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<document id="06419F0AAF776BD422361B7990CEEE34" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. &amp; Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6CF2C90FF17FB6E15E3FBA2" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Psalidomyrmex Andre 1890" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="179" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="177" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="7568EC32D25B2ACA6EF8771AB37ADA5D">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03775906A6CF2C90FF17FB6E15E3FBA2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117590" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709928" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117590" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6CF2C90FF17FB6E15E3FBA2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6CF2C90FF17FB6E15E3FBA2" lastPageId="178" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CF2C92FF17FB6E11CCFB58" box="[151,425,1160,1186]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FB6E11CCFB58" blockId="176.[151,425,1160,1219]" box="[151,425,1160,1186]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<heading id="D0295F7CA6CF2C92FF17FB6E11CCFB58" bold="true" box="[151,425,1160,1186]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" reason="4">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FB6E11CCFB58" bold="true" box="[151,425,1160,1186]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FB6E1137FB58" ID-CoL="6Y89" ID-ENA="373801" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,338,1160,1186]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FB6E1137FB58" bold="true" box="[151,338,1160,1186]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CF2C92FED9FB6E11CCFB58" box="[345,425,1160,1186]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">André</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CF2C92FF17FB4C1083FB39" box="[151,230,1194,1219]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FB4C1083FB39" blockId="176.[151,425,1160,1219]" box="[151,230,1194,1219]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6CF2C92FF17FB4C1083FB39" box="[151,230,1194,1219]" captionStart="FIGURE 40" captionStartId="177.[151,250,1961,1983]" captionTargetBox="[180,1401,193,1911]" captionTargetId="figure-51@177.[180,1401,193,1921]" captionTargetPageId="177" captionText="FIGURE 40. Worker caste of Psalidomyrmex procerus: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0003082, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Psalidomyrmex." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120903/files/figure.png" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Fig. 40</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CF2C92FF17FB1413DDFA88" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FB141530FAF2" blockId="176.[151,1365,1266,1288]" box="[151,1365,1266,1288]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6CF2C92FF17FB141530FAF2" box="[151,1365,1266,1288]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FB141189FAF2" ID-CoL="6Y89" authority="Andre, 1890: 313" authorityName="Andre" authorityPageNumber="313" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,492,1266,1288]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FB141151FAF2" box="[151,308,1266,1288]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6CF2C92FEBBFB141189FAF2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6293406" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6293406" author="Andre, E." box="[315,492,1266,1288]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F20763C8D1A368E09041FA62EC89EFFD" page="313" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" year="1890">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FEBBFB141189FAF2" author="Andre, E." box="[315,492,1266,1288]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="311 - 327" refId="ref131370" refString="Andre, E. (1890) Materiaux pour servir a la faune myrmecologique de Sierra-Leone (Afrique occidentale). Revue d'Entomologie (Caen), 9, 311 - 327." type="journal article" year="1890">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CF2C92FEBBFB141118FAF2" box="[315,381,1266,1288]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">André</collectingRegion>
, 1890: 313
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(as genus). Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FD78FB1414DBFAF2" ID-CoL="6VZSV" authority="Andre, 1890: 314" authorityName="Andre" authorityPageNumber="314" authorityYear="1890" box="[760,1214,1266,1288]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foveolatus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FD78FB141466FAF2" box="[760,1027,1266,1288]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Psalidomyrmex foveolatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6CF2C92FB8AFB1414DBFAF2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6293406" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6293406" author="Andre, E." box="[1034,1214,1266,1288]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F20763C8D1A368E09041FA62EC89EFFD" page="314" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" year="1890">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FB8AFB1414DBFAF2" author="Andre, E." box="[1034,1214,1266,1288]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="311 - 327" refId="ref131370" refString="Andre, E. (1890) Materiaux pour servir a la faune myrmecologique de Sierra-Leone (Afrique occidentale). Revue d'Entomologie (Caen), 9, 311 - 327." type="journal article" year="1890">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CF2C92FB8AFB141429FAF2" box="[1034,1100,1266,1288]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">André</collectingRegion>
, 1890: 314
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; by monotypy.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF17FAD313DDFA88" blockId="176.[151,1437,1333,2006]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17FAD31120FAB4" ID-CoL="6Y89" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,325,1333,1358]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17FAD31120FAB4" box="[151,325,1333,1358]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a small genus (six described species) restricted to central and western Africa. They are cryptic foragers, and at least one species is a specialist predator of earthworms.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CF2C90FF47FA9B115FFE9F" lastPageId="178" lastPageNumber="179" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF47FA9B12EFF968" blockId="176.[151,1437,1333,2006]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF47FA9B1124FA6C" bold="true" box="[199,321,1405,1430]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FECCFA9B119FFA6C" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[332,506,1405,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FECCFA9B119FFA6C" box="[332,506,1405,1430]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers and queens are readily identified by their unique mandibular structure (mandibles falcate to subtriangular, with broadly rounded basal angles and an attenuated apical tooth) and by their projecting labral lobe, both of which are autapomorphic within the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FC0FFA231467FA24" box="[911,1026,1477,1502]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
. Other diagnostic characters include the hypertrophied frontal lobes, longitudinal groove on the propodeal dorsum, and large lateral metapleural gland orifice.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF77F9EB11C0F9DC" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[247,421,1549,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF77F9EB11C0F9DC" box="[247,421,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to the other members of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FC6BF9EB141CF9DC" box="[1003,1145,1549,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FC6BF9EB141CF9DC" box="[1003,1145,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
genus group, including
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FF17F9D71145F9B0" box="[151,288,1585,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Loboponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF17F9D71145F9B0" box="[151,288,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Loboponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FEDFF9D71188F9B0" box="[351,493,1585,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FEDFF9D71188F9B0" box="[351,493,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
itself. In addition to lacking the two autapomorphies of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FB10F9D7155BF9B0" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[1168,1342,1585,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FB10F9D7155BF9B0" box="[1168,1342,1585,1610]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
already mentioned, these genera differ from
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FDCDF9B3129EF994" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[589,763,1621,1646]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FDCDF9B3129EF994" box="[589,763,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having longitudinal dorsal grooves in the meso- and metafemora and distinct propodeal lamellae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CF2C92FF47F97B155DF82C" blockId="176.[151,1437,1333,2006]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FF47F97B11A2F94C" bold="true" box="[199,455,1693,1718]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CF2C92FE52F97B124FF94C" box="[466,554,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Worker.</emphasis>
Medium to large (TL 9.0–16.0 mm;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CF2C92FC62F97B14EDF94C" author="Bolton, B." box="[994,1160,1693,1718]" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref133281" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 b) A revision of the African ponerine ant genus Psalidomyrmex Andre (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 32, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CF2C92FC62F97B1454F94C" box="[994,1073,1693,1718]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="176" pageNumber="177">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1975b
</bibRefCitation>
) ants with the standard characters of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CF2C92FEB4F92711F3F920" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[308,406,1729,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="176" pageNumber="177" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
. Mandibles falcate to subtriangular, with rounded basal angles, a long apical tooth and a basal groove. Labrum projecting anteriorly beyond the anterior clypeal margin as a lobe. Frontal lobes large, expanded laterally and closely approximated. Eyes of moderate size, located anterior to head midline. Metanotal groove vestigial. Propodeum broad dorsally, with a shallow longitudinal groove dorsally. Propodeal spiracles round. Metapleural gland orifice very large, opening laterally. Metatibial spur formula (1p). Petiole nodiform. Anteroventral articulatory surface of petiole long and broad, with a narrow median V-shaped longitudinal groove. Gaster with a strong constriction between A3 and A4. Head and body with moderate sculpturing (variously punctate, foveolate or striate), with very sparse pilosity and no pubescence. Color reddish brown to black.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DFA1B898A6CE2C93FF17F84F1433F827" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120903" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120903/files/figure.png" pageId="177" pageNumber="178" startId="177.[151,250,1961,1983]" targetBox="[180,1401,193,1911]" targetPageId="177">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CE2C93FF17F84F1433F827" blockId="177.[151,1436,1961,2013]" pageId="177" pageNumber="178">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CE2C93FF17F84F1142F844" bold="true" box="[151,295,1961,1983]" pageId="177" pageNumber="178">FIGURE 40.</emphasis>
Worker caste of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CE2C93FE70F84F1291F845" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[496,756,1961,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="177" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="procerus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CE2C93FE70F84F1291F845" box="[496,756,1961,1983]" italics="true" pageId="177" pageNumber="178">Psalidomyrmex procerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0003082, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CE2C93FC33F8211435F827" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[947,1104,1991,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="177" pageNumber="178" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CE2C93FC33F8211435F827" box="[947,1104,1991,2013]" italics="true" pageId="177" pageNumber="178">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CD2C90FF47FF7E13D6FF4A" blockId="178.[151,1437,151,1112]" box="[199,947,151,176]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF47FF7E1172FF55" box="[199,279,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Queen.</emphasis>
Similar to workers but slightly larger, alate and with ocelli.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CD2C90FF47FF5A12F4FF2F" blockId="178.[151,1437,151,1112]" box="[199,657,188,213]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF47FF5A116DFF2F" box="[199,264,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Male.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CD2C90FE8EFF5A1153FF2F" box="[270,310,188,213]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">See</collectingRegion>
description in
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FE5EFF5A12E8FF2F" author="Bolton, B." box="[478,653,188,213]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref133281" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 b) A revision of the African ponerine ant genus Psalidomyrmex Andre (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 32, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CD2C90FE5EFF5A124FFF2F" box="[478,554,188,213]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(1975b)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CD2C90FF47FF0713FFFF02" blockId="178.[151,1437,151,1112]" box="[199,922,223,248]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF47FF071174FF02" box="[199,273,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Larva.</emphasis>
Described for
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FE38FF071253FF02" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[440,566,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="procerus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FE38FF071253FF02" box="[440,566,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">P. procerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FDE0FF3913F3FF02" author="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J." box="[608,918,223,248]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="443 - 462" refId="ref167049" refString="Wheeler, G. C. &amp; Wheeler, J. (1964) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae: supplement. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 57, 443 - 462." type="journal article" year="1964">Wheeler &amp; Wheeler (1964)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CD2C90FF47FEE2115FFE9F" blockId="178.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF47FEE21196FEE7" bold="true" box="[199,499,260,285]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FE7FFEE212C8FEE7" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[511,685,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FE7FFEE212C8FEE7" box="[511,685,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to central and western Africa, ranging from
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CD2C90FAD9FEE210B8FEC5" name="Sierra Leone" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Sierra Leone</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CD2C90FE88FECE1134FEBA" box="[264,337,296,320]" name="Kenya" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and as far south as
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CD2C90FDC5FEC112F5FEBA" box="[581,656,295,320]" name="Gabon" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Gabon</collectingCountry>
and the
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6CD2C90FD7AFEC11400FEBA" box="[762,1125,295,320]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Democratic Republic of Congo</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FBF7FEC11545FEBA" author="Bolton, B." box="[1143,1312,295,320]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref133281" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 b) A revision of the African ponerine ant genus Psalidomyrmex Andre (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 32, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1975">Bolton, 1975b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FAAFFEC1114BFE9F" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr." pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref133506" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr. (2002) Loboponera gen. n. and a review of the Afrotropical Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 71, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0968045402000019" type="journal article" year="2002">Bolton &amp; Brown, 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6CD2C90FF47FE8915E3FBA2" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CD2C90FF47FE891272FDC6" blockId="178.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF47FE8911B7FE72" bold="true" box="[199,466,367,392]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
Very little is known about the ecology and behavior of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FBD1FE89149AFE72" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[1105,1279,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FBD1FE89149AFE72" box="[1105,1279,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. They nest in rotting logs, in the soil beneath rotting logs (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FD0CFE721357FE57" author="Bolton, B." box="[652,818,404,429]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref133281" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 b) A revision of the African ponerine ant genus Psalidomyrmex Andre (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 32, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CD2C90FD0CFE7212B8FE57" box="[652,733,404,429]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1975b
</bibRefCitation>
), or in deserted termitaries (Déjean
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FB46FE73149AFE57" box="[1222,1279,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
, 1996, 1997), and workers forage individually in rotting wood or in leaf litter (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FC0CFE511450FE2A" author="Bolton, B." box="[908,1077,439,464]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref133281" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 b) A revision of the African ponerine ant genus Psalidomyrmex Andre (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 32, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CD2C90FC0CFE5113B9FE2A" box="[908,988,439,464]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1975b
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FBCCFE5F14A8FE2A" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1901" box="[1100,1229,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="procerus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FBCCFE5F14A8FE2A" box="[1100,1229,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">P. procerus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known to be a specialist predator of earthworms (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FD9FFE3A12A2FE0F" author="Levieux, J." box="[543,711,476,501]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="48 - 53" refId="ref151020" refString="Levieux, J. (1982) A comparison of the ground dwelling ant populations between a Guinea savanna and an evergreen rain forest of the Ivory Coast. Biology of Social Insects. Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the IUSSI, pp. 48 - 53." type="proceedings paper" year="1982">Lévieux, 1982</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FD53FE3A13CBFE0F" author="Dejean, A. &amp; Olmsted, I. &amp; Camal, J. F." box="[723,942,476,501]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="57 - 76" refId="ref138105" refString="Dejean, A., Olmsted, I. &amp; Camal, J. F. (1992) Interaction between Atta cephalotes and arboreal ants in the Biosphere reserve Sian Ka'an (Quintana Roo, Mexico): efficient protection of the trees (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Sociobiology, 20 (1), 57 - 76." type="journal article" year="1992">
Déjean
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FCAAFE3B1306FE0F" box="[810,867,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">et al.</emphasis>
, 1992
</bibRefCitation>
), and though the feeding habits of the other species is unknown, it seems likely that they too may feed on earthworms, given the apparently specialized mandibular structure of the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CD2C90FF47FDA1116DFD52" blockId="178.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF47FDA11284FD9A" bold="true" box="[199,737,583,608]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FD6CFDA113FFFD9A" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[748,922,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FD6CFDA113FFFD9A" box="[748,922,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was erected by
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FBE2FDA1149AFD9A" author="Andre, E." box="[1122,1279,583,608]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="311 - 327" refId="ref131370" refString="Andre, E. (1890) Materiaux pour servir a la faune myrmecologique de Sierra-Leone (Afrique occidentale). Revue d'Entomologie (Caen), 9, 311 - 327." type="journal article" year="1890">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CD2C90FBE2FDA114CDFD9A" box="[1122,1192,583,608]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">André</collectingRegion>
(1890)
</bibRefCitation>
to house the single species
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FEC2FD8B11B0FD7F" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[322,469,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="foveolatus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FEC2FD8B11B0FD7F" box="[322,469,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">P. foveolatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FE67FD8A12FDFD7F" author="Bolton, B." box="[487,664,620,645]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref133281" refString="Bolton, B. (1975 b) A revision of the African ponerine ant genus Psalidomyrmex Andre (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 32, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1975">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CD2C90FE67FD8A1256FD7F" box="[487,563,620,645]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(1975b)
</bibRefCitation>
revised the genus, and
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FC36FD8A14B7FD7F" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[950,1234,620,645]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref133506" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr. (2002) Loboponera gen. n. and a review of the Afrotropical Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 71, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0968045402000019" type="journal article" year="2002">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CD2C90FC36FD8A1467FD7F" box="[950,1026,620,645]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Brown (2002)
</bibRefCitation>
gave an updated diagnosis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CD2C90FF47FD5214DEFCA6" blockId="178.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FF47FD521107FD37" author="Andre, E." box="[199,354,692,717]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="311 - 327" refId="ref131370" refString="Andre, E. (1890) Materiaux pour servir a la faune myrmecologique de Sierra-Leone (Afrique occidentale). Revue d'Entomologie (Caen), 9, 311 - 327." type="journal article" year="1890">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CD2C90FF47FD521168FD37" box="[199,269,692,717]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">André</collectingRegion>
(1890)
</bibRefCitation>
apparently believed that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FD0AFD52135DFD37" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[650,824,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FD0AFD52135DFD37" box="[650,824,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FBC8FD5214AAFD37" box="[1096,1231,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FBC8FD5214AAFD37" box="[1096,1231,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Belonopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, due to supposed similarities in their mandibular structure. However, P.S. Ward (pers. comm.) found that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FBEFFD311493FD0A" box="[1135,1270,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FBEFFD311493FD0A" box="[1135,1270,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Belonopelta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FF17FD1A1153FCEF" baseAuthorityName="sensu Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1973" box="[151,310,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF17FD1A1153FCEF" box="[151,310,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group while
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FE5EFD1A12F1FCEF" author="Schmidt, C." box="[478,660,764,789]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt (2013)</bibRefCitation>
placed
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FD78FD1A13C3FCEF" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[760,934,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FD78FD1A13C3FCEF" box="[760,934,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FB87FD1A14F0FCEF" box="[1031,1173,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FB87FD1A14F0FCEF" box="[1031,1173,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group. The only real similarity in the mandibles of these genera is the attenuated apical tooth, which occurs in at least two other ponerine genera (
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FEDBFCA3118CFCA6" box="[347,489,837,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FEDBFCA3118CFCA6" box="[347,489,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Emeryopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FD9EFCA2128DFCA7" box="[542,744,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FD9EFCA2128DFCA7" box="[542,744,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and this similarity is clearly convergent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6CD2C90FF47FC8115E3FBA2" blockId="178.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FF47FC811110FC7A" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[199,373,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF47FC811110FC7A" box="[199,373,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been grouped with
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FD34FC811327FC7A" box="[692,834,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FD34FC811327FC7A" box="[692,834,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
since
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FC1EFC8E1421FC7A" author="Emery, C." box="[926,1092,871,896]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery (1911)</bibRefCitation>
included it in his subtribe
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FF17FC6A1153FC5F" authorityName="Emery" authorityYear="1911" box="[151,310,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Plectroctenini">Plectroctenini</taxonomicName>
, though this was based on weak evidence.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FCACFC6A13A8FC5F" author="Bolton, B." box="[812,973,908,933]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="309 - 338" refId="ref133186" refString="Bolton, B. (1974) A revision of the ponerine ant genus Plectroctena F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 30, 309 - 338." type="journal article" year="1974">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CD2C90FCACFC6A131DFC5F" box="[812,888,908,933]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(1974)
</bibRefCitation>
argued for a close relationship between these genera based on the structure of the mesosoma, petiole and gaster, a similar reduction in palpal segments, and male morphological characteristics.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FDB8FC321334FC17" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[568,849,980,1005]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="1 - 18" refId="ref133506" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Brown, W. L. Jr. (2002) Loboponera gen. n. and a review of the Afrotropical Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), 71, 1 - 18. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0968045402000019" type="journal article" year="2002">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6CD2C90FDB8FC3212E1FC17" box="[568,644,980,1005]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Brown (2002)
</bibRefCitation>
found additional evidence for a close relationship between
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FF7FFC1111C8FBEA" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[255,429,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF7FFC1111C8FBEA" box="[255,429,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FE6BFC11121CFBEA" box="[491,633,1015,1040]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FE6BFC11121CFBEA" box="[491,633,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the structure of the anterior petiolar articulatory surface (see also
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FF17FBFA1149FBCF" author="Fisher, B. L." box="[151,300,1052,1077]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="111 - 118" refId="ref142162" refString="Fisher, B. L. (2006) Boloponera vicans gen. n. and sp. n. and two new species of the Plectroctena genus group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecologische Nachrichten, 8, 111 - 118." type="journal article" year="2006">Fisher, 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6CD2C90FEC5FBFA126CFBCF" author="Schmidt, C." box="[325,521,1052,1077]" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
molecular phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FCE9FBFA13BCFBCF" box="[873,985,1052,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
confirms this close relationship, with
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FF17FBD91120FBA2" authorityName="Andre" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,325,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Psalidomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FF17FBD91120FBA2" box="[151,325,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Psalidomyrmex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resolved as sister to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FDAFFBD912DDFBA2" box="[559,696,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Loboponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FDAFFBD912DDFBA2" box="[559,696,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Loboponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FD56FBD91301FBA2" box="[726,868,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Plectroctena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FD56FBD91301FBA2" box="[726,868,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Plectroctena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6CD2C90FCF2FBD91393FBA2" authorityName=", Fisher" authorityYear="2006" box="[882,1014,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="178" pageNumber="179" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6CD2C90FCF2FBD91393FBA2" box="[882,1014,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="178" pageNumber="179">Boloponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also probably in this sister clade.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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