845 lines
107 KiB
XML
845 lines
107 KiB
XML
<document id="03911A33721F0642483106CF0EEE4CC6" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6382C69FF17F8E311BFFC85" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Bothroponera Mayr" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="76" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="72" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="446DF94F383AFA9994FE3FED917A6977">
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<mods:title id="1506C11AB94C8104BD12826AC43D6579">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="CF01F410E460D9F0B6624DDB443F1F54" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="1574B0596F798ED28829D6AD1B2B0890">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="77693E6C2F436203FEBCFD0B3BDA31BC">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="394CC75C6D7938D5D56F8B549A0EE213">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="AF3B2D8A82EF4D07E43691988159EF3B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="3C337F62520E063A40019F032860F266">
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<mods:date id="A0829C829C8CA853EAC18997E9C2557B">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A2FF9D8EBF28E5B876287EF74D7C747D">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6874D760FEB89334C800B707E5DD5A08">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="68CBAFA7F521D842D59831C6BAD88F3F" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6382C69FF17F8E311BFFC85" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117460" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709977" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117460" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6382C69FF17F8E311BFFC85" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6382C69FF17F8E311BFFC85" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6382C65FF17F8E311E8F8E5" box="[151,397,1797,1823]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6382C65FF17F8E311E8F8E5" blockId="71.[151,397,1797,1856]" box="[151,397,1797,1823]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6382C65FF17F8E311E8F8E5" bold="true" box="[151,397,1797,1823]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FF17F8E311E8F8E5" authority="Mayr" authorityName="Mayr" box="[151,397,1797,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FF17F8E311E8F8E5" bold="true" box="[151,397,1797,1823]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FF17F8E31124F8E5" bold="true" box="[151,321,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
Mayr
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6382C65FF17F8C110BDF8BA" box="[151,216,1831,1856]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6382C65FF17F8C110BDF8BA" blockId="71.[151,397,1797,1856]" box="[151,216,1831,1856]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6382C65FF17F8C110BDF8BA" box="[151,216,1831,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="72.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1817]" captionTargetId="figure-84@72.[151,1436,195,1829]" captionTargetPageId="72" captionText="FIGURE 8. Worker caste of Bothroponera cambouei: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0034474, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Bothroponera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120830/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6382C6BFF17F89613FDFF2F" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6382C65FF17F896128CF85E" blockId="71.[151,1437,1904,1956]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6382C65FF17F896128CF85E" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6382C65FF17F89611B1F87C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6295140" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6295140" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4EE4E59F-548E-43BA-B183-C872FB06E646" author="Mayr, G." box="[151,468,1904,1926]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C8BF8C6ABA3F3C2426F5075430A129D3" page="713" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" year="1862">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FF17F89611B1F87C" authority="Mayr, 1862: 713" authorityName="Mayr" authorityPageNumber="713" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,468,1904,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FF17F8961141F87C" box="[151,292,1904,1926]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6382C65FEAAF89611B1F87C" author="Mayr, G." box="[298,468,1904,1926]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="649 - 776" refId="ref155085" refString="Mayr, G. (1862) Myrmecologische Studien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 12, 649 - 776." type="journal article" year="1862">Mayr, 1862: 713</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 717 (as genus in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FD08F8961288F87C" ID-CoL="K6Z" box="[648,749,1904,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Poneridae]). Type-species:
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6382C65FB8FF897151CF87C" author="Roger, J." box="[1039,1401,1904,1926]" page="290" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" year="1860">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6382C65FB8FF897151CF87C" authority="Roger, 1860: 290" authorityName="Roger" authorityPageNumber="290" authorityYear="1860" box="[1039,1401,1904,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumicosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FB8FF89714A4F87C" box="[1039,1217,1905,1926]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Ponera pumicosa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6382C65FB47F896151CF87C" author="Roger, J." box="[1223,1401,1904,1926]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="278 - 312" refId="ref160894" refString="Roger, J. (1860) Die Ponera-artigen Ameisen. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 4, 278 - 312." type="journal article" year="1860">Roger, 1860: 290</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
; by subsequent designation of
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6382C65FE54F869121AF85E" author="Emery, C." box="[468,639,1934,1956]" page="42" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" year="1901">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6382C65FE54F869121AF85E" author="Emery, C." box="[468,639,1934,1956]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="32 - 54" refId="ref141230" refString="Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54." type="journal article" year="1901">Emery, 1901: 42</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6382C65FD08F868128CF85E" bold="true" box="[648,745,1934,1956]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Gen. rev.</emphasis>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6372C6AFF17F8DC1423F895" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120830" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120830/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" startId="72.[151,250,1850,1872]" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1817]" targetPageId="72">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6372C6AFF17F8DC1423F895" blockId="72.[151,1436,1850,1903]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6372C6AFF17F8DC117EF8B5" bold="true" box="[151,283,1850,1872]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6372C6AFE69F8DC128DF8AA" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1891" box="[489,744,1850,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cambouei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6372C6AFE69F8DC128DF8AA" box="[489,744,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Bothroponera cambouei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0034474, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6372C6AFC33F8BF1425F895" box="[947,1088,1881,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6372C6AFC33F8BF1425F895" box="[947,1088,1881,1903]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6372C6BFF17F85313FDFF2F" blockId="72.[151,1436,1973,2034]" lastBlockId="73.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6372C6AFF17F8531156F834" box="[151,307,1973,1998]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6372C6AFF17F8531156F834" box="[151,307,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a moderately large genus, with 53 described species and subspecies. The sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6372C6AFF17F83F1156F808" box="[151,307,2009,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6372C6AFF17F83F1156F808" box="[151,307,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unresolved, and the genus may be non-monophyletic as defined here.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6372C6AFBDBF83F1492F808" box="[1115,1271,2009,2034]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6372C6AFBDBF83F1492F808" box="[1115,1271,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6372C6AFA86F83C15F6F80B" box="[1286,1427,2010,2033]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">sensu stricto</emphasis>
|
||
) is restricted to Africa and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6362C6BFE44FF711228FF4A" box="[452,589,151,176]" name="Madagascar" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, while the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFD4CFF7F135BFF4A" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[716,830,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFD4CFF7F135BFF4A" box="[716,830,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group ranges from Africa to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6362C6BFA96FF7115FDFF4A" box="[1302,1432,151,176]" name="Philippines" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Relatively little is known about
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFE7DFF5A12FCFF2F" box="[509,665,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFE7DFF5A12FCFF2F" box="[509,665,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ecology and behavior.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6362C6BFF47FF391321F9AA" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6362C6BFF47FF3913E0FC7A" blockId="73.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF47FF391124FF02" bold="true" box="[199,321,223,248]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFECAFF391183FF02" box="[330,486,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFECAFF391183FF02" box="[330,486,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers lack any obvious autapomorphies within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFBD9FF3914A9FF02" box="[1113,1228,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and are therefore more difficult to diagnose than those of most ponerine genera. They can generally be distinguished by the following combination of characters: Body without a long dense golden pilosity, mesopleuron usually not divided by a transverse groove, metanotal groove obsolete, propodeal dorsum without spines or teeth, propodeal spiracles slit-shaped, petiole nodiform (and not semicircular in top view) and without posterodorsal spines or teeth, tergite of A3 without strong longitudinal striations, gaster with a strong constriction between A3 and A4, and metatibiae with two spurs. Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFE25FE511224FE2A" box="[421,577,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFE25FE511224FE2A" box="[421,577,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFDD8FE5F1219FE2A" box="[600,636,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
) also have strong sculpturing, large cordate frontal lobes, a broad propodeal dorsum, and a U-shaped cuticular lip posterior to the metapleural gland orifice, though members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFF17FDE71168FDE2" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[151,269,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF17FDE71168FDE2" box="[151,269,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group lack these characters. Superficially,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFC97FE1913D6FDE2" box="[791,947,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFC97FE1913D6FDE2" box="[791,947,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers most closely resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFF17FDC2115CFDC7" box="[151,313,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF17FDC2115CFDC7" box="[151,313,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFE09FDC21236FDC7" box="[393,595,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFE09FDC21236FDC7" box="[393,595,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but they lack the bispinose propodeum, five-spined petiole, and unconstricted gaster of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFE2EFDA11235FD9A" box="[430,592,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFE2EFDA11235FD9A" box="[430,592,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the shaggy pilosity, semicircular petiole, and longitudinally striate tergite A3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFEB4FD8A119BFD7F" box="[308,510,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFEB4FD8A119BFD7F" box="[308,510,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFD8FFD8A12CEFD7F" box="[527,683,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFD8FFD8A12CEFD7F" box="[527,683,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can also be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFC6AFD8B14FDFD7E" box="[1002,1176,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFC6AFD8B14FDFD7E" box="[1002,1176,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFA80FD8A15F9FD7F" box="[1280,1436,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFA80FD8A15F9FD7F" box="[1280,1436,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the small eyes, angular sides of the head, divided mesopleuron (except in a few species), and weakly constricted gaster of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFE2AFD53123DFD36" box="[426,600,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFE2AFD53123DFD36" box="[426,600,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and Asian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFC87FD52146DFD37" box="[775,1032,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFC87FD5213C6FD37" box="[775,931,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack the strong sculpturing of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFF17FD3F1120FD0A" box="[151,325,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF17FD3F1120FD0A" box="[151,325,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFD98FD3112D1FD0A" box="[536,692,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFD98FD3112D1FD0A" box="[536,692,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFD49FD3F1289FD0A" box="[713,748,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
) also somewhat resemble the workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFB5FFD31150DFD0A" box="[1247,1384,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Loboponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFB5FFD31150DFD0A" box="[1247,1384,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Loboponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFF17FD1A117EFCEF" authorityName=", Fisher" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,283,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF17FD1A117EFCEF" box="[151,283,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Boloponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, given their stocky build, coarse sculpturing, large frontal lobes, obsolete mesopropodeal suture, broad propodeal dorsum, and nodiform petioles, but are readily separated from these genera by their metatibial spur formulae (two spurs versus one), propodeal spiracles (slit-shaped versus round), and metapleural gland orifice (opening posterolaterally versus laterally), among other characters.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6362C6BFF47FC6A10BEFACA" blockId="73.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF47FC6A11A2FC5F" bold="true" box="[199,455,908,933]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFE52FC6A124DFC5F" box="[466,552,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Worker.</emphasis>
|
||
Medium to large (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6362C6BFCB5FC6A13DEFC5F" box="[821,955,908,933]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.075" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.55" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="10.75" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="5.5">5.5–16 mm</quantity>
|
||
) slender to robust ants with the standard characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFEB4FC4911F2FC32" box="[308,407,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Mandibles triangular, usually with a faint basal groove. Frontal lobes either moderately large (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFF5EFC33112BFC17" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[222,334,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF5EFC33112BFC17" box="[222,334,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group) or very large and cordate (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFD4DFC3213F1FC16" box="[717,916,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFD4DFC32130CFC17" box="[717,873,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A6362C6BFCF0FC3313F1FC16" box="[880,916,981,1004]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). Eyes of moderate size and placed anterior of head midline. Mesopleuron usually not divided by a transverse groove. Metanotal groove obsolete dorsally. Propodeum broad dorsally. Propodeal spiracles slit-shaped. Distinct pale glandular patch on posterior surface of metatibia, close to spur, present (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFD8BFBA71219FBA2" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[523,636,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFD8BFBA71219FBA2" box="[523,636,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group) or absent (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFCCDFBD91471FBA2" box="[845,1044,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFCCDFBD9138CFBA2" box="[845,1001,1087,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A6362C6BFC71FBA71471FBA2" box="[1009,1044,1089,1112]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
). Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole nodiform, widening posteriorly in dorsal view, with vertical anterior and posterior faces. Girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4 apparent. Stridulitrum either present (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFBE1FB611542FB5A" box="[1121,1319,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFBE1FB611498FB5A" box="[1121,1277,1159,1184]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A6362C6BFA83FB6F1542FB5A" box="[1283,1319,1161,1184]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) or absent (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFF20FB4B1170FB3F" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[160,277,1196,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF20FB4B1170FB3F" box="[160,277,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group) on pretergite of A4. Head and body either coarsely sculptured with abundant pilosity and moderate pubescence (most
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFE64FB2912CAFB12" box="[484,687,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFE64FB2912E5FB12" box="[484,640,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2998979A6362C6BFD0CFB3712CAFB12" box="[652,687,1233,1256]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFD43FB371338FB12" baseAuthorityName="Arnold" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[707,861,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFD43FB371338FB12" box="[707,861,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. laevissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is shiny, with only weak sculpturing and sparse pilosity) or finely punctate with scattered pilosity and dense pubescence (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFC5EFB131435FAF7" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[990,1104,1268,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFC5EFB131435FAF7" box="[990,1104,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group). Color dark brown to black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6362C6BFF47FADA13B6FA82" blockId="73.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF47FADA1172FAA9" box="[199,279,1340,1363]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to the worker but slightly larger, winged and with ocelli (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6362C6BFB82FADA14DEFAAF" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1026,1211,1340,1365]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Queens are absent in
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF34FA87115DFA82" box="[180,312,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFF34FA871150FA82" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[180,309,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kruegeri">B. kruegeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in which reproduction is performed by gamergate workers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6362C6BFF47FA6212C1FA67" blockId="73.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,676,1412,1437]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF47FA62116DFA67" box="[199,264,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6362C6BFE8EFA621153FA67" box="[270,310,1412,1437]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">See</collectingRegion>
|
||
description in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6362C6BFE5EFA6212C5FA67" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[478,672,1412,1437]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler (1922b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6362C6BFF47FA4F13EDFA3A" blockId="73.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,904,1447,1472]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF47FA4F1174FA3A" box="[199,273,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
Described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6362C6BFE33FA411285FA3A" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[435,736,1447,1472]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="604 - 672" refId="ref166964" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1952) The ant larvae of the subfamily Ponerinae - Part II. American Midland Naturalist, 48, 604 - 672. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 2422200" type="journal article" year="1952">Wheeler & Wheeler (1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6362C6BFD6BFA411351FA3A" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[747,820,1447,1472]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="386 - 394" refId="ref167128" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1971 b) The larvae of the ant genus Bothroponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 73, 386 - 394." type="journal article" year="1971">1971b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6362C6BFCBFFA41131EFA3A" author="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J." box="[831,891,1447,1472]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="41 - 64" refId="ref167213" refString="Wheeler, G. C. & Wheeler, J. (1976) Supplementary studies on ant larvae: Ponerinae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 102, 41 - 64." type="journal article" year="1976">1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6362C6BFF47FA2A1321F9AA" blockId="73.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF47FA2A1194FA1F" bold="true" box="[199,497,1484,1509]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFE79FA2A12F0FA1F" box="[505,661,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFE79FA2A12F0FA1F" box="[505,661,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFD28FA2B1353FA1E" box="[680,822,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">sensu stricto</emphasis>
|
||
) is restricted to Sub-Saharan Africa and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6362C6BFA8EFA2A15F2FA1F" box="[1294,1431,1484,1509]" name="Madagascar" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, while the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFE84FA171111F9F2" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[260,372,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFE84FA171111F9F2" box="[260,372,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group occurs from Sub-Saharan Africa through southern Asia to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6362C6BFBF7FA09149CF9F2" box="[1143,1273,1519,1544]" name="Philippines" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Philippines</collectingCountry>
|
||
. References in the literature to Australian “
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFE5CF9F212E2F9D7" box="[476,647,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFE5CF9F212E5F9D7" box="[476,640,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bothroponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
species (and many Asian species as well) are actually references to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFF17F9D11104F9AA" box="[151,353,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF17F9D11104F9AA" box="[151,353,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which we are reviving as a distinct genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6362C69FF47F9BA11BFFC85" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6362C6BFF47F9BA1553F86F" blockId="73.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF47F9BA11BDF98F" bold="true" box="[199,472,1628,1653]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Relatively little is known about
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFCDEF9BA139FF98F" box="[862,1018,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFCDEF9BA139FF98F" box="[862,1018,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and all studies of the ecology and behavior of these ants have focused on species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFD7CF967130BF962" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[764,878,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFD7CF967130BF962" box="[764,878,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, so even less is known about the habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFF17F9421156F947" box="[151,307,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFF17F9421156F947" box="[151,307,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFEC3F9431103F946" box="[323,358,1701,1724]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
), with most information coming from anecdotal observations.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFBA0F94314DAF947" authorityName="Arnold" authorityYear="1946" box="[1056,1215,1700,1725]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mlanjiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFBA0F94314DAF947" box="[1056,1215,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. mlanjiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported to dwell in shady forest habitats and to nest in the ground (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6362C6BFD47F9211307F91A" author="Arnold, G." box="[711,866,1735,1760]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="49 - 97" refId="ref131713" refString="Arnold, G. (1946) New species of African Hymenoptera. No. 6. Occasional Papers of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia, 2, 49 - 97." type="journal article" year="1946">Arnold, 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), collection data for several other species indicates that they also nest in the ground and are often collected in leaf litter, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFC61F90B14E8F8FF" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[993,1165,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pachyderma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFC61F90B14E8F8FF" box="[993,1165,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. pachyderma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been found nesting inside abandoned termitaries (Déjean
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFDBEF8F71213F8D2" box="[574,630,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996), but otherwise ecological notes on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFBCFF8E9148EF8D2" box="[1103,1259,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFBCFF8E9148EF8D2" box="[1103,1259,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFB7BF8F7157BF8D2" box="[1275,1310,1809,1832]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
) are sorely lacking. At least some species feign death when disturbed (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFCB6F8D31472F8B7" box="[822,1047,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFCEDF8D31472F8B7" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[877,1047,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pachyderma">B. pachyderma</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6362C6BFBA7F8D214BBF8B7" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[1063,1246,1844,1869]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFB72F8D315F9F8B7" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[1266,1436,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pachyderma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFB72F8D315F9F8B7" box="[1266,1436,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. pachyderma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is reported to be a generalist predator (Déjean
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFD20F8BF12BCF88A" box="[672,729,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999), but the prey preferences of other species are unknown. Some larger species, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFE5DF89B12E2F86F" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[477,647,1916,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pachyderma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFE5DF89B12E2F86F" box="[477,647,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. pachyderma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, stridulate audibly when distressed (B.
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6362C6BFBC2F89A14F4F86F" box="[1090,1169,1916,1941]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bolton</collectingRegion>
|
||
, pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6362C68FF47F8461507FE2A" blockId="73.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="74.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
Perhaps the best studied species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFDDCF846129DF843" box="[604,760,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFDDCF846129DF843" box="[604,760,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFC9CF84713ACF843" box="[796,969,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFC9CF84713A0F843" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[796,965,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tesseronoda">B. tesseronoda</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
a South Asian member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6362C6BFAAAF84715F9F843" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1322,1436,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6362C6BFAAAF84715F9F843" box="[1322,1436,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. This species forms subterranean nests, with from 50 to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6362C6BFCCBF82213B0F827" box="[843,981,1988,2013]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="worker">170 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
per colony (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6362C6BFBE0F82215F5F827" author="Maschwitz, U. & Jessen, K. & Knecht, S." box="[1120,1424,1988,2013]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="30 - 41" refId="ref153807" refString="Maschwitz, U., Jessen, K. & Knecht, S. (1986) Tandem recruitment and trail laying in the ponerine ant Diacamma rugosum - signal analysis. Ethology, 71 (1), 30 - 41. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1986. tb 00567. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Jessen & Maschwitz, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FF17FF7F1159FF4A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[151,316,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tesseronoda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FF17FF7F1159FF4A" box="[151,316,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">B. tesseronoda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is apparently a generalist predator of arthropods, with termites making up a large portion of its diet (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FF1EFF5A11A8FF2F" author="Shivashankar, T. & Kumar, A. R. V. & Veeresh, G. K." box="[158,461,188,213]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="137 - 151" refId="ref162129" refString="Shivashankar, T., Kumar, A. R. V. & Veeresh, G. K. (1995) Ponerine ants as potential predators of termites under forest ecosystem. Biological Control of Social Forest and Plantation Crops Insects, 137 - 151." type="book chapter" year="1995">
|
||
Shivashankar
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FEC3FF5B111AFF2F" box="[323,383,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though it is also known to visit extrafloral nectaries (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FBDCFF5A15F4FF2F" author="Agarwal, V. M. & Rastogi, N." box="[1116,1425,188,213]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="59 - 65" refId="ref130706" refString="Agarwal, V. M. & Rastogi, N. (2008) Role of floral repellents in the regulation of flower visits of extrafloral nectary-visiting ants in an Indian crop plant. Ecological Entomology, 33, 59 - 65. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.2007.00938. x" type="journal article" year="2008">Agarwal & Rastogi, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers recruit nestmates to food sources and new nest sites via tandem running, which is initiated by mechanical stimulation and a colony-specific chemical trail derived from the entire body surface (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FBEAFEE210B7FEBA" author="Maschwitz, U. & Muhlenberg, M." pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="396 - 398" refId="ref153944" refString="Maschwitz, U. & Muhlenberg, M. (1973) Tandem traveling: peculiar recruiting behavior in ants. Natur und Museum (Frankfurt am Main), 103 (11), 396 - 398." type="journal article" year="1973">Maschwitz & Mühlenberg, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FF60FEC1118CFEBA" author="Maschwitz, U. & Holldobler, B. & Moeglich, M." box="[224,489,295,320]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="113 - 123" refId="ref153767" refString="Maschwitz, U., Holldobler, B. & Moeglich, M. (1974) Recruitment by tandem running in the ant Bothroponera tesseronoda. Zeitschrift fuer Tierpsychologie, 35 (2), 113 - 123." type="journal article" year="1974">
|
||
Maschwitz
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FEE4FECF11FBFEBA" box="[356,414,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1974
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FE77FECE134FFEBA" author="Jessen, K. & Maschwitz, U." box="[503,810,295,320]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="549 - 550" refId="ref148160" refString="Jessen, K. & Maschwitz, U. (1985) Individual specific trails in the ant Pachycondyla tesseronoda (Formicidae, Ponerinae). Naturwissenschaften, 72 (10), 549 - 550. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00367608" type="journal article" year="1985">Jessen & Maschwitz, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and 1986;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FC2DFEC11536FEBA" author="Maschwitz, U. & Steghaus-Kovac, S." box="[941,1363,295,320]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="103 - 113" refId="ref154175" refString="Maschwitz, U. & Steghaus-Kovac, S. (1991) Individualism versus cooperation - conflicting hunting and recruiting strategies among tropical ponerine ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Naturwissenschaften, 78 (3), 103 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01131484" type="journal article" year="1991">Maschwitz & Steghaus-Kovac, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nest entrances are marked with a colony-specific chemical cue, and foraging workers also employ chemical signaling while scouting a new area for food. Remarkably, individual workers can identify their own trails and show a preference for them over that of other individuals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FD56FE72146EFE57" author="Maschwitz, U. & Jessen, K. & Knecht, S." box="[726,1035,404,429]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="30 - 41" refId="ref153807" refString="Maschwitz, U., Jessen, K. & Knecht, S. (1986) Tandem recruitment and trail laying in the ponerine ant Diacamma rugosum - signal analysis. Ethology, 71 (1), 30 - 41. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1986. tb 00567. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Jessen & Maschwitz, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Alarm pheromones and defensive secretions are produced in the mandibular glands, poison gland, and Dufour’s gland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FBCFFE511530FE2A" author="Maschwitz, U. & Holldobler, B. & Moeglich, M." box="[1103,1365,439,464]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="113 - 123" refId="ref153767" refString="Maschwitz, U., Holldobler, B. & Moeglich, M. (1974) Recruitment by tandem running in the ant Bothroponera tesseronoda. Zeitschrift fuer Tierpsychologie, 35 (2), 113 - 123." type="journal article" year="1974">
|
||
Maschwitz
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FB53FE5F156EFE2A" box="[1235,1291,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1974
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6352C68FF47FE3A13CBFC32" blockId="74.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
An African species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FE7EFE3B1217FE0F" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[510,626,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FE7EFE3B1217FE0F" box="[510,626,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FD50FE3B1326FE0E" box="[720,835,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FD50FE3B135AFE0E" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[720,831,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crassa">B. crassa</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
also uses tandem running for nestmate recruitment (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FF1EFE1911B8FDE2" author="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O." box="[158,477,511,536]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refId="ref146902" refString="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. (1990) The ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., xii + 732 pp." type="book" year="1990">Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Workers of another African member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FC64FDE71433FDE2" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[996,1110,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FC64FDE71433FDE2" box="[996,1110,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FB30FDE7156EFDE2" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1200,1291,513,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FB30FDE7156EFDE2" box="[1200,1291,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">B. soror</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, use tandem running to recruit nestmates to large prey items or to groups of prey, but are also capable of recruiting nestmates from up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6352C68FE9DFDA11118FDA5" box="[285,381,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
|
||
away using a multicomponent mandibular gland secretion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FBB2FDA1155DFD9A" author="Longhurst, C. & Baker, R. & Howse, P. E." box="[1074,1336,583,608]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="551 - 555" refId="ref151886" refString="Longhurst, C., Baker, R. & Howse, P. E. (1980) A multicomponent mandibular gland secretion in the ponerine ant Bothroponera soror (Emery). Journal of Insect Physiology, 26 (8), 551 - 555. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0022 - 1910 (80) 90130 - 4" type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||
Longhurst
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FB30FDAF148EFD9A" box="[1200,1259,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Déjean, 1991).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FF6BFD8A11F5FD7F" author="Arnold, G." box="[235,400,620,645]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold (1915)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports that workers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FD35FD8B1370FD7E" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[693,789,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FD35FD8B1370FD7E" box="[693,789,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">B. soror</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
smell strongly like cockroaches; the mandibular gland secretions are possibly responsible for this.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FD26FD771362FD52" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[678,775,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FD26FD771362FD52" box="[678,775,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">B. soror</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a generalist predator of arthropods and a scavenger (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FF1EFD5211FAFD37" author="Longhurst, C. & Baker, R. & Howse, P. E." box="[158,415,692,717]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="551 - 555" refId="ref151886" refString="Longhurst, C., Baker, R. & Howse, P. E. (1980) A multicomponent mandibular gland secretion in the ponerine ant Bothroponera soror (Emery). Journal of Insect Physiology, 26 (8), 551 - 555. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / 0022 - 1910 (80) 90130 - 4" type="journal article" year="1980">
|
||
Longhurst
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FE9CFD531130FD37" box="[284,341,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1980
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Déjean
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FD84FD531258FD37" box="[516,573,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1999). Déjean (1991) describes some behavioral adaptations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FAA2FD53151BFD36" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[1314,1406,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FAA2FD53151BFD36" box="[1314,1406,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">B. soror</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to termite predation, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FE13FD3112FBFD0A" author="Orivel, J. & Dejean, A." box="[403,670,727,752]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="195 - 201" refId="ref157656" refString="Orivel, J. & Dejean, A. (2001) Comparative effect of the venoms of ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera: Ponerinae). Toxicon, 39 (2 - 3), 195 - 201. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / s 0041 - 0101 (00) 00113 - 6" type="journal article" year="2001">Orivel & Déjean (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
measured the toxicity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FC3AFD3F1470FD0A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[954,1045,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FC3AFD3F1470FD0A" box="[954,1045,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">B. soror</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
venom. Nests are typically located under stones or in termitaries (Déjean
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FDD2FD1B12E9FCEF" box="[594,652,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1996, 1997), and colonies are small with about two dozen workers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FF1EFCF9115FFCC2" author="Arnold, G." box="[158,314,799,824]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref131610" refString="Arnold, G. (1915) A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae; Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum, 14, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1915">Arnold, 1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FECDFCF9119CFCC2" author="Haskins, C. P." box="[333,505,799,824]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="211 - 216" refId="ref145753" refString="Haskins, C. P. (1941) Note on the method of colony foundation of the ponerine ant Bothroponera soror Emery. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 49 (2), 211 - 216." type="journal article" year="1941">Haskins (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FDFBFCC712B3FCC2" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1899" box="[635,726,801,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FDFBFCC712B3FCC2" box="[635,726,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">B. soror</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
queens display semi-claustral nest founding during which they forage outside the nest but also metabolize their flight muscles, and that they prefer to build nests in soil around rotting logs and even in the logs. Ground nesting is probably the rule for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FC40FC811439FC7A" box="[960,1116,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FC40FC811439FC7A" box="[960,1116,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FB3DFC8F1559FC7A" authorityName="Santschi" authorityYear="1914" box="[1213,1340,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silvestrii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FB3DFC8F1559FC7A" box="[1213,1340,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">B. silvestrii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has also been reported nesting in rotting wood (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FDD7FC6A128BFC5F" author="Taylor, B." box="[599,750,908,933]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refId="ref163811" refString="Taylor, B. (2008) The Ants of (sub-Saharan) Africa. Available from: http: // antbase. org / ants / africa / (accessed 1 October 2008)" type="url" year="2008">Taylor, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Queenless but apparently self-sustaining populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FA04FC6B10B6FC32" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="soror">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FA04FC6B10B6FC32" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">B. soror</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been observed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FE45FC4912E7FC32" author="Longhurst, C." box="[453,642,943,968]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refId="ref151786" refString="Longhurst, C. (1977) Behavioral, chemical and ecological interactions between West African ants and termites. Ph. D. Thesis, Southampton University, i + 301 pp." type="book" year="1977">Longhurst, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FD0EFC4913C4FC32" author="Villet, M. H. & Wildman, M. H." box="[654,929,943,968]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="233 - 250" refId="ref166228" refString="Villet, M. H. & Wildman, M. H. (1991) Division of labour in the obligately queenless ant Pachycondyla krugeri (= Bothroponera krugeri) Forel 1910 (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Tropical Zoology, 4 (2), 233 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1991.10539492" type="journal article" year="1991">Villet & Wildman, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6352C68FF47FC321114FAF7" blockId="74.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
An unusual member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FE7AFC33120FFC17" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[506,618,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FE7AFC33120FFC17" box="[506,618,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is the South African species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FC7BFC33141CFC17" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[1019,1145,980,1005]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kruegeri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FC7BFC33141CFC17" box="[1019,1145,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">B. kruegeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has lost the queen caste and reproduces only via gamergate workers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FD64FC111463FBEA" author="Peeters, C. & Crewe, R." box="[740,1030,1015,1040]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="251 - 255" refId="ref159166" refString="Peeters, C. & Crewe, R. (1986 b) Queenright and queenless breeding systems within the genus Pachycondyla (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa, 49 (2), 251 - 255." type="journal article" year="1986">Peeters & Crewe, 1986b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Colonies each have only a single gamergate, which is the only inseminated individual in the colony and the only individual with mature ovaries. Gamergates suppress the ovarian development of the other workers. This is apparently accomplished through chemical means, as no physical interactions between gamergates and non-gamergates have been observed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FF1EFB6111A5FB5A" author="Wildman, M. H. & Crewe, R. M." box="[158,448,1159,1184]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="217 - 225" refId="ref168347" refString="Wildman, M. H. & Crewe, R. M. (1988) Gamergate number and control over reproduction in Pachycondyla krugeri (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 35 (3), 217 - 225. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02224055" type="journal article" year="1988">Wildman & Crewe, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FE4DFB611286FB5A" author="Villet, M. H. & Wildman, M. H." box="[461,739,1159,1184]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="233 - 250" refId="ref166228" refString="Villet, M. H. & Wildman, M. H. (1991) Division of labour in the obligately queenless ant Pachycondyla krugeri (= Bothroponera krugeri) Forel 1910 (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Tropical Zoology, 4 (2), 233 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1991.10539492" type="journal article" year="1991">Villet & Wildman, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FD78FB611470FB5A" author="Villet, M. H. & Wildman, M. H." box="[760,1045,1159,1184]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="233 - 250" refId="ref166228" refString="Villet, M. H. & Wildman, M. H. (1991) Division of labour in the obligately queenless ant Pachycondyla krugeri (= Bothroponera krugeri) Forel 1910 (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Tropical Zoology, 4 (2), 233 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1991.10539492" type="journal article" year="1991">Villet & Wildman (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
examined division of labor in this species. In the population studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FDB5FB4A1339FB3F" author="Wildman, M. H. & Crewe, R. M." box="[565,860,1196,1221]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="217 - 225" refId="ref168347" refString="Wildman, M. H. & Crewe, R. M. (1988) Gamergate number and control over reproduction in Pachycondyla krugeri (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 35 (3), 217 - 225. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02224055" type="journal article" year="1988">Wildman & Crewe (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, colony size ranged from 8 to
|
||
<specimenCount id="9DD82399A6352C68FB2EFB4A155CFB3F" box="[1198,1337,1196,1221]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="worker">100 workers</specimenCount>
|
||
(mean = 43). This species is a generalized predator of arthropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FC9BFB29145CFB12" author="Wildman, M. H. & Crewe, R. M." box="[795,1081,1231,1256]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="217 - 225" refId="ref168347" refString="Wildman, M. H. & Crewe, R. M. (1988) Gamergate number and control over reproduction in Pachycondyla krugeri (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes Sociaux, 35 (3), 217 - 225. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 02224055" type="journal article" year="1988">Wildman & Crewe, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and nests in the ground (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FADCFB291100FAF7" author="Villet, M. H. & Wildman, M. H." pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="233 - 250" refId="ref166228" refString="Villet, M. H. & Wildman, M. H. (1991) Division of labour in the obligately queenless ant Pachycondyla krugeri (= Bothroponera krugeri) Forel 1910 (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Tropical Zoology, 4 (2), 233 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 03946975.1991.10539492" type="journal article" year="1991">Villet & Wildman, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6352C68FF47FAF114FBFA82" blockId="74.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
Discussions in the literature of foamy defensive secretions from the sting apparatus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FB3CFAF1153DFACA" box="[1212,1368,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FB3CFAF1153DFACA" box="[1212,1368,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FAECFAFF15FEFACA" box="[1388,1435,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FF17FADA1128FAAF" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[151,333,1340,1365]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler, 1922b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) apparently all refer to species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FD63FADA13C8FAAF" box="[739,941,1340,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FD63FADA13C8FAAF" box="[739,941,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which we consider a distinct genus. True
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FF17FAB91156FA82" box="[151,307,1375,1400]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FF17FAB91156FA82" box="[151,307,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presumably lack these unusual secretions, though data are lacking either way.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6352C68FF47FA6213C4F98F" blockId="74.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FF47FA6212B0FA67" bold="true" box="[199,725,1412,1437]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FD5CFA62131DFA67" box="[732,888,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FD5CFA62131DFA67" box="[732,888,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was erected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FBB1FA6214A5FA67" author="Mayr, G." box="[1073,1216,1412,1437]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="649 - 776" refId="ref155085" refString="Mayr, G. (1862) Myrmecologische Studien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 12, 649 - 776." type="journal article" year="1862">Mayr (1862)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to house the single species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FF70FA4F12D8FA3A" authority="Roger. Emery (1895 d)" authorityName="Roger. Emery" authorityYear="1895" box="[240,701,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumicosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FF70FA4F11D2FA45" box="[240,439,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Ponera pumicosa</emphasis>
|
||
Roger.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FD91FA4E12D8FA3A" author="Emery, C." box="[529,701,1447,1472]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="685 - 778" refId="ref140973" refString="Emery, C. (1895 d) Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere, 8, 685 - 778." type="journal article" year="1895">Emery (1895d)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
treated it as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FC77FA4F142CFA3A" box="[1015,1097,1449,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FC77FA4F142CFA3A" box="[1015,1097,1449,1472]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and later (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FB4CFA41153AFA3A" author="Emery, C." box="[1228,1375,1447,1472]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="32 - 54" refId="ref141230" refString="Emery, C. (1901) Notes sur les sous-familles des Dorylines et Ponerines (Famille des Formicides). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 45, 32 - 54." type="journal article" year="1901">Emery, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FEB3FA2A11B4FA1F" box="[307,465,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FEB3FA2A11B4FA1F" box="[307,465,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FE66FA2A12C0FA1F" author="Bingham, C. T." box="[486,677,1484,1509]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refId="ref132962" refString="Bingham, C. T. (1903) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. Taylor and Francis, London, 506 pp." type="book" year="1903">Bingham (1903)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
revived
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FC96FA2A13D7FA1F" box="[790,946,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FC96FA2A13D7FA1F" box="[790,946,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to genus status, and subsequent authors variously treated it as a distinct genus or as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FCA5FA0913A1F9F2" box="[805,964,1519,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FCA5FA0913A1F9F2" box="[805,964,1519,1544]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Most authors since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FB2EFA091084F9D7" author="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O." pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refId="ref146902" refString="Holldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. (1990) The ants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., xii + 732 pp." type="book" year="1990">Hölldobler & Wilson (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have taken the latter approach (but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FD24F9F2135CF9D7" author="Tiwari, R. N." box="[676,825,1556,1581]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 96" refId="ref164391" refString="Tiwari, R. N. (1999) Taxonomic studies on ants of southern India (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Zoological Survey of India, 18 (4), 1 - 96." type="journal article" year="1999">Tiwari, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FCCDF9F2139EF9D7" author="Wilson, E. O." box="[845,1019,1556,1581]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="303 - 371" refId="ref168683" refString="Wilson, E. O. (1958 c) Studies on the ant fauna of Melanesia III. Rhytidoponera in western Melanesia and the Moluccas. IV. The tribe Ponerini. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 119, 303 - 371." type="journal article" year="1958">Wilson (1958c)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FBD4F9F2157BF9D7" box="[1108,1310,1556,1581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FBD4F9F2157BF9D7" box="[1108,1310,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FEB5F9D111B4F9AA" box="[309,465,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FEB5F9D111B4F9AA" box="[309,465,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6352C68FDA5F9DE1230F9AA" box="[549,597,1592,1616]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FD6EF9D113F5F9AA" box="[750,912,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FD6EF9D113F5F9AA" box="[750,912,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FC28F9D11439F9AA" baseAuthorityName="Andre" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[936,1116,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FC28F9D11439F9AA" box="[936,1116,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Ph. gabonensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was originally placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FF17F9BA1156F98F" box="[151,307,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FF17F9BA1156F98F" box="[151,307,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but was moved to a separate genus by Wheeler (1920).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6352C68FF47F999133DF86E" blockId="74.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
Recently
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6352C68FEB3F9661224F962" author="Joma, A. M. A. & Mackay, W. P." box="[307,577,1663,1688]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="917847" refId="ref148399" refString="Joma, A. M. A. & Mackay, W. P. (2013) A new species of Afrotropical ants in the genus Bothroponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Psyche, 2013, Article ID 917847. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1155 / 2013 / 917847" type="journal article" year="2013">Joma & Mackay (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
removed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FD33F999132AF962" box="[691,847,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FD33F999132AF962" box="[691,847,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from synonymy with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FBCDF999148EF962" box="[1101,1259,1663,1688]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FBCDF999148EF962" box="[1101,1259,1663,1688]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, treating it as a valid genus. However, little justification was provided and they included species we consider as belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FF17F9211156F91A" box="[151,307,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FF17F9211156F91A" box="[151,307,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FEC0F92F118BF91A" box="[320,494,1737,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FEC0F92F118BF91A" box="[320,494,1737,1760]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FE7CF92112A3F91A" box="[508,710,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FE7CF92112A3F91A" box="[508,710,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FD7BF92113CAF91A" box="[763,943,1735,1760]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ophthalmopone" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FD7BF92113CAF91A" box="[763,943,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Ophthalmopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, only about half of the species we place in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FEA8F90A11A1F8FF" box="[296,452,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FEA8F90A11A1F8FF" box="[296,452,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were transferred, the remainder being placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FB80F90A14FBF8FF" box="[1024,1182,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FB80F90A14FBF8FF" box="[1024,1182,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While we agree that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FF17F8E91156F8D2" box="[151,307,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FF17F8E91156F8D2" box="[151,307,1807,1832]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be given full genus status, our broader analysis of the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FBE9F8E914BCF8D2" box="[1129,1241,1807,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests that the previous concept of the genus, that which included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FD79F8D213A6F8B7" box="[761,963,1844,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FD79F8D213A6F8B7" box="[761,963,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym as well as various species placed at one time or another in the genera, should be modified. We are restricting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FB04F8B11545F88A" box="[1156,1312,1879,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FB04F8B11545F88A" box="[1156,1312,1879,1904]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to a subset of the species previously considered as belonging to the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6352C69FF47F8461498FF02" blockId="74.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="75.[151,1436,151,896]" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
Our concept of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FE06F8461247F843" box="[390,546,1952,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FE06F8461247F843" box="[390,546,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on both morphological and molecular evidence. Morphologically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FF17F8221156F827" box="[151,307,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FF17F8221156F827" box="[151,307,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FEC3F8231102F826" box="[323,359,1989,2012]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
) most closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FD02F8221341F827" box="[642,804,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FD02F8221341F827" box="[642,804,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6352C68FCDAF8221441F827" box="[858,1060,1988,2013]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6352C68FCDAF8221441F827" box="[858,1060,1988,2013]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as they all generally have robust builds, strong sculpturing, and obsolete metanotal grooves. These characters have evolved on multiple occasions in other ponerine genera, however, and are therefore unlikely to be good phylogenetic markers. In addition, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FA04FF5B108DFF02" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FA04FF5B108DFF02" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FE2DFF39122CFF02" box="[429,585,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FE2DFF39122CFF02" box="[429,585,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the robust build and strong sculpturing (but see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6342C69FF47FEE2127EFDE2" blockId="75.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6342C69FF47FEE211EDFEE7" author="Schmidt, C." box="[199,392,260,285]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FD55FEE21320FEE7" box="[725,837,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
places
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FC1DFEE2145CFEE7" box="[925,1081,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FC1DFEE2145CFEE7" box="[925,1081,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with strong support within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FF17FEC11124FEBA" baseAuthorityName="Brown" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[151,321,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FF17FEC11124FEBA" box="[151,321,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. Members of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FDACFEC112ADFEBA" box="[556,712,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FDACFEC112ADFEBA" box="[556,712,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FD5BFECF129BFEBA" box="[731,766,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
) have a U-shaped cuticular lip at the posterior edge of the metapleural gland orifice, which is a possible synapomorphy of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FC45FEAA1401FE9F" box="[965,1124,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FC45FEAA1401FE9F" box="[965,1124,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group but was apparently independently derived in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FE43FE89123AFE72" box="[451,607,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FE43FE89123AFE72" box="[451,607,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and also maybe in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FCDBFE9613B3FE7D" box="[859,982,368,391]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Diacamma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FCDBFE9613B3FE7D" box="[859,982,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Diacamma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FB61FE891518FE72" box="[1249,1405,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FB61FE891518FE72" box="[1249,1405,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unresolved, but it is not closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FD32FE721334FE57" box="[690,849,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FD32FE721334FE57" box="[690,849,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Though a sister group relationship with either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FF17FE51115CFE2A" box="[151,313,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FF17FE51115CFE2A" box="[151,313,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FEDEFE51124CFE2A" box="[350,553,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FEDEFE51124CFE2A" box="[350,553,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be statistically rejected, we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FBA0FE5114D9FE2A" box="[1056,1212,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FBA0FE5114D9FE2A" box="[1056,1212,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FB4AFE511509FE2A" box="[1226,1388,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FB4AFE511509FE2A" box="[1226,1388,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FF17FE3A1104FE0F" box="[151,353,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FF17FE3A1104FE0F" box="[151,353,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be separate genera, given their morphological distinctiveness and phylogenetic age consistent with that of other ponerine genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6342C69FF47FDC211BFFC85" blockId="75.[151,1436,151,896]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6342C69FF47FDC21107FDC7" author="Emery, C." box="[199,354,548,573]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 125" refId="ref141346" refString="Emery, C. (1911) Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum, 118, 1 - 125." type="journal article" year="1911">Emery (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
divided the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FDE4FDC21365FDC7" box="[612,768,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FDE4FDC21365FDC7" box="[612,768,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into four groups: the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FC75FDC3141AFDC6" authorityName="Roger. Emery" authorityYear="1895" box="[1013,1151,549,572]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumicosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FC75FDC3141AFDC6" box="[1013,1151,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">B. pumicosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FB0DFDC31510FDC7" box="[1165,1397,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes-piliventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FB0DFDC31510FDC7" box="[1165,1397,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">B. rufipes-piliventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FA04FDC3108DFD9A" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FA04FDC3108DFD9A" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FEA7FDAF11F1FDA5" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1891" box="[295,404,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perroti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FEA7FDAF11F1FDA5" box="[295,404,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">B. perroti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FDACFDAF1370FD9A" box="[556,789,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes-piliventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FDACFDAF1370FD9A" box="[556,789,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">B. rufipes-piliventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is actually the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FBD5FDA11542FD9A" box="[1109,1319,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FBD5FDA11546FD9A" box="[1109,1315,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudoneoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6342C69FAAEFDA11084FD7F" author="Schmidt, C." pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny indicates that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FD2CFD8B137CFD7E" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1891" box="[684,793,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perroti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FD2CFD8B137CFD7E" box="[684,793,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">B. perroti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is simply a Malagasy clade nestled within a nonmonophyletic African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FE1EFD77124BFD5D" authorityName="Roger. Emery" authorityYear="1895" box="[414,558,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumicosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FE1EFD77124BFD5D" box="[414,558,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">B. pumicosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. This group is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FCB7FD6913B6FD52" box="[823,979,655,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FCB7FD6913B6FD52" box="[823,979,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FC68FD77141FFD5D" box="[1000,1146,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">sensu stricto</emphasis>
|
||
), as it includes the
|
||
<typeStatus id="546556B2A6342C69FAECFD7615F9FD52" box="[1388,1436,656,680]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the genus,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FE09FD531279FD36" box="[393,540,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FE09FD53127DFD36" authorityName="Roger. Emery" authorityYear="1895" box="[393,536,693,716]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pumicosa">B. pumicosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Emery’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FD09FD53129FFD37" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[649,762,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FD09FD53129FFD37" box="[649,762,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is problematic, as there is no obvious morphological synapomorphy linking it to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FE4CFD31120DFD0A" box="[460,616,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FE4CFD31120DFD0A" box="[460,616,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FDF7FD3F12FEFD0A" box="[631,667,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
), and molecular data are lacking for this group. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FB64FD3F1531FD0A" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1252,1364,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FB64FD3F1531FD0A" box="[1252,1364,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group may form a monophyletic sister clade, or even paraphyletic basal grade, with respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FB02FD1A157BFCEF" box="[1154,1310,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FB02FD1A157BFCEF" box="[1154,1310,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FAB0FD1B1531FCEE" box="[1328,1364,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">s.s.</emphasis>
|
||
), or it may represent an entirely independent lineage. For now we are choosing to be conservative by retaining the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FA04FCC7108DFCA7" baseAuthorityName="Mayr" baseAuthorityYear="1867" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FA04FCC7108DFCA7" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">B. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group species within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6342C69FE70FCA212E9FCA7" box="[496,652,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6342C69FE70FCA212E9FCA7" box="[496,652,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Bothroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the explicit caveat that it may actually be a distinct lineage requiring a new genus name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |