233 lines
28 KiB
XML
233 lines
28 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8405AF6A8E72CE96C17A72E669EA5821">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1AAA1220000FE5122FC1C0C6951100AE">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C5A94D94DF543337EDC2D36BEF9FC1CB">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="FA4E9E3DC596FAD0E29B3A8B1E93E6BC">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="D450FDE8DDF3E7B522520224F9D41C00">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="308DBC166A1EBD6558DE86B1A7FCD559">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="95FBF3B1CEEACB61EAD7D9C52941AA01">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFE5F60B89653FCCF5A8F55E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448935" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379314" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448935" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFE5F60B89653FCCF5A8F55E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFE5F60B89653FCCF5A8F55E" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B89653FCCFF16F465" box="[123,179,3024,3070]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B89653FCCFF16F465" blockId="33.[121,1327,3024,3154]" box="[123,179,3024,3070]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE5F60B89653FCCFF16F465" box="[123,179,3024,3070]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFE5F60B89653FCCFF16F465" box="[123,179,3024,3070]" captionStart="Plate 4: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="33.[122,152,3248,3269]" captionTargetBox="[14,2755,18,3663]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="50. Western Woermann’s Fruit Bat (Megaloglossus azagnyi), 51. Eastern Woermann’s Fruit Bat (Megaloglossus woermanni), 52. Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bat (Lissonycteris angolensis), 53. Little Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris torquata), 54. Sao Tome Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris brachycephala), 55. Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris leptodon), 56. Bergmans’s Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris relicta), 57. Broad-faced Fruit Bat (Plerotes anchietae), 58. Hammer-headed Fruit Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus), 59. Franquet’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops franqueti), 60. Buttikofer’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops buettikoferi), 61. Veldkamp’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Nanonycteris veldkampr), 62. Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus gambianus), 63. Peters’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus erypturus), 64. Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus angolensis), 65. Little Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus labiatus), 66. Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus minor), 67. Ansell’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus anselli), 68. Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi), 69. Dobson’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus dobsonu), 70. Sanborn’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus grands), 71. Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus pusillus), 72. Hayman’s Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus intermedius)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448849" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448849/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">51.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B89DC3FCCFC86F465" box="[194,803,3024,3070]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B89DC3FCCFC86F465" blockId="33.[121,1327,3024,3154]" box="[194,803,3024,3070]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE5F60B89DC3FCCFC86F465" box="[194,803,3024,3070]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B89DC3FCCFC86F465" ID-CoL="6QVRH" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[194,803,3024,3070]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">Eastern Woermann’s Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8A793FCCFA8BF465" box="[871,1326,3024,3070]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8A793FCCFA8BF465" blockId="33.[121,1327,3024,3154]" box="[871,1326,3024,3070]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE5F60B8A793FCCFA8BF465" box="[871,1326,3024,3070]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8A793FCCFA8BF465" ID-CoL="6QVRH" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[871,1326,3024,3070]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8A793FCCFA8BF465" box="[871,1326,3024,3070]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Megaloglossus woermanni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8964380CFBD2F3D6" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8964380CFA83F3BE" blockId="33.[121,1327,3024,3154]" box="[122,1318,3088,3109]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE5F60B8964380CFA83F3BE" box="[122,1318,3088,3109]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8964380CFF67F3BE" bold="true" box="[122,194,3088,3109]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B89D4380CFE7CF3BE" ID-CoL="6QVRH" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[202,473,3088,3109]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">Mégaloglosse de Woermann</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B88F2380CFDE6F3BE" bold="true" box="[492,579,3088,3109]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B8B54380CFC00F3BE" ID-CoL="6QVRH" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[586,933,3088,3109]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">Ostlicher Afrika-Langzungenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8AA6380CFBAAF3BE" bold="true" box="[952,1039,3088,3109]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B8D09380CFA83F3BE" ID-CoL="6QVRH" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[1047,1318,3088,3109]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B8D09380CFB1DF3BE" ID-CoL="6QVRH" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[1047,1208,3088,3109]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">Megaloglosus de</vernacularName>
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\
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B8DDD380CFA83F3BE" ID-CoL="6QVRH" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[1219,1318,3088,3109]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">WWoermann</vernacularName>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B89643824FBD2F3D6" blockId="33.[121,1327,3024,3154]" box="[122,1143,3128,3149]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFE5F60B89643824FBD2F3D6" box="[122,1143,3128,3149]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B89643824FED4F3D6" bold="true" box="[122,369,3128,3149]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B88693824FDBBF3D6" ID-CoL="6QVRH" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[375,542,3128,3149]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">\Woermann’s Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B8B373824FCA7F3D6" ID-CoL="6QVRH" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[553,770,3128,3149]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">Woermann'’s Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFE5F60B8A133824FBD2F3D6" ID-CoL="6QVRH" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[781,1143,3128,3149]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">Woermann's Long-tongued Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8EC13505F777FEC6" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8EC13505F777FEC6" blockId="33.[2015,2609,281,704]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8EC13505F7DEFEAD" bold="true" box="[2015,2171,281,310]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B81893505F76BFEC6" ID-CoL="6QVRH" authority="Pagenstecher, 1885" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">Megaloglossus woermanni Pagenstecher, 1885</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B81C03520F5BFFEC6" box="[2270,2586,316,349]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B81C03520F5BFFEC6" blockId="33.[2015,2609,281,704]" box="[2270,2586,316,349]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFE5F60B81C03520F5BFFEC6" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391447" box="[2270,2586,316,349]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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Ssibange farm,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B80A83520F5B3FEC6" box="[2486,2582,316,349]" name="Gabon" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Gabon</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8EFE3578F5ABFE60" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8EFE3578F5ABFE60" blockId="33.[2015,2609,281,704]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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Until recently,
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B81A93578F6D3FE1E" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[2231,2422,356,389]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="woermanni">M. woermanni</taxonomicName>
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was the only species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B816D3597F682FE37" authorityName="Pagenstecher" authorityYear="1885" box="[2163,2343,395,428]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Megaloglossus</taxonomicName>
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, but based on molecular data, West African populations were assigned to M.
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B801E35C6F6C4FE60" authorityName="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityYear="2012" box="[2304,2401,474,507]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azagnyi">azagnyi</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8EC1361DF9F9FC95" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="multiple">
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||
<caption id="DF7B6664FFE5F60B8EC1361DF9F9FC95" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803688" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803688" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803688/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" startId="33.[2015,2187,513,546]" targetBox="[1400,1992,288,702]" targetPageId="33">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8EC1361DF9F9FC95" blockId="33.[2015,2609,281,704]" lastBlockId="33.[1397,2612,710,2757]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8EC1361DF735FDB9" bold="true" box="[2015,2192,513,546]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Distribution.</emphasis>
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From S
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B803E361DF6D6FDB9" box="[2336,2419,513,546]" name="Benin" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Benin</collectingCountry>
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||
and
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B80D7361DF595FDB9" box="[2505,2608,513,546]" name="Nigeria" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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E to
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B81343635F767FDD1" box="[2090,2242,553,586]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B800D3635F627FDD1" box="[2323,2434,553,586]" name="Uganda" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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and S to N
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8EC1364CF7E3FDEA" box="[2015,2118,592,625]" name="Angola" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Angola</collectingCountry>
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, including Bioko I. Additional research is needed to reidentify specimens from
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B812C3683F720FD5B" box="[2098,2181,671,704]" name="Benin" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Benin</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B81CD3683F69EFD5B" box="[2259,2363,671,704]" name="Nigeria" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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because it is not clear if
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8CFC36DAF9CCFD7C" box="[1506,1641,710,743]" name="Benin" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Dahomey</collectingCountry>
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Gap or
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8FC236DAF8D4FD7C" box="[1756,1905,710,743]" name="Cameroon" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
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Mts forms a boundary between both Woermann’s fruit bat species.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8C643705F634F9E9" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8C643705F634F9E9" blockId="33.[1397,2612,710,2757]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8C643705F9C8FCAD" bold="true" box="[1402,1645,793,822]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B8E3A3705F810FCAD" box="[1828,1973,793,822]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.95" metricValueMax="7.9" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="69.5" valueMax="79.0" valueMin="60.0">60-79 mm</quantity>
|
||
(tailless), ear
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B81603705F6A7FCAD" box="[2174,2306,793,822]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="14.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="9.0">9-20 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B80863705F58CFCAD" box="[2456,2601,793,822]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.3" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="12.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="12.0">12-13 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B8CEC3720F924FCC6" box="[1522,1665,828,861]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="43.5" valueMax="49.0" valueMin="38.0">38-49 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B8FEB3720F8F9FCC6" box="[1781,1884,828,861]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="g" value="17.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="10.0">10-25 g</quantity>
|
||
. The Eastern Woermann’s Fruit Bat has long pointed muzzle. Head is small and narrow; eyes are large and brown; ears are rounded at tips, without any basal ear patches; and tongueis long (
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B81323797F72BFC37" box="[2092,2190,907,940]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and narrow (
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B80493797F609FC37" box="[2391,2476,907,940]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
), covered by numerous rows of backward-pointing hair-like papillae for lapping nectar. Adult males lack epaulettes; dorsum is generally uniform dark brown; hairs are pale brown at bases and dark brown at tips; pelage is soft and moderately dense; and hairs are mid-dorsally
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B8C653035FA49FBD1" box="[1403,1516,1065,1098]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6-8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Venter is slightly paler than dorsum; adult males have collar of long white, yellow, or orangestiff (sometimes sticky), clustered hairs on throat, neck, and upper part of chest. Wings have claw on second digits; membranes are dark brown, attaching to second or third toes or between them; third finger is longer than fifth; toes rarely are weakly webbed; uropatagium is V-shaped; and calcaris short. Skull has strong basicranial deflection, rostrum is long, braincase is very rounded, sagittal crest is absent, and zygomatic arches are poorly developed. Mandible is thin and arched, symphysis is procumbent, and processes of ramus are very weak. There are seven thick palatal ridges, and ridges 5 and 6 are divided by median groove. Supernumerary molars are sometimes present posteriorly in either or both upper and lower jaws, resulting in 36 or 38 teeth, primarily in females. Teeth are rather weak except for canines that are large and recurved; cheekteeth are low (sometimes barely breaking through gum) and narrow, without prominent cusps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 34 and FNa = 62, with eleven pairs of metacentric, four pairs of subtelocentric, and one pair of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is mediumsized metacentric, and Y-chromosome is small metacentric or submetacentric.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8C663265F957F88B" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8C663265F957F88B" blockId="33.[1397,2612,710,2757]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8C663265FA4DF901" bold="true" box="[1400,1512,1657,1690]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Central African Rainforest biotic zone in primary and secondary lowland forests, clearings, agricultural land (mainly banana plantations), and sometimes Afromontane-Afroalpine biotic zone and Rainforest Savanna mosaics from sea level up to elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFE5F60B8F9932F3F948F88B" box="[1671,1773,1775,1808]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" unit="m" value="1950.0">1950 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8C66330BF589F866" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8C66330BF589F866" blockId="33.[1397,2612,710,2757]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8C66330BF9D2F8A3" bold="true" box="[1400,1655,1815,1848]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Eastern Woermann'’s Fruit Bat is nectarivorous, but pollen is also eaten. It lands on or near flowers to feed, and tongue moves in and out of the flower corolla c.7 times/second, scooping up nectar. Flowersvisited for nectar or pollen include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8CD33391F8CAF835" box="[1485,1903,1933,1966]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Bignoniaceae" genus="Kigelia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africana">Kigelia africana (Bignoniaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B8EA73391F77EF835" box="[1977,2267,1933,1966]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Musa sp. (Musaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
; records of several other plant species are confined for the Western Woermann’s Fruit Bat (M.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFE5F60B804E33A9F60BF84D" authorityName="Nesi, Kadjo & Hassanin" authorityYear="2012" box="[2384,2478,1973,2006]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Megaloglossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="azagnyi">azagnyi</taxonomicName>
|
||
) but it is expected that those plants are also part of the diet of the Eastern Woermann’s Fruit Bat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8C663C18F83CF772" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8C663C18F83CF772" blockId="33.[1397,2612,710,2757]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8C663C18FA5BF7BE" bold="true" box="[1400,1534,2052,2085]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Litter size of the Eastern Woermann'’s Fruit Bat is one, rarely two (even two embryos of different size were found). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8ED13C37F79AF7D7" box="[1999,2111,2091,2124]" name="Uganda" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Uganda</collectingCountry>
|
||
, reproductive chronology is either bimodal or aseasonally polyestrous because births occurred in January and September. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8CBE3C66F945F700" box="[1440,1760,2170,2203]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
|
||
, two pregnant females were recorded in March, giving birth in April and probably also around December. Young were reported in January in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B80E13CBEFA0BF772" name="Gabon" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
and January-March in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B8FE33CD4F830F772" box="[1789,1941,2248,2281]" name="Cameroon" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8C6B3CE4F6A5F6A3" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8C6B3CE4F6A5F6A3" blockId="33.[1397,2612,710,2757]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8C6B3CE4F9C7F68A" bold="true" box="[1397,1634,2296,2321]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Due to its small size and diet, the Eastern Woermann'’s Fruit Bat enters torporto save energy if ambient temperature drops to 23°C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8C693D23F949F64D" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8C693D23F949F64D" blockId="33.[1397,2612,710,2757]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8C693D23F788F6FB" bold="true" box="[1399,2093,2367,2400]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
In Bélinga (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFE5F60B81C33D23F6E6F6FB" box="[2269,2371,2367,2400]" name="Gabon" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Gabon</collectingCountry>
|
||
), capture of only male Eastern Woermann’s Fruit Bats suggests that an all-male group was foraging in the same area. On Bioko Island, captures suggested that young follow their mothers when they search for food.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8C663DC1F773F5EF" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8C663DC1F773F5EF" blockId="33.[1397,2612,710,2757]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8C663DC1F972F665" bold="true" box="[1400,1751,2525,2558]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Eastern Woermann'’s Fruit Bat has a wide distribution and presumably large population, and it probably is not declining fast enough to warrant upgrading its conservation category. Habitat loss and degradation might be local threats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFE5F60B8C663E98F5A8F55E" pageId="33" pageNumber="91" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFE5F60B8C663E98F5A8F55E" blockId="33.[1397,2612,710,2757]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFE5F60B8C663E98F9B5F506" bold="true" box="[1400,1552,2692,2717]" pageId="33" pageNumber="91">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bakwo et al. (2016), Bergmans (1979a), Brosset (1966a), Eisentraut (1964, 1974), Happold, D.C.D. (2013), Monadjem, Taylor et al. (2010), Nesi et al. (2013), Van Cakenberghe et al. (2000), Weber et al. (2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |