientation of dictyonal skeleton (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE30FFFDFAC9F93A5DB478CC" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,194,1611]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[166,1421,194,1612]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype body. A. Dermal side of some larger fragments of the preserved holotype showing dermal processes projecting out and fused to form ridges. B. The largest fragment, atrial side, showing large apertures on the atrial surface that pass out into the dermal processes. C. Outer (dermal) view of a medium-size fragment, upper end left. D. lateral view of the same fragment, main wall at bottom from which dermal processes project upwards in this view. E. Outer ridge of dermal process with two parietal oscula. F. Parietal osculum with a few scopules projecting from its margin. G. Dermal lattice of loose pentactins covering the dark inhalant channels. H. Close view of dermal pentactin lattice showing variation in arrangement of spicule rays. I. Close view of atrial lattice showing a consistent uniform arrangement of spicule rays." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442044/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Figs 2A, C– D</figureCitation>
).The dermal processes are somewhat flattened laterally and they often assume wall- or ridge-like form containing the round tubular component distally. The outer horizontal components of dermal processes commonly branch and anastomose; their distal walls often remain incompletely fused (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE30FFFDFC3EF94159487914" box="[1016,1104,1783,1808]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,194,1611]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[166,1421,194,1612]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype body. A. Dermal side of some larger fragments of the preserved holotype showing dermal processes projecting out and fused to form ridges. B. The largest fragment, atrial side, showing large apertures on the atrial surface that pass out into the dermal processes. C. Outer (dermal) view of a medium-size fragment, upper end left. D. lateral view of the same fragment, main wall at bottom from which dermal processes project upwards in this view. E. Outer ridge of dermal process with two parietal oscula. F. Parietal osculum with a few scopules projecting from its margin. G. Dermal lattice of loose pentactins covering the dark inhalant channels. H. Close view of dermal pentactin lattice showing variation in arrangement of spicule rays. I. Close view of atrial lattice showing a consistent uniform arrangement of spicule rays." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442044/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
) or, if completely fused they bear small apertures as parietal oscula along their outer surfaces and at their terminal ends (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE30FFFDFB14F8AA584B7930" box="[1234,1363,1820,1845]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1633,1655]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,194,1611]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[166,1421,194,1612]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype body. A. Dermal side of some larger fragments of the preserved holotype showing dermal processes projecting out and fused to form ridges. B. The largest fragment, atrial side, showing large apertures on the atrial surface that pass out into the dermal processes. C. Outer (dermal) view of a medium-size fragment, upper end left. D. lateral view of the same fragment, main wall at bottom from which dermal processes project upwards in this view. E. Outer ridge of dermal process with two parietal oscula. F. Parietal osculum with a few scopules projecting from its margin. G. Dermal lattice of loose pentactins covering the dark inhalant channels. H. Close view of dermal pentactin lattice showing variation in arrangement of spicule rays. I. Close view of atrial lattice showing a consistent uniform arrangement of spicule rays." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442044/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Figs 2D–F</figureCitation>
), with diameters of 0.6–
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE30FFFDFE9CF8895C65795C" bold="true" box="[346,381,1855,1880]" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">2.7</emphasis>
–6.0 (n = 23) mm. The fragments preserved in alcohol are white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE30FFFCFF01F8D25FA77F8C" blockId="4.[151,1437,1244,2025]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,392]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">
The dictyonal framework of the fragments, and thus the entire specimen, is delicate and fragile; it consists of two components, the main wall of the specimen and walls of the dermal processes (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE30FFFDFBA0F83159F079A4" box="[1126,1256,1927,1952]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1746]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,200,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[166,1421,193,1703]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype framework. A. The cleaned dictyonal framework of fragment of Fig. 1C viewed from the outer (dermal) side. B. A 5 mm thick section of the same framework viewed from the side, main wall left; note the shift in skeletal arrangement from septate main framework to dermal process framework about 1 cm out from the main wall. C. Thick cross-section of the main wall, with long-meshed primary dictyonal wall between the thick dermal cortex (right) and thin atrial cortex (left). D. Frontal view of main framework with dermal cortex intact on right side and dermal cortex dissected away on left side to reveal the long-meshed primary layer. E. Primary dictyonal layer dissected from fragment in LM. F. Framework of dermal process showing approximately even spacing between longitudinal and transverse beam lengths (lacking elongate meshes and strong septa). G. Dermal spurs. H. View of heterogeneous ornamentation of beams—some areas with dense spines and other areas without spines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442046/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Figs 3A–B</figureCitation>
). The dictyonal framework of the main wall consists of three layers, a primary unchannelized layer with elongate meshes and nodes and short beams lined up in-register to form transverse septa or ranks (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE30FFFDFC60F866593B79EC" box="[934,1059,2000,2025]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1746]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,200,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[166,1421,193,1703]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype framework. A. The cleaned dictyonal framework of fragment of Fig. 1C viewed from the outer (dermal) side. B. A 5 mm thick section of the same framework viewed from the side, main wall left; note the shift in skeletal arrangement from septate main framework to dermal process framework about 1 cm out from the main wall. C. Thick cross-section of the main wall, with long-meshed primary dictyonal wall between the thick dermal cortex (right) and thin atrial cortex (left). D. Frontal view of main framework with dermal cortex intact on right side and dermal cortex dissected away on left side to reveal the long-meshed primary layer. E. Primary dictyonal layer dissected from fragment in LM. F. Framework of dermal process showing approximately even spacing between longitudinal and transverse beam lengths (lacking elongate meshes and strong septa). G. Dermal spurs. H. View of heterogeneous ornamentation of beams—some areas with dense spines and other areas without spines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442046/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="128">Figs 3C–E</figureCitation>
). The thick dermal cortex layer of the main wall is channelized by cylindrical epirhyses (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE31FFFCFCDCFF215E697EB4" box="[794,881,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1746]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,200,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[166,1421,193,1703]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype framework. A. The cleaned dictyonal framework of fragment of Fig. 1C viewed from the outer (dermal) side. B. A 5 mm thick section of the same framework viewed from the side, main wall left; note the shift in skeletal arrangement from septate main framework to dermal process framework about 1 cm out from the main wall. C. Thick cross-section of the main wall, with long-meshed primary dictyonal wall between the thick dermal cortex (right) and thin atrial cortex (left). D. Frontal view of main framework with dermal cortex intact on right side and dermal cortex dissected away on left side to reveal the long-meshed primary layer. E. Primary dictyonal layer dissected from fragment in LM. F. Framework of dermal process showing approximately even spacing between longitudinal and transverse beam lengths (lacking elongate meshes and strong septa). G. Dermal spurs. H. View of heterogeneous ornamentation of beams—some areas with dense spines and other areas without spines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442046/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Fig 3D</figureCitation>
). The atrial layer is generally too thin to show channels but its channelization cannot be ruled out with the little information provided by this single specimen. In contrast to the main wall framework, that of the dermal processes shows a distinctive difference. About one cm outwards on the dermal processes the skeleton shifts from a 3 layered form with septate middle layer to a 1-layered framework without a distinct differentiated primary layer, without septa and with meshes of fairly equal sides (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE31FFFCFAACFE915DC27F60" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1746]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,200,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[166,1421,193,1703]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype framework. A. The cleaned dictyonal framework of fragment of Fig. 1C viewed from the outer (dermal) side. B. A 5 mm thick section of the same framework viewed from the side, main wall left; note the shift in skeletal arrangement from septate main framework to dermal process framework about 1 cm out from the main wall. C. Thick cross-section of the main wall, with long-meshed primary dictyonal wall between the thick dermal cortex (right) and thin atrial cortex (left). D. Frontal view of main framework with dermal cortex intact on right side and dermal cortex dissected away on left side to reveal the long-meshed primary layer. E. Primary dictyonal layer dissected from fragment in LM. F. Framework of dermal process showing approximately even spacing between longitudinal and transverse beam lengths (lacking elongate meshes and strong septa). G. Dermal spurs. H. View of heterogeneous ornamentation of beams—some areas with dense spines and other areas without spines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442046/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Figs 3B, F</figureCitation>
). Dictyonal spurs are rough and lanceolate (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE31FFFCFD12FEFA5E347F60" box="[724,812,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1746]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,200,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[166,1421,193,1703]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype framework. A. The cleaned dictyonal framework of fragment of Fig. 1C viewed from the outer (dermal) side. B. A 5 mm thick section of the same framework viewed from the side, main wall left; note the shift in skeletal arrangement from septate main framework to dermal process framework about 1 cm out from the main wall. C. Thick cross-section of the main wall, with long-meshed primary dictyonal wall between the thick dermal cortex (right) and thin atrial cortex (left). D. Frontal view of main framework with dermal cortex intact on right side and dermal cortex dissected away on left side to reveal the long-meshed primary layer. E. Primary dictyonal layer dissected from fragment in LM. F. Framework of dermal process showing approximately even spacing between longitudinal and transverse beam lengths (lacking elongate meshes and strong septa). G. Dermal spurs. H. View of heterogeneous ornamentation of beams—some areas with dense spines and other areas without spines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442046/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Fig. 3G</figureCitation>
) and the framework is inconsistently ornamented with small spines, some areas being smooth (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE31FFFCFD9EFED95FAA7F8C" box="[600,690,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1724,1746]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,200,1703]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[166,1421,193,1703]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype framework. A. The cleaned dictyonal framework of fragment of Fig. 1C viewed from the outer (dermal) side. B. A 5 mm thick section of the same framework viewed from the side, main wall left; note the shift in skeletal arrangement from septate main framework to dermal process framework about 1 cm out from the main wall. C. Thick cross-section of the main wall, with long-meshed primary dictyonal wall between the thick dermal cortex (right) and thin atrial cortex (left). D. Frontal view of main framework with dermal cortex intact on right side and dermal cortex dissected away on left side to reveal the long-meshed primary layer. E. Primary dictyonal layer dissected from fragment in LM. F. Framework of dermal process showing approximately even spacing between longitudinal and transverse beam lengths (lacking elongate meshes and strong septa). G. Dermal spurs. H. View of heterogeneous ornamentation of beams—some areas with dense spines and other areas without spines." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442046/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF43662DBE31FFFCFF51FE0E5CF37FEB" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE31FFFCFF51FE0E5CF37FEB" blockId="5.[151,1436,439,495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE31FFFCFF51FE0E5C147FCB" bold="true" box="[151,268,440,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Framework and spicule dimensions of
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE31FFFCFD78FE015EBA7FCB" authority="Reiswig, 2018" authorityName="Reiswig" authorityYear="2018" box="[702,930,439,463]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Pinulasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="5" pageNumber="129" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bowiensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE31FFFCFD78FE015EBA7FCB" box="[702,930,439,463]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Pinulasma bowiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27B57CCBE31FFFCFC6DFE0E5EF17FCB" box="[939,1001,440,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="129" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE31FFFCFC6DFE0E5EF17FCB" bold="true" box="[939,1001,440,463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, RBCM 016-00230-001 (dimensions in µm unless otherwise indicated).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE31FFFCFF59FDBD585D79E2" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<table id="F93CC405BE310006FF59FDBC585479E2" box="[159,1356,522,2022]" colsContinueIn="16.[159,1362,234,1620]" gridcols="5" gridrows="37" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FDBC58547C24" box="[159,1356,522,544]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FDBC5F177C24" box="[159,527,522,544]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">parameter</th>
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FDBC5E647C24" box="[837,892,522,544]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">mean</th>
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFDBC5EE07C24" box="[972,1016,522,544]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">s.d.</th>
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FDBC59DD7C24" box="[1107,1221,522,544]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">range</th>
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFDBC58547C24" box="[1323,1356,522,544]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">no.</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FD8558547C4D" box="[159,1356,563,585]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FD8558547C4D" box="[159,1356,563,585]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Dermal framework</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FDEA58547C76" box="[159,1356,604,626]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FDEA5F177C76" box="[159,527,604,626]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">longitudinal beam length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FDEA5E647C76" box="[837,892,604,626]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">454</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFDEA5EE07C76" box="[972,1016,604,626]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">151</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FDEA59DD7C76" box="[1107,1221,604,626]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">153–908</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFDEA58547C76" box="[1323,1356,604,626]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">64</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FD3358547C9F" box="[159,1356,645,667]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FD335F177C9F" box="[159,527,645,667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">transverse beam length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FD335E647C9F" box="[837,892,645,667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">357</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFD335EE07C9F" box="[972,1016,645,667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">105</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FD3359DD7C9F" box="[1107,1221,645,667]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">134–677</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFD3358547C9F" box="[1323,1356,645,667]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">64</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FD1858547CC0" box="[159,1356,686,708]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FD185F177CC0" box="[159,527,686,708]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">beam width</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FD185E647CC0" box="[837,892,686,708]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">30.7</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFD185EE07CC0" box="[972,1016,686,708]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">6.2</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FD1859DD7CC0" box="[1107,1221,686,708]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">19.2–45.2</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFD1858547CC0" box="[1323,1356,686,708]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">30</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FD6158547CE9" box="[159,1356,727,749]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FD6158547CE9" box="[159,1356,727,749]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Atrial framework</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FCB658547D12" box="[159,1356,768,790]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FCB65F177D12" box="[159,527,768,790]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">longitudinal beam length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FCB65E647D12" box="[837,892,768,790]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">385</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFCB65EE07D12" box="[972,1016,768,790]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">78</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FCB659DD7D12" box="[1107,1221,768,790]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">230–625</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFCB658547D12" box="[1323,1356,768,790]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">64</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FC9C58547D44" box="[159,1356,810,832]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FC9C5F177D44" box="[159,527,810,832]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">transverse beam length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FC9C5E647D44" box="[837,892,810,832]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">330</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFC9C5EE07D44" box="[972,1016,810,832]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">75</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FC9C59DD7D44" box="[1107,1221,810,832]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">162–517</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFC9C58547D44" box="[1323,1356,810,832]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">64</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FCE558547D6D" box="[159,1356,851,873]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FCE55F177D6D" box="[159,527,851,873]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">beam width</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FCE55E647D6D" box="[837,892,851,873]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">27.3</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFCE55EE07D6D" box="[972,1016,851,873]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">6.2</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FCE559DD7D6D" box="[1107,1221,851,873]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">16.6–39.2</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFCE558547D6D" box="[1323,1356,851,873]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">39</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FCCA58547D96" box="[159,1356,892,914]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FCCA58547D96" box="[159,1356,892,914]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Dermalia, pentactin</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FC1358547DBF" box="[159,1356,933,955]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FC135F177DBF" box="[159,527,933,955]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">tangential ray length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FC135E647DBF" box="[837,892,933,955]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">288</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFC135EE07DBF" box="[972,1016,933,955]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">42</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FC1359DD7DBF" box="[1107,1221,933,955]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">185–350</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFC1358547DBF" box="[1323,1356,933,955]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">32</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FC7858547DE0" box="[159,1356,974,996]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FC785F177DE0" box="[159,527,974,996]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">ray width</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FC785E647DE0" box="[837,892,974,996]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">15.8</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFC785EE07DE0" box="[972,1016,974,996]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">3.7</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FC7859DD7DE0" box="[1107,1221,974,996]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">9.0–23.3</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFC7858547DE0" box="[1323,1356,974,996]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">33</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FC4158547A09" box="[159,1356,1015,1037]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FC415F177A09" box="[159,527,1015,1037]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">proximal ray length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FC415E647A09" box="[837,892,1015,1037]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">342</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFC415EE07A09" box="[972,1016,1015,1037]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">51</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FC4159DD7A09" box="[1107,1221,1015,1037]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">248–439</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFC4158547A09" box="[1323,1356,1015,1037]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">28</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FB9658547A32" box="[159,1356,1056,1078]" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FB965F177A32" box="[159,527,1056,1078]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">ray width</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FB965E647A32" box="[837,892,1056,1078]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">16.1</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFB965EE07A32" box="[972,1016,1056,1078]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">3.5</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FB9659DD7A32" box="[1107,1221,1056,1078]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">9.7–23.6</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFB9658547A32" box="[1323,1356,1056,1078]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">33</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FBFF58547A5B" box="[159,1356,1097,1119]" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FBFF58547A5B" box="[159,1356,1097,1119]" colspan="5" colspanRight="4" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Atrialia, pentactin</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FBC458547A8C" box="[159,1356,1138,1160]" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FBC45F177A8C" box="[159,527,1138,1160]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">tangenial ray length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FBC45E647A8C" box="[837,892,1138,1160]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">245</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFBC45EE07A8C" box="[972,1016,1138,1160]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">42</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FBC459DD7A8C" box="[1107,1221,1138,1160]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">152–315</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFBC458547A8C" box="[1323,1356,1138,1160]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">38</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FB2D58547AB5" box="[159,1356,1179,1201]" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FB2D5F177AB5" box="[159,527,1179,1201]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">ray width</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FB2D5E647AB5" box="[837,892,1179,1201]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">12.9</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFB2D5EE07AB5" box="[972,1016,1179,1201]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">2.6</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FB2D59DD7AB5" box="[1107,1221,1179,1201]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">8.7–20.6</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFB2D58547AB5" box="[1323,1356,1179,1201]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">44</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FB7258547ADE" box="[159,1356,1220,1242]" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FB725F177ADE" box="[159,527,1220,1242]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">proximal ray length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FB725E647ADE" box="[837,892,1220,1242]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">299</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFB725EE07ADE" box="[972,1016,1220,1242]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">75</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FB7259DD7ADE" box="[1107,1221,1220,1242]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">180–453</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFB7258547ADE" box="[1323,1356,1220,1242]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">35</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FB5B58547B07" box="[159,1356,1261,1283]" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FB5B5F177B07" box="[159,527,1261,1283]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">ray width</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FB5B5E647B07" box="[837,892,1261,1283]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">13.1</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFB5B5EE07B07" box="[972,1016,1261,1283]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">2.5</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FB5B59DD7B07" box="[1107,1221,1261,1283]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">7.2–19.7</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFB5B58547B07" box="[1323,1356,1261,1283]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">41</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FAA058547B28" box="[159,1356,1302,1324]" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FAA05F177B28" box="[159,527,1302,1324]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Tyloscopule total length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FAA05E647B28" box="[837,892,1302,1324]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">447</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFAA05EE07B28" box="[972,1016,1302,1324]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">50</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FAA059DD7B28" box="[1107,1221,1302,1324]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">310–599</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFAA058547B28" box="[1323,1356,1302,1324]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">55</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FA8958547B51" box="[159,1356,1343,1365]" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FA895F177B51" box="[159,527,1343,1365]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">head length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FA895E647B51" box="[837,892,1343,1365]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">96</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFA895EE07B51" box="[972,1016,1343,1365]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">11</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FA8959DD7B51" box="[1107,1221,1343,1365]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">71–122</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFA8958547B51" box="[1323,1356,1343,1365]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">55</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FADE58547B7A" box="[159,1356,1384,1406]" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FADE5F177B7A" box="[159,527,1384,1406]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">tine length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FADE5E647B7A" box="[837,892,1384,1406]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">85</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFADE5EE07B7A" box="[972,1016,1384,1406]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">10</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FADE59DD7B7A" box="[1107,1221,1384,1406]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">61–112</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFADE58547B7A" box="[1323,1356,1384,1406]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">55</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FA2458547BAC" box="[159,1356,1426,1448]" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FA245F177BAC" box="[159,527,1426,1448]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">main shaft width</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FA245E647BAC" box="[837,892,1426,1448]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">5.7</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFA245EE07BAC" box="[972,1016,1426,1448]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">0.9</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FA2459DD7BAC" box="[1107,1221,1426,1448]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">3.6–7.9</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFA2458547BAC" box="[1323,1356,1426,1448]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">55</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FA0D58547BD5" box="[159,1356,1467,1489]" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FA0D5F177BD5" box="[159,527,1467,1489]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Oxyhexactins, small, ray length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FA0D5E647BD5" box="[837,892,1467,1489]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">155</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFA0D5EE07BD5" box="[972,1016,1467,1489]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">21</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FA0D59DD7BD5" box="[1107,1221,1467,1489]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">116–187</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFA0D58547BD5" box="[1323,1356,1467,1489]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59FA5258547BFE" box="[159,1356,1508,1530]" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59FA525F177BFE" box="[159,527,1508,1530]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">ray width</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83FA525E647BFE" box="[837,892,1508,1530]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">7.4</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AFA525EE07BFE" box="[972,1016,1508,1530]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">1.5</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95FA5259DD7BFE" box="[1107,1221,1508,1530]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">4.5–10.1</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDFA5258547BFE" box="[1323,1356,1508,1530]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59F9BB58547827" box="[159,1356,1549,1571]" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59F9BB5F177827" box="[159,527,1549,1571]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Uncinate, length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83F9BB5E647827" box="[837,892,1549,1571]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">1507</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AF9BB5EE07827" box="[972,1016,1549,1571]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">563</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95F9BB59DD7827" box="[1107,1221,1549,1571]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">490–2741</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDF9BB58547827" box="[1323,1356,1549,1571]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59F98058547848" box="[159,1356,1590,1612]" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59F9805F177848" box="[159,527,1590,1612]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">width</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83F9805E647848" box="[837,892,1590,1612]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">9.0</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AF9805EE07848" box="[972,1016,1590,1612]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">3.1</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95F98059DD7848" box="[1107,1221,1590,1612]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">1.8–10.1</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDF98058547848" box="[1323,1356,1590,1612]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59F9E958547871" box="[159,1356,1631,1653]" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59F9E95F177871" box="[159,527,1631,1653]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Discohexaster 1 diameter</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83F9E95E647871" box="[837,892,1631,1653]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">33.6</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AF9E95EE07871" box="[972,1016,1631,1653]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">5.6</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95F9E959DD7871" box="[1107,1221,1631,1653]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">24.6–51.8</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDF9E958547871" box="[1323,1356,1631,1653]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59F93E5854789A" box="[159,1356,1672,1694]" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59F93E5F17789A" box="[159,527,1672,1694]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">primary ray length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83F93E5E64789A" box="[837,892,1672,1694]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">6.3</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AF93E5EE0789A" box="[972,1016,1672,1694]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">1.1</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95F93E59DD789A" box="[1107,1221,1672,1694]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">3.8–8.6</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDF93E5854789A" box="[1323,1356,1672,1694]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59F907585478C3" box="[159,1356,1713,1735]" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59F9075F1778C3" box="[159,527,1713,1735]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83F9075E6478C3" box="[837,892,1713,1735]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">10.5</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AF9075EE078C3" box="[972,1016,1713,1735]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">2.3</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95F90759DD78C3" box="[1107,1221,1713,1735]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">6.3–17.4</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDF907585478C3" box="[1323,1356,1713,1735]" gridcol="4" gridrow="29" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59F96C585478F4" box="[159,1356,1754,1776]" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59F96C5F1778F4" box="[159,527,1754,1776]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Discohexaster 2 diameter</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83F96C5E6478F4" box="[837,892,1754,1776]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">62.0</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AF96C5EE078F4" box="[972,1016,1754,1776]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">10.0</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95F96C59DD78F4" box="[1107,1221,1754,1776]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">45.9–87.9</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDF96C585478F4" box="[1323,1356,1754,1776]" gridcol="4" gridrow="30" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59F8B55854791D" box="[159,1356,1795,1817]" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59F8B55F17791D" box="[159,527,1795,1817]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">primary ray length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83F8B55E64791D" box="[837,892,1795,1817]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">8.1</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AF8B55EE0791D" box="[972,1016,1795,1817]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">1.2</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95F8B559DD791D" box="[1107,1221,1795,1817]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">6.6–10.9</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDF8B55854791D" box="[1323,1356,1795,1817]" gridcol="4" gridrow="31" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59F89A58547946" box="[159,1356,1836,1858]" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59F89A5F177946" box="[159,527,1836,1858]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83F89A5E647946" box="[837,892,1836,1858]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">22.8</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AF89A5EE07946" box="[972,1016,1836,1858]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">4.8</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95F89A59DD7946" box="[1107,1221,1836,1858]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">16.3–36.1</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDF89A58547946" box="[1323,1356,1836,1858]" gridcol="4" gridrow="32" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">16</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59F8E35854796F" box="[159,1356,1877,1899]" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59F8E35F17796F" box="[159,527,1877,1899]" gridcol="0" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Oxy- and hemioxyhexaster diameter</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83F8E35E64796F" box="[837,892,1877,1899]" gridcol="1" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">78.4</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AF8E35EE0796F" box="[972,1016,1877,1899]" gridcol="2" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">10.2</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95F8E359DD796F" box="[1107,1221,1877,1899]" gridcol="3" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">47.4–98.2</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDF8E35854796F" box="[1323,1356,1877,1899]" gridcol="4" gridrow="33" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59F8C858547990" box="[159,1356,1918,1940]" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59F8C85F177990" box="[159,527,1918,1940]" gridcol="0" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">primary ray length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83F8C85E647990" box="[837,892,1918,1940]" gridcol="1" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">8.7</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AF8C85EE07990" box="[972,1016,1918,1940]" gridcol="2" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">1.2</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95F8C859DD7990" box="[1107,1221,1918,1940]" gridcol="3" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">5.9–11.7</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDF8C858547990" box="[1323,1356,1918,1940]" gridcol="4" gridrow="34" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59F811585479B9" box="[159,1356,1959,1981]" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59F8115F1779B9" box="[159,527,1959,1981]" gridcol="0" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">secondary ray length</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83F8115E6479B9" box="[837,892,1959,1981]" gridcol="1" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">30.5</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AF8115EE079B9" box="[972,1016,1959,1981]" gridcol="2" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">4.6</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95F81159DD79B9" box="[1107,1221,1959,1981]" gridcol="3" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">17.3–42.0</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDF811585479B9" box="[1323,1356,1959,1981]" gridcol="4" gridrow="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">50</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350C34E7BE310006FF59F866585479E2" box="[159,1356,2000,2022]" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">
<th id="76DD5D9BBE310006FF59F8665F1779E2" box="[159,527,2000,2022]" gridcol="0" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">Oxyhexactin, microsclere, diameter</th>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC83F8665E6479E2" box="[837,892,2000,2022]" gridcol="1" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">92.6</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FC0AF8665EE079E2" box="[972,1016,2000,2022]" gridcol="2" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">4.6</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FB95F86659DD79E2" box="[1107,1221,2000,2022]" gridcol="3" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">86.8–102.0</td>
<td id="76DD5D9BBE310006FAEDF866585479E2" box="[1323,1356,2000,2022]" gridcol="4" gridrow="36" pageId="5" pageNumber="129">12</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF43662DBE32FFFFFF51F9D7582B792B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442044/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="130" startId="6.[151,250,1633,1655]" targetBox="[166,1421,194,1611]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE32FFFFFF51F9D7582B792B" blockId="6.[151,1436,1633,1839]" pageId="6" pageNumber="130">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE32FFFFFF51F9D75C0C7873" bold="true" box="[151,276,1633,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="130">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE32FFFFFEDAF9D75CED7873" authority="Reiswig, 2018" authorityName="Reiswig" authorityYear="2018" box="[284,501,1633,1655]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Pinulasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="6" pageNumber="130" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bowiensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE32FFFFFEDAF9D75CED7873" box="[284,501,1633,1655]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="130">Pinulasma bowiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27B57CCBE32FFFFFE3AF9D75F2F7873" box="[508,567,1633,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="130" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE32FFFFFE3AF9D75F2F7873" bold="true" box="[508,567,1633,1655]" pageId="6" pageNumber="130">n. sp.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype body. A. Dermal side of some larger fragments of the preserved holotype showing dermal processes projecting out and fused to form ridges. B. The largest fragment, atrial side, showing large apertures on the atrial surface that pass out into the dermal processes. C. Outer (dermal) view of a medium-size fragment, upper end left. D. lateral view of the same fragment, main wall at bottom from which dermal processes project upwards in this view. E. Outer ridge of dermal process with two parietal oscula. F. Parietal osculum with a few scopules projecting from its margin. G. Dermal lattice of loose pentactins covering the dark inhalant channels. H. Close view of dermal pentactin lattice showing variation in arrangement of spicule rays. I. Close view of atrial lattice showing a consistent uniform arrangement of spicule rays.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE32FFFEFF01F8EA5EDB7F61" blockId="6.[151,1437,1884,2017]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,1365]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="6" pageNumber="130">
Megascleres (for measurements see
<tableCitation id="C6BE031EBE32FFFFFDA7F8EA5FAE7971" box="[609,694,1884,1909]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,440,463]" captionText="TABLE 2. Framework and spicule dimensions of Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., RBCM 016-00230-001 (dimensions in µm unless otherwise indicated)." pageId="6" pageNumber="130">Table 2</tableCitation>
) consist of a pentactine dermalia and atrialia, tyloscopules, small oxyhexactins and uncinates. Dermalia and atrialia (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE32FFFFFD12F8365E33799C" box="[724,811,1920,1945]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype spicules. A. Dermal and atrial pentactins with enlarged tangential and proximal ray ends. B. Tyloscopules, whole, enlarged ends and greatly enlarged tine club. C. Choanosomal small oxyhexactins, separate (above) and fused network (below). D. Uncinate, whole and enlarged mid-segment. E. Discohexasters 1 (above) and discohexaster 2 (below). F. Terminal ray tufts of discohexaster 1 (left) and discohexaster 2 (right). G. Oxyhexaster whole. H. Terminal rays of oxyhexaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442048/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="130">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
) are regular pentactins that are similar in form and size, but those of the outer surfaces are slightly larger. They are entirely and evenly covered by fine spines. Tangential ray- ends are round, proximal ray ends are bluntly pointed. The tyloscopules (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE32FFFFFC39F87E594E79E4" box="[1023,1110,1992,2017]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype spicules. A. Dermal and atrial pentactins with enlarged tangential and proximal ray ends. B. Tyloscopules, whole, enlarged ends and greatly enlarged tine club. C. Choanosomal small oxyhexactins, separate (above) and fused network (below). D. Uncinate, whole and enlarged mid-segment. E. Discohexasters 1 (above) and discohexaster 2 (below). F. Terminal ray tufts of discohexaster 1 (left) and discohexaster 2 (right). G. Oxyhexaster whole. H. Terminal rays of oxyhexaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442048/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="130">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
) are likewise similar on both sides of the body wall; all encountered have 4 tines ending in spherical tips. Some have a smooth shaft, some are entirely covered by fine spines but all heads are covered by small reclined spines. Small oxyhexactins (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE33FFFEFAFAFF0A588C7ED0" box="[1340,1428,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype spicules. A. Dermal and atrial pentactins with enlarged tangential and proximal ray ends. B. Tyloscopules, whole, enlarged ends and greatly enlarged tine club. C. Choanosomal small oxyhexactins, separate (above) and fused network (below). D. Uncinate, whole and enlarged mid-segment. E. Discohexasters 1 (above) and discohexaster 2 (below). F. Terminal ray tufts of discohexaster 1 (left) and discohexaster 2 (right). G. Oxyhexaster whole. H. Terminal rays of oxyhexaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442048/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
) which occur loose as single spicules or grouped by fusion as small groups; they are not found attached to the framework. They are uniformly covered by strong spines and ray tips are either finely tapered to sharp tips or bluntly pointed. Uncinates (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE33FFFEFE19FE915F247F44" box="[479,572,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype spicules. A. Dermal and atrial pentactins with enlarged tangential and proximal ray ends. B. Tyloscopules, whole, enlarged ends and greatly enlarged tine club. C. Choanosomal small oxyhexactins, separate (above) and fused network (below). D. Uncinate, whole and enlarged mid-segment. E. Discohexasters 1 (above) and discohexaster 2 (below). F. Terminal ray tufts of discohexaster 1 (left) and discohexaster 2 (right). G. Oxyhexaster whole. H. Terminal rays of oxyhexaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442048/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
) are oriented obliquely throughout the wall; they are straight with welldeveloped brackets and barbs moderately inclined to the spicule surface.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE33FFFEFF01FED95C217CF4" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">
Microscleres are two size classes of discohexasters, regular oxyhexasters, rare hemioxyhexasters and even rarer oxyhexactins. Oxy–tip microscleres are far more abundant (82% of 400) than disco-tip microscleres (18%). The small discohexasters 1 (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE33FFFEFE25FE015F237FD4" box="[483,571,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype spicules. A. Dermal and atrial pentactins with enlarged tangential and proximal ray ends. B. Tyloscopules, whole, enlarged ends and greatly enlarged tine club. C. Choanosomal small oxyhexactins, separate (above) and fused network (below). D. Uncinate, whole and enlarged mid-segment. E. Discohexasters 1 (above) and discohexaster 2 (below). F. Terminal ray tufts of discohexaster 1 (left) and discohexaster 2 (right). G. Oxyhexaster whole. H. Terminal rays of oxyhexaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442048/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
upper, F left) are somewhat stellate and have 3–11 sigmoid terminal rays originating from the sides of a small swelling at the tip of the primary ray; occasionally single terminal rays originate below the end of the primary ray. All surfaces bear small reclined spines; terminal rays end in a disc with 4–6 marginal spines. The larger discohexasters 2 (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE33FFFEFD20FD925E597C38" box="[742,833,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype spicules. A. Dermal and atrial pentactins with enlarged tangential and proximal ray ends. B. Tyloscopules, whole, enlarged ends and greatly enlarged tine club. C. Choanosomal small oxyhexactins, separate (above) and fused network (below). D. Uncinate, whole and enlarged mid-segment. E. Discohexasters 1 (above) and discohexaster 2 (below). F. Terminal ray tufts of discohexaster 1 (left) and discohexaster 2 (right). G. Oxyhexaster whole. H. Terminal rays of oxyhexaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442048/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Figs 4E</figureCitation>
lower, F right) are more stellate with 2–4 sigmoid terminal rays originating obliquely from the tip, not sides, of each primary ray. Terminal rays are finely spined but primary rays are smooth. Oxyhexasters and rare hemioxyhexasters (
<figureCitation id="13072A20BE33FFFEFC5FFDDA59017C80" box="[921,1049,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1558,1580]" captionTargetBox="[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[188,1405,193,1547]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 4. Pinulasma bowiensis n. sp., holotype spicules. A. Dermal and atrial pentactins with enlarged tangential and proximal ray ends. B. Tyloscopules, whole, enlarged ends and greatly enlarged tine club. C. Choanosomal small oxyhexactins, separate (above) and fused network (below). D. Uncinate, whole and enlarged mid-segment. E. Discohexasters 1 (above) and discohexaster 2 (below). F. Terminal ray tufts of discohexaster 1 (left) and discohexaster 2 (right). G. Oxyhexaster whole. H. Terminal rays of oxyhexaster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1442048/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Figs 4G–H</figureCitation>
) have the form of discohexaster
<quantity id="4CC49B40BE33FFFEFA48FDDA5DB57CAC" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
shape (main curvature of terminal rays, if present, is outwards in middle) and in the origin of terminal rays (obliquely from the end of the distal rays). They are entirely rough. Oxyhexactins are similar to oxyhexasters but slightly larger.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C326652EBE33FFFEFF01FD4A5C5E7D3C" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE33FFFEFF01FD4A5C5E7D3C" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE33FFFEFF01FD4A5C567D11" bold="true" box="[199,334,764,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name,
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE33FFFEFD82FD4A5FAA7D11" authorityName="Reiswig" authorityYear="2018" box="[580,690,764,789]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Pinulasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bowiensis">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE33FFFEFD82FD4A5FAA7D11" box="[580,690,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">bowiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, refers to the location of collection, Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C326652EBE33FFFEFF01FCF25C8D7B51" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE33FFFEFF01FCF25ECF7AA4" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE33FFFEFF01FCF25C237D59" bold="true" box="[199,315,836,861]" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Remarks.</emphasis>
This specimen with its three-layer dictyonal framework of the main body wall with a primary layer of elongate prismatic meshes and dermal and atrial cortices is consistent with diagnoses of the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE33FFFEFAD6FCD15C217DA1" authority="Schulze, 1886" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1886" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Chonelasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE33FFFEFAD6FCD158847D84" box="[1296,1436,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Chonelasma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B54BE33FFFEFF51FC3A5C217DA1" box="[151,313,908,933]" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" refId="ref10429" refString="Schulze, F. E. (1886) Uber den Bau und das System der Hexactinelliden. Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Physikalisch-Mathematische Classe), 1886, 1 - 97." type="journal article">Schulze, 1886</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE33FFFEFEB1FC3A5CF77DA1" authorityName=", Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[375,495,908,933]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Pinulasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE33FFFEFEB1FC3A5CF77DA1" box="[375,495,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Pinulasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In its fistular body wall, however, it is very similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE33FFFEFB43FC3B58007DA1" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[1157,1304,908,933]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Pinulasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fistulosum">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE33FFFEFB43FC3B58007DA1" box="[1157,1304,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">P. fistulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and unlike
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE33FFFEFF51FC195C3B7DCC" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,291,943,968]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Chonelasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE33FFFEFF51FC195C3B7DCC" box="[151,291,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Chonelasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, all species of which are without fistular body walls. The dictyonal framework of the Bowie specimen is nearly identical to that of the Aleutian
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE33FFFEFDA4FC635FE97DE9" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[610,753,980,1005]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Pinulasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fistulosum">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE33FFFEFDA4FC635FE97DE9" box="[610,753,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">P. fistulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and if the only material available were the frameworks, they would probably be considered conspecific. But we have the spicules and there are major differences between them.
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE33FFFEFF51FBAA5C887A31" authorityName="Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,400,1052,1077]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Pinulasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fistulosum">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE33FFFEFF51FBAA5C887A31" box="[151,400,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Pinulasma fistulosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has hexactine dermalia and atrialia (vs pentactin dermalia and atrialia in the Bowie specimen), both discoscopule and strongyloscopule (vs tyloscopule) and discohexactin as the main microsclere (vs oxyhexaster). Based upon these differences, the new specimen from Bowie Seamount is considered the first member of a new species described here and named
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE33FFFEFD25FB315EC87AA4" authorityName="Reiswig" authorityYear="2018" box="[739,976,1159,1184]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Pinulasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="bowiensis">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE33FFFEFD25FB315EC87AA4" box="[739,976,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Pinulasma bowiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8336A5BE33FFFEFF01FB1B5C8D7B51" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">
In forming the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE33FFFEFE1AFB1A5E8E7AC0" authority=", Reiswig &amp; Stone (2013)" authorityName=", Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[476,918,1196,1221]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Pinulasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE33FFFEFE1AFB1A5F4C7AC1" box="[476,596,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Pinulasma</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B54BE33FFFEFDACFB1A5E8E7AC0" box="[618,918,1196,1221]" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" refId="ref10373" refString="Reiswig, H. M. &amp; Stone, R. (2013) New glass sponges (Porifera: Hexactinellida) from deep waters of the central Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Zootaxa, 3628 (1), 1 - 64. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3628.1.1" type="journal article">Reiswig &amp; Stone (2013)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
considered two points of difference from
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE33FFFEFF51FB795C3B7AEC" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,291,1231,1256]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Chonelasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE33FFFEFF51FB795C3B7AEC" box="[151,291,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Chonelasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be of prime importance, its fistular body wall and pinular dermalia. By assigning the Bowie specimen as only the second species of
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D26BE33FFFEFD92FB425FD47B09" authorityName=", Reiswig &amp; Stone" authorityYear="2013" box="[596,716,1268,1293]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Pinulasma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hexactinosida" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B948EAB7BE33FFFEFD92FB425FD47B09" box="[596,716,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Pinulasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is not surprising that the genus diagnosis needs to be altered; importance of the form of dermalia is now decreased and the fistular body wall has become a stronger defining character of the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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