325 lines
26 KiB
XML
325 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3748525" approvalRequired="1" checkinTime="1586358796837" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Burgin, Connor" docDate="2019" docId="885887A2FFC18A27FF64FEF9FDADD6FF" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Rhinolophus darlingi K. Andersen 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="22" lastPageNumber="293" masterDocId="7461FFDAFFCF8A29FFCCFFA1FF85D963" masterDocTitle="Rhinolophidae" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="280" pageNumber="293" updateTime="1658949228820" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Rhinolophidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Burgin, Connor</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mittermeier, Russell A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>280</mods:start>
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<mods:end>332</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748525</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">6384b520-7e9f-4874-a414-76c2e9b01d74</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3748525</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3808833" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163550027" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3808833" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFC18A27FF64FEF9FDADD6FF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/885887A2FFC18A27FF64FEF9FDADD6FF" lastPageNumber="293" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<subSubSection box="[168,955,344,405]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="14.[166,1563,343,452]" box="[168,955,344,405]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<figureCitation box="[168,239,344,405]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="14.[164,207,4337,4364]" captionTargetBox="[105,3488,151,4690]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="On following pages: 27. African Forest Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus silvestris); 28. Upland Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hillorum); 29. Sakeji Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus sakejiensis); 30. Bokhara Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus bocharicus); 31. Greater Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum); 32. Geoffrey's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus clivosus); 33. Greater Japanese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus nippon); 34. Horacek's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus horaceki); 35. Maclaud's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus maclaudi); 36. Ziama Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ziama); 37. Hill's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hilli); 38. Kahuzi Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus kahuzi); 39. Willard's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus willardi); 40. Ruwenzori Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus ruwenzorii); 41. Chinese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus xinanzhongguoensis); 42. Big-eared Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus macrotis); 43. Osgood's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus osgoodi); 44. Allen's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus episcopus); 45. Thai Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus siamensis); 46, Schnitzler's Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus schnitzten); M. King Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus rex); 48. Marshall’s Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus marshalli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3748529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3748529/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">24</figureCitation>
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. Darling’s Horseshoe Bat
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[1020,1563,344,405]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="14.[166,1563,343,452]" box="[1020,1563,344,405]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1020,1563,344,405]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="darlingi">
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<emphasis box="[1020,1563,344,405]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Rhinolophus darlingi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[167,1467,420,447]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="14.[166,1563,343,452]" box="[167,1467,420,447]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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French: Rhinolophe
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<emphasis box="[442,475,420,447]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">de</emphasis>
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Darling
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<emphasis box="[587,722,420,447]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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I
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[605,722,420,447]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">German</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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:
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<emphasis box="[739,1029,420,447]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Darling-Hufeisennase</emphasis>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1054,1178,420,447]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Spanish:</emphasis>
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Herradura
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<emphasis box="[1331,1364,420,447]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">de</emphasis>
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Darling
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="14.[990,1787,520,1088]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[990,1201,520,559]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="K Andersen, 1905" authorityName="K Andersen" authorityYear="1905" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="darlingi">
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<emphasis box="[1214,1581,520,559]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Rhinolophus darlingi</emphasis>
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K Andersen, 1905
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="14.[990,1787,520,1088]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3864669311" country="Zimbabwe" elevation="1219" location="Upper] Mazoe [Valley], Mash- onaland" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" specimenCount="1219" specimenCount-male="1219" typeStatus="type">
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“[
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:885887A2FFC18A27FF64FEF9FDADD6FF:052E606FFFC18A27FB74FD9DFBF8DBFB" country="Zimbabwe" name="Upper] Mazoe [Valley], Mash- onaland" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Upper] Mazoe [Valley], Mashonaland</location>
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,
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<quantity box="[1170,1308,625,664]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2192" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" unit="ft" value="4000.0">
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<elevation box="[1170,1308,625,664]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2192" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" unit="ft" value="4000.0">4000 ft.</elevation>
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</quantity>
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[=
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<quantity box="[1378,1524,625,664]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.219" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" unit="m" value="1219.0">
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<specimenCount box="[1378,1524,625,664]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="male">1219 m</specimenCount>
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</quantity>
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],”
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<collectingCountry box="[1574,1772,625,664]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="14.[990,1787,520,1088]" lastBlockId="14.[160,1783,1101,3996]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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Based on morphological similarities,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[991,1180,732,771]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="darlingi">
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<emphasis box="[991,1180,732,771]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">R darlingi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was in the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[1372,1646,732,771]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">
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<emphasis box="[1372,1646,732,771]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">ferrumequinum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species group with
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<emphasis box="[1210,1787,785,825]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<taxonomicName box="[1210,1456,785,825]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="damarmsis">R damarmsis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[1476,1666,785,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="deckend">R deckend</taxonomicName>
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, R
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<emphasis box="[992,1786,838,877]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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silvestris, R hiUorum,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cotterill" authorityYear="2002" box="[1344,1576,838,877]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sakejiensis">R sakejiensis</taxonomicName>
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, R
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||
<emphasis box="[992,1780,890,929]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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bocharicus,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[1066,1382,890,929]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">R ferrumequinum</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cretzschmar" authorityYear="1826" box="[1401,1585,890,929]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clivosus">R clivosus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1835" box="[1603,1774,890,929]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nippon">R nippon</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis box="[1078,1280,943,982]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Benda & Vallo" authorityYear="2012" box="[1078,1274,943,982]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="horaceki">R horaceki</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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however, based on genetics, it is
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<emphasis box="[1167,1247,996,1035]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">now</emphasis>
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in the
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<emphasis box="[1405,1585,996,1035]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">jumigatus</emphasis>
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group or close to
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<emphasis box="[1148,1474,1049,1088]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1774" box="[1148,1469,1049,1088]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferrumequinum">R ferrumequinum</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Additional phylogenetic research is needed.
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<taxonomicName box="[731,1300,1101,1140]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="darlingi" subSpecies="previously">
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<emphasis box="[731,1300,1101,1140]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Rhinolophus darlingi previously</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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included
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Roberts" authorityYear="1946" box="[1492,1737,1101,1140]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="damarensis">
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<emphasis box="[1492,1737,1101,1140]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">R damarensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a subspecies, but
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<emphasis box="[497,577,1154,1193]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">they</emphasis>
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are now recognized as distinct species based on molecular and morphological evidence. Populations of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[926,1115,1207,1246]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinolophidae" genus="Rhinolophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="darlingi">
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<emphasis box="[926,1115,1207,1246]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">R darlingi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<emphasis box="[1167,1258,1207,1246]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">West</emphasis>
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Africa might ultimately represent distinct species based on divergent ecological niches between these and populations in southern African. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="distribution">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3749956" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3749956" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3749956/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" targetBox="[165,959,519,1076]" targetPageId="14">
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<paragraph blockId="14.[160,1783,1101,3996]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[165,402,1367,1406]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Distribution.</emphasis>
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SE Africa from SE
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<collectingCountry box="[769,914,1367,1406]" name="Zambia" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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, S
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<collectingCountry box="[969,1104,1367,1406]" name="Malawi" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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, W
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<collectingCountry box="[1175,1427,1367,1406]" name="Mozambique" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1447,1645,1367,1406]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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, and N
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<collectingCountry box="[165,343,1419,1458]" name="Botswana" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Botswana</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry box="[401,587,1419,1458]" name="Swaziland" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
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and C & E
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<collectingCountry box="[799,1038,1419,1458]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, and isolated records from
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<collectingCountry box="[1550,1701,1419,1458]" name="Uganda" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[164,337,1473,1512]" name="Tanzania" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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; there are also apparently records from
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<collectingCountry box="[1117,1216,1473,1512]" name="Togo" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Togo</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1239,1357,1473,1512]" name="Benin" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Benin</collectingCountry>
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, C
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<collectingCountry box="[1423,1567,1473,1512]" name="Nigeria" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Nigeria</collectingCountry>
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, NE
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<collectingCountry box="[1664,1774,1473,1512]" name="Egypt" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry box="[248,404,1525,1564]" name="Lesotho" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Lesotho</collectingCountry>
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, but they need validation and are not mapped here.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="14.[160,1783,1101,3996]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
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Descriptive
|
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[394,508,1577,1616]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">notes.</emphasis>
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||
<emphasis box="[523,746,1577,1616]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Head-body</emphasis>
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||
c.
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||
<quantity box="[789,994,1577,1616]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" metricValueMax="6.2" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" unit="mm" value="56.0" valueMax="62.0" valueMin="50.0">50-62 mm</quantity>
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, tail
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||
<quantity box="[1088,1292,1577,1616]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="3.7" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" unit="mm" value="28.5" valueMax="37.0" valueMin="20.0">20—37 mm</quantity>
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, ear
|
||
<quantity box="[1390,1592,1577,1616]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.3" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" unit="mm" value="19.0" valueMax="23.0" valueMin="15.0">15-23 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot
|
||
<quantity box="[165,346,1631,1670]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="8.0">8-11 mm</quantity>
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||
, forearm 41-
|
||
<quantity box="[594,778,1631,1670]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="5.1" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" unit="mm" value="28.5" valueMax="51.0" valueMin="6.0">6—51 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity box="[938,1066,1631,1670]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" unit="g" value="9.5" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="6.0">6-13 g</quantity>
|
||
. Dorsal pelage is gray, brownish gray, or grayish brown (hairs are cream or pale grayish brown, with darker gray, brownish gray, or grayish brown tips); venter is paler, generally pale gray. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (40—47% of forearm length).
|
||
<emphasis box="[164,239,1843,1882]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Noseleaf</emphasis>
|
||
has large subtriangular lancet, with slighdy concave sides and blundy pointed tip; connecting process is smoothly rounded and subequal to height of sella or slightly shorter; sella is naked, with concave sides and broad, rounded tip; and horseshoe is narrow at 7-1-9-
|
||
<quantity box="[539,658,2000,2039]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="293" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, nearly covers muzzle, and has lateral leaflets and deep median emargination. Lower lip has one medial groove.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1245,1365,2055,2094]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Wings</emphasis>
|
||
and uropatagium are translucent gray to black. Baculum is trumpet-shaped, with rounded,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1499,1782,2108,2147]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">relatively short</emphasis>
|
||
shaft. Skull is robust, with thick zygomatic arches (zygomatic width is larger than mastoid width); nasal swellings are medium in relative height; frontal depression is shallow to moderately deep, and supraorbital ridges are well defined; sagittal crest is somewhat well-developed anteriorly but weakly developed to absent posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is conspicuous. P2 is small and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1177,1390,2373,2412]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">completely</emphasis>
|
||
displaced labially or absent, allowing C1 and P4 to touch, and P3 is tiny and completely displaced labially or absent so that P2 and P4 are in contact Dental formula is variable: I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30; I 1/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 28; I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (
|
||
<emphasis box="[313,338,2585,2624]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">x</emphasis>
|
||
2) = 32; or 11/2,
|
||
<emphasis box="[662,690,2585,2624]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">C</emphasis>
|
||
1/1, P 1/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60 (
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[679,933,2639,2678]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
|
||
South
|
||
<emphasis box="[806,933,2639,2678]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Africa</emphasis>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,1783,1101,3996]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
|
||
Habitat. Mesic and semiarid woodland savannas. Darling’s Horseshoe Bats mainly roost in caves and abandoned mines, preferring
|
||
<emphasis box="[1067,1170,2745,2784]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">rocky</emphasis>
|
||
terrain with crevices in southern part of their distribution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,1783,1101,3996]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,348,2851,2890]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Food and</emphasis>
|
||
Feeding. Darling’s Horseshoe Bat is
|
||
<emphasis box="[1067,1316,2851,2890]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">insectivorous</emphasis>
|
||
; it
|
||
<emphasis box="[1382,1495,2851,2890]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">might</emphasis>
|
||
forage in cluttered areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,1783,1101,3996]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
|
||
Breeding. Darling’s Horseshoe Bat might be
|
||
<emphasis box="[1043,1232,2957,2996]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">seasonally</emphasis>
|
||
monoestrous, but there are not enough data to confirm this. Pregnant females have been captured in October in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[214,452,3062,3101]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
and in December in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[860,1060,3062,3101]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis box="[1077,1110,3062,3101]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">A</emphasis>
|
||
female with young was captured in October in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[386,585,3115,3154]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Litter size is nearly always one,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1200,1265,3115,3154]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">but</emphasis>
|
||
twin fetuses were reported in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[213,411,3168,3207]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with a fetus in each uterine hom.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,1783,1101,3996]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,481,3221,3260]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Darling’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal and are known to roost by day in caves, abandoned mines, large hollow trees, and unused buildings. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with mean F
|
||
<emphasis box="[724,946,3327,3366]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">component</emphasis>
|
||
of 88-1 kHz and 86 kHz in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1461,1698,3327,3366]" name="South Africa" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
and 86-2 kHz and 85-8 kHz in
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[658,847,3380,3419]" name="Swaziland" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,1783,1101,3996]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[162,839,3434,3473]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Movements, Home range and Social</emphasis>
|
||
organization. Darling’s Horseshoe Bats are known to roost in colonies with two to c.150 individuals, although they are
|
||
<emphasis box="[1451,1603,3488,3527]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">typically</emphasis>
|
||
found in roosts of dozens of individuals. In roosts,
|
||
<emphasis box="[945,1025,3540,3579]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">they</emphasis>
|
||
hang in small clusters
|
||
<emphasis box="[1456,1521,3540,3579]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">but</emphasis>
|
||
do not touch each another.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,1783,1101,3996]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[162,637,3646,3685]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on
|
||
<emphasis box="[1254,1318,3646,3685]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">The</emphasis>
|
||
IUCN
|
||
<emphasis box="[1442,1593,3646,3685]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Red List.</emphasis>
|
||
Darling’s Horseshoe Bat has a wide distribution with no major threats
|
||
<emphasis box="[1339,1512,3699,3738]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">currently</emphasis>
|
||
identified, although
|
||
<emphasis box="[313,393,3751,3790]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">they</emphasis>
|
||
might be locally threatened by habitat destruction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="14" pageNumber="293" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="14.[160,1783,1101,3996]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,368,3811,3838]" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
ACR (2018), Cotterill & Happold (2013a), Csorba eta/. (2003), Happold (1987), Jacobs, Babiker et al. (2013), Jacobs, Barclay & Walker (2007), Monadjem, Reside & Lumsden (2007), Monadjem, Shapiro et
|
||
<emphasis box="[1746,1776,3863,3890]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="293">al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017), Monadjem, Taylor, Jacobs & Cotterill (2017e), Rautenbach (1986), Skinner & Chimimba (2005), Smithers (1968), Taylor (1999, 2000).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |