745 lines
58 KiB
XML
745 lines
58 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.58.13361" ID-GBIF-Dataset="12dab31a-9af5-4d81-a59b-25d4dafcb8f3" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2607-58-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8674FFACFFC8FFB5FFA3AD0F880AFFE6" ID-ZBK="FFB06F0A4C95463E81714924E805DD31" ID-Zenodo-Dep="899105" ID-ZooBank="FFB06F0A4C95463E81714924E805DD31" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1314-2607-58-1" ModsDocOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 58" ModsDocTitle="DNA barcodes, expanded distribution, and redescription of Apanteleshemara Nixon, 1965 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), a potential biocontrol species against amaranth leaf-webbers in Africa" checkinTime="1504194383764" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Fernandez-Triana, Jose, Beaudin, Melanie, van Achterberg, Kees, Agbodzavu, Mawufe K., Othim, Stephen T. O., Nyamu, Faith W. & Fiaboe, Komi K. M." docDate="2017" docId="E64AA769BEF58D680384D444B959A558" docLanguage="en" docName="JourHymenoptRes 58: 1-15" docOrigin="Journal of Hymenoptera Research 58" docPubDate="2017-08-31" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.58.13361" docTitle="Apanteles hemara Nixon 1965" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="8674FFACFFC8FFB5FFA3AD0F880AFFE6" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="8674FFACFFC8FFB5FFA3AD0F880AFFE6" masterDocTitle="DNA barcodes, expanded distribution, and redescription of Apanteles hemara Nixon, 1965 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), a potential biocontrol species against amaranth leaf-webbers in Africa" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1678749450224" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>DNA barcodes, expanded distribution, and redescription of Apanteles hemara Nixon, 1965 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), a potential biocontrol species against amaranth leaf-webbers in Africa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fernandez-Triana, Jose</mods:namePart>
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||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0425-0309</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||
<mods:affiliation>Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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||
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">cnc.braconidae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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||
</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Beaudin, Melanie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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||
</mods:name>
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||
<mods:name type="personal">
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||
<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>van Achterberg, Kees</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6495-4853</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Agbodzavu, Mawufe K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Plant Health Unit, P. O. Box 30772 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Othim, Stephen T. O.</mods:namePart>
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||
<mods:affiliation>International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Plant Health Unit, P. O. Box 30772 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Nyamu, Faith W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Plant Health Unit, P. O. Box 30772 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
|
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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||
</mods:role>
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||
<mods:namePart>Fiaboe, Komi K. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Plant Health Unit, P. O. Box 30772 - 00100, Nairobi, Kenya</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Journal of Hymenoptera Research</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2017-08-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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||
<mods:number>58</mods:number>
|
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>15</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.58.13361</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.58.13361</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2607-58-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">FFB06F0A4C95463E81714924E805DD31</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">8674FFACFFC8FFB5FFA3AD0F880AFFE6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">899105</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="133134982" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E64AA769BEF58D680384D444B959A558" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E64AA769BEF58D680384D444B959A558" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="F7H4" ID-ENA="1990830" LSID="899AFFC5-E0FF-5870-B438-0134FFEDDA2B" authority="Nixon, 1965" authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">Apanteles hemara Nixon, 1965</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">Apanteles hemara</taxonomicName>
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||
Nixon, 1965. Original description
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<bibRefCitation author="Nixon, G" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology series, Supplement" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 284" refId="B9" refString="Nixon, G, 1965. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology series, Supplement 2: 1 - 284" title="A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="2" year="1965">Nixon (1965</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 58).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hedqvist" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles caboverdensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caboverdensis">Apanteles caboverdensis</taxonomicName>
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||
Hedqvist, 1965. Synonymized by
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Papp, J" journalOrPublisher="Faunistische Abhandlungen (Dresden)" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="137 - 167" refId="B12" refString="Papp, J, 2003. Braconid wasps from the Cape Verde Islands (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 2. Doryctinae, Braconinae, Hormiinae, Rogadinae, Gnamptodontinae, Homolobinae, Opiinae, Alysiinae, Cheloninae, Adeliinae and Microgastrinae. Faunistische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 24: 137 - 167" title="Braconid wasps from the Cape Verde Islands (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 2. Doryctinae, Braconinae, Hormiinae, Rogadinae, Gnamptodontinae, Homolobinae, Opiinae, Alysiinae, Cheloninae, Adeliinae and Microgastrinae." volume="24" year="2003">Papp (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hedqvist" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles proalastor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="proalastor">Apanteles proalastor</taxonomicName>
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||
Hedqvist, 1965. Synonymized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Papp, J" journalOrPublisher="Faunistische Abhandlungen (Dresden)" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="137 - 167" refId="B12" refString="Papp, J, 2003. Braconid wasps from the Cape Verde Islands (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 2. Doryctinae, Braconinae, Hormiinae, Rogadinae, Gnamptodontinae, Homolobinae, Opiinae, Alysiinae, Cheloninae, Adeliinae and Microgastrinae. Faunistische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 24: 137 - 167" title="Braconid wasps from the Cape Verde Islands (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Braconidae) 2. Doryctinae, Braconinae, Hormiinae, Rogadinae, Gnamptodontinae, Homolobinae, Opiinae, Alysiinae, Cheloninae, Adeliinae and Microgastrinae." volume="24" year="2003">Papp (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Balevski & Tobias" authorityYear="1980" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles bulgaricus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bulgaricus">Apanteles bulgaricus</taxonomicName>
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Balevski & Tobias, 1980. Synonymized by
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Papp, J" journalOrPublisher="Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="145 - 175" refId="B11" refString="Papp, J, 1988. A survey of the European species of Apanteles Foerst. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae: Microgastrinae). 11. "Homologization" of the species-groups of Apanteles s.l. with Mason's generic taxa. Checklist of genera. Parasitoid/host list 1. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 80: 145 - 175" title="A survey of the European species of Apanteles Foerst. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae: Microgastrinae). 11. " Homologization " of the species-groups of Apanteles s. l. with Mason's generic taxa. Checklist of genera. Parasitoid / host list 1." volume="80" year="1988">Papp (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="holotype">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">INDIA, Dehradun. Female (deposited in the Natural History Museum, London), examined.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Other material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2008-11-25" collectorName="Braet, Sharkey" country="DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO" county="Iboubikro" latitude="-3.2699" location="Pool" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="15.4711" municipality="Lesio-Loun Pk." specimenCount="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCounty>Iboubikro</collectingCounty>
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||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Lesio-Loun Pk.</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
;
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E64AA769BEF58D680384D444B959A558:DDFB44AA1C2A42C0BAFE7E75FA4AB50A" country="DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO" county="Iboubikro" latitude="-3.2699" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="15.4711" municipality="Lesio-Loun Pk." name="Pool">Pool</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="3.2699" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-3.2699">-3.2699</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="15.4711" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="15.4711">15.4711</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" unit="mm" value="340.0">340mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2008-11-25">25.xi.2008</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
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||
<collectorName>Braet</collectorName>
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||
&
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||
<collectorName>Sharkey</collectorName>
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||
, voucher code: CNCH2805 (
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||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
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||
, CNC)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2012-12-11" collectingMethod="Malaise trap" collectorName="R. Copeland" country="KENYA" county="Eastern Province" latitude="-1.2304" location="Base of Ukasi Hill" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="37.4579" municipality="Ukasi" specimenCount="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Kenya">KENYA</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCounty>Eastern Province</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Ukasi</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E64AA769BEF58D680384D444B959A558:AA0746816F29E68CEFE265E303045304" country="KENYA" county="Eastern Province" latitude="-1.2304" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="37.4579" municipality="Ukasi" name="Base of Ukasi Hill">Base of Ukasi Hill</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="0.8210" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-0.821">-0.8210</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="38.5440" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="38.544">38.5440</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.13" unit="mm" value="613.0">613mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMethod>Malaise trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2012-12-11">11.xii.2012</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
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||
<collectorName>R. Copeland</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher codes: 14703BraC10, 14703BraC12 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName>R. Copeland</collectorName>
|
||
personal collection);
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E64AA769BEF58D680384D444B959A558:DDE093299B543C4F22D44D7BA82D0E2F" country="KENYA" county="Eastern Province" latitude="-1.2304" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="37.4579" municipality="Ukasi" name="Yatta">Yatta</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="1.2304" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-1.2304">-1.2304</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="37.4579" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="37.4579">37.4579</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.184" unit="mm" value="1184.0">1184mm</quantity>
|
||
, reared, coll. ICIPE, voucher codes: CNC507541, CNC507542, CNC507543, CNC507544, CNC507545, CNC507546 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">6 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2006-09-07" collectingDateMax="2006-12-02" collectingDateMin="2006-09-07" collectorName="Irwin, Harin'Hala" country="MADAGASCAR" latitude="-21.251" location="Radio" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="47.412" municipality="Parc National Ranomafana" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Madagascar">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Madagascar" name="Fianarantsoa">Fianarantsoa</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Parc National Ranomafana</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E64AA769BEF58D680384D444B959A558:65A44D5892483A74DC3E0BF0FF91A8AC" country="MADAGASCAR" latitude="-21.251" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="47.412" municipality="Parc National Ranomafana" name="Radio" stateProvince="Fianarantsoa">Radio</location>
|
||
tower at forest edge,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="21.251" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="-21.251">-21.251</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="47.412" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="47.412">47.412</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1130mm,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2006-12-02">2.xii.2006</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>Irwin</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Harin’Hala">
|
||
<collectorName>Harin'Hala</collectorName>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
, voucher codes: CASENT2163191, CNC666410 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, CAS);
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="21.2510" direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="-21.251">-21.2510</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="47.4120" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="47.412">47.4120</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.13" unit="mm" value="1130.0">1130mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2006-09-07">7.ix.2006</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>Irwin</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Harin’Hala">
|
||
<collectorName>Harin'Hala</collectorName>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
, voucher codes: CASENT2163390, CNC661376 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, CAS)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1992-04-24" collectorName="M. D. Gallagher" country="OMAN" elevation="20" location="Salalah" specimenCount="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Oman">OMAN</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E64AA769BEF58D680384D444B959A558:84952FD0155ED438065929443B36E451" country="OMAN" name="Salalah">Salalah</location>
|
||
, 17.00 54.06,
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="m" value="20.0">
|
||
<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="m" value="20.0">20m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1992-04-24">24.iv.1992</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>M.D. Gallagher</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher codes: CNC661377, CNC666409 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2005-03-09" collectingDateMax="2006-12-28" collectingDateMin="2005-03-09" collectingMethod="Malaise trap, light trap" collectorName="A. van Harten, A. v. Harten" country="UNITED ARAB EMIRATES" county="Al-Ajban" latitude="25.2833" location="Desert Park" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="55.7" municipality="Sweihan" specimenCount="7" stateProvince="Abu Dhabi">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="United Arab Emirates">UNITED ARAB EMIRATES</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingRegion country="United Arab Emirates" name="Abu Zaby">Abu Dhabi</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty>Al-Ajban</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="24.6000" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="24.6">24.6000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="55.0167" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="55.0167">55.0167</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMethod>Malaise trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2006-12-07" valueMax="2006-12-28" valueMin="2006-12-07">7-28.xii.2006</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A. van Harten</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher code: CNC666414 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC);
|
||
<collectingRegion country="United Arab Emirates" name="Al Fujayrah">Fujairah</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion country="United Arab Emirates" name="Al Fujayrah">Fujairah</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="25.1333" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="25.1333">25.1333</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="56.350000" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="56.35">56.350000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMethod>light trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2005-11-13" valueMax="2005-11-29" valueMin="2005-11-13">13-29.xi.2005</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A. van Harten</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher code: CNC666415 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC); NARC near
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Sweihan</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, 24.4 55.433,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2005-04-20">20.iv.2005</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A. v. Harten</collectorName>
|
||
, vouch
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="1" pageNumber="2" start="start">er</pageBreakToken>
|
||
code: CNCH2681 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC);
|
||
<collectingRegion country="United Arab Emirates" name="Ash Shariqah">Sharjah</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion country="United Arab Emirates" name="Ash Shariqah">Sharjah</collectingRegion>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E64AA769BEF58D680384D444B959A558:521780D28C28438F3A859D797721C537" country="UNITED ARAB EMIRATES" county="Al-Ajban" latitude="25.2833" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="55.7" municipality="Sweihan" name="Desert Park" stateProvince="Abu Dhabi">Desert Park</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="25.2833" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="25.2833">25.2833</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="55.7000" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="55.7">55.7000</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2005-03-21" valueMax="2005-03-29" valueMin="2005-03-21">21-29.iii.2005</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A. van Harten</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher code: CNC666413 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC); 25.283 55.7,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2005-03-21">21.iii.2005</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A. v. Harten</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher code: CNCH2674 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
CNC);
|
||
<collectingDate value="2005-03-29">29.iii.2005</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A. v. Harten</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher code: CNCH2675 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
CNC);
|
||
<collectingDate value="2005-03-09">9.iii.2005</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A. v. Harten</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher code: CNCH2678 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
CNC)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1997-11-12" collectingDateMax="2003-10-22" collectingDateMin="1997-11-12" collectingMethod="light trap, Malaise trap" collectorName="A. van Harten, S. Al Haruri, A. v. Harten, Hager, A. V. Harten, A. Sallam, S. Ba Angood, M. Mahyoub" country="YEMEN" county="Al Kowd" location="Al Ghaydah" municipality="Al Lahima" specimenCount="11" stateProvince="Al Mahrah">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<collectingCountry name="Yemen">YEMEN</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<locationDeviation location="Manakhah">
|
||
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
|
||
NW of
|
||
<locationDeviation>Manakhah</locationDeviation>
|
||
</locationDeviation>
|
||
,
|
||
<locationDeviation>Malaise</locationDeviation>
|
||
trap,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2003-09-15" valueMax="2003-10-22" valueMin="2003-09-15">15.ix-22.x.2003</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A. van Harten</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher code: CNC666412 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC);
|
||
<collectingCounty>Al Kowd</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMethod>light trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2000-07">vii.2000</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A. van Harten</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>S. Al Haruri</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher code: CNC666411 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC);
|
||
<collectingMunicipality>Al Lahima</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2000-12-15">15.xii.2000</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A. v. Harten</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>Hager</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher codes: CNCH2690, CNCH2718, CNCH2723 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC);
|
||
<collectingMethod>Malaise trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2001-04-09" valueMax="2001-06-05" valueMin="2001-04-09">9.iv-5.vi.2001</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A. V. Harten</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher code: CNC666406 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC);
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Yemen" name="Al Mahrah">Al Mahrah</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E64AA769BEF58D680384D444B959A558:35DE44CAE0563092FA9D25F5F18F45CA" country="YEMEN" county="Al Kowd" municipality="Al Lahima" name="Al Ghaydah" stateProvince="Al Mahrah">Al Ghaydah</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1997-11-12" valueMax="1997-11-14" valueMin="1997-11-12">12-14.xi.1997</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A. Sallam</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>S. Ba Angood</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher code: CNC666405 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sana’a">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Yemen" name="San'a'">Sana'a</collectingRegion>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMethod>Malaise trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
, ii-iii.1998, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A. van Harten</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher code: CNC666408 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC);
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E64AA769BEF58D680384D444B959A558:92B4575CC2A9086798AEBE4E62B38F45" country="YEMEN" county="Al Kowd" municipality="Al Lahima" name="Seyun" stateProvince="Al Mahrah">Seyun</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMethod>light trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="2002-11">xi.2002</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A.V. Harten</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher code: CNC661375 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ta’izz">
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Yemen" name="Ta'izz">Ta'izz</collectingRegion>
|
||
</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMethod>light trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingDate value="1999-01-03" valueMax="1999-01-24" valueMin="1999-01-03">3-24.i.1999</collectingDate>
|
||
, coll.
|
||
<collectorName>A.V. Harten</collectorName>
|
||
&
|
||
<collectorName>M. Mahyoub</collectorName>
|
||
, voucher code: CNC666407 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
, CNC); no specimen data, voucher code: WAM 0209 (
|
||
<specimenCount type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
CNC)
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Afrotropical, Australian, Oriental and Palaearctic regions (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Worldwide distribution of Apanteles hemara." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152950" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The species is widespread in the Old World tropics, especially Africa. We record here the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Apanteles hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in eight additional countries. The new distribution records for Kenya, Madagascar, Republic of the Congo, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen are based on examined specimens from the CAS, CNC, ICIPE and RMNH collections. Additionally, three other countries (Egypt, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia) are recorded based on BOLD records whose sequences match sequences of the species, although those specimens were not available to us for study. The new data expands the species distribution across mainland Africa (where it was already known from a few countries), to Madagascar and the Arabian Peninsula (where it had not been recorded before). Based on the specimens we examined, the species has been collected throughout the entire year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="994193" doi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152950" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Worldwide distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Apanteles hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Apanteles hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be recognized by having antenna slightly shorter than body length, with flagellomere 14 length 1.3-1.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
its width; vein R1 about four times as long as distance between ends of veins R1 and 3RS; hind legs with black coxa, yellow trochanter and trochantellus, brown metafemur, metatibia yellow on anterior 0.5-0.6 and brown on posterior 0.4-0.5, metatibial spurs white, and metatarsus brown; propodeum mostly smooth, but with entire areola entirely defined by strong carinae; tergites 1 and 2 with strong, longitudinal striation; and ovipositor sheats shorter than metatibia (0.7-0.9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Apanteles hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to the
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">ater</emphasis>
|
||
species group (sensu
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nixon, G" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology series, Supplement" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 284" refId="B9" refString="Nixon, G, 1965. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology series, Supplement 2: 1 - 284" title="A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="2" year="1965">Nixon 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which unfortunately comprises "many aggregates of species that are not closely related but merge into one another through transitional forms" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nixon, G" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology series, Supplement" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 284" refId="B9" refString="Nixon, G, 1965. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology series, Supplement 2: 1 - 284" title="A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="2" year="1965">Nixon 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 25). The world species were keyed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nixon, G" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology series, Supplement" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 284" refId="B9" refString="Nixon, G, 1965. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology series, Supplement 2: 1 - 284" title="A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="2" year="1965">Nixon (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but many more species have been described since, and thus that paper is now outdated. Updates are available for species of the
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">ater</emphasis>
|
||
group from Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Papp, J" journalOrPublisher="Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="241 - 272" refId="B10" refString="Papp, J, 1980. A survey of the European species of Apanteles Foerst. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae: Microgasterinae), IV. The lineipes -, obscurus - and ater -group. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 72: 241 - 272" title="A survey of the European species of Apanteles Foerst. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae: Microgasterinae), IV. The lineipes -, obscurus - and ater - group." volume="72" year="1980">Papp 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the former Soviet Union (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tobias, VI" journalOrPublisher="Science Publishers," pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="94 - 149" refId="B19" refString="Tobias, VI, 1986. Keys to the Insects of European Part of the USSR, 3(4) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Science Publishers, 52: 94 - 149" title="Keys to the Insects of European Part of the USSR, 3 (4) (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)." volume="52" year="1986">Tobias 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), China (Chen and Song 2004) and Mesoamerica (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.383.6418" author="Fernandez-Triana, J" journalOrPublisher="Zookeys" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 565" refId="B3" refString="Fernandez-Triana, J, Whitfield, JB, Rodriguez, JJ, Smith, MA, Janzen, DH, Hallwachs, W, Hajibabaei, M, Burns, JM, Solis, MA, Brown, J, Cardinal, S, Goulet, H, Hebert, PDN, 2014. Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with keys to all described species from Mesoamerica. Zookeys 383: 1 - 565, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.383.6418" title="Review of Apanteles sensu stricto (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Microgastrinae) from Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, with keys to all described species from Mesoamerica." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.383.6418" volume="383" year="2014">Fernandez-Triana et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but unfortunately there is no updated key to world species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="redescription">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="2" pageNumber="3" start="start">Redescription</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Body color mostly black, tergites 3+ dark brown, laterotergites and sternites 3+ light yellow-brown. Head black, except for dark orange-brown labrum, light yellow-white palpi and dark brown antennae. Front and middle legs yellow (except for coxae and mesofemur light yellow-brown to brown); hind leg with black coxa, yellow trochanter and trochantellus, brown metafemur, metatibia yellow on anterior 0.5-0.6 and brown on posterior 0.4-0.5, metatibial spurs white, and metatarsus brown. Wings with most veins transparent or white, except for brown veins R1, r, 2RS and M; pterostigma mostly brown, with a very small white spot at base. Anteromesoscutum and scutellar disc with relatively coarse and dense punctures (distance between punctures smaller than diameter of individual puncture). Propodeum mostly smooth, with areola entirely defined by strong carinae. Tergites 1 and 2 with strong, longitudinal striation, contrasting with remaining tergites which are smooth.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Body measurements (in mm) and ratios.</emphasis>
|
||
Body length: 2.50-3.20, fore wing length: 2.50-3.00, ovipositor sheaths: 0.62-0.84, metafemur: 0.65-0.77, metatibia length: 0.87-0.95, tergite 1 0.36-0.49. Length of flagellomeres: 1st (0.18-0.22), 2nd (0.18-0.22), 3rd (0.17-0.21), 14th (0.08-0.10), 15th (0.08-0.10) and 16th (0.12). Length/width of flagellomere 2: 2.75-3.14; length/width of flagellomere 14: 1.28-1.60. Head height/width: 0.82-0.88; head slightly narrowing towards mandibles, width at clypeus base 0.88-0.88
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
head width at antennal base. Malar line 1.12-1.50
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
mandibular base. Ocular ocellar line 1.67-2.00
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
posterior ocellus diameter; interocellar distance 1.71-2.17
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
posterior ocellus diameter. Scutellar disc length 1.09-1.15
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
width at base. Maximum height of mesoscutellum lunules 0.42-0.56
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
maximum height of lateral face of mesoscutellum. Tergite 1 widening from anterior margin to two thirds of tergite length, then slightly narrowing towards posterior margin; tergite 1 length
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">1.64</pageBreakToken>
|
||
-2.09
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
tergite width at posterior margin; tergite widths (at anterior margin/maximum width/posterior margin): 0.19-0.25/0.27-0.30/0.22-0.25. Tergite 2 width at posterior margin 2.31-2.64
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
length medially. Tergite 2 length medially 0.48-0.64
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
tergite 3 length medially. Metafemur length 3.25-3.67
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
metafemur width. Pterostigma length 2.55-2.86 its width. Vein R1 length 1.15-1.27
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
pterostigma length. Vein r length 1.82-2.20
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
vein 2RS length.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Despite the widespread distribution of the species across four major biogeographical regions (mostly Old World tropics), the specimens we examined were very similar morphologically (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Apanteles hemara, female holotype from India." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152953" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4</figureCitation>
|
||
-
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="F8" captionText="Figure 8. Apanteles hemara female specimen from Oman (Voucher code: CNC 661377)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152957" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">8</figureCitation>
|
||
), with only minor variation in the color of the hind legs and tergites 3+ of the metasoma. However, we could not examine specimens from the Australian or the Palaearctic regions, which might be more variable than the specimens from Africa and Asia we studied.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Solitary parasitoid (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Apanteles hemara, female holotype from India." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152953" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">4E</figureCitation>
|
||
); over 41,280 parasitism cases were observed by us under laboratory condition at ICIPE in Kenya during a three years study. Hosts:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Choreutidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1857" baseAuthorityName="Mann" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Insecta" family="Choreutidae" genus="Tebenna" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tebenna micalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="micalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tebenna micalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Crambidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Cnaphalocrocis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cnaphalocrocis trapezalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trapezalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cnaphalocrocis trapezalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1859" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma stultalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stultalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Herpetogramma stultalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Duponchel" authorityYear="1832" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Hydriris" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hydriris ornatalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ornatalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Hydriris ornatalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Omiodes" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Omiodes indicatae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="indicatae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Omiodes indicatae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spoladea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spoladea recurvalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="recurvalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Spoladea recurvalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1796" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Udea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Udea ferrugalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferrugalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Udea ferrugalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For additional details see Comments below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="dna barcodes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">DNA barcodes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
A total of 17 DNA barcodes were obtained from the specimens we studied. All sequences but one were over 600 base pairs (bp) long, with most representing full barcodes (658 bp). Additional sequences representing the species are found in BOLD, but we could not examine those specimens because they belong to projects that are not public yet. Overall, there are currently 32 sequences belonging to
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. hemara" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in BOLD, 24 of them being public records and 19 being barcode compliant (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Details of the Barcode Index Number Registry for Apanteles hemara, data from BOLD (http: // v 4. boldsystems. org /)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152951" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The species has been assigned the BIN number BOLD:AAB1927 (for the concepts of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘BIN’">'BIN'</normalizedToken>
|
||
and 'barcode
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="compliant’">compliant'</normalizedToken>
|
||
see
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x" author="Ratnasingham, S" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology Notes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="355 - 364" refId="B16" refString="Ratnasingham, S, Hebert, PDN, 2007. BOLD: The Barcode of Life Data System (www.barcodinglife.org). Molecular Ecology Notes 7: 355 - 364, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x" title="BOLD: The Barcode of Life Data System (www. barcodinglife. org)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01678.x" volume="7" year="2007">Ratnasingham and Hebert 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The DNA barcode intraspecific variation (p-distance) for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. hemara" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
averaged 0.61% (4 bp), with a maximum of 1.91% (12 bp), but more than half of the analyzed sequences differed by only 0.2-0.4 % (1-2 bp). There were six different haplotypes recognized among the barcoded specimens. From a DNA barcode perspective, the nearest species in BOLD is
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1834" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles xanthostigma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthostigma">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Apanteles xanthostigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Haliday, 1834), which differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. hemara" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by 6.93% (45 bp) (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Details of the Barcode Index Number Registry for Apanteles hemara, data from BOLD (http: // v 4. boldsystems. org /)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152951" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Neighbour Joining tree (K 2 P) of all known DNA barcoding sequences of Apanteles hemara and a representative of the closer species (Apanteles xanthostigma) in the BOLD database (as of April 2017)." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152952" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="994195" doi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152951" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Details of the Barcode Index Number Registry for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Apanteles hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, data from BOLD (http://v4.boldsystems.org/).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="994197" doi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152952" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Neighbour Joining tree (K2P) of all known DNA barcoding sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Apanteles hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and a representative of the closer species (
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Haliday" baseAuthorityYear="1834" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles xanthostigma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthostigma">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Apanteles xanthostigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the BOLD database (as of April 2017).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="comments">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Comments.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
In Kenya, the parasitoid was collected during outbreaks of two amaranth leaf-webber species,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spoladea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spoladea recurvalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="recurvalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Spoladea recurvalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hubner" authorityYear="1796" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Udea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Udea ferrugalis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferrugalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Udea ferrugalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on two species of amaranth,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Amaranthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amaranthus cruentus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruentus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Amaranthus cruentus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. dubius" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="dubius">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A. dubius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. It was successfully reared under laboratory conditions on both amaranth leaf-webber species at ICIPE. However, it failed to attack the leafworm species
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Spodoptera" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spodoptera littoralis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Spodoptera littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Boisduval, 1833) and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. exigua" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="exigua">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. exigua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1808) (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). During population dynamics studies carried out under field conditions at high and mid altitude levels in Central Kenya, field parasitism rates on
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. recurvalis" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="recurvalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S. recurvalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as low as 3% were obtained during outbreak periods while parasitism rates as high as 25 to 75% were achieved outside outbreak periods. These observations prompted studies for potential augmentative biological control strategies for early interventions aiming at preventing or reducing outbreaks of the amaranth leaf-webbers in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="farmers’">farmers'</normalizedToken>
|
||
fields. Under laboratory conditions (25
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
2°C, 60
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
10% RH and 12L:12D
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">photoperiod</pageBreakToken>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. hemara" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
demonstrated high performance on
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. recurvalis" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species" species="recurvalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. recurvalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="U. ferrugalis" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species" species="ferrugalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">U. ferrugalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both through high direct parasitism rates and significant non-reproductive mortalities caused to the hosts. The parasitized caterpillars can easily be distinguished from
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">non-parasitized</pageBreakToken>
|
||
ones within the first two days after the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="parasitoid’s">parasitoid's</normalizedToken>
|
||
oviposition in the larva, through a significant reduction in feeding, movement and the lack of windowing on the leaf epidermis. Subsequently their growth rate is reduced and within four days after the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="parasitoid’s">parasitoid's</normalizedToken>
|
||
oviposition, parasitized caterpillars are considerably smaller in size than their non-parasitized counterparts, turn creamish and will all die whether
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
|
||
parasitoid successfully emerged or not. The developmental times are 12 and 13 days for male and female parasitoids respectively.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apanteles hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently being considered for a conservative and augmentative biological control program against the amaranth leaf-webbers in Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="994199" doi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152953" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apanteles hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female holotype from India.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="994201" doi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152954" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apanteles hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female specimen from Kenya (Voucher code: CNC507541).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="994203" doi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152955" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apanteles hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female specimen from Yemen (Voucher code: CNC661375).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="994205" doi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152956" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apanteles hemara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female specimen from Madagascar (Voucher code: CNC661376).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="994207" doi="10.3897/jhr.58.13361.figure8" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/152957" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="Figure 8" startId="F8">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Nixon" authorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apanteles hemara" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hemara">
|
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apanteles hemara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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female specimen from Oman (Voucher code: CNC661377).
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |