258 lines
33 KiB
XML
258 lines
33 KiB
XML
<document id="9CC95369B6C195A54EE832F00E2EB325" ID-CLB-Dataset="7627" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dde09a91-0a09-4f99-a10f-7bf4d47ba7b7" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4613901" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1615997249597" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo" docDate="2020" docId="881F3552767AA346FF746CDBFEE7FB4A" docLanguage="en" docName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2020.438.1-107.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (438)" docSource="https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-2020/issue-438/0003-0090.438.1.1/Taxonomy-and-Phylogenetics-of-Nanometinae-and-Other-Australasian-Orb-Weaving/10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1.full" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310.5:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Taraire Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga 2020, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="107" masterDocId="74264D2A7635A314FF9F6948FFEAFFF3" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae)" masterLastPageNumber="107" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1698933942376" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="C4E882244C167707D2D08621C3B9E1E7">Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="0300F675D1E00FB2D81A1B615F084742">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="27008CC48828344C3E0440D41900846D">Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="132587FFC7039DE274E7CFFB80090CD8">Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="08ED2917E4CE2BE91491893AED44A8E3">Kallal, Robert J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0FBF49A595FBA0D55CB6AB9D9DAB8065">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8B8F25BDE55D2A48E80537EE3AF1C534">Hormiga, Gustavo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C1CA11DDB6F3F24BDBEACE1BA22EED6D">Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="BEFFA067DD8A022B7DAC969B47F5C667">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="8C61B5E44FDC1592AE9728B3B99E37C7">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="549A89EDAC27745D2A2E7A6270DB28C5">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C1F97323CA44B3F31DAC1F593521F362">2020-02-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="514D27594B62D9DB5DAA674068B48E16">2020</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="02D8598C0F64C1AB1C5B1D8A33E37146">438</mods:number>
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<treatment id="881F3552767AA346FF746CDBFEE7FB4A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4631675" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180670989" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4631675" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:881F3552767AA346FF746CDBFEE7FB4A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/881F3552767AA346FF746CDBFEE7FB4A" lastPageId="82" pageId="79">
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<subSubSection id="48ACD7CF767AA35BFF746CDBFE11FA58" box="[235,507,1427,1452]" pageId="79" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="00098444767AA35BFF746CDBFE11FA58" blockId="79.[235,507,1427,1452]" box="[235,507,1427,1452]" pageId="79">
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<heading id="5B413328767AA35BFF746CDBFE11FA58" box="[235,507,1427,1452]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="79" reason="2">
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Genus
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<emphasis id="32C25856767AA35BFEA66CDBFE7BFA58" bold="true" box="[313,401,1427,1451]" pageId="79">
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7767AA35BFEA66CDBFE61FA58" ID-CoL="98X7R" ID-ENA="2976739" authority="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga, 2020" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[313,395,1427,1451]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="32C25856767AA35BFEA66CDBFE61FA58" bold="true" box="[313,395,1427,1451]" italics="true" pageId="79">Taraire</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="29F1E52D767AA35BFE066CDCFE11FA58" box="[409,507,1428,1452]" pageId="79" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48ACD7CF767AA35BFE8D6C8AFF3FF9C1" pageId="79" type="description">
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<paragraph id="00098444767AA35BFE8D6C8AFE39FA2A" blockId="79.[274,467,1473,1498]" box="[274,467,1473,1498]" pageId="79">
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<heading id="5B413328767AA35BFE8D6C8AFE39FA2A" box="[274,467,1473,1498]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="79" reason="2">
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<figureCitation id="988D98C1767AA35BFE8D6C8AFE44FA2A" box="[274,430,1473,1498]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 45" captionStart-1="FIGURE 46" captionStart-2="FIGURE 47" captionStart-3="FIGURE 48" captionStart-4="FIGURE 49" captionStart-5="FIGURE 50" captionStartId-0="77.[107,193,1344,1365]" captionStartId-1="78.[108,194,1674,1695]" captionStartId-2="79.[109,195,1288,1309]" captionStartId-3="81.[108,194,1652,1673]" captionStartId-4="83.[108,194,1690,1711]" captionStartId-5="84.[108,194,1682,1703]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1160,224,1315]" captionTargetBox-1="[156,1165,224,1635]" captionTargetBox-2="[132,1186,224,1261]" captionTargetBox-3="[196,1128,224,1622]" captionTargetBox-4="[81,1193,201,1671]" captionTargetBox-5="[137,1180,217,1655]" captionTargetId-0="figure-132@77.[156,779,551,957]" captionTargetId-1="figure-20@78.[153,675,912,1286]" captionTargetId-2="figure-11@79.[659,1189,543,881]" captionTargetId-3="figure-19@81.[192,680,809,1300]" captionTargetId-5="figure-49@84.[137,669,916,1655]" captionTargetPageId-0="77" captionTargetPageId-1="78" captionTargetPageId-2="79" captionTargetPageId-3="81" captionTargetPageId-4="83" captionTargetPageId-5="84" captionText-0="FIGURE 45. Taraire rufolineata (TEAU029; A–E) and T. oculta (TEAU042; F). A. Female, dorsal habitus. B. Female, frontal habitus. C. Female, ventral habitus. D. Male, frontal habitus. E. Female, lateral habitus. F. Pedipalp, apical (expanded). Scale bars: A–D, 1.0 mm; F, 0.2 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 46. Taraire rufolineata (TEAU030; A, C, E, G) and T. oculta (TEAU032; B, D, F, H), pedipalps. A, B. Ventral. C, D. Dorsal. E, F. Mesal. G, H. Ectal. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 47. Taraire rufolineata (TEAU029; A, C, E) and T. oculta (TEAU031; B, D, F), epigyna. A, B. Ventral. C, D. Caudal. E, F. Dorsal digested. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." captionText-3="FIGURE 48. Taraire oculta (TEAU042; A, C, E, G) and T. rufolineata (female: TEAU043; male: TEAU046; B, D, F, H). A, B. Epigynum, caudal. C, D. Epigynum, dorsal. E, F. CEBP and CEMP, detail. G, H. Conductor and embolus apical detail. Scale bars: 0.2 mm." captionText-4="FIGURE 49. Taraire rufolineata (male: TEAU030; female: TEAU043). A. Pedipalp, ventral. B. Pedipalp, ectal. C. Pedipalp, dorsal. D. Epigynum, ventral. E. Epigynum, dorsal. Scale bars: A–C, 0.5 mm; D, E, 0.2 mm." captionText-5="FIGURE 50. Taraire oculta (male: QM S58330; female: TEAU042). A. Pedipalp, ventral. B. Pedipalp, ectal. C. Pedipalp, dorsal. D. Epigynum, ventral. E. Epigynum, dorsal. Scale bars: A–C, 0.5 mm; D, 0.2 mm; E, 0.1 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4613998" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4614001" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4614003" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4614007" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4614009" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4614011" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4613998/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4614001/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4614003/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4614007/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/4614009/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/4614011/files/figure.png" pageId="79">Figures 45–50</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="988D98C1767AA35BFE266C89FE39FA2A" box="[441,467,1473,1497]" captionStart="FIGURE 55" captionStartId="90.[108,194,796,817]" captionTargetId="figure-9@90.[108,1212,224,770]" captionTargetPageId="90" captionText="FIGURE 55. Distribution of Taraire and Tawhai in New Zealand." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4631699" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4631699/files/figure.png" pageId="79">55</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="00098444767AA35BFFF46CB0FF3FF9C1" blockId="79.[107,581,1527,1586]" pageId="79">
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<typeStatus id="DF0D3AE6767AA35BFFF46CB0FF75F9E3" box="[107,159,1528,1552]" pageId="79">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7767AA35BFF616CBFFF3BF9C1" authority="Urquhart, 1889" authorityName="Urquhart" authorityYear="1889" class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Linyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufolineata">
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<emphasis id="32C25856767AA35BFF616CBFFE3EF9FC" box="[254,468,1527,1551]" italics="true" pageId="79">Linyphia rufolineata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="6427F9B5767AA35BFE436CBFFF3BF9C1" author="Urquhart, A. T." pageId="79" pagination="134 - 152" refId="ref48664" refString="Urquhart, A. T. 1889. On new species of Araneida. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 21: 134 - 152." type="journal article" year="1889">Urquhart, 1889</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48ACD7CF767AA344FF146F05FD98FD3A" lastPageId="80" pageId="79" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="00098444767AA344FF146F05FD98FD3A" blockId="79.[107,635,1613,1737]" lastBlockId="80.[108,637,226,1738]" lastPageId="80" pageId="79">
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DIAGNOSIS:
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7767AA35BFE8F6F06FEB6F996" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[272,348,1614,1637]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C25856767AA35BFE8F6F06FEB6F996" box="[272,348,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="79">Taraire</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species resemble the large species of
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7767AA35BFF766F27FEB1F975" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1908" box="[233,347,1647,1670]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C25856767AA35BFF766F27FEB1F975" box="[233,347,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="79">Nanometa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in their internal female reproductive anatomy (fig. 48C, D), and the monotypic
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7767AA35BFF6F6FF9FEAAF93A" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[240,320,1713,1737]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tawhai" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C25856767AA35BFF6F6FF9FEAAF93A" box="[240,320,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="79">Tawhai</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the projected epigynal plate (figs. 47A, B, 51D) and male cymbial processes (figs. 46A–H, 52A–D). However,
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7767AA35BFBF06CCBFB57FA69" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[1135,1213,1411,1434]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C25856767AA35BFBF06CCBFB57FA69" box="[1135,1213,1411,1434]" italics="true" pageId="79">Taraire</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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females can be consistently separated from
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7767AA35BFD336C8EFCF7FA2E" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1908" box="[684,797,1478,1501]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C25856767AA35BFD336C8EFCF7FA2E" box="[684,797,1478,1501]" italics="true" pageId="79">Nanometa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by having the posterior edge of the epigynum extending below the epigastric furrow (fig. 47A, B).
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7767AA35BFCA36F4FFC09F9EC" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Urquhart" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[828,995,1543,1567]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tawhai" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arborea">
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<emphasis id="32C25856767AA35BFCA36F4FFC09F9EC" box="[828,995,1543,1567]" italics="true" pageId="79">Tawhai arborea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7767AA35BFBEF6F40FB56F9EC" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[1136,1212,1544,1567]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C25856767AA35BFBEF6F40FB56F9EC" box="[1136,1212,1544,1567]" italics="true" pageId="79">Taraire</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species in that the former genus has a protruded epigynum with short and sclerotized copulatory ducts (figs. 51H, 54F); in
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7767AA35BFC576F23FBFFF971" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[968,1045,1643,1666]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C25856767AA35BFC576F23FBFFF971" box="[968,1045,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="79">Taraire</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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the copulatory ducts are much longer (fig. 49E) and inside membranous sacks (fig. 47E, F). Males of
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC7767AA35BFBEF6FE5FB56F937" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[1136,1212,1709,1732]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="32C25856767AA35BFBEF6FE5FB56F937" box="[1136,1212,1709,1732]" italics="true" pageId="79">Taraire</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be separated from those of
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<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77665A344FE5C69AAFDD9FF0A" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1908" box="[451,563,226,249]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567665A344FE5C69AAFDD9FF0A" box="[451,563,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="80">Nanometa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of one large heavily sclerotized embolic apophysis attached to the embolic base through a membrane (figs. 45F, 46A, B, 49A–C, 50A–C). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77665A344FF12682FFF30FE8D" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[141,218,359,382]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567665A344FF12682FFF30FE8D" box="[141,218,359,382]" italics="true" pageId="80">Taraire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the tegulum is basally displaced and cup shaped (figs. 46A, B, 49A, B, 50A, B), unlike the donut-shaped and dorsoventrally compressed tegulum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77665A344FF786882FEBCFE12" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1908" box="[231,342,458,481]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567665A344FF786882FEBCFE12" box="[231,342,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="80">Nanometa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(figs. 10C, F, 13A, B).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77665A344FDDD6882FF62FDF1" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567665A344FDDD6882FF62FDF1" italics="true" pageId="80">Taraire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species lack the booklung plate stridulatory organs found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77665A344FEB76B44FE72FDD0" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1908" box="[296,408,524,547]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567665A344FEB76B44FE72FDD0" box="[296,408,524,547]" italics="true" pageId="80">Nanometa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77665A344FE576B44FDFFFDD0" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[456,533,524,547]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567665A344FE576B44FDFFFDD0" box="[456,533,524,547]" italics="true" pageId="80">Taraire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the conductor is considerably larger than the embolic apophysis and completely encloses a filiform embolus (fig. 45F), while in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77665A344FE3D6B26FE1BFD75" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[418,497,622,646]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tawhai" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567665A344FE3D6B26FE1BFD75" box="[418,497,622,646]" italics="true" pageId="80">Tawhai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the conductor is small and rectangular in shape, and partially enclosing a thicker embolus (fig. 52A, C).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48ACD7CF7665A346FF136B9AFE49FCDF" lastPageId="82" pageId="80" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="000984447665A344FF136B9AFC57FB85" blockId="80.[108,637,226,1738]" lastBlockId="80.[684,1213,226,1738]" pageId="80">
|
||
DESCRIPTION: Female total length 4.95–5.57. Cephalothorax length 2.35–2.87, width 1.85– 2.27. Carapace glabrous, pale yellow or yellow, dark brown only over the cephalic region. Fovea deep, transversal, carapace dorsal pits absent (fig. 45A). Clypeus height 0.9 to 1.3 AME diameter, cuticle darker around the eyes and over the cheliceral boss (fig. 45B). Anterior eyes slightly larger than posterior eyes. Lateral eyes on the same tubercle, one AME diameter apart from median eyes and approximately half that size. Chelicerae with few scattered setae, cuticle smooth (fig. 45B), with three pro- and two retromarginal teeth, with ca. two cheliceral denticles. Endites longer than wide, dark brown, internal margins pale yellow. Labium rectangular, wider than long, colored as the endites. Sternum pale yellow to yellow, trapezoidal in shape, wider between the first two legs (fig. 45C). Abdomen dorsum: background pale to dark gray, white guanine patches concentrated on two anterior spots, anterior margin covered by a wide dark-brown band of patches, that continues posteriorly as three to four dark-brown chevrons (fig. 45A). Ventral surface with median dark-brown longitudinal line, flanked by two lines of guanine white patches (fig. 45C). Lateral sides with a reticulated pattern of guanine and dark-brown patches (fig. 45E). Booklung covers without stridulatory striae. Spinnerets pale yellow to brown, lighter pattern on internal surfaces. Ultrastructure of abdomen and spinnerets observed with SEM. Abdomen cuticle flat reticulated, all tracheae tube shaped, median tracheae with leaf-shaped tips. ALS with one major ampullate, one nubbin, ca. 70 piriform, tartipores numerous. PMS with one minor ampullate, one nubbin, and one cylindrical and three central aciniform spigots. PLS araneoid triplet separated at the base and tips, ca. 12 aciniform spigots distributed in two parallel rows, two cylindrical gland spigots at periphery. Leg formula 1-2-4-3. Femur I length 3.23– 3.79. First pair considerably larger. Background of all legs yellow to dark yellow and covered with dark-brown annuli. Femora without trichobothria, few setae present, other segments hirsute, increasing after tibiae. Epigynum: rectangular shape, wider than long. Copulatory openings located on the posterior margin (figs. 47C, D, 48A, B). Internal epigynal structures similar to those found in
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567665A344FBDC6AD1FB57FC43" box="[1091,1213,921,944]" italics="true" pageId="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77665A344FBDC6AD1FB53FC43" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1908" box="[1091,1209,921,944]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Nanometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nanometa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Copulatory ducts modified as membranous sacs and separated from the spermathecae giving the appearance of four receptacles (fig. 48C, D). Accessory duct glands clustered on puffball-shaped clusters. Fertilization ducts short, straight (figs. 49E, 50E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="000984447665A346FD536D37FDB4FE8D" blockId="80.[684,1213,226,1738]" lastBlockId="82.[108,637,225,1209]" lastPageId="82" pageId="80">Male same as female except as noted. Total length 4.81–5.73. Cephalothorax length 2.47– 2.59, width 1.99–2.15. Clypeus height 0.64–0.95 AME diameter (fig. 45D). Chelicerae darker than female, slightly longer and narrower, dorsal cuticle rugose (fig. 45D). Abdominal pattern as in female, but lighter. Femur I length 4.43–5.58. Pedipalpal tibia triangular, 1.3 times longer than wide, apical margin wider. CEBP short and heavily sclerotized cuticular ridge, with or without spines (figs. 46B, 49A, 50A), CEMP spine shaped, long and completely separated from the cymbium (fig. 48E, F). Paracymbium finger shaped and hirsute (figs. 46G, H). Tegulum basally displaced and cup shaped (figs. 49A, B). Conductor margins sclerotized, central part membranous (it did not expand with lactic acid), completely covering the embolus and variable in shape between species (figs. 49A–C, 50A–C). Embolus long, filiform, and flexible. Embolus basal apophysis attachment membranous, basal apophysis heavily sclerotized and formed by one sclerite partially divided by a membrane (figs. 45F, 49B).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="54C9D4CC7664A345FFF36F3CFDA9F936" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4614007" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4614007" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4614007/files/figure.png" pageId="81" startId="81.[108,194,1652,1673]" targetBox="[196,1128,224,1622]" targetPageId="81">
|
||
<paragraph id="000984447664A345FFF36F3CFDA9F936" blockId="81.[108,1216,1650,1733]" pageId="81">
|
||
FIGURE 48.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77664A345FF716F3BFE93F979" baseAuthorityName="GH" baseAuthorityYear="1133" box="[238,377,1650,1674]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oculta">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567664A345FF716F3BFE93F979" box="[238,377,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="81">Taraire oculta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(TEAU042;
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567664A345FE646F3AFD8FF979" bold="true" box="[507,613,1650,1675]" pageId="81">A, C, E, G</emphasis>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77664A345FD3D6F3BFCC3F979" authorityName="Urquhart" authorityYear="1889" box="[674,809,1650,1674]" class="Arachnida" family="Linyphiidae" genus="Linyphia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufolineata">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567664A345FD3D6F3BFCC3F979" box="[674,809,1650,1674]" italics="true" pageId="81">T. rufolineata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(female: TEAU043; male: TEAU046;
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567664A345FB366F3BFF53F95B" bold="true" pageId="81">B, D, F, H</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567664A345FF506FC7FEEFF95B" bold="true" box="[207,261,1679,1704]" pageId="81">A, B.</emphasis>
|
||
Epigynum, caudal.
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567664A345FE4C6FC7FDE0F95B" bold="true" box="[467,522,1679,1704]" pageId="81">C, D.</emphasis>
|
||
Epigynum, dorsal.
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567664A345FD4B6FD8FCE8F95B" bold="true" box="[724,770,1680,1704]" pageId="81">E, F.</emphasis>
|
||
CEBP and CEMP, detail.
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567664A345FB906FC7FBA3F95B" bold="true" box="[1039,1097,1679,1704]" pageId="81">G, H.</emphasis>
|
||
Conductor and embolus apical detail. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="000984447667A346FF1368CFFF59FE33" blockId="82.[108,637,225,1209]" pageId="82">
|
||
COMPOSITION:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77667A346FEAB68C0FE10FE6C" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" baseAuthorityName="Urquhart" baseAuthorityYear="1889" box="[308,506,391,415]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufolineata">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567667A346FEAB68C0FE10FE6C" box="[308,506,391,415]" italics="true" pageId="82">Taraire rufolineata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77667A346FDAF68C0FF47FE33" baseAuthorityName="GH" baseAuthorityYear="1133" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oculta">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567667A346FDAF68C0FF47FE33" italics="true" pageId="82">Taraire oculta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="000984447667A346FF136881FE49FCDF" blockId="82.[108,637,225,1209]" pageId="82">
|
||
SYSTEMATICS:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77667A346FEB76882FE99FE12" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[296,371,458,481]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567667A346FEB76882FE99FE12" box="[296,371,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="82">Taraire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77667A346FE6D6881FDD5FE12" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[498,575,457,481]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Tawhai" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567667A346FE6D6881FDD5FE12" box="[498,575,457,481]" italics="true" pageId="82">Tawhai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(figs. 61–63), but the placement of the lineage including these two genera is unstable across phylogenetic analyses. Putative morphological synapomorphies supporting the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77667A346FE2E6B06FE16FD96" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[433,508,590,613]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567667A346FE2E6B06FE16FD96" box="[433,508,590,613]" italics="true" pageId="82">Taraire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
include the apically acute, digitiform CEMP pointing anteriorly (figs. 46D, 49C), the narrowing of the conductor margin (which encloses the filiform embolus), as seen in ventral view (figs. 46A, B, 49A, 50A), and sclerotized, horizontal fertilization ducts (figs. 47E, F, 49E, 50E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48ACD7CF7667A346FF136A7DFDB8FC43" pageId="82" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="000984447667A346FF136A7DFDB8FC43" blockId="82.[108,637,225,1209]" pageId="82">
|
||
ETYMOLOGY: The genus is named after the Māori word for the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78A1C4D47667A346FECF6A1EFE09FC9D" box="[336,483,854,878]" name="New Zealand" pageId="82">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
endemic tree
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77667A346FFF36A3FFD93FC7C" authority="A. Cunnimgham" authorityName="A. Cunnimgham" box="[108,633,887,911]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Beilschmiedia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="82" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tarairi">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567667A346FFF36A3FFED5FC7C" box="[108,319,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="82">Beilschmiedia tarairi</emphasis>
|
||
A. Cunnimgham (Lauraceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77667A346FFF36AD1FF5FFC43" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[108,181,921,944]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567667A346FFF36AD1FF5FFC43" box="[108,181,921,944]" italics="true" pageId="82">Taraire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is indeclinable and feminine in gender.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="48ACD7CF7667A346FF136AF1FEE7FB4A" pageId="82" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="000984447667A346FF136AF1FD97FC01" blockId="82.[108,637,225,1209]" pageId="82">
|
||
DISTRIBUTION:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77667A346FEAB6AF2FE94FC22" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[308,382,954,977]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567667A346FEAB6AF2FE94FC22" box="[308,382,954,977]" italics="true" pageId="82">Taraire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found on the North, South and Stewart islands of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="78A1C4D47667A346FE096A93FDCAFC01" box="[406,544,986,1010]" name="New Zealand" pageId="82">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
(fig. 55).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="000984447667A346FF136AB4FEE7FB4A" blockId="82.[108,637,225,1209]" pageId="82">
|
||
NATURAL HISTORY:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C7B6FFC77667A346FEF96AB4FE58FBE0" authorityName="Álvarez-Padilla & Kallal & Hormiga" authorityYear="2020" box="[358,434,1020,1043]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Taraire" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="32C258567667A346FEF96AB4FE58FBE0" box="[358,434,1020,1043]" italics="true" pageId="82">Taraire</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
builds vertical orb webs. They rest at the central hub with two legs forward and the fourth pair pointed back (fig. 3A, B). The webs can be located near the forest floor, such as under rock shelves (G.H. and R.K., personal obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |