treatments-xml/data/1C/1B/2B/1C1B2B5DFFF5FFA58748FE2B4BE0F8F0.xml

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<mods:title id="5E299DEAEA4059873661A4409E6D69FD">A taxonomic revision of the southwestern Pacific subgenus Hebridosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae: Simulium)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F4CB9A7069510BC7D29E54F7247FEE93">Hunter, Fiona F.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF5FFA48748FE2B4ADBFE16" ID-CoL="8DXM9" authority="Craig, Currie &amp; Hunter" authorityName="Craig, Currie &amp; Hunter" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,1006,483,510]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiroi" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Hebridosimulium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48748FE2B484AFE15" bold="true" box="[264,383,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA487D0FE2B4B50FE15" bold="true" box="[400,613,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Hebridosimulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48436FE2B4B8EFE15" bold="true" box="[630,699,484,510]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">spiroi</emphasis>
Craig, Currie &amp; Hunter
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BDF5FB22FFF5FFA485BBFE2C4D08FE16" box="[1019,1085,483,509]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF5FFA48748FDC84BA6FDCA" blockId="78.[264,1085,483,545]" box="[264,659,519,545]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
(
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF5FFA48751FDC84849FDCA" box="[273,380,519,545]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[264,367,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetId="figure-95@27.[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pupal gill filaments of Hebridosimulium species (continued). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071415/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Figs. 10f</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF5FFA487C8FDC84880FDCA" box="[392,437,519,545]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[264,367,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-68@28.[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left lateral views of Hebridosimulium species larvae. Last-instar larvae, except l &amp; n, which are penultimate. Arrowheads indicate dorsal tubercles. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071417" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071417/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">11n</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF5FFA48782FDC848DEFDCA" box="[450,491,519,545]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="31.[264,367,1399,1423]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1375]" captionTargetId="figure-179@31.[264,1323,326,1375]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 14. Dorsal views of larval heads of Hebridosimulium species. steatopygium species group. Last instars, except d &amp; f, which are penultimate instars. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071423" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071423/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">14f</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF5FFA487B8FDC84B17FDCA" box="[504,546,519,545]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="34.[264,367,1395,1419]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,327,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-185@34.[264,1323,326,1371]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 17. Postgenal clefts and hypostoma of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. Last instar except b, d, &amp; f, which are penultimate. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071429/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">17f</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF5FFA4846DFDC84B63FDCA" box="[557,598,519,545]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="36.[264,367,1407,1431]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-153@36.[264,1323,326,1383]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 19. Hypostomal teeth of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. Last instar, except d &amp; f, which are penultimate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071435/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">19f</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF5FFA48423FDC84BBEFDCA" box="[611,651,519,545]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="43.[264,367,1401,1425]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,327,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-171@43.[264,1323,326,1377]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mandibular teeth of larvae of Hebridosimulium species, steatopygium species group. Last instar, except d &amp; f, which are penultimate. Scale bar = 0.025 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071439/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">21f</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48748FD98487FFD9B" box="[264,330,599,624]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Types</emphasis>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF5FFA48778FDB14DE2FCD2" blockId="78.[264,1323,599,825]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<materialsCitation id="24DA9016FFF5FFA48778FDB14D0FFD02" collectingDate="2004-09-02" collectionCode="BPBM" collectorName="Coll. D. A. &amp; R. Craig." country="Vanuatu" elevation="34" latitude="-16.3788" location="Larva" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="167.76663" municipality="Label" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48778FDB1489FFD73" bold="true" box="[312,426,638,664]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<typeStatus id="4B0924E9FFF5FFA48778FDB1489FFD73" box="[312,426,638,664]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. 
<location id="916DCC90FFF5FFA487FCFDB04B30FD72" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1C1B2B5DFFF5FFA58748FE2B4BE0F8F0:916DCC90FFF5FFA487FCFDB04B30FD72" box="[444,517,639,665]" country="Vanuatu" latitude="-16.3788" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="167.76663" municipality="Label" name="Larva" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Larva</location>
: last instar in alcohol. 
<collectingMunicipality id="74690031FFF5FFA4855FFDB04A57FD72" box="[799,866,639,665]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Label</collectingMunicipality>
data – “ 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF5FFA48590FDB0487AFD2B" authorityName="Craig, Currie &amp; Hunter" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiroi" subGenus="Hebridosimulium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48590FDB04D0AFD73" box="[976,1087,639,664]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48214FDB04C14FD73" box="[1108,1313,639,664]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Hebridosimulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48748FD68487AFD2B" box="[264,335,679,704]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">spiroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA4870FFD684866FD2B" box="[335,339,679,704]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="ECA5DADBFFF5FFA4871BFD6848DDFD2A" box="[347,488,679,705]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">VANUATU</collectingCountry>
, Malekula, Wesso River Cascade. 
<geoCoordinate id="F186FC8CFFF5FFA4853FFD684D3CFD2B" box="[895,1033,678,705]" degrees="16.37880" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" precision="1" value="-16.3788">S16.37880°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="F186FC8CFFF5FFA48251FD684D99FD2B" box="[1041,1196,678,705]" degrees="167.76663" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" precision="1" value="167.76663">E167.76663°</geoCoordinate>
, alt. 
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF5FFA482A7FD684C10FD2A" box="[1255,1317,679,705]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" unit="m" value="34.0">
<elevation id="1F9F7D78FFF5FFA482A7FD684C10FD2A" box="[1255,1317,679,705]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" unit="m" value="34.0">34 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, 
<date id="E00CBC8BFFF5FFA48748FD00484FFD02" box="[264,378,719,745]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" value="2004-09-02">
<collectingDate id="F0484563FFF5FFA48748FD00484FFD02" box="[264,378,719,745]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" value="2004-09-02">2.ix.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
. 
<collectorName id="3947FF9DFFF5FFA487C5FD004B30FD02" box="[389,517,719,745]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Coll. D. A.</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="3947FF9DFFF5FFA4846AFD004BA1FD02" box="[554,660,719,745]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">R. Craig.</collectorName>
<typeStatus id="4B0924E9FFF5FFA484DBFD004A0FFD02" box="[667,826,719,745]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="holotype">HOLOTYPE</typeStatus>
. No. 16606” (
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFFF5FFA4859BFD004D06FD02" box="[987,1075,719,745]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="24DA9016FFF5FFA48205FD014DE6FCD2" collectingDate="2004-09-02" collectionCode="BPBM, DAC, ROM, LCNZ" collectorName="Coll. D. A. &amp; R. Craig." country="Vanuatu" elevation="34" latitude="-16.3788" location="Larva" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="167.76663" municipality="Label" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48205FD014DF7FD03" bold="true" box="[1093,1218,718,744]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<typeStatus id="4B0924E9FFF5FFA48205FD014DF7FD03" box="[1093,1218,718,744]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
. Larvae: last instars in alcohol (
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFFF5FFA48464FD384B4FFCFA" box="[548,634,759,785]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFFF5FFA484CBFD384BF9FCFA" box="[651,716,759,785]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">DAC</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFFF5FFA4849DFD384A10FCFA" box="[733,805,759,785]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34778" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34778" name="Royal Ontario Museum" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="Museum">ROM</collectionCode>
). Penultimate and earlier instar in alcohol (
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFFF5FFA48750FCD04853FCD2" box="[272,358,799,825]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="Museum">BPBM</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFFF5FFA48732FCD04886FCD2" box="[370,435,799,825]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">DAC</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFFF5FFA487FEFCD04B3BFCD2" box="[446,526,799,825]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">LCNZ</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFFF5FFA4845AFCD04B57FCD2" box="[538,610,799,825]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34778" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34778" name="Royal Ontario Museum" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="Museum">ROM</collectionCode>
). Label data as for Holotype, but with “ 
<typeStatus id="4B0924E9FFF5FFA4826DFCD04DFCFCD2" box="[1069,1225,799,825]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="paratype">PARATYPE</typeStatus>
”
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF5FFA48748FCA0484BFC63" blockId="78.[264,1322,879,985]" box="[264,382,879,904]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48748FCA0484BFC63" box="[264,382,879,904]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF5FFA48778FC584ABFFC32" blockId="78.[264,1322,879,985]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Larva: head evenly dark brown; body markedly lighter gray, posterolateral diagonal gray stripes on sixth segment. Pupa: gill petioles short.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF5FFA48748FBC048A7FBC3" blockId="78.[264,1323,1039,1905]" box="[264,402,1039,1064]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48748FBC048A7FBC3" box="[264,402,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF5FFA48778FBF94B51FBBA" blockId="78.[264,1323,1039,1905]" box="[312,612,1078,1105]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48778FBF948D4FBBB" bold="true" box="[312,481,1078,1104]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Adult female.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF5FFA48778FB914B78FB92" blockId="78.[264,1323,1039,1905]" box="[312,589,1118,1145]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48778FB9148FFFB93" bold="true" box="[312,458,1118,1144]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Adult male.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF5FFA48778FB494D9FFB1A" blockId="78.[264,1323,1039,1905]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48778FB49484CFB4B" bold="true" box="[312,377,1158,1184]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Pupa</emphasis>
(based on pharate material). Thorax: cuticle with numerous granules present. Gill (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF5FFA48708FB604898FB22" box="[328,429,1199,1225]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[264,367,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetId="figure-95@27.[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pupal gill filaments of Hebridosimulium species (continued). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071415/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 10f</figureCitation>
): petioles short and thick; branching pattern (2+2) +2 +2 +2, occasionally (2+2) +2 +2 +1+1; filaments noticeably tapered; maximum length 
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF5FFA48255FB184D93FB1A" box="[1045,1190,1239,1265]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="1.6" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.8 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF5FFA58778FB3148B1FCFD" blockId="78.[264,1323,1039,1905]" lastBlockId="79.[264,1323,284,790]" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48778FB3148B1FAF3" bold="true" box="[312,388,1278,1304]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Larva</emphasis>
(based on 6 mature last-instar larvae). Body (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF5FFA485FCFB304D13FAF2" box="[956,1062,1279,1305]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[264,367,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-68@28.[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left lateral views of Hebridosimulium species larvae. Last-instar larvae, except l &amp; n, which are penultimate. Arrowheads indicate dorsal tubercles. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071417" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071417/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 11n</figureCitation>
): total length 
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF5FFA48292FB30480CFAAA" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" metricValueMax="6.9" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="6.7" valueMax="6.9" valueMin="6.5">6.5–6.9 mm</quantity>
; females evenly pale grey dorsally, males pale yellowish-grey with paler intersegmental regions, difference not marked. Head (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF5FFA485D5FA804ACEFA82" box="[917,1019,1359,1385]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="31.[264,367,1399,1423]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1375]" captionTargetId="figure-179@31.[264,1323,326,1375]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 14. Dorsal views of larval heads of Hebridosimulium species. steatopygium species group. Last instars, except d &amp; f, which are penultimate instars. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071423" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071423/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 14f</figureCitation>
): both sexes evenly dark brown including labral fan stalks; dorsal head spots negative, but not distinct; sockets of trichoid sensilla pair 5 and 6 markedly pale, darkly aureolate; width 
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF5FFA48268FA504DE0FA52" box="[1064,1237,1439,1465]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" metricValueMax="8.2" metricValueMin="7.4" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="0.78" valueMax="0.82" valueMin="0.74">0.74–0.82 mm</quantity>
; length 
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF5FFA48748FA08488FFA0A" box="[264,442,1479,1505]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.049999999999999" metricValueMax="8.2" metricValueMin="7.9" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="0.8049999999999999" valueMax="0.82" valueMin="0.79">0.79–0.82 mm</quantity>
; distance between antennal bases 
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF5FFA48520FA084D27FA0A" box="[864,1042,1479,1505]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="3.9" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="0.4" valueMax="0.41" valueMin="0.39">0.39–0.41 mm</quantity>
; ecdysial lines slightly convex, diverged markedly posteriorly, broadly rounded at maximum width; lateral margins of head convex, especially posteriorly; posterior edge of cephalic apotome slightly emarginate; postocciput with fine medial extension. Antenna: total length 
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF5FFA482B7F9F0480CF96A" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5999999999999996" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="0.36">0.36 mm</quantity>
; distal article 0.22 times as long as basal articles; markedly shorter than labral fan stalk; distal article dark brown, remainder pale. Labral fan: stalk heavily pigmented anteriorly, anterior palatal bar noticeable, but not markedly protrusive; 39–43 substantial rays, 
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF5FFA48707F910489AF912" box="[327,431,1759,1785]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="0.84">0.84 mm</quantity>
in length, medial rays 
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF5FFA484FBF9104A17F912" box="[699,802,1759,1785]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="0.02">0.02 mm</quantity>
in width, 8–10 posterolateral rays finer than others; microtrichia substantial, subequal in length to ray width, pattern distinct, with 4 or 5 shorter microtrichia between those longer. Postgenal cleft (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF5FFA4826DF8E04DAEF8A2" box="[1069,1179,1839,1865]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="34.[264,367,1395,1419]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,327,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-185@34.[264,1323,326,1371]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 17. Postgenal clefts and hypostoma of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. Last instar except b, d, &amp; f, which are penultimate. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071429/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 17f</figureCitation>
): markedly arrowhead shaped; posterior edges parallel, sharply tapered at mid-length to pointed apex, 1.5 times longer than width; postgenal bridge subequal in length to cleft depth; genae evenly pigmented dark brown, paler around stemmata; ventrolateral elongate muscle spots partially negative. Hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF4FFA584D8FEA34A31FE6D" box="[664,772,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="36.[264,367,1407,1431]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-153@36.[264,1323,326,1383]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 19. Hypostomal teeth of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. Last instar, except d &amp; f, which are penultimate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071435/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 19f</figureCitation>
): ratio 4.2; median tooth and lateral teeth prominent, latter slightly scalloped medially occasionally directed more laterally, sublateral teeth distinct; paralateral teeth and lateral serrations not obvious; 11–13 substantial hypostomal setae per side. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF4FFA585C9FE2B4AC3FE15" box="[905,1014,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="43.[264,367,1401,1425]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,327,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-171@43.[264,1323,326,1377]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mandibular teeth of larvae of Hebridosimulium species, steatopygium species group. Last instar, except d &amp; f, which are penultimate. Scale bar = 0.025 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071439/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 21f</figureCitation>
): apical tooth markedly prominent, preapical and subapical teeth not so; spinous teeth small, gap distinct; serration and sensillum robust and fused basally; blade region smooth and slightly convex. Abdomen: thorax and anterior abdominal segments subequal in width, expanded gradually to maximum width, callipygous posteroventrally; colour pale laterally and ventrally, marked diagonal gray banding laterally on sixth segment; posterodorsal tubercles absent. Posterior circlet: directed ventrally; 170–175 rows of hooks, 29–35 hooks per row (total ca. 5,500).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF4FFA58748FC834B50FC8E" blockId="79.[264,1323,844,950]" box="[264,613,844,869]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF4FFA58748FC834B50FC8E" box="[264,613,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Additional material examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF4FFA58778FCBB4862FC5D" blockId="79.[264,1323,844,950]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<materialsCitation id="24DA9016FFF4FFA58778FCBB4866FC5D" collectionCode="DAC" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" specimenCount="1">
Last and earlier instar larvae in Carnoy’s fixative. Label data – as for 
<typeStatus id="4B0924E9FFF4FFA582C9FCBB4DF2FC65" box="[1161,1223,884,910]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">types</typeStatus>
(larvae; 
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFFF4FFA58748FC53487EFC5D" box="[264,331,924,950]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">DAC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF4FFA58748FC284A9AFBC2" blockId="79.[264,943,999,1065]" box="[264,943,999,1065]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF4FFA58748FC2848B0FBEB" box="[264,389,999,1024]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Etymology</emphasis>
Dedicated to the memory of Mike “Spiro” Spironello.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF4FFA58748FB904B7DFB4A" blockId="79.[264,584,1119,1185]" box="[264,584,1119,1185]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF4FFA58748FB9048A2FB93" box="[264,407,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Distribution</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="ECA5DADBFFF4FFA58778FB4848F2FB4A" box="[312,455,1159,1185]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">VANUATU</collectingCountry>
: Malekula.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF4FFA58748FB1E48B6FB01" blockId="79.[264,1323,1233,1819]" box="[264,387,1233,1258]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF4FFA58748FB1E48B6FB01" box="[264,387,1233,1258]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Comments</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF4FFA58778FB364BE0F8F0" blockId="79.[264,1323,1233,1819]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
Known only from the 
<typeStatus id="4B0924E9FFF4FFA58479FB364B5EFAF8" box="[569,619,1273,1299]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">type</typeStatus>
locality (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF4FFA5849AFB364A0EFAF8" box="[730,827,1273,1299]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="82.[264,367,1514,1538]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,314,1490]" captionTargetId="figure-136@82.[264,1323,314,1490]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="FIGURE 23. Habitats of larvae of Hebridosimulium species, Vanuatu. a. Santo, Sarakata River, UNELCO Hydro Station. Type locality of S. callipygium. Note limestone substrate. b. Santo, Upper Sarakata River, Millennium Cave region. Typical habitat of S. callipygium and S. subparadisium. c. Malekula, Wesso River, downstream of cascade. Type locality of S. spiroi. Note travertine substrate. d. Banks Islands, Vanua Lava, Tahiti River. Type locality of S. banksi and S. undulatum. e. Tanna, stream south of Bethel. Type locality of S. johnfrumi. f. Malekula, Pankumu River. Type locality of S. pankumuense. g. Efate, Ewor River, La Cressionnière. Type locality of S. tuberculum. Note the travertine terraces." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071447/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 23c</figureCitation>
) on Malekula, larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF4FFA58218FB364D8DFAF9" authorityName="Craig, Currie &amp; Hunter" authorityYear="2006" box="[1112,1208,1273,1298]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiroi">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF4FFA58218FB364D8DFAF9" box="[1112,1208,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">S. spiroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appear to be habitat specialists. They were taken in moderately large numbers only from smooth travertine substrate in fast flow (
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF4FFA584C6FA864BF8FA88" box="[646,717,1353,1379]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" unit="m" value="1.3">1.3 m</quantity>
/s; Table 1). However, larvae exhibit little structural adaptation to that habitat beyond the scarcely steatopygous abdomen and a relatively large number of hooks in the posterior circlet. Superficially similar to 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF4FFA58221FA564C37FA59" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[1121,1282,1433,1458]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adsonense">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF4FFA58221FA564C37FA59" box="[1121,1282,1433,1458]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">S. adsonense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in possessing a darkly pigmented larval head and lighter coloured body (
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF4FFA58205FA0E4D6CFA31" box="[1093,1113,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">rf</emphasis>
. 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF4FFA58228FA0E4DCBFA30" box="[1128,1278,1473,1499]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[264,367,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-68@28.[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left lateral views of Hebridosimulium species larvae. Last-instar larvae, except l &amp; n, which are penultimate. Arrowheads indicate dorsal tubercles. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071417" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071417/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
Figs. 
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, n
</figureCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF4FFA58354FA0E487EF9E9" authorityName="Craig, Currie &amp; Hunter" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiroi">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF4FFA58354FA0E487EF9E9" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">S. spiroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs in the structure of the pupal gill filaments (cf. 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF4FFA58584FA264D7EF9E8" box="[964,1099,1513,1539]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[264,367,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetId="figure-95@27.[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pupal gill filaments of Hebridosimulium species (continued). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071415/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Figs. 10e, f</figureCitation>
), size and shape of the postgenal cleft, and markedly larger hypostomal teeth. Although grouped together with 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF4FFA58748F9F648ABF9B9" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,414,1593,1618]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adsonense">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF4FFA58748F9F648ABF9B9" box="[264,414,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">S. adsonense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Malekula, we are of the opinion that the body shape and the head colour in both species may be independent adaptations to full sunlight in shallow, fast water. Dark pigmentation of larval heads is a known adaptation to full insolation (
<bibRefCitation id="F023E7BAFFF4FFA58222F9464DD9F948" author="Craig, D. A." box="[1122,1260,1673,1699]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="855 - 904" refId="ref41323" refString="Craig, D. A. (1997) A taxonomic revision of the Pacific black fly subgenus Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75, 855 - 904." type="journal article" year="1997">Craig 1997</bibRefCitation>
) and most likely is protective against UV light (
<bibRefCitation id="F023E7BAFFF4FFA58541F97E4D7EF920" author="Donahue, W. F. &amp; Schindler, D. W." box="[769,1099,1713,1739]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="357 - 365" refId="ref42015" refString="Donahue, W. F. &amp; Schindler, D. W. (1998) Diel emigration and colonization responses by black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) to ultraviolet radiation. Freshwater Biology, 40, 357 - 365." type="journal article" year="1998">Donahue &amp; Schindler 1998</bibRefCitation>
). Preliminary CO1 mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF4FFA5854CF9164A5AF919" authorityName="Craig, Currie &amp; Hunter" authorityYear="2006" box="[780,879,1753,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spiroi">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF4FFA5854CF9164A5AF919" box="[780,879,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">S. spiroi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF4FFA585ECF9164D70F919" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[940,1093,1753,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adsonense">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF4FFA585ECF9164D70F919" box="[940,1093,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">S. adsonense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not genetically close (A. Cywinska, unpublished data).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>