treatments-xml/data/03/A8/00/03A80010772FFFD5FF14A1039331FA4D.xml

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<mods:title>Sponges of the Guyana Shelf</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Van, Rob W. M.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName authority="Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886" authorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,716,616,642]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agglutinans">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,716,616,642]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,435,616,642]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Polymastia agglutinans</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Ridley" box="[442,716,616,642]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger'. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493." type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
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<figureCitation box="[151,270,650,675]" captionStart="FIGURE 74" captionStartId="121.[151,250,1137,1159]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetId="figure@121.[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="FIGURE 74. Polymastia agglutinans Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9393 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic cross section of papilla, showing three-layered skeleton with outer palisade of tylostyles, intermediate layer of tangential styles and bundles of subtylostyles, c – e, SEM images of spicules, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, style, d 1, details of d, e, tylostyle, e 1, detail of e." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273025/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Figures 74</figureCitation>
a–e
</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName authority="Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886: 488" authorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" authorityPageNumber="488" authorityYear="1886" box="[151,683,722,744]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agglutinans">
<emphasis box="[151,391,722,744]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Polymastia agglutinans</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation author="Ridley" box="[398,683,722,744]" page="488" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" year="1886">
<bibRefCitation author="Ridley" box="[398,632,722,744]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger'. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493." type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
: 488
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<treatmentCitation author="Ridley" box="[694,974,722,744]" page="212" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" year="1887">
<bibRefCitation author="Ridley" box="[694,923,722,744]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1887) Report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger' during the years 1873 - 1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Foyage of H. M. S. ' Challenger', 1873 - 1876, Zoology, 20 (59), i - lxviii, 1 - 275." type="journal article" year="1887">Ridley &amp; Dendy 1887</bibRefCitation>
: 212
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, pl. XLI fig. 6, 
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figs 1–3; 
<treatmentCitation author="Boury-Esnault" page="35" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" year="1987">
<bibRefCitation author="Boury-Esnault" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1987) The Polymastia species (Demosponges, Hadromerida) of the Atlantic Area. In: Vacelet, J. &amp; Boury- Esnault, N. (Eds.), Taxonomy of Porifera from the N. E. Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. NATO ASI Series G 13, Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 29 - 66." type="journal article" year="1987">Boury-Esnault 1987</bibRefCitation>
: 35
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 2.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="120.[151,1436,820,2033]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726318" collectingDate="1966-05-12" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="Snellius O. C. P. S." country="Suriname" elevation="38" latitude="6.51" location="Material" longLatPrecision="558" longitude="-56.255" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,390,820,845]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A80010772FFFD5FF14A1039331FA4D:8EDEE7DD772FFFD4FF14A05F9082FCD7" box="[151,255,820,845]" country="Suriname" latitude="6.51" longLatPrecision="558" longitude="-56.255" name="Material" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Material</location>
examined.
</emphasis>
<collectionCode box="[402,486,821,844]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">RMNH</collectionCode>
Por. 9311, 
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, ‘ 
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’ 
<collectingCountry box="[984,1071,820,844]" name="Guyana" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf Expedition, station E62, 
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<geoCoordinate box="[243,358,855,880]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" precision="55" value="-56.255">56.255°W</geoCoordinate>
, depth 
<quantity box="[446,510,856,880]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="m" value="38.0">
<elevation box="[446,510,856,880]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="m" value="38.0">38 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, small dredge, 
<date box="[693,854,855,880]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" value="1966-05-12">
<collectingDate box="[693,854,855,880]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" value="1966-05-12">12 May 1966</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726337" collectingDate="1966-05-07" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="Snellius O. C. P. S. &amp; Van Veen" country="Suriname" elevation="34" latitude="6.4417" location="Suriname" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-56.5467" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" specimenCount="1">
<collectionCode box="[870,954,856,879]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">RMNH</collectionCode>
Por. 9393, 
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, ‘ 
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’ 
<collectingCountry box="[151,238,892,916]" name="Guyana" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf Expedition, station F45, 
<geoCoordinate box="[587,696,892,917]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" precision="5" value="6.4417">6.4417°N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate box="[703,831,892,917]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" precision="5" value="-56.5467">56.5467°W</geoCoordinate>
, depth 
<quantity box="[912,971,892,916]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="m" value="34.0">
<elevation box="[912,971,892,916]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="m" value="34.0">34 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<collectorName box="[983,1089,893,916]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Van Veen</collectorName>
grab, 
<date box="[1160,1298,892,917]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" value="1966-05-07">
<collectingDate box="[1160,1298,892,917]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" value="1966-05-07">7 May 1966</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="120.[151,1436,820,2033]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,345,927,952]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Description.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[359,441,927,952]" captionStart="FIGURE 74" captionStartId="121.[151,250,1137,1159]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetId="figure@121.[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="FIGURE 74. Polymastia agglutinans Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9393 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic cross section of papilla, showing three-layered skeleton with outer palisade of tylostyles, intermediate layer of tangential styles and bundles of subtylostyles, c – e, SEM images of spicules, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, style, d 1, details of d, e, tylostyle, e 1, detail of e." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273025/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 74</figureCitation>
a) Sponges buried in a shelly-stony substratum, the body only detectable by the presence of long, whitish, semi-transparent papillae sticking out far beyond the surface. Body 6 
<date box="[1137,1173,964,988]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">x 4</date>
<date box="[1182,1218,964,988]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
x 
<quantity box="[1204,1218,964,988]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="cm" value="2.0">2</quantity>
</date>
cm; papillae 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="cm" value="3.25" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="2.0">2–4.5 cm</quantity>
long, flattened in preserved condition, 
<quantity box="[633,728,1000,1024]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="4.0">4–8 mm</quantity>
in diameter, rounded ends mostly closed, but occasionally the end is open.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="120.[151,1436,820,2033]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,309,1071,1096]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Skeleton.</emphasis>
The main body has a rather confusedly arranged skeleton with individual spicules and some vague bundles carrying the surface debris. The skeleton of the papillae in cross section (
<figureCitation box="[1096,1180,1108,1133]" captionStart="FIGURE 74" captionStartId="121.[151,250,1137,1159]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetId="figure@121.[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="FIGURE 74. Polymastia agglutinans Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9393 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic cross section of papilla, showing three-layered skeleton with outer palisade of tylostyles, intermediate layer of tangential styles and bundles of subtylostyles, c – e, SEM images of spicules, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, style, d 1, details of d, e, tylostyle, e 1, detail of e." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273025/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Fig. 74</figureCitation>
b) consists of an outer palisade of tylostyles, the smallest megasclere category, 100–200 µm in thickness, erected upon a 100–200 µm thick layer of tangentially arranged intermediate styles. The inner skeleton of the papillae consists of longitudinal bundles of subtylostyles, oval in cross section and consisting of about 40 spicules each, diameter varying from 400–700 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="120.[151,1436,820,2033]" box="[199,816,1287,1312]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,297,1287,1312]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Spicules</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation box="[318,404,1287,1312]" captionStart="FIGURE 74" captionStartId="121.[151,250,1137,1159]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetId="figure@121.[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="FIGURE 74. Polymastia agglutinans Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9393 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic cross section of papilla, showing three-layered skeleton with outer palisade of tylostyles, intermediate layer of tangential styles and bundles of subtylostyles, c – e, SEM images of spicules, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, style, d 1, details of d, e, tylostyle, e 1, detail of e." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273025/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Figs 74</figureCitation>
c–e) Subtylostyles, styles, tylostyles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="120.[151,1436,820,2033]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
Subtylostyles (
<figureCitation box="[365,456,1324,1349]" captionStart="FIGURE 74" captionStartId="121.[151,250,1137,1159]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetId="figure@121.[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="FIGURE 74. Polymastia agglutinans Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9393 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic cross section of papilla, showing three-layered skeleton with outer palisade of tylostyles, intermediate layer of tangential styles and bundles of subtylostyles, c – e, SEM images of spicules, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, style, d 1, details of d, e, tylostyle, e 1, detail of e." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273025/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Figs 74</figureCitation>
c,c1), largest megascleres, straight, fusiform, with characteristic subapical elongate tyle, 606– 
<emphasis box="[207,249,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">807</emphasis>
–978 
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– 
<emphasis box="[375,424,1360,1384]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">17.9</emphasis>
–21 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="120.[151,1436,820,2033]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
Styles (
<figureCitation box="[285,379,1396,1421]" captionStart="FIGURE 74" captionStartId="121.[151,250,1137,1159]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetId="figure@121.[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="FIGURE 74. Polymastia agglutinans Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9393 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic cross section of papilla, showing three-layered skeleton with outer palisade of tylostyles, intermediate layer of tangential styles and bundles of subtylostyles, c – e, SEM images of spicules, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, style, d 1, details of d, e, tylostyle, e 1, detail of e." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273025/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Figs 74</figureCitation>
d,d1), intermediate sized megascleres, fusiform but less so than the larger subtylostyles, no tylote swelling, often slightly curved, 294– 
<emphasis box="[632,674,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">445</emphasis>
–558 
<date box="[737,771,1432,1455]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">x 7</date>
– 
<emphasis box="[786,835,1432,1456]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">12.1</emphasis>
–15 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="120.[151,1436,820,2033]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
Tylostyles (
<figureCitation box="[328,418,1468,1493]" captionStart="FIGURE 74" captionStartId="121.[151,250,1137,1159]" captionTargetBox="[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetId="figure@121.[153,1438,209,1115]" captionTargetPageId="121" captionText="FIGURE 74. Polymastia agglutinans Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9393 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic cross section of papilla, showing three-layered skeleton with outer palisade of tylostyles, intermediate layer of tangential styles and bundles of subtylostyles, c – e, SEM images of spicules, c, subtylostyle, c 1, details of c, d, style, d 1, details of d, e, tylostyle, e 1, detail of e." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273025/files/figure.png" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Figs 74</figureCitation>
e,e1), smallest megasclere, with prominent apical tyle, usually curved, in a large size range, 91– 
<emphasis box="[193,235,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">151</emphasis>
–189 x 2.5– 
<emphasis box="[368,403,1504,1528]" italics="true" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">4.0</emphasis>
–5 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="120.[151,1436,820,2033]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,491,1540,1565]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Distribution and ecology</emphasis>
. 
<collectingCountry box="[505,592,1540,1564]" name="Guyana" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf, if correctly identified widespread in the North Atlantic; soft bottom, at 
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depth (
<collectingCountry box="[361,450,1576,1600]" name="Guyana" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf), down to 
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elsewhere.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="120.[151,1436,820,2033]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,315,1612,1637]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Remarks.</emphasis>
This identification is made with some hesitation. The species has been reported over a large area of the North Atlantic, including the 
<collectingRegion box="[524,606,1648,1672]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Azores</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingRegion box="[617,708,1648,1671]" country="Sierra Leone" name="Western" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Western</collectingRegion>
Europe, and 
<collectingRegion box="[858,913,1648,1671]" country="Tanzania" name="Mjini Magharibi" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">West</collectingRegion>
Africa, and from depths of 
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(Boury- 
<bibRefCitation author="Esnault" box="[151,313,1684,1709]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1987) The Polymastia species (Demosponges, Hadromerida) of the Atlantic Area. In: Vacelet, J. &amp; Boury- Esnault, N. (Eds.), Taxonomy of Porifera from the N. E. Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. NATO ASI Series G 13, Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 29 - 66." type="journal article" year="1987">Esnault, 1987</bibRefCitation>
). The common feature for all the records is the cover of debris of the surface of the sponge in combination with few transparent papillae. Variation of spicule sizes and depth, added to the widespread records, indicate a possible complex of species. Among all the records of the species, the above described specimens stand out by the much longer papillae, length up to 
<quantity box="[662,738,1791,1816]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="cm" value="4.5">4.5 cm</quantity>
against an average of 
<quantity box="[990,1094,1791,1816]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="cm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 cm</quantity>
in the other records. Ridley &amp; Dendy’s (1887) material from 
<quantity box="[495,566,1828,1852]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
off the 
<collectingRegion box="[655,734,1828,1852]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Azores</collectingRegion>
had papillae of 
<quantity box="[917,994,1828,1852]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="cm" value="1.3">1.3 cm</quantity>
in length, and had longer subtylostyles (up to 1200 µm, against up to 978 µm in the present material).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="120.[151,1436,820,2033]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">
The present specimens appear closest to Lévi’s (1960) description of the species from Senegal: subtylostyles 475–1000 µm, intermediate styles 200–400 µm, and tylostyles 80–120 µm. The Senegal material originated from 
<quantity box="[151,255,1972,1997]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="m" value="27.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="25.0">
25– 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726326" box="[193,255,1972,1997]" country="Sierra Leone" elevation="44" location="Sierra Leone" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" specimenCount="30">
<specimenCount box="[193,255,1972,1997]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" type="generic">30 m</specimenCount>
</materialsCitation>
</quantity>
. More to the south, 
<bibRefCitation author="Burton" box="[490,651,1972,1997]" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" refString="Burton, M. (1956) The sponges of West Africa. Atlantide Report (Scientific results of the Danish expedition to the coasts of tropical West Africa, 1945 - 1946, Copenhagen), 4, 111 - 147." type="journal article" year="1956">Burton (1956)</bibRefCitation>
reported the species from 
<quantity box="[961,1062,1972,1997]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="m" value="43.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="32.0">
<elevation box="[961,1062,1972,1997]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="120" pageNumber="121" unit="m" value="43.5" valueMax="55.0" valueMin="32.0">32–55 m</elevation>
</quantity>
off 
<collectingCountry box="[1112,1261,1972,1997]" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="120" pageNumber="121">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
, but he did not provide a description other than that there were several specimens of typical form.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273025/files/figure.png" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" targetBox="[153,1438,209,1115]" targetPageId="121">
<paragraph blockId="121.[151,1436,1137,1250]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,291,1137,1159]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">FIGURE 74.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886" authorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" authorityYear="1886" box="[300,796,1137,1159]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agglutinans">
<taxonomicName authority="Ridley &amp; Dendy" authorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" box="[300,729,1137,1159]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agglutinans">
<taxonomicName authority="Ridley" authorityName="Ridley" box="[300,622,1137,1159]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agglutinans">
<taxonomicName box="[300,544,1137,1159]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="agglutinans">
<emphasis box="[300,544,1137,1159]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<taxonomicName box="[300,414,1137,1159]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Polymastia</taxonomicName>
agglutinans
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ridley
</taxonomicName>
&amp; Dendy
</taxonomicName>
, 1886
</taxonomicName>
, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 9393 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, light microscopic cross section of papilla, showing three-layered skeleton with outer palisade of tylostyles, intermediate layer of tangential styles and bundles of subtylostyles, c–e, SEM images of spicules, c, subtylostyle, c1, details of c, d, style, d1, details of d, e, tylostyle, e1, detail of e.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="121" pageNumber="122" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="121.[151,1437,1290,1495]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">
<taxonomicName box="[199,325,1290,1315]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[199,325,1290,1315]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Polymastia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species from NE 
<collectingCountry box="[546,614,1290,1315]" name="Brazil" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Brazil</collectingCountry>
and the Caribbean are 
<taxonomicName authority="Boury-Esnault, 1973" authorityName="Boury-Esnault" authorityYear="1973" box="[900,1325,1290,1315]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="janeirensis">
<emphasis box="[900,1054,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">P. janeirensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Boury-Esnault" box="[1074,1317,1290,1315]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refString="Boury-Esnault, N. (1973) Resultats scientifiques des campagnes de la &quot; Calypso &quot;." type="book" year="1973">Boury-Esnault, 1973</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Alcolado, 1984" authorityName="Alcolado" authorityYear="1984" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis box="[1342,1435,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">P. nigra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Alcolado" box="[151,330,1326,1351]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refString="Alcolado, P. M. (1984) Nuevas especies de esponjas encontradas en Cuba. Poeyana, 271, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1984">Alcolado, 1984</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1986" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1986" box="[347,687,1326,1351]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tenax">
<emphasis box="[347,436,1327,1350]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">P. tenax</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Pulitzer-Finali" box="[452,687,1326,1351]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1986) A collection of West Indian Demospongiae (Porifera). In appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the West Indies. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale Giacomo Doria, 86, 65 - 216." type="journal article" year="1986">Pulitzer-Finali, 1986</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Lehnert &amp; Van Soest, 1999" authorityName="Lehnert &amp; Van Soest" authorityYear="1999" box="[751,1187,1326,1351]" class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fordei">
<emphasis box="[751,846,1326,1351]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">P. fordei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Lehnert" box="[861,1187,1326,1351]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" refString="Lehnert, H. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (1999) More North Jamaican deep fore-reef sponges. Beaufortia, 49 (12), 141 - 169. Avaliable from: http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 548549 (Accessed 11 Jan. 2017)" type="journal article" year="1999">Lehnert &amp; Van Soest, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. These species differ significantly in shape (no cover of debris, shorter papillae and differences in spicule sizes). The 
<typeStatus box="[1318,1366,1363,1387]" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">type</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Polymastiidae" genus="Polymastia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="janeirensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">P. janeirensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, originally described unrecognizably by Boury-Esnault as 
<taxonomicName box="[927,1031,1398,1423]" class="Demospongiae" family="Suberitidae" genus="Suberites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="121" pageNumber="122" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[927,1031,1398,1423]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">Suberites</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but subsequently emended (Boury- Esnault 
<emphasis box="[243,300,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">et al.</emphasis>
1994), has been pictured by Muricy 
<emphasis box="[720,777,1434,1459]" italics="true" pageId="121" pageNumber="122">et al.</emphasis>
2011: fig. 9b, and this shows the absence of debris on the surface and the clearly different size and color of the papillae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>