179 lines
21 KiB
XML
179 lines
21 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="07F7C876892860249CDEE53B14AEDDF9">Archaeocercus gen. nov. (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) from Late Eocene Rovno Amber</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FB31DC7DDB16C64A642EA8A6108C56FB">Simutnik, S. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C945CDB95D129EC140DD9AF7E6A8B3DE">Perkovsky, E. E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0391103EA0E6701A17224915433EC83B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6D0E77951295B2B6DD7AE2A81AE2D409">2018</mods:date>
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<treatment id="6960D9432849CC6C2DA11B3BF581FC73" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6490375" ID-GBIF-Taxon="150761477" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6490375" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0BDB5700-CDBE-4BCB-B221-048C60072597" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6960D9432849CC6C2DA11B3BF581FC73" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="547" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" scope_family="Encyrtidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_superFamily="Chalcidoidea">
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<subSubSection id="A9D33BDE2849CC6A2DA11B3BF604F8D4" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E17668552849CC6A2DA11B3BF5B2F8B6" blockId="2.[151,701,1807,1867]" box="[151,701,1807,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">
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<heading id="BA3EDF392849CC6A2DA11B3BF5B2F8B6" bold="true" box="[151,701,1807,1833]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="D3BDB4472849CC6A2DA11B3BF5B2F8B6" bold="true" box="[151,701,1807,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">
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<taxonomicName id="26C913D62849CC6A2DA11B3BF57BF8B6" ID-CoL="C93HC" authority="Simutnik" authorityName="Simutnik & Perkovsky" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,628,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Archaeocercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schuvachinae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="D3BDB4472849CC6A2DA11B3BF6F6F8B6" bold="true" box="[151,505,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Archaeocercus schuvachinae</emphasis>
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Simutnik
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="C88E093C2849CC6A2F4D1B3BF5B2F8B6" box="[635,701,1807,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E17668552849CC6A2DA11B06F604F8D4" blockId="2.[151,701,1807,1867]" box="[151,267,1842,1867]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">(Figs 1–6)</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="A9D33BDE2849CC6B2DA11B4EF7D3F8FA" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="546" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="E17668552849CC6A2DA11B4EF685F844" blockId="2.[151,1437,1914,2011]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">
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<materialsCitation id="51A162082849CC6A2DA11B4EF685F844" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1950907328" collectionCode="SIZK" county="Klesov" location="The" municipality="Late Eocene" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Rovno" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="D3BDB4472849CC6A2DA11B4EF609F80C" bold="true" box="[151,262,1914,1939]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Material.</emphasis>
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<typeStatus id="3E72D6F72849CC6A2C3A1B4EF678F80C" box="[268,375,1914,1939]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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, K-7727,
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<specimenCount id="F7CFA3DC2849CC6A2CD31B4FF500F80D" box="[485,527,1915,1939]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="081710D92849CC6A2F2B1B4EF562F80C" box="[541,621,1914,1939]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Klesov</collectingCounty>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="230DA6B72849CC6A2F4E1B4FF5CCF80D" box="[632,707,1915,1938]" country="Ukraine" name="Rivne" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Rovno</collectingRegion>
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amber;
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<collectingMunicipality id="0112F22F2849CC6A2E2B1B4FF4A6F80D" box="[797,937,1915,1938]" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">Late Eocene</collectingMunicipality>
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(deposed in
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<collectionCode id="87D8F0902849CC6A29011B4FF375F80C" box="[1079,1146,1915,1939]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="2" pageNumber="545">SIZK</collectionCode>
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||
).
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||
<location id="E4163E8E2849CC6A29BA1B4EF3B7F80C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6960D9432849CC6C2DA11B3BF581FC73:E4163E8E2849CC6A29BA1B4EF3B7F80C" box="[1164,1208,1914,1939]" county="Klesov" municipality="Late Eocene" name="The" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" stateProvince="Rovno">The</location>
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inclusion is situated close to the surface in a separate clear amber piece (about of 16 × 13 ×
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<quantity id="2631C5B02849CC6A2EE61BAAF31BF828" box="[976,1044,1950,1975]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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) of irregular parallelepiped shape.
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<location id="E4163E8E2849CC6A2DA11BF6F63BF844" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6960D9432849CC6C2DA11B3BF581FC73:E4163E8E2849CC6A2DA11BF6F63BF844" box="[151,308,1986,2011]" county="Klesov" municipality="Late Eocene" name="Syninclusions" pageId="2" pageNumber="545" stateProvince="Rovno">Syninclusions</location>
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absent.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E17668552848CC6B2DA11B26F7D3F8FA" blockId="3.[151,1436,1810,1893]" pageId="3" pageNumber="546">
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FIGURES 1–6.
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<taxonomicName id="26C913D62848CC6B2C721B26F562F8B7" authorityName="Simutnik & Perkovsky" authorityYear="2018" box="[324,621,1810,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Archaeocercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="546" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schuvachinae">
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<emphasis id="D3BDB4472848CC6B2C721B26F562F8B7" box="[324,621,1810,1832]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="546">Archaeocercus schuvachinae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<specimenCount id="F7CFA3DC2848CC6B2F4D1B26F581F8B8" box="[635,654,1810,1831]" pageId="3" pageNumber="546" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
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<typeStatus id="3E72D6F72848CC6B2FA11B26F5FFF8B7" box="[663,752,1810,1832]" pageId="3" pageNumber="546" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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<collectionCode id="87D8F0902848CC6B2FCE1B26F43CF8B8" box="[760,819,1810,1831]" country="Ukraine" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/c442-9tdv" name="Schmaulhausen Institute of Zoology" pageId="3" pageNumber="546">SIZK</collectionCode>
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||
, K-7727: 1–3 habitus: 1, dorsal (n—notaulus, c—cerca); 2, lаterаl; 3, ventrolаterаl; 4, heаd аnd аntennаe: frontolаterаl; 5, аbdomen dorsаl (с—сerса); 6, hаbitus posterodorsаl (l.с.—lineа саlvа).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="A9D33BDE2848CC6C2DF11BA6F6B7FEFA" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="547" pageId="3" pageNumber="546" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E17668552848CC6C2DF11BA6F6B7FEFA" blockId="3.[151,1436,1938,2035]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,1005]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="547" pageId="3" pageNumber="546">
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<emphasis id="D3BDB4472848CC6B2DF11BA6F656F834" bold="true" box="[199,345,1938,1963]" pageId="3" pageNumber="546">Description.</emphasis>
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Body length,
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||
<quantity id="2631C5B02848CC6B2CC81BA6F567F835" box="[510,616,1938,1963]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="3" pageNumber="546" unit="mm" value="1.25">1.25 mm</quantity>
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.
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<emphasis id="D3BDB4472848CC6B2F431BA6F5C5F835" box="[629,714,1938,1962]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="546">CΟlΟur.</emphasis>
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Thorax and gaster dark brown, head and antennae pale brown (probably it is conditioned by appearing silvery where surrounded by thin layer of air), wings hyaline, legs brown, tarsi pale brown; surface of head, mesonotum, and scutellum smooth, shiny, finely reticulate, without deep punctuation.
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<emphasis id="D3BDB447284FCC6C2C1C1CACF661FF2F" box="[298,366,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Head.</emphasis>
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Relative measurements: head width (frontal view) 28, height 22; minimum frontovertex width 11; malar space 10; eye height 15; posterior ocellar line 10, ocular-ocellar line 1.5; scape length 12, scape width 3; other proportions of antenna as in Fig. 4; mandible wide, as in Figs. 3, 4, number of teeth unknown.
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<emphasis id="D3BDB447284FCC6C282B1CD4F292FF68" box="[1309,1437,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">MesΟsΟma.</emphasis>
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Length
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<quantity id="2631C5B0284FCC6C2DD91D30F66AFE83" box="[239,357,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" unit="mm" value="0.425">0.425 mm</quantity>
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. Relative measurements: forewing width 26, proportions of veins as in Fig. 1; hindwing width 10; distribution of setae at base of wing as in Fig. 1; mid tibia 22; midtibial spur 5.
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<emphasis id="D3BDB447284FCC6C297E1D1CF3CBFEA0" box="[1096,1220,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">MetasΟma.</emphasis>
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Length
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<quantity id="2631C5B0284FCC6C28151D13F298FEA0" box="[1315,1431,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" unit="mm" value="0.575">0.575 mm</quantity>
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, ovipositor not protruding.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="A9D33BDE284FCC6C2DF11D5BF692FE32" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="E1766855284FCC6C2DF11D5BF692FE32" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis id="D3BDB447284FCC6C2DF11D5BF641FE17" bold="true" box="[199,334,367,392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Etymology.</emphasis>
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The species is named in honor of Elizaveta Jakovlevna Schuvachina, member of the Russian Entomological Society.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A9D33BDE284FCC6C2DF11D83F581FC73" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="E1766855284FCC6C2DF11D83F5C0FCC3" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
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||
<emphasis id="D3BDB447284FCC6C2DF11D83F634FE4F" bold="true" box="[199,315,439,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Remarks.</emphasis>
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||
<emphasis id="D3BDB447284FCC6C2C731D8CF581FE4F" box="[325,654,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
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||
ArchaeΟcercus
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<taxonomicName id="26C913D6284FCC6C2CC01D8CF581FE4F" authorityName="Simutnik & Perkovsky" authorityYear="2018" box="[502,654,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Archaeocercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schuvachinae">schuvachinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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is the fifth of the 13 described Eocene species of
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<taxonomicName id="26C913D6284FCC6C29D01D83F250FE4F" baseAuthorityName="Noyes & Hayat" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1254,1375,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Encyrtidae</taxonomicName>
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with apical cerci on the gaster. Morphology of the female gaster is usually associated with its main function, parasitization of the host. The classification of
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<taxonomicName id="26C913D6284FCC6C2F841DCBF424FD87" baseAuthorityName="Noyes & Hayat" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[690,811,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Encyrtidae</taxonomicName>
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proposed by V. A. Trjapitzin (1973, 1973a, 1989) and generally accepted till present is mainly based on features of the female gaster. Two subfamilies are distinguished by the presence or absence of special sclerotised stripes called the “paratergites”, which connect the outer plates of the ovipositor with the last tergite of the gaster in
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||
<taxonomicName id="26C913D6284FCC6C2FD01E58F481FD1A" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1892" box="[742,910,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetracneminae">Tetracneminae</taxonomicName>
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||
. A second major character is the presence or absence of the filum spinosum – special locking setae on the disk of the forewing.
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<bibRefCitation id="855815A4284FCC6C29701EBBF3F9FD37" box="[1094,1270,655,680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" refId="ref2990" refString="Sharkov, A. V. (1988) On taxonomiс position of enсyrtids of the genera Eucoccidophagus, Quadrencyrtus, Oriencyrtus and Mira (Hymenoptera, Chalсidoidea). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 67 (8), 1251 - 1254. [in Russian]" type="journal article">Sharkov (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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||
and
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||
<bibRefCitation id="855815A4284FCC6C28191EBBF7EEFD53" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" refId="ref4046" refString="Trjapitzin, V. A. (1989) Parasitiс Hymenoptera of the Fam. Enсyrtidae of Palaearсtiсs. Opredeliteli po faune SSSR lzdavavaemiye Zoologicheskim Institutom AN SSSR, 158, 1 - 489 [in Russian]" type="journal article">Trjapitzin (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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||
included the tribes Quadrencyrtini and Oriencyrtini in the subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26C913D6284FCC6C2EC11E80F393FD52" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1892" box="[1015,1180,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetracneminae">Tetracneminae</taxonomicName>
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||
based on the presence of paratergites in their representatives.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="855815A4284FCC6C2F631EECF455FD6F" box="[597,858,728,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" refId="ref2600" refString="Noyes, J. S. & Hayat, M. (1994) Oriental Mealybug Parasitoids of the Anagyrini (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, viii + 554 pp." type="book">Noyes & Hayat (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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||
considered that the paratergites of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26C913D6284FCC6C29D81EECF29BFD6F" authorityName="Hoffer" authorityYear="1953" box="[1262,1428,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Quadrencyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3BDB447284FCC6C29D81EECF29BFD6F" box="[1262,1428,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Quadrencyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="D3BDB447284FCC6C2DA11EC8F651FC8B" box="[151,350,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">EucΟccidΟphagus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26C913D6284FCC6C2CA51EC8F516FC8C" authorityName="Sugonjaev & Trjapitzin" authorityYear="1974" box="[403,537,764,787]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Oriencyrtus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D3BDB447284FCC6C2CA51EC8F516FC8C" box="[403,537,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Oriencyrtus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not homologous with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26C913D6284FCC6C2EAD1EC8F34CFC8A" authorityName="Howard" authorityYear="1892" box="[923,1091,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Tetracneminae">Tetracneminae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These genera are most closely related to
|
||
<emphasis id="D3BDB447284FCC6C2C3B1F14F69AFCA7" box="[269,405,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">AphycΟides,</emphasis>
|
||
which is placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26C913D6284FCC6C2F4B1F2BF5F9FCA7" box="[637,758,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Encyrtinae">Encyrtinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(tribe Microteryni
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="855815A4284FCC6C2EE11F2BF385FCA7" box="[983,1162,799,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" refId="ref4046" refString="Trjapitzin, V. A. (1989) Parasitiс Hymenoptera of the Fam. Enсyrtidae of Palaearсtiсs. Opredeliteli po faune SSSR lzdavavaemiye Zoologicheskim Institutom AN SSSR, 158, 1 - 489 [in Russian]" type="journal article">Trjapitzin 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and they appear to be basal groups in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="26C913D6284FCC6C2C711F70F5C4FCC3" authority="(Noyes & Hayat 1994)" authorityName="Noyes & Hayat" authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Noyes & Hayat" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[327,715,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Encyrtidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="855815A4284FCC6C2CF91F70F5CDFCC3" box="[463,706,836,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" refId="ref2600" refString="Noyes, J. S. & Hayat, M. (1994) Oriental Mealybug Parasitoids of the Anagyrini (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, viii + 554 pp." type="book">Noyes & Hayat 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E1766855284FCC6C2DF11F5CF581FC73" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
|
||
It should be noted that the combination of the apical position of cerci and the absence of fillum spinosum occurs in all known Eocene encyrtids. The presence and structure of paratergites in
|
||
<emphasis id="D3BDB447284FCC6C29611FB8F3F2FC3B" box="[1111,1277,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">ArchaeΟcercus</emphasis>
|
||
, as well as in other fossil genera, are unknown. The use of new technologies, such as Synchrotron X-ray microtomography, is expected to clarify the position of these taxa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |