treatments-xml/data/03/95/87/039587ADFFB1FF9E008CDE9311713CF1.xml
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<mods:title id="0CF75F63B84B2CEC0AE38AD08B6EBFE4">Community Structure and Undescribed Species Diversity in Non-Pollinating Fig Wasps Associated with the Strangler Fig Ficus petiolaris</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="754EA9BDD21B2551339920789E9ADB1D">Bernhard, Kristen K.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="51D2555E6D08D01FD2D8E1DB0D08FACC">Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="067704A7196DDCEC6E76446E21AFCC35">Stireman Iii, John O.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2F81042D2E64C077B13D19B0A0EC83E5">Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="07898A39E29FAF16EA5D5D331189F419">Machado, Carlos A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="32258B06D2D9633083F1376024A44467">Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="455F066176BA348BDFF1CE525EC8F17A">Nason, John D.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C3266530FFB1FF9E008CDE9315723955" box="[146,324,1021,1045]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
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<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E008CDE9314D03954" box="[146,230,1022,1045]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Idarnes</emphasis>
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Species
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<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E008CD94D14E13972" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1843" box="[146,215,1056,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E008CD94D14E13972" box="[146,215,1056,1075]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Idarnes</emphasis>
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are the most abundant non-pollinating wasps attacking New World
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<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E011FD95315533910" box="[257,357,1086,1105]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
figs (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E0188D95316303910" author="Gordh, G." box="[406,518,1086,1105]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="418 - 421" refId="ref10902" refString="Gordh, G. 1975. The comparative external morphology and systematics of the Neotropical parasitic fig wasp Idarnes (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Sci. Pap. Univ. Kansas Nat. Hist. Mus. 50: 418 - 421." type="journal article" year="1975">Gordh 1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E020CD95316A93910" author="Hamilton, W. D." box="[530,671,1086,1105]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="167 - 220" refId="ref11074" refString="Hamilton, W. D. 1979. Wingless and fighting males in fig wasps and other insects, pp. 167 - 220. In M. S. Blum, and N. A. Blum (ed.), Sexual selection and reproductive competition in insects. Academic Press, New York, NY." type="book chapter" year="1979">Hamilton 1979</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E02B4D95314F7392F" author="Bronstein, J. L." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="175 - 186" refId="ref9810" refString="Bronstein, J. L. 1991. The non-pollinating wasp fauna of Ficus pertusa: exploitation of a mutualism? Oikos. 61: 175 - 186." type="journal article" year="1991">Bronstein 1991</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E00D5D9311569392F" author="West, S. A. &amp; E. A &amp; Herre, D. M." box="[203,351,1115,1135]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="447 - 458" refId="ref13347" refString="West, S. A., E. A. Herre, D. M. Windsor, and P. R. S. Green. 1996. The ecology and evolution of the New World non-pollinating fig wasp communities. J. Biogeogr. 23: 447 - 458." type="journal article" year="1996">West et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E0175D936162C392F" author="Farache, F. H. A. &amp; Cruaud, J. Y. &amp; Rasplus, M. T. &amp; Cerezini, L. &amp; Rattis, F." box="[363,538,1115,1135]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="49 - 59" refId="ref10595" refString="Farache, F. H. A., A. Cruaud, J. Y. Rasplus, M. T. Cerezini, L. Rattis, F. Kjellberg, and R. A. S. Pereira. 2018. Insights into the structure of plantinsect communities: specialism and generalism in a regional set of nonpollinating fig wasp communities. Acta Oecol. 90: 49 - 59." type="journal article" year="2018">Farache et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
) and comprise three species groups: the less speciose
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E0181D91415C539CA" baseAuthorityName="Ashmead" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[415,499,1145,1163]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incerta">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E0181D91415C539CA" box="[415,499,1145,1163]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I. incerta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group (gallers) and the more speciose
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E00FAD9FB157939E8" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[228,335,1174,1193]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicollis">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E00FAD9FB157939E8" box="[228,335,1174,1193]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I. flavicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(gallers) and
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E01CFD9FB162839E9" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1843" box="[465,542,1174,1192]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carme">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E01CFD9FB162839E9" box="[465,542,1174,1192]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I. carme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(cleptoparasites) groups (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E0087D9DE153F3987" author="Gordh, G." box="[153,265,1203,1222]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="418 - 421" refId="ref10902" refString="Gordh, G. 1975. The comparative external morphology and systematics of the Neotropical parasitic fig wasp Idarnes (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Sci. Pap. Univ. Kansas Nat. Hist. Mus. 50: 418 - 421." type="journal article" year="1975">Gordh 1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E010DD9DE15BD3987" author="Boucek, Z." box="[275,395,1203,1222]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="173 - 217" refId="ref9676" refString="Boucek, Z. 1993. The genera of chalcidoid wasps from Ficus fruit in the New World. J. Nat. Hist. 28: 173 - 217." type="journal article" year="1993">Boucek 1993</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E018BD9DE16093987" author="Cruaud, A." box="[405,575,1203,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="209 - 225" refId="ref10049" refString="Cruaud, A., R. Jabbour - Zahab, G. Genson, A. Couloux, P. Yan - Qiong, Y. Da Rong, R. Ubaidillah, R. A. S. Pereira, F. Kjellberg, S. van Noort, and C. Kerdelhue. 2011. Out of Australia and back again: the world- wide historical biogeography of non- pollinating fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Sycophaginae). J. Biogeogr. 38: 209 - 225." type="journal article" year="2011">Cruaud et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E0257D9DE16C33987" author="Farache, F. H. A. &amp; Cruaud, J. Y. &amp; Rasplus, M. T. &amp; Cerezini, L. &amp; Rattis, F." box="[585,757,1203,1223]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="49 - 59" refId="ref10595" refString="Farache, F. H. A., A. Cruaud, J. Y. Rasplus, M. T. Cerezini, L. Rattis, F. Kjellberg, and R. A. S. Pereira. 2018. Insights into the structure of plantinsect communities: specialism and generalism in a regional set of nonpollinating fig wasp communities. Acta Oecol. 90: 49 - 59." type="journal article" year="2018">Farache et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Despite their diversity and ecological dominance, as well as their negative impacts on pollinator production (West and Herre 1994), only ca. 15 of the
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E0120D86115BD385F" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1843" box="[318,395,1292,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carme">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E0120D86115BD385F" box="[318,395,1292,1310]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I. carme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E01A5D8611610385F" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[443,550,1291,1310]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicollis">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E01A5D8611610385F" box="[443,550,1291,1310]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I. flavicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species associated with the ca. 120 described
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E017CD84415F0387D" box="[354,454,1321,1340]" class="Bivalvia" family="Cyrenoididae" genus="Americana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Venerida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E017CD84415F0387D" box="[354,454,1321,1340]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Americana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
figs have been taxonomically described (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E00FCD82B15633818" author="Gordh, G." box="[226,341,1350,1369]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="418 - 421" refId="ref10902" refString="Gordh, G. 1975. The comparative external morphology and systematics of the Neotropical parasitic fig wasp Idarnes (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). Sci. Pap. Univ. Kansas Nat. Hist. Mus. 50: 418 - 421." type="journal article" year="1975">Gordh 1975</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E017CD82B15EB3818" author="Boucek, Z." box="[354,477,1350,1369]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="173 - 217" refId="ref9676" refString="Boucek, Z. 1993. The genera of chalcidoid wasps from Ficus fruit in the New World. J. Nat. Hist. 28: 173 - 217." type="journal article" year="1993">Boucek 1993</bibRefCitation>
), none of which are associated with
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E00D9D80915003837" authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1817" box="[199,310,1379,1398]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="petiolaris">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E00D9D80915003837" box="[199,310,1379,1398]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">F. petiolaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Based on morphology,
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E0234D80916AC3837" authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1817" box="[554,666,1379,1398]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="petiolaris">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E0234D80916AC3837" box="[554,666,1379,1398]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">F. petiolaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hosts one member of the
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E0136D8ED154838D2" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[296,382,1408,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicollis">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E0136D8ED154838D2" box="[296,382,1408,1427]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">flavicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and three members of the
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E02D4D8EC173438D2" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1843" box="[714,770,1409,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carme">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E02D4D8EC173438D2" box="[714,770,1409,1427]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">carme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. Three of these
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E0178D8F3159D38F0" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1843" box="[358,427,1438,1457]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E0178D8F3159D38F0" box="[358,427,1438,1457]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Idarnes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(the
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E01C1D8F3167A38F0" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[479,588,1438,1457]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicollis">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E01C1D8F3167A38F0" box="[479,588,1438,1457]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I. flavicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and two
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E02B2D8F316CD38F1" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1843" box="[684,763,1438,1456]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carme">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E02B2D8F316CD38F1" box="[684,763,1438,1456]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I. carme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) co-occur within syconia throughout the range of this
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E028AD8D11737388F" authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1817" box="[660,769,1467,1486]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="petiolaris">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E028AD8D11737388F" box="[660,769,1467,1486]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">F. petiolaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingRegion id="49F8F859FFB1FF9E00B4D8B5150138AA" box="[170,311,1496,1515]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Baja California</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49F8F859FFB1FF9E017BD8B4159E38AD" box="[357,424,1497,1516]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Sonora</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F32B762BFFB1FF9E01ACD8B515CC38AA" box="[434,506,1496,1515]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. We have labeled these three species as LO1 (
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E0130D89B15B23B48" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[302,388,1526,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicollis">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E0130D89B15B23B48" box="[302,388,1526,1545]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">flavicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), SO1 (
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E01CED89B163E3B49" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1843" box="[464,520,1526,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carme">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E01CED89B163E3B49" box="[464,520,1526,1544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">carme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and SO2 (
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E0260D89B16803B49" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1843" box="[638,694,1526,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carme">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E0260D89B16803B49" box="[638,694,1526,1544]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">carme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), where LO and SO stand for Long Ovipositor and Short Ovipositor, respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E00E6DB5D15A93B02" author="Duthie, A. B." box="[248,415,1584,1604]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="151 - 158" refId="ref10434" refString="Duthie, A. B., K. C. Abbott, and J. D. Nason. 2015. Trade-offs and coexistence in fluctuating environments: evidence for a key dispersal-fecundity trade-off in five nonpollinating fig wasps. Am. Nat. 186: 151 - 158." type="journal article" year="2015">Duthie et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
, Duthie and Nason 2016). The fourth (an
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E00A8DB2315353B21" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1843" box="[182,259,1614,1632]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carme">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E00A8DB2315353B21" box="[182,259,1614,1632]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I. carme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species labeled LO2) is normally associated with
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E02CCDB2314E03B3F" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pertusa">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E02CCDB2314E03B3F" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Ficus pertusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but has been found developing within
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E024CDB0116893B3F" authorityName="Kunth" authorityYear="1817" box="[594,703,1643,1662]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="petiolaris">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E024CDB0116893B3F" box="[594,703,1643,1662]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">F. petiolaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
figs in
<collectingRegion id="49F8F859FFB1FF9E008CDBE414E53BDD" box="[146,211,1673,1692]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Sonora</collectingRegion>
where the two species co-occur.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8336BBFFB1FF9E00ACDBCB11713CF1" blockId="2.[146,770,1021,1956]" lastBlockId="2.[818,1442,149,432]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
In a survey of six Brazilian fig species,
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E0256DBCB16E73BF9" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1843" box="[584,721,1702,1721]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carme">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E0256DBCB16E73BF9" box="[584,721,1702,1721]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Idarnes carme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species were found to arrive at syconia after the pollinator and most
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E008CDB8C14C83BB2" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[146,254,1760,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicollis">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E008CDB8C14C83BB2" box="[146,254,1760,1779]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I. flavicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
wasps (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E0150DB8D16333BB5" author="Farache, F. H. A. &amp; Cruaud, J. Y. &amp; Rasplus, M. T. &amp; Cerezini, L. &amp; Rattis, F." box="[334,517,1760,1780]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="49 - 59" refId="ref10595" refString="Farache, F. H. A., A. Cruaud, J. Y. Rasplus, M. T. Cerezini, L. Rattis, F. Kjellberg, and R. A. S. Pereira. 2018. Insights into the structure of plantinsect communities: specialism and generalism in a regional set of nonpollinating fig wasp communities. Acta Oecol. 90: 49 - 59." type="journal article" year="2018">Farache et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E0204DB8D16F43BB5" author="Elias, L. G. &amp; Teixeira, F." box="[538,706,1760,1780]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="114 - 122" refId="ref10532" refString="Elias, L. G., S. P. Teixeira, F. Kjellberg, and R. A. S. Pereira. 2012. Diversification in the use of resources by Idarnes species: bypassing functional constraints in the fig-fig wasp interaction. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 106: 114 - 122." type="journal article" year="2012">Elias et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
found that an
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E00C4DB9315113A51" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1843" box="[218,295,1790,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carme">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E00C4DB9315113A51" box="[218,295,1790,1808]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I. carme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species associated with
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E0219DB93165D3A50" box="[519,619,1790,1809]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="citrifolia">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E0219DB93165D3A50" box="[519,619,1790,1809]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">F. citrifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F32B762BFFB1FF9E0294DB9316893A50" box="[650,703,1790,1809]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Brazil</collectingCountry>
inserts its ovipositor through the walls of developing galls initiated by pollinator larvae. They conclude that
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E01D4DA5416203A0A" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1843" box="[458,534,1849,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carme">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E01D4DA5416203A0A" box="[458,534,1849,1867]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I. carme</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae are cleptoparasites that kill pollinator lavae and feed on gall tissue.
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E0241DA3B17343A28" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[607,770,1878,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicollis">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E0241DA3B17343A28" box="[607,770,1878,1897]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Idarnes flavicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species arrive at syconia just prior to, during, or after the arrival the pollinator (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E00E5DAFD159A3AE5" author="Farache, F. H. A. &amp; Cruaud, J. Y. &amp; Rasplus, M. T. &amp; Cerezini, L. &amp; Rattis, F." box="[251,428,1936,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="49 - 59" refId="ref10595" refString="Farache, F. H. A., A. Cruaud, J. Y. Rasplus, M. T. Cerezini, L. Rattis, F. Kjellberg, and R. A. S. Pereira. 2018. Insights into the structure of plantinsect communities: specialism and generalism in a regional set of nonpollinating fig wasp communities. Acta Oecol. 90: 49 - 59." type="journal article" year="2018">Farache et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E01A1DAFD16543AE5" author="Elias, L. G." box="[447,610,1936,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="107" refId="ref10485" refString="Elias, L. G., A. O. Menezes Jr, and R. A. S. Pereira. 2008. Colonization sequence of non-pollinating fig wasps associated with Ficus citrifolia in Brazil. Symbiosis (Rehovot). 45: 107." type="journal article" year="2008">Elias et al. (2008)</bibRefCitation>
also investigated an
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E034FDDFB17893DE9" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[849,959,149,168]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicollis">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E034FDDFB17893DE9" box="[849,959,149,168]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I. flavicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species associated with
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E04B4DDFB11263DE9" box="[1194,1296,149,168]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ficidae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="citrifolia">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E04B4DDFB11263DE9" box="[1194,1296,149,168]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">F. citrifolia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that inserts its ovipositor through the syconium wall to oviposit through the style into pistillate flowers. They conclude
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E04DEDDBC111A3DA2" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1885" box="[1216,1324,208,227]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicollis">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E04DEDDBC111A3DA2" box="[1216,1324,208,227]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">I. flavicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
wasps to be gallers, as has been suggested previously based on more correlative evidence (West and Herre 1994). Females of both
<taxonomicName id="4C3C4D38FFB1FF9E050BDC66116C3C5F" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1843" box="[1301,1370,267,286]" class="Insecta" family="Agaonidae" genus="Idarnes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B948EAA9FFB1FF9E050BDC66116C3C5F" box="[1301,1370,267,286]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Idarnes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species groups possess ovipositors three to six times their body length. The wingless males of these species groups fight for access to females using enlarged mandibles (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E0437DC0E108E3C37" author="Hamilton, W. D." box="[1065,1208,355,374]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="167 - 220" refId="ref11074" refString="Hamilton, W. D. 1979. Wingless and fighting males in fig wasps and other insects, pp. 167 - 220. In M. S. Blum, and N. A. Blum (ed.), Sexual selection and reproductive competition in insects. Academic Press, New York, NY." type="book chapter" year="1979">Hamilton 1979</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFAD4B4AFFB1FF9E04DADC0E11773C37" author="Murray, M. G." box="[1220,1345,355,374]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="488 - 506" refId="ref12148" refString="Murray, M. G. 1989. Environmental constraints on fighting in flightless male fig wasps. Anim. Behav. 35: 488 - 506." type="journal article" year="1989">Murray 1989</bibRefCitation>
, West and Herre 1994), and fertilized females exit syconia—without collecting pollen—via holes made by males of the pollinator species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>