724 lines
81 KiB
XML
724 lines
81 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7322c173-acc3-495c-893e-abadd8053769" ID-PMC="PMC7892534" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1016-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="44B553052CCF5F1A9DB2D1295302BFB2" ID-PubMed="33628077" ID-ZooBank="133ADA73102F422D8D6CBD27A01F1551" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1016-1" checkinTime="1613177944046" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lago-Barcia, Domingo, Silva, Marcos Santos & Carbayo, Fernando" docDate="2021" docId="89394017295F55E1A5D2A439A06C941D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1016: 1-48" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1016" docPubDate="2021-02-11" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617" docTitle="Choeradoplana tristriata" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="44B553052CCF5F1A9DB2D1295302BFB2" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="44B553052CCF5F1A9DB2D1295302BFB2" masterDocTitle="Revision and description of six species of Choeradoplana (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida), with an emendation to the genus" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668149782349" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision and description of six species of Choeradoplana (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida), with an emendation to the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lago-Barcia, Domingo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratorio de Ecologia e Evolucao, Escola de Artes, Ciencias e Humanidades (EACH), Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, Sao Paulo, SP, 03828 - 000, Brazil & Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Rua do Matao, Tv. 14, 321, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508 - 090, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">domingo.lagobarcia@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Silva, Marcos Santos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratorio de Ecologia e Evolucao, Escola de Artes, Ciencias e Humanidades (EACH), Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, Sao Paulo, SP, 03828 - 000, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Carbayo, Fernando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Laboratorio de Ecologia e Evolucao, Escola de Artes, Ciencias e Humanidades (EACH), Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Av. Arlindo Bettio, 1000, Sao Paulo, SP, 03828 - 000, Brazil & Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Rua do Matao, Tv. 14, 321, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508 - 090, Brazil & Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Sistematica, Taxonomia Animal e Biodiversidade, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2021-02-11</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1016</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1016-1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="177383258" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:89394017295F55E1A5D2A439A06C941D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/89394017295F55E1A5D2A439A06C941D" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName LSID="89394017-295F-55E1-A5D2-A439A06C941D" authority="(Schultze & Mueller, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Schultze & Mueller" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Turbellaria" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Choeradoplana" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choeradoplana tristriata" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tristriata">
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Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze &
|
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
|
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, 1857)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of Choeradoplana obtained from the COI gene by Bayesian inference. Black numbers at the nodes correspond to the posterior probability (only values above 0.99 shown) and blue numbers to Bootstrap support in the tree by maximum likelihood (only values above 95 % shown). See text for details." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507863" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A dorsal view of the live specimen B lateral view of the anterior region of the live specimen C photomicrograph of a transverse section of the cephalic region, showing an eye and a sensory pit (arrowhead) D photomicrograph of a transverse section of the pre-pharyngeal region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 2</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226. Photomicrographs of transverse sections A dorsal portion of the pre-pharyngeal region B ventral region of the pre-pharyngeal region C cephalic region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507865" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 3</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx B photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus C diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507866" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 4</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226. Photomicrographs of sagittal sections A prostatic vesicle and the male atrium B female atrium. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507867" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 5</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schultze & F.Muller" authorityYear="1857" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geoplana tristriata" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tristriata">Geoplana tristriata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schultze &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1857: 23.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schultze & F.Muller" authorityYear="1857" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geoplana tristriata" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tristriata">Geoplana tristriata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Not
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schultze & F.Muller" authorityYear="1857" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geoplana tristriata" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tristriata">Geoplana tristriata</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Graff, LV" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B15" refString="Graff, LV, 1899. Monographie der Turbellarien. II. Tricladida Terricola (Landplanarien). I-XII. Atlas von Achtundfuenfzig Tafeln zur Monographie der Turbellarien II. Tricladida Terricola (Landplanarien). Pls I-LVIII. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" title="Monographie der Turbellarien. II. Tricladida Terricola (Landplanarien). I-XII. Atlas von Achtundfuenfzig Tafeln zur Monographie der Turbellarien II. Tricladida Terricola (Landplanarien). Pls I-LVIII." year="1899">Graff 1899</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 327-328, 331, taf. V, figs 25, 26.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schultze & Muller" authorityYear="1857" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Pseudogeoplana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeoplana tristriata" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tristriata">Pseudogeoplana tristriata</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Ogren & Kawakatsu, 1990: 161.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">MZUSP 2271 (field code, F3226), sexually mature: Parque Estadual da Serra de Tabuleiro, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil (-27.94, -48.79). coll. F. Carbayo and co-workers, 11 January 2009; transverse sections of the cephalic region on 6 slides; horizontal sections of the portion behind the cephalic extremity on 4 slides; transverse sections of the pre-pharyngeal region on 6 slides; sagittal sections of the pharynx and copulatory apparatus on 17 slides.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Municipality of Blumenau and Parque Estadual da Serra de Tabuleiro, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lago-Barcia & Silva & Carbayo" authorityYear="2021" class="Turbellaria" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Choeradoplana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choeradoplana" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Choeradoplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species with yellow green background color, with three thin discontinuous longitudinal black lines; ventral side is zinc-yellow. Copulatory apparatus compact, without penis papilla; female atrium funnel-shaped.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The preserved specimen measures 22 mm long and 2.5 mm wide (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A dorsal view of the live specimen B lateral view of the anterior region of the live specimen C photomicrograph of a transverse section of the cephalic region, showing an eye and a sensory pit (arrowhead) D photomicrograph of a transverse section of the pre-pharyngeal region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The body is slender and subcylindrical. The cephalic region is differentiated from the remaining body by means of a
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘neck’">'neck'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, laterally dilated and rolled up so that the ventral surface is provided with glandular cushions, and is facing out (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A dorsal view of the live specimen B lateral view of the anterior region of the live specimen C photomicrograph of a transverse section of the cephalic region, showing an eye and a sensory pit (arrowhead) D photomicrograph of a transverse section of the pre-pharyngeal region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2B</figureCitation>
|
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); the posterior extremity is pointed. The creeping sole is 90% of body width at the pre-pharyngeal region. The mouth is positioned at a distance from the anterior extremity equal to 60% of the body length, and the gonopore is at 74%.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The dorsal coloration consists of a yellow green (RAL 1018) background color, with three thin discontinuous longitudinal lines of small black spots. These spots are less concentrated in the median line (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A dorsal view of the live specimen B lateral view of the anterior region of the live specimen C photomicrograph of a transverse section of the cephalic region, showing an eye and a sensory pit (arrowhead) D photomicrograph of a transverse section of the pre-pharyngeal region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ventral side is zinc yellow (RAL 1018), except for a silver grey (RAL 7001) spot on the glandular cushions (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A dorsal view of the live specimen B lateral view of the anterior region of the live specimen C photomicrograph of a transverse section of the cephalic region, showing an eye and a sensory pit (arrowhead) D photomicrograph of a transverse section of the pre-pharyngeal region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The eyes are formed by one pigmented cup of 80
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in diameter (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A dorsal view of the live specimen B lateral view of the anterior region of the live specimen C photomicrograph of a transverse section of the cephalic region, showing an eye and a sensory pit (arrowhead) D photomicrograph of a transverse section of the pre-pharyngeal region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). There are no clear halos around them. Eyes are absent in the very anterior extremity of the body; at 1.5 mm behind the anterior tip the eyes are marginally distributed in a row of two or three eyes; 3.8 mm posterior to the anterior tip, the eyes are placed in a single marginal row which runs along the whole body until posterior extremity, with each eye at a distance of ~ 0.3 mm from each other (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A dorsal view of the live specimen B lateral view of the anterior region of the live specimen C photomicrograph of a transverse section of the cephalic region, showing an eye and a sensory pit (arrowhead) D photomicrograph of a transverse section of the pre-pharyngeal region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Sensory pits are 25
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
deep (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A dorsal view of the live specimen B lateral view of the anterior region of the live specimen C photomicrograph of a transverse section of the cephalic region, showing an eye and a sensory pit (arrowhead) D photomicrograph of a transverse section of the pre-pharyngeal region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2C</figureCitation>
|
||
, arrowhead), and are distributed ventro-laterally in a uniserial row between ~ 0.4 mm behind the anterior extremity to at least the ovarian level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Numerous rhabditogen cells discharge through the glandular cushions of the cephalic region. These cells are scarce in the dorsal epidermis. Abundant erythrophil gland cells pierce the dorsal and marginal epithelium in the pre-pharyngeal region. The entire epithelium is additionally pierced by scarce gland cells of two types, producing cyanophil and xanthophil granules, respectively. No glandular margin.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The cutaneous musculature of the pre-pharyngeal region comprises a subepithelial circular muscle, followed by a diagonal layer with decussate fibers, and a longitudinal muscle organized in tight bundles (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A dorsal view of the live specimen B lateral view of the anterior region of the live specimen C photomicrograph of a transverse section of the cephalic region, showing an eye and a sensory pit (arrowhead) D photomicrograph of a transverse section of the pre-pharyngeal region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226. Photomicrographs of transverse sections A dorsal portion of the pre-pharyngeal region B ventral region of the pre-pharyngeal region C cephalic region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507865" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). This longitudinal muscle is 70
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
thick dorsally; it is ventrally divided into a 35
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm-thick">μm-thick</normalizedToken>
|
||
muscle, organized in bundles with 4-8 fibers each, and a 50
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm-thick">μm-thick</normalizedToken>
|
||
muscle sunken into the parenchyma consisting of scattered bundles with 5-12 fibers each (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226. Photomicrographs of transverse sections A dorsal portion of the pre-pharyngeal region B ventral region of the pre-pharyngeal region C cephalic region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507865" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The thickness of the cutaneous muscle coat is 17% of the body height.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
There are three parenchymal muscle layers in the pre-pharyngeal region (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226. Photomicrographs of transverse sections A dorsal portion of the pre-pharyngeal region B ventral region of the pre-pharyngeal region C cephalic region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507865" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
): a well-developed dorsal layer of diagonal, decussate fibers (12-18
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
thick); a transverse supra-intestinal muscle (22-25
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
); and a transverse subintestinal muscle (30-35
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The ventral longitudinal cutaneous muscle is modified into the retractor muscle in the cephalic region. This retractor muscle is delta-shaped in cross-section along 0.7 mm (or 3% of body length), starting 0.2 mm (or 1%) from the anterior extremity of the body (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226. Photomicrographs of transverse sections A dorsal portion of the pre-pharyngeal region B ventral region of the pre-pharyngeal region C cephalic region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507865" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3C</figureCitation>
|
||
), and its thickness is 24% of the height of the cephalic region. The dorsal decussate and subintestinal parenchymal muscles in this region are weak, whereas the supra-intestinal is strongly developed and mixed with dorso-ventral muscle fibers giving rise to the Muskelgeflecht or interwoven muscle, and is 75
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in thickness. A fourth subneural parenchymal muscle is present in the cephalic region, and is located beneath the central nerve system and above the retractor muscle. The paired glandular cushions are pierced by numerous rhabditogen cells. The arrangement of cutaneous and parenchymal muscles in the cephalic region and the glandular component of the cephalic cushions match those of the type species of the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Graff" authorityYear="1899" class="Turbellaria" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Choeradoplana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choeradoplana iheringi" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="iheringi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Choeradoplana iheringi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Graff, 1899.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507863" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic tree of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lago-Barcia & Silva & Carbayo" authorityYear="2021" class="Turbellaria" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Choeradoplana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choeradoplana" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Choeradoplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
obtained from the COI gene by Bayesian inference. Black numbers at the nodes correspond to the posterior probability (only values above 0.99 shown) and blue numbers to Bootstrap support in the tree by maximum likelihood (only values above 95% shown). See text for details.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The mouth is located in the middle of the pharyngeal pouch (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx B photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus C diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507866" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is a bell-shaped pharynx, with the dorsal insertion posterior to the ventral insertion ~ 45% of the pharyngeal length. An esophagus is not present. The pharyngeal pouch is lined with a non-ciliated, cuboidal-to-flat epithelium, underlain by a one-fiber thick layer of longitudinal muscle, followed by a 10
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm-thick">μm-thick</normalizedToken>
|
||
layer of circular muscle. The outer pharyngeal epithelium is cuboidal, ciliated, underlain by a longitudinal muscle (7.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
thick), followed by a circular muscle (45
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
thick) with interspersed longitudinal fibers; the inner epithelium is flat, ciliated, underlain by a circular muscle (62
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
thick) with interspersed longitudinal fibers. Numerous erythrophil and xanthophil gland cells open and discharge their contents through the distal portion of the pharynx.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The testes are dorsal, located between the intestinal diverticula, with some of them reaching the parenchymal supra-intestinal transverse muscle (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A dorsal view of the live specimen B lateral view of the anterior region of the live specimen C photomicrograph of a transverse section of the cephalic region, showing an eye and a sensory pit (arrowhead) D photomicrograph of a transverse section of the pre-pharyngeal region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2D</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226. Photomicrographs of transverse sections A dorsal portion of the pre-pharyngeal region B ventral region of the pre-pharyngeal region C cephalic region. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507865" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The testes are arranged in two paramedian rows. They extend from 1 mm behind the level of the ovaries (30% of body length) to 1.2 mm from the root of the pharynx. Sperm ducts run straight and immediately above the subintestinal parenchymatic muscle. They distally penetrate the anterior region of the common muscle coat (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx B photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus C diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507866" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
) to open into the proximal portion of the paired branches of the prostatic vesicle. The prostatic vesicle consists of a proximal half of these paired branches and a distal unpaired half. This vesicle runs postero-dorsally to open into the dorso-anterior section of the male atrium. An ejaculatory duct and penis papilla are absent (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226 A photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx B photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus C diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507866" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226. Photomicrographs of sagittal sections A prostatic vesicle and the male atrium B female atrium. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507867" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The penis bulb is thick and consists of numerous muscle fibers continuous with those underlying the epithelium of the male atrium. The prostatic vesicle is lined with a columnar-to-cuboidal epithelium, underlain by a thin longitudinal muscle (5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
thick), followed by a 30
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm-thick">μm-thick</normalizedToken>
|
||
circular muscle interspersed with longitudinal fibers. The paired portion of the prostatic vesicle receives abundant erythrophil and xanthophil granules from the respective gland cells, while the unpaired portion receives abundant cyanophil and xanthophil granules.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507864" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schultze & Mueller" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Turbellaria" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Choeradoplana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choeradoplana tristriata" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tristriata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Choeradoplana tristriata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Schultze &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1857), specimen F3226
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view of the live specimen
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
lateral view of the anterior region of the live specimen
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
photomicrograph of a transverse section of the cephalic region, showing an eye and a sensory pit (arrowhead)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
photomicrograph of a transverse section of the pre-pharyngeal region. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">cm</emphasis>
|
||
common muscle coat,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">co</emphasis>
|
||
common glandular ovovitelline duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dd</emphasis>
|
||
decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dm</emphasis>
|
||
diagonal decussate muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
|
||
eye,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ej</emphasis>
|
||
ejaculatory duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ep</emphasis>
|
||
esophagus,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">er</emphasis>
|
||
erythrophil secretion,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fa</emphasis>
|
||
female atrium,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fd</emphasis>
|
||
female genital duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">g</emphasis>
|
||
gonopore,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">i</emphasis>
|
||
intestine,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lc</emphasis>
|
||
longitudinal cutaneous muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ma</emphasis>
|
||
male genital atrium,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mk</emphasis>
|
||
Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899),
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mo</emphasis>
|
||
mouth,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">o</emphasis>
|
||
ovary,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ov</emphasis>
|
||
ovovitelline duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ph</emphasis>
|
||
pharyngeal pouch,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pp</emphasis>
|
||
penis papilla,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pv</emphasis>
|
||
prostatic vesicle,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">px</emphasis>
|
||
pharynx,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">rg</emphasis>
|
||
rhabditogen glands,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">r</emphasis>
|
||
retractor muscle,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sb</emphasis>
|
||
subintestinal transverse muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sd</emphasis>
|
||
sperm duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sg</emphasis>
|
||
shell glands,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sk</emphasis>
|
||
sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sm</emphasis>
|
||
spermatophore,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sn</emphasis>
|
||
subneural transverse muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp</emphasis>
|
||
supra-intestinal transverse muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">t</emphasis>
|
||
testis,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vi</emphasis>
|
||
vitellaria,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vn</emphasis>
|
||
ventral nerve plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The male atrium is long and narrow with folded walls. The proximal third of the atrium runs postero-dorsally; distal two-thirds runs ventrally almost vertically above the gonopore canal. The atrium is lined by a cuboidal-non-ciliated epithelium, and underlain by an 80
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm-thick">μm-thick</normalizedToken>
|
||
circular muscle with interspersed longitudinal fibers. The male atrium is 1.2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than the female atrium.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507865" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schultze & Mueller" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Turbellaria" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Choeradoplana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choeradoplana tristriata" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tristriata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Choeradoplana tristriata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Schultze &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1857), specimen F3226. Photomicrographs of transverse sections
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal portion of the pre-pharyngeal region
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
ventral region of the pre-pharyngeal region
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
cephalic region. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">cm</emphasis>
|
||
common muscle coat,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">co</emphasis>
|
||
common glandular ovovitelline duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dd</emphasis>
|
||
decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dm</emphasis>
|
||
diagonal decussate muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
|
||
eye,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ej</emphasis>
|
||
ejaculatory duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ep</emphasis>
|
||
esophagus,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">er</emphasis>
|
||
erythrophil secretion,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fa</emphasis>
|
||
female atrium,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fd</emphasis>
|
||
female genital duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">g</emphasis>
|
||
gonopore,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">i</emphasis>
|
||
intestine,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lc</emphasis>
|
||
longitudinal cutaneous muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ma</emphasis>
|
||
male genital atrium,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mk</emphasis>
|
||
Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899),
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mo</emphasis>
|
||
mouth,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">o</emphasis>
|
||
ovary,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ov</emphasis>
|
||
ovovitelline duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ph</emphasis>
|
||
pharyngeal pouch,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pp</emphasis>
|
||
penis papilla,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pv</emphasis>
|
||
prostatic vesicle,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">px</emphasis>
|
||
pharynx,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">rg</emphasis>
|
||
rhabditogen glands,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">r</emphasis>
|
||
retractor muscle,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sb</emphasis>
|
||
subintestinal transverse muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sd</emphasis>
|
||
sperm duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sg</emphasis>
|
||
shell glands,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sk</emphasis>
|
||
sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sm</emphasis>
|
||
spermatophore,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sn</emphasis>
|
||
subneural transverse muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp</emphasis>
|
||
supra-intestinal transverse muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">t</emphasis>
|
||
testis,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vi</emphasis>
|
||
vitellaria,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vn</emphasis>
|
||
ventral nerve plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The ovaries are mature, ovoid, and 200
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in length. They are located above the ventral nerve plate at a distance from the anterior body tip equal to 25% of its body length (5.5 mm from anterior tip). Ovovitelline ducts emerge from the dorso-lateral aspect of the ovaries, where-after they run backwards above the ventral nerve plate. The ducts bend medially, posteriorly to the female atrium, and subsequently ascend vertically and medially to communicate with each other above the postero-dorsal section of the female atrium (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Choeradoplana tristriata (Schultze & Mueller, 1857), specimen F 3226. Photomicrographs of sagittal sections A prostatic vesicle and the male atrium B female atrium. Abbreviations: cm common muscle coat, co common glandular ovovitelline duct, dd decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles, dm diagonal decussate muscles, e eye, ej ejaculatory duct, ep esophagus, er erythrophil secretion, fa female atrium, fd female genital duct, g gonopore, i intestine, lc longitudinal cutaneous muscles, ma male genital atrium, mk Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899), mo mouth, o ovary, ov ovovitelline duct, ph pharyngeal pouch, pp penis papilla, pv prostatic vesicle, px pharynx, rg rhabditogen glands, r retractor muscle, sb subintestinal transverse muscles, sd sperm duct, sg shell glands, sk sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles, sm spermatophore, sn subneural transverse muscles, sp supra-intestinal transverse muscles, t testis, vi vitellaria, vn ventral nerve plate." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507867" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ovovitelline ducts open directly into a very short female genital canal lined by a cuboidal ciliated epithelium. A small number of small shell gland cells can be spotted around the junction of the two ovovitelline ducts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">The female atrium is funnel-shaped, not folded, and lined by a ciliated columnar-to-cuboidal epithelium, which is surrounded by circular muscle fibers with interspersed longitudinal fibers. This muscle is continuous with the common muscle coat. Most of the abundant gland cells discharging into the female atrium have a fine granular xanthophil and erythrophil secretion. The length:height ratio of the copulatory apparatus enveloped by the common muscle coat is 1.4:1.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507866" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schultze & Mueller" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Turbellaria" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Choeradoplana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choeradoplana tristriata" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tristriata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Choeradoplana tristriata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Schultze &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1857), specimen F3226
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the pharynx
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">cm</emphasis>
|
||
common muscle coat,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">co</emphasis>
|
||
common glandular ovovitelline duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dd</emphasis>
|
||
decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dm</emphasis>
|
||
diagonal decussate muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
|
||
eye,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ej</emphasis>
|
||
ejaculatory duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ep</emphasis>
|
||
esophagus,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">er</emphasis>
|
||
erythrophil secretion,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fa</emphasis>
|
||
female atrium,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fd</emphasis>
|
||
female genital duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">g</emphasis>
|
||
gonopore,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">i</emphasis>
|
||
intestine,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lc</emphasis>
|
||
longitudinal cutaneous muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ma</emphasis>
|
||
male genital atrium,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mk</emphasis>
|
||
Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899),
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mo</emphasis>
|
||
mouth,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">o</emphasis>
|
||
ovary,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ov</emphasis>
|
||
ovovitelline duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ph</emphasis>
|
||
pharyngeal pouch,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pp</emphasis>
|
||
penis papilla,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pv</emphasis>
|
||
prostatic vesicle,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">px</emphasis>
|
||
pharynx,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">rg</emphasis>
|
||
rhabditogen glands,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">r</emphasis>
|
||
retractor muscle,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sb</emphasis>
|
||
subintestinal transverse muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sd</emphasis>
|
||
sperm duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sg</emphasis>
|
||
shell glands,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sk</emphasis>
|
||
sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sm</emphasis>
|
||
spermatophore,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sn</emphasis>
|
||
subneural transverse muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp</emphasis>
|
||
supra-intestinal transverse muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">t</emphasis>
|
||
testis,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vi</emphasis>
|
||
vitellaria,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vn</emphasis>
|
||
ventral nerve plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">On the identity of our specimen.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schultze, M" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="61 - 74" refId="B30" refString="Schultze, M, Mueller, F, 1857. Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Landplanarien, nach Mittheilungen des Dr. Fritz Mueller in Brasilien und nach eigenen Untersuchungen von Dr. Max Schultze. Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle 4: 61 - 74" title="Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Landplanarien, nach Mittheilungen des Dr. Fritz Mueller in Brasilien und nach eigenen Untersuchungen von Dr. Max Schultze." volume="4" year="1857">
|
||
Schultze and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1857)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schultze & F.Muller" authorityYear="1857" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geoplana tristriata" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tristriata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Geoplana tristriata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from near Blumenau, in the State of Santa Catarina. The original description reads: "
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schultze & F.Muller" authorityYear="1857" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geoplana tristriata" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tristriata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Geoplana tristriata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, pale yellowish-green, with three narrow, dark, longitudinal lines on the back; belly paler. Greatest breadth at approx. the second third part of the length, where the mouth is situated. It likes to bend the head upwards. At the point of curvature on each side there is a closed packed group of eye-spots, which are continued in an irregular series to the posterior extremity. The anterior margin of the head appears to be destitute of eyes. Length 1 1/2 inch [38.1 mm]; breadth 1 1/2 line [3.81 mm]. Abundant."
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
There is no record of the deposition of the type series. It was probably not preserved. Our specimen was collected 115 km south from the type locality, and matches Schultze and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller’s">Mueller's</normalizedToken>
|
||
species in all characteristics. The conspecificity of our specimen could be questioned since the copulatory apparatus is the most important organ assuring identification in triclads. However, this species combines a set of unusual features among Geoplanins: the color pattern of the body, the cephalic region bent to the dorsal side (actually only found in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lago-Barcia & Silva & Carbayo" authorityYear="2021" class="Turbellaria" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Choeradoplana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choeradoplana" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Choeradoplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carbayo & Leal-Zanchet" authorityYear="2003" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Cephaloflexa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cephaloflexa" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cephaloflexa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1857" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Geoplaninae">Geoplaninae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the absence of eyes in the very anterior tip of the body. Schultze and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller’s">Mueller's</normalizedToken>
|
||
and our specimen sharing these uncommon attributes supports their conspecificity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The species redescribed herein also matches all diagnostic characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lago-Barcia & Silva & Carbayo" authorityYear="2021" class="Turbellaria" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Choeradoplana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choeradoplana" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Choeradoplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and should therefore be transferred to this genus. The species is unique in the external aspect in that there are no other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lago-Barcia & Silva & Carbayo" authorityYear="2021" class="Turbellaria" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Choeradoplana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choeradoplana" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Choeradoplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with dorsal green color with three longitudinal dark stripes. Internally,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marcus" authorityYear="1951" class="Turbellaria" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Choeradoplana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choeradoplana bilix" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="bilix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Choeradoplana bilix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Marcus, 1951;
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Ch. crassiphalla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crassiphalla">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ch. crassiphalla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Negrete & Brusa, 2012;
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Ch. langi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="langi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ch. langi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Dendy, 1894); and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Ch. marthae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="marthae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ch. marthae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Froehlich, 1955 are similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Ch. tristriata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tristriata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ch. tristriata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the compact aspect of the copulatory apparatus, having a length:height ratio equivalent to 1.8:1 or less, as calculated in drawings (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1951.125222" author="Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, E" journalOrPublisher="Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="217 - 255" refId="B10" refString="Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, E, 1951. On South American geoplanids. Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia 16: 217 - 255, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1951.125222" title="On South American geoplanids." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1951.125222" volume="16" year="1951">du Bois-Reymond Marcus 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1951.125221" author="Marcus, E" journalOrPublisher="Serie Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 217" refId="B23" refString="Marcus, E, 1951. Turbellaria brasileiros (9). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo. Serie Zoologia 16: 1 - 217, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1951.125221" title="Turbellaria brasileiros (9). Boletim da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-4877.bsffclzoologia.1951.125221" volume="16" year="1951">Marcus 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-3382.bffclzoologia.1959.120326" author="Froehlich, CG" journalOrPublisher="Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="201 - 265" refId="B13" refString="Froehlich, CG, 1959. On geoplanids from Brazil. Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia 22: 201 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-3382.bffclzoologia.1959.120326" title="On geoplanids from Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-3382.bffclzoologia.1959.120326" volume="22" year="1959">Froehlich 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2012.735071" author="Negrete, L" journalOrPublisher="Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="227 - 237" refId="B26" refString="Negrete, L, Brusa, F, 2012. Choeradoplana crassiphalla sp. nov. (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae): a new species of land planarian from the Atlantic Forest of Argentina. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 47: 227 - 237, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2012.735071" title="Choeradoplana crassiphalla sp. nov. (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Geoplanidae): a new species of land planarian from the Atlantic Forest of Argentina." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/01650521.2012.735071" volume="47" year="2012">Negrete and Brusa 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Ch. bilix" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bilix">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ch. bilix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Ch. crassiphalla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="crassiphalla">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ch. crassiphalla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Ch. marthae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="marthae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ch. marthae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a penis papilla (vs. absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Ch. tristriata" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="tristriata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ch. tristriata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the female atrium of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="Ch. langi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="langi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ch. langi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a narrow canal (vs. a funnel-shaped cavity).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The identity of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Graff’s">Graff's</normalizedToken>
|
||
specimen and subsequent taxonomic actions.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Herman von Ihering collected one specimen in Taquara, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, which he identified as a member of this species. Ihering sent it to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Graff, LV" journalOrPublisher="Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B15" refString="Graff, LV, 1899. Monographie der Turbellarien. II. Tricladida Terricola (Landplanarien). I-XII. Atlas von Achtundfuenfzig Tafeln zur Monographie der Turbellarien II. Tricladida Terricola (Landplanarien). Pls I-LVIII. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" title="Monographie der Turbellarien. II. Tricladida Terricola (Landplanarien). I-XII. Atlas von Achtundfuenfzig Tafeln zur Monographie der Turbellarien II. Tricladida Terricola (Landplanarien). Pls I-LVIII." year="1899">Graff (1899)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who endorsed his identification, but only provided a description of the external aspect.
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-3382.bffclzoologia.1959.120326" author="Froehlich, CG" journalOrPublisher="Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="201 - 265" refId="B13" refString="Froehlich, CG, 1959. On geoplanids from Brazil. Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia 22: 201 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-3382.bffclzoologia.1959.120326" title="On geoplanids from Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-3382.bffclzoologia.1959.120326" volume="22" year="1959">Froehlich (1959)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
disagreed with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ihering’s">Ihering's</normalizedToken>
|
||
identification because of the body shape, the relative position of the mouth, and the different width of the paramedian dorsal stripes. Froehlich concluded that both Schultze and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller’s">Mueller's</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Graff’s">Graff's</normalizedToken>
|
||
species remain obscure (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-3382.bffclzoologia.1959.120326" author="Froehlich, CG" journalOrPublisher="Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="201 - 265" refId="B13" refString="Froehlich, CG, 1959. On geoplanids from Brazil. Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia 22: 201 - 265, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-3382.bffclzoologia.1959.120326" title="On geoplanids from Brazil." url="https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2526-3382.bffclzoologia.1959.120326" volume="22" year="1959">Froehlich 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but did not propose taxonomic changes.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ogren, RE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Fuji Women's College" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="79 - 166" refId="B27" refString="Ogren, RE, Kawakatsu, M, 1990. Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Geoplaninae. Bulletin of Fuji Women's College 28 (1): 79 - 166" title="Index to the species of the family Geoplanidae (Turbellaria, Tricladida, Terricola) Part I: Geoplaninae." volume="28" year="1990">Ogren and Kawakatsu (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered Schultze and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller’s">Mueller's</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Graff’s">Graff's</normalizedToken>
|
||
specimens conspecific, and transferred the species to the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ogren & Kawakatsu" authorityYear="1990" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Pseudogeoplana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeoplana" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudogeoplana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collective genus, which houses species lacking information about the internal organs, especially the copulatory apparatus. We agree with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Froehlich’s">Froehlich's</normalizedToken>
|
||
opinion that
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Graff’s">Graff's</normalizedToken>
|
||
species is different from Schultze and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller’s">Mueller's</normalizedToken>
|
||
species. Accordingly, we propose the name
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Geoplanidae" genus="Pseudogeoplana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudogeoplana aevipandemiae" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="aevipandemiae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pseudogeoplana aevipandemiae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Lago-Barcia & Carbayo, sp. nov. for
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Graff’s">Graff's</normalizedToken>
|
||
species. The specific epithet means 'from the times of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="pandemic’">pandemic'</normalizedToken>
|
||
. The epithet alludes to the COVID-19 pandemic and is intended to keep the memory of the negative effects caused by the long months of closure of the laboratories for the conclusion of this paper.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1016.59617.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/507867" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Schultze & Mueller" baseAuthorityYear="1857" class="Turbellaria" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Choeradoplana" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Choeradoplana tristriata" order="Tricladida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tristriata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Choeradoplana tristriata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Schultze &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1857), specimen F3226. Photomicrographs of sagittal sections
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
prostatic vesicle and the male atrium
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
female atrium. Abbreviations:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">cm</emphasis>
|
||
common muscle coat,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">co</emphasis>
|
||
common glandular ovovitelline duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dd</emphasis>
|
||
decussate dorsal cutaneous muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">dm</emphasis>
|
||
diagonal decussate muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">e</emphasis>
|
||
eye,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ej</emphasis>
|
||
ejaculatory duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ep</emphasis>
|
||
esophagus,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">er</emphasis>
|
||
erythrophil secretion,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fa</emphasis>
|
||
female atrium,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">fd</emphasis>
|
||
female genital duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">g</emphasis>
|
||
gonopore,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">i</emphasis>
|
||
intestine,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">lc</emphasis>
|
||
longitudinal cutaneous muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ma</emphasis>
|
||
male genital atrium,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mk</emphasis>
|
||
Muskelgeflecht (Graff, 1899),
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">mo</emphasis>
|
||
mouth,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">o</emphasis>
|
||
ovary,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ov</emphasis>
|
||
ovovitelline duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">ph</emphasis>
|
||
pharyngeal pouch,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pp</emphasis>
|
||
penis papilla,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">pv</emphasis>
|
||
prostatic vesicle,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">px</emphasis>
|
||
pharynx,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">rg</emphasis>
|
||
rhabditogen glands,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">r</emphasis>
|
||
retractor muscle,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sb</emphasis>
|
||
subintestinal transverse muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sd</emphasis>
|
||
sperm duct,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sg</emphasis>
|
||
shell glands,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sk</emphasis>
|
||
sunken longitudinal cutaneous muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sm</emphasis>
|
||
spermatophore,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sn</emphasis>
|
||
subneural transverse muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp</emphasis>
|
||
supra-intestinal transverse muscles,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">t</emphasis>
|
||
testis,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vi</emphasis>
|
||
vitellaria,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">vn</emphasis>
|
||
ventral nerve plate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
We did not find
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Graff’s">Graff's</normalizedToken>
|
||
specimen in the museums where part of this collection was disseminated (Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel; Museum of Natural History, Vienna; Senckenberg Museum, Frankfurt; Zoological Museum, Hamburg; Natural History Museum, London). Therefore, we consider
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Graff’s">Graff's</normalizedToken>
|
||
specimen lost.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |