428 lines
41 KiB
XML
428 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFD58A32F89BF15EF7BBDAB6" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus achilles Thomas 1900" docType="treatment" docVersion="23" lastPageNumber="306" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="305" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>280</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>332</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808914" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163549967" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808914" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFD58A32F89BF15EF7BBDAB6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFD58A32F89BF15EF7BBDAB6" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1879,2752,3839,3900]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[1879,3334,3839,3900]" box="[1879,2752,3839,3900]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1879,1949,3839,3900]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="26.[175,218,4332,4359]" captionTargetBox="[136,3490,134,4724]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="On following pages: 52. Eastern Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus megaphyllus}; 53. Insular Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus keyensis}; 54. Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus virgo}; 55. Madura Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus madurensis}; 56. Sulawesi Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus celebensis}; 57. Robinson's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus robinsoni); 58. Indochinese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus chasem); 59. Anamban Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus nereis}; 60. Bornean Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus borneensis); 61. Malayan Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus malayanus}; 62. Acuminate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus acuminatus}; 63. Acuminate Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus acuminatus}; 64. Little Japanese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus cornutus}; 65. Yaeyama Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus perditus}; 66. Mountain Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus monticolus}; 67. Shortridge's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus shortridgei}; 68. Formosan Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus monoceros}; 69. Least Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus pusillus}; 70. Little Nepalese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus subbadius}; 71. Convex Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus convexus}; 72. Andaman Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus cognatus}; 73. Glossy Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus refulgens}; 74. Blyth's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus lepidus};" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3758605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3758605/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">51</figureCitation>
|
||
. Queensland Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2656,2752,3839,3900]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2815,3334,3839,3900]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[1879,3334,3839,3900]" box="[2815,3334,3839,3900]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[2815,3334,3839,3900]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="achilles">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2815,3334,3839,3900]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">Rhinolophus achilles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="26" pageNumber="305" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[1878,3432,3914,3994]" box="[1878,3255,3914,3941]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1878,1977,3914,3941]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">French</emphasis>
|
||
: Rhinolophe achilie/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2260,2378,3914,3941]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">German</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis box="[2393,2756,3914,3941]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">Queensland-Hufeisennase</emphasis>
|
||
/Spanish: Herradura de
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[3094,3255,3914,3941]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[1878,3432,3914,3994]" box="[1878,3432,3967,3994]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1878,2205,3967,3994]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">Other common names</emphasis>
|
||
: Greater Large-eared Horseshoe Bat (large form). Intermediate Horseshoe Bat (small form)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1877,2736,4065,4104]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[1876,3495,4064,4218]" box="[1877,2736,4065,4104]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1877,2088,4065,4104]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1900" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1900" box="[2101,2729,4065,4104]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="achilles">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2101,2452,4065,4104]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">Rhinolophus achilles</emphasis>
|
||
Thomas, 1900
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2749,3171,4065,4104]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[1876,3495,4064,4218]" box="[2749,3171,4065,4104]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2597533974" box="[2749,3165,4065,4104]" country="Indonesia" location="Kai Islands" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFD58A32F89BF15EF7BBDAB6:052E606FFFD58A33F571F040F40EC96B" box="[2749,2955,4065,4104]" country="Indonesia" name="Kai Islands" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">Kai Islands</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2975,3165,4065,4104]" name="Indonesia" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[1876,3495,4064,4218]" lastBlockId="27.[1020,1817,369,940]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">
|
||
Included in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1843" box="[2189,2429,4117,4156]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippinensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2189,2429,4117,4156]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">philippinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group and previously treated as a subspecies of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1878,2179,4170,4209]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1843" box="[1878,2174,4170,4209]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippinensis">R. philippinensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
There is considerable confusion as to which populations belong to which taxon within this clade, as not all populations attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1843" box="[1524,1817,424,463]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippinensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1524,1817,424,463]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">R philippinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu lato) have been genetically tested.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3758605" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3758605" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3758605/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" targetBox="[136,3490,134,4724]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="26.[173,3449,4332,4633]" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">
|
||
On following pages: 52. Eastern Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[885,895,4332,4359]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1834" box="[895,1266,4332,4359]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megaphyllus">Rhinolophus megaphyllus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1266,1288,4332,4359]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
53. Insular Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[1690,1700,4332,4359]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1871" box="[1700,2013,4332,4359]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="keyensis">Rhinolophus keyensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[2013,2035,4332,4359]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
54. Yellow-faced Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[2523,2533,4332,4359]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[2533,2793,4332,4359]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="307" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="virgo">
|
||
Rhinolophus
|
||
<emphasis box="[2727,2793,4332,4359]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">virgo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[2793,2813,4332,4359]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
55. Madura Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[3231,3241,4332,4359]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1918" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madurensis">Rhinolophus madurensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[340,363,4386,4413]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
56. Sulawesi Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[800,810,4386,4413]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[810,1150,4386,4413]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="celebensis">Rhinolophus celebensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1150,1173,4386,4413]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
57.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1235,1392,4386,4413]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">Robinson's</emphasis>
|
||
Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[1630,1640,4386,4413]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1918" box="[1640,1964,4386,4413]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">Rhinolophus robinsoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1964,1983,4386,4413]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">);</emphasis>
|
||
58. Indochinese Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[2465,2475,4386,4413]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2475,2658,4386,4413]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhinolophus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[2667,2793,4386,4413]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">chasem);</emphasis>
|
||
59. Anamban Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[175,185,4439,4466]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[185,461,4439,4466]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nereis">Rhinolophus nereis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[461,484,4439,4466]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
60. Bornean Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[911,921,4439,4466]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1861" box="[921,1271,4439,4466]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borneensis">Rhinolophus borneensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1271,1290,4439,4466]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">);</emphasis>
|
||
61. Malayan Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[1714,1724,4439,4466]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bonhote in Annandale" authorityYear="1903" box="[1724,2065,4439,4466]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malayanus">Rhinolophus malayanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[2065,2086,4439,4466]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
62. Acuminate Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[2550,2560,4439,4466]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1871" box="[2560,2915,4439,4466]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuminatus">Rhinolophus acuminatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[2914,2937,4439,4466]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
63. Acuminate Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[175,185,4491,4518]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1871" box="[185,540,4491,4518]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuminatus">Rhinolophus acuminatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[540,562,4491,4518]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
64. Little Japanese Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[1088,1098,4491,4518]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1834" box="[1098,1411,4491,4518]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cornutus">Rhinolophus cornutus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1411,1433,4491,4518]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
65. Yaeyama Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[1868,1878,4491,4518]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1918" box="[1878,2183,4491,4518]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="311" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perditus">
|
||
Rhinolophus
|
||
<emphasis box="[2069,2183,4491,4518]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">perditus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[2183,2203,4491,4518]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
66. Mountain Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[2651,2661,4491,4518]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2661,3009,4491,4518]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticolus">Rhinolophus monticolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[3009,3032,4491,4518]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
67. Shortridge's Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[233,243,4545,4572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1918" box="[243,587,4545,4572]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="312" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shortridgei">
|
||
Rhinolophus
|
||
<emphasis box="[435,587,4545,4572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">shortridgei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[587,610,4545,4572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
68. Formosan Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[1059,1069,4545,4572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1069,1420,4545,4572]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monoceros">Rhinolophus monoceros</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1420,1442,4545,4572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
69. Least Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[1828,1838,4545,4572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1834" box="[1838,2135,4545,4572]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pusillus">Rhinolophus pusillus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[2135,2156,4545,4572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
70. Little Nepalese Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[2682,2692,4545,4572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1844" box="[2692,3027,4545,4572]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subbadius">Rhinolophus subbadius</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[3027,3049,4545,4572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
71. Convex Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[174,184,4597,4624]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Csorba" authorityYear="1997" box="[184,508,4597,4624]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="convexus">Rhinolophus convexus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[508,531,4597,4624]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
72. Andaman Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[976,986,4597,4624]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K Andersen" authorityYear="1906" box="[986,1305,4597,4624]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cognatus">Rhinolophus cognatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1305,1328,4597,4624]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
73. Glossy Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[1732,1742,4597,4624]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1742,2067,4597,4624]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="314" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="refulgens">
|
||
Rhinolophus
|
||
<emphasis box="[1934,2067,4597,4624]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">refulgens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[2067,2089,4597,4624]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
74. Blyth's Horseshoe Bat
|
||
<emphasis box="[2485,2495,4597,4624]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">(</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1844" box="[2495,2785,4597,4624]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="305" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lepidus">Rhinolophus lepidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[2784,2807,4597,4624]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="305">};</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[1020,1817,369,940]" lastBlockId="27.[198,1831,954,4650]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">
|
||
The name
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1243,1364,529,568]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mbertsi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1243,1364,529,568]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">mbertsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been used for this species in recent publications, but these papers were referring only to populations in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1075,1309,689,728]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and it is treated here as a
|
||
<emphasis box="[1022,1194,742,781]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">synonym</emphasis>
|
||
. Based on morphology, the populations on the Kai Islands and
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
belong to the same species, for which the name
|
||
<emphasis box="[1216,1340,901,940]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">achiUes</emphasis>
|
||
has nomenclatural priority. Two variations are currently recognized within Australian
|
||
<emphasis box="[1379,1564,954,993]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">R achiUes,</emphasis>
|
||
a large form (“true”
|
||
<emphasis box="[343,531,1007,1046]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">R achiUes)</emphasis>
|
||
and a small form (a possibly undescribed species termed the “Intermediate Horseshoe
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[586,649,1059,1098]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Bat</emphasis>
|
||
”); these differ in size and echolocation peak frequency, and their taxonomy is unclear. They are genetically very similar, and based on an mtDNA study in 2004 they form a monophyletic cluster that is sister to the Sulawesian samples. There are theories that the smaller form may be a hybrid
|
||
<emphasis box="[1356,1538,1219,1258]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">R achiUes</emphasis>
|
||
x
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1834" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megaphyllus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1594,1820,1219,1258]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">R megaphyllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or an ecological adaptation to eating different prey rather than a distinct species.
|
||
<emphasis box="[201,379,1325,1364]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">R achiUes</emphasis>
|
||
is here recognized as a full species separate from
|
||
<emphasis box="[1330,1627,1325,1364]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1843" box="[1330,1621,1325,1364]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippinensis">R philippinensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
following taxonomic authorities within
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[771,941,1378,1417]" name="Australia" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(although they refer to these populations as
|
||
<emphasis box="[201,385,1431,1470]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[201,373,1431,1470]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mbertsi">R mbertsi</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and based on the genetic distance between this species and other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1843" box="[326,564,1484,1523]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippinensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[326,564,1484,1523]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">philippinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, but further taxonomic work is required on all populations and forms within the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Waterhouse" authorityYear="1843" box="[606,846,1539,1578]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="philippinensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[606,846,1539,1578]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">philippinensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="306" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3750008" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3750008" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3750008/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" targetBox="[196,992,376,935]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1831,954,4650]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[201,439,1590,1629]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Kai Is and N
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[727,899,1590,1629]" name="Australia" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Cape
|
||
<emphasis box="[1045,1136,1590,1629]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">York</emphasis>
|
||
Peninsula, NE
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1446,1686,1590,1629]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
); large form (true
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[420,459,1643,1682]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Ä</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[476,611,1643,1682]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">achiUes)</emphasis>
|
||
from Iron Range S to Townsville and W to Chillagoe,
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and Kai Is; small form (“Intermediate Horseshoe Bat”) from Iron Range and Mcllwraith Range N of Coen in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[808,1041,1752,1791]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="306" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1831,954,4650]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">
|
||
Descriptive
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[428,538,1800,1839]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body
|
||
<quantity box="[787,992,1800,1839]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" metricValueMax="5.9" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="52.0" valueMax="59.0" valueMin="45.0">45-59 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail 25-34-
|
||
<quantity box="[1215,1332,1800,1839]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear 25-3-27-
|
||
<quantity box="[1594,1710,1800,1839]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 50-53-
|
||
<quantity box="[416,529,1855,1894]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, weight 8-3-9-
|
||
<quantity box="[798,861,1855,1894]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" unit="g" value="9.0">9 g</quantity>
|
||
for the small form; head-body
|
||
<quantity box="[1459,1662,1855,1894]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.4" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="57.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="54.0">54-60 mm</quantity>
|
||
, tail 31- 34-
|
||
<quantity box="[263,374,1909,1948]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear 29-33-
|
||
<quantity box="[591,702,1909,1948]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity box="[886,1087,1909,1948]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.55" metricValueMax="5.9" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" unit="mm" value="55.5" valueMax="59.0" valueMin="52.0">52-59 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1105,1231,1909,1948]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">weight</emphasis>
|
||
10-1-16-
|
||
<quantity box="[1398,1461,1909,1948]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" unit="g" value="2.0">2 g</quantity>
|
||
for the large form. The
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[295,521,1961,2000]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bat has two major size morphs that are separable, based mostly on size (see measurements above) but also by their noseleaves, small form having narrower sella (less than two-thirds of horseshoe width) than large form (greater than two-thirds of horseshoe width). There is also a cline from north to south with smaller animals in south. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown peppered with white hairs (giving a somewhat grizzled appearance), while ventral pelage is paler and more grayish. Noseleaf, anus, and penis or pubic teats are usually gray (small form) or bright yellow or gray (large form). There is no orange morph. Ears are enormous and antitragus is well developed and marked off by deep notch. Noseleaf has prominent lancet with broadly rounded tip; connecting process is low, has convex outline, andjoins lancet near base; sella is very large, long, and tongue-shaped, being narrowest at base with longitudinal median depression extending nearly to top; intemarial cup is very broad and extends laterally over much of horseshoe width, although this varies between the two forms; horseshoe is exceptionally broad, covers and extends well past muzzle, has deep median emargination, and lateral leaflets. Skull is narrow and long (zygomatic width is much less than mastoid width); median nasal swellings are conspicuous and elliptical and protrude anteriorly well beyond rostral wall; lateral compartments are elongate; sagittal crest is very low to low; frontal depression is deep or moderately deep; supraorbital crests are moderately developed. P2 is small but within tooth row completely, separating
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1643,1672,2916,2955]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">C</emphasis>
|
||
1 and P4; tiny to small Ps is also within tooth row separating P, and P4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="306" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1831,954,4650]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">
|
||
Habitat.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[372,603,3024,3063]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bats forage in a variety offorested habitats, including rainforest, gallery forest, paperbark forests, and tropical eucalypt woodlands.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1831,954,4650]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[207,391,3130,3169]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Food and</emphasis>
|
||
Feeding.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[582,812,3130,3169]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous, generally foraging below the canopy around cluttered, dense vegetation. They forage by aerial-hawking, perch-hunting, and to a lesser extent ground and vegetation gleaning; they are slow, fluttery fliers when foraging. Fecal pellets collected in late November from
|
||
<emphasis box="[1651,1827,3289,3328]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">pregnant</emphasis>
|
||
females contained primarily moths (mostly non-eared moth families that cannot hear their echolocation calls;
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Turner" authorityYear="1904" box="[689,902,3394,3433]" class="Insecta" family="Anthelidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anthelidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Harris" authorityYear="1841" box="[928,1216,3394,3433]" class="Insecta" family="Lasiocampidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lasiocampidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[1332,1499,3394,3433]" class="Insecta" family="Cossidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cossidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and beetles, although some grasshoppers, crickets, and lacewings were evident as well. They may perch to consume prey, discarding the wings of moths before consuming them.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1831,954,4650]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[209,393,3553,3592]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[465,695,3553,3592]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
heavily pregnant females have been captured in late October at Mount Molloy, in October in the Mcllwraith Range, and late November in the Iron Range. Litter size is one young; births seem to occur in October and November, indicating that these bats undergo restricted seasonal monoestry.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1831,954,4650]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[209,521,3764,3803]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[619,845,3764,3803]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, leaving the roost at dusk to forage through the night and coming back at dawn to roost all day. It may be able to enter a torpid state during the day, but does not hibernate. The species has been recorded roosting in humid, warm caves, abandoned mines, and road culverts, occasionally in hollows at the bases oflarge trees. Call shape is FM/CF/FM and peak F has been recorded at 28-34 kHz (large form) and 40 kHz (small form) in
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1407,1635,4030,4069]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1831,954,4650]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[213,924,4082,4121]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Movements, Home range and Social</emphasis>
|
||
organization. The
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1299,1529,4082,4121]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bat is generally less gregarious than other rhinolophids, roosting spread out within the roost rather than in a cluster.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[806,880,4187,4226]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
many individuals will share the same roost, with up to 18 recorded from a large cave that also included several thousand Australian Long-fingered Bats (Minipterus
|
||
<emphasis box="[828,967,4293,4332]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">orianae)</emphasis>
|
||
and several hundred Eastern Horseshoe Bats (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1834" box="[233,504,4346,4385]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megaphyllus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[233,266,4346,4385]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[289,504,4346,4385]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">megaphyllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[504,523,4346,4385]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">).</emphasis>
|
||
However, the normal number of individuals found sharing a cave is usually under ten. Females form small maternity colonies when giving birth and rearing
|
||
<emphasis box="[289,411,4451,4490]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">young</emphasis>
|
||
; these are at
|
||
<emphasis box="[675,846,4451,4490]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">relatively</emphasis>
|
||
low densities. Maternity roosts may be shared with Eastern Horseshoe Bats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="306" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[198,1831,954,4650]" lastBlockId="27.[1911,3537,361,988]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[214,695,4558,4597]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[710,783,4558,4597]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
assessed on
|
||
<emphasis box="[1033,1373,4558,4597]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFD58A32F89BF15EF7BBDAB6:052E606FFFD48A32FBC5EE6FFBCCC896" box="[1033,1097,4558,4597]" name="The" pageId="27" pageNumber="306" stateProvince="North">The</location>
|
||
IUCN Red List
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
due to
|
||
<emphasis box="[1525,1647,4558,4597]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">recent</emphasis>
|
||
elevation to species level. The
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[615,845,4611,4650]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
Horseshoe Bat seems to have
|
||
<emphasis box="[1429,1600,4611,4650]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">relatively</emphasis>
|
||
low population densities and is rather rare throughout its range. In
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[2981,3154,361,400]" name="Australia" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, habitat destruction caused by deforestation and mining are major threats to the species, since it relies so heavily on forested habitats for foraging. Stress caused by roost disturbance through ecotourism is also a particularly major threat to this species, as well as the collapse, reopening, and destruction of abandoned mine shafts.
|
||
<emphasis box="[2966,3047,574,613]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Due</emphasis>
|
||
to its limited distribution and the threats, the species would probably be considered Vulnerable or Endangered on
|
||
<emphasis box="[1977,2307,681,720]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">The IUCNed List,</emphasis>
|
||
and various agencies have discussed the protection of this species in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1963,2136,734,773]" name="Australia" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
; it is listed as Vulnerable by the EPBC Act. Further research into threats is needed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="306" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="27.[1911,3537,361,988]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1914,2121,847,874]" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Churchill (2008),
|
||
<emphasis box="[2380,2488,847,874]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Cooper</emphasis>
|
||
eta/. (1998), Flannery (1995a, 1995b), Kingston & Rossiter (2004), Kutt (2004), Pavey (1999), Pavey & Kutt (2008), Reardon et al. (2010),
|
||
<emphasis box="[2868,3009,900,927]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Thomson</emphasis>
|
||
et
|
||
<emphasis box="[3060,3092,900,927]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2001), TSSC (2016),
|
||
<emphasis box="[3409,3535,900,927]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="306">Vestjens</emphasis>
|
||
& Hall SÄ'.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |