306 lines
37 KiB
XML
306 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.98.925" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fd551e06-c0d1-4ef1-bc73-6c6627e6c1e8" ID-PMC="PMC3095132" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-98-29" ID-PubMed="21594070" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-98-29" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 98" ModsDocTitle="Systematics and biology of the new genus Macrosaccus with descriptions of two new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)" checkinTime="1451250434795" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Davis, Donald R. & De Prins, Jurate" docDate="2011" docId="284B6DA71987E6690596D4F8CAA34415" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 98: 29-82" docOrigin="ZooKeys 98" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.98.925" docTitle="Macrosaccus Davis and De Prins, gen. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="FFA38E277046FF8BFFA1FFCC2833FF8D" masterDocTitle="Systematics and biology of the new genus Macrosaccus with descriptions of two new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)" masterLastPageNumber="82" masterPageNumber="29" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1668169703936" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Systematics and biology of the new genus Macrosaccus with descriptions of two new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Davis, Donald R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>De Prins, Jurate</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>98</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>29</mods:start>
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<mods:end>82</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.98.925</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.98.925</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-98-29</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="159365233" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2451DAED-FEB2-4E03-B86C-88F10584A067" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/284B6DA71987E6690596D4F8CAA34415" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2451DAED-FEB2-4E03-B86C-88F10584A067" authority="Davis and De Prins" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus Davis and De Prins</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="32">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="32" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Type species:</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Nepticulidae" genus="Lithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lithocolletis robiniella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robiniella">Lithocolletis robiniella</taxonomicName>
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Clemens, 1859, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
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is assigned to the subfamily
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
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on the basis of the following putative morphological synapomorphies: hindwing vein Rs parallel to vein M and costal margin; adults rest with body parallel to surface; adult head with occipital tuft; and pupation occurring within the mine.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="32">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="3" pageNumber="32">
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Superficially,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
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is similar to nearly all other genera of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="32" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
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, sharing such characters as a well developed occipital tuft; a forewing pattern
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="33" start="start">accentuated</pageBreakToken>
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with oblique, whitish strigulae; and by the mode of pupation which occurs inside a silken cocoon within the whitish blotch mine usually on the underside of the host leaf without any prepared exit opening. However, in contrast to the typically solitary larvae and pupae of other
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lithocolletinae">Lithocolletinae</taxonomicName>
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genera, those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
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are often gregarious inside a single, composite mine. The wing venation of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
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is similar to that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cameraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cameraria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cameraria</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
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in possessing five apical veins, but it differs from the two latter genera in having Rs4 rising either from the base of Rs3 or stalked with Rs3. The hindwing venation is similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cameraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cameraria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cameraria</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysaster" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysaster</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Leucanthiza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucanthiza" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucanthiza</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolithocolletis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neolithocolletis</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
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, but differs from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cremastobombycia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cremastobombycia</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyloconis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyloconis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Porphyrosela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Porphyrosela" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Porphyrosela</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protolithocolletis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protolithocolletis</taxonomicName>
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in the absence of vein M2. In the male genitalia, the sternum 8 is not produced caudally as in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysaster" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysaster</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Leucanthiza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucanthiza" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Leucanthiza</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName genus="Protocolithocolletis" lsidName="Protocolithocolletis" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" rank="genus">Protocolithocolletis</taxonomicName>
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. In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cameraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cameraria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cameraria</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cremastobombycia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cremastobombycia</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyloconis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyloconis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Neolithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Neolithocolletis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Neolithocolletis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Porphyrosela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Porphyrosela" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Porphyrosela</taxonomicName>
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, the sternum 8 forms a large flap underlying the valvae. The apex of the tegumen in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
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possesses a pair of tiny setae as in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cameraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cameraria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cameraria</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysaster" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysaster</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Porphyrosela" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Porphyrosela" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Porphyrosela</taxonomicName>
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, but unlike
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
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which lacks apical setae. The transtilla of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
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is complete like that of other lithocolletine genera, but it differs from that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cameraria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cameraria" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cameraria</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Hyloconis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hyloconis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hyloconis</taxonomicName>
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where it is incomplete. The female genitalia of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
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are characterized by numerous, microscopic spine-like signa which are scattered within the subcaudal part of corpus bursae (in other lithocolletine genera the corpus bursae bears other types of signa). Though the adult head of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
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is very similar to that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protolithocolletis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protolithocolletis</taxonomicName>
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, the venation between these two genera differs with the forewing of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protolithocolletis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protolithocolletis</taxonomicName>
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more developed in possessing veins Rs1 and M2. The pupae provide perhaps the best characters for generic distinction, with that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Protolithocolletis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Protolithocolletis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protolithocolletis</taxonomicName>
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lacking the spinose accessory cremaster ridge on sternum 7, which is characteristic for
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" type="adult">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="33">Adult.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
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Head (Figs 10, 11). Vertex covered with long dense tuft of piliform scales; frons with smooth appressed scales; eyes of midsize; interocular index (= vertical eye diameter/interocular distance) ~ 0.75-0.96. Antenna about 0.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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the length of forewing (n=9), smooth scaled, with a single row of scales per segment; scape with dense pecten. Proboscis well developed, naked, ca. 1.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.5×">-2.5x</normalizedToken>
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length of labial palpus. Maxillary palpus very short, rudimentary, ~ 0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of labial palpomere II, and directed laterally; consisting of 2 articulated segments; basal 2 segments fused; segment 3 free, spherical. Labial palpus slender, drooping, with ratio of segments from base 1.5: 1: 2.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="4" pageNumber="33">
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Thorax (Fig. 12). Forewing slender, maximum width/length ratio ca. 0.2, narrow at apex. Venation with 8 veins, apical part with 5 veins; Sc strong, extending nearly to costa, basal half of R indistinct, Rs2 present, Rs3 arises from apex of the cell, position of Rs4 variable, arising either from base of Rs3 or stalked with Rs3, M and CuA1 separate, CuP indistinct (fold) for entire length, 1A strong, separate, discal cell either open (with absence of crossvein between Rs2 and Rs3) or closed, extending ~ 0.78 of wing length. Hindwing lanceolate, maximum width 0.12 that of length, venation reduced, similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
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; Sc very short, Rs very long, extending almost to apex; basal 2/3 of M indistinct, parallel to Rs, distal part of M ends near distal 3/5: basal half of Cu strong, distal half indistinct, ending slightly before
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="34" start="start">midway</pageBreakToken>
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along dorsum; frenulum a single stout bristle in male, 2 tightly appressed bristles in female, retinaculum in male consisting of a broadly triangular curved fold from the ventral base of Sc and a few stiff, forward directed scales situated on the posterior part of Cu.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Abdomen. The margins of the abdominal opening strongly sclerotized and broad laterally, the sclerotized margination of abdomen opening unconnected on T2, S2 apodemes long, ~ half the length of S2, generally slender but more stout at basal 1/3 and very slender at distal 2/3; two pairs of tiny spinules on S2 sublaterally, and a pair of tiny spinules on S3-S6 sublaterally. Sternum 8 in male undeveloped.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
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Male genitalia. Tegumen relatively short, broad, moderately sclerotized laterally. Caudal portion covered with numerous tiny setae. A pair of long, slender setae present at apex of tegumen. Vinculum broad, U-shaped with very slender, elongate saccus which ranges from 1.1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–1.7×">-1.7x</normalizedToken>
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the length of valva. Valvae symmetrical, moderately broad, costal margin nearly straight to slightly curved; ventral margin variable between species from slightly convex to slightly concave over distal half with apex varying from fully round to abruptly narrowing; median surface of valva with sparse setae of medium length; apex of valva densely covered with longer, more stout setae. Transtilla complete and well developed, laterally expanded into rounded lobes. Aedeagus very long, nearly as long as entire genital capsule (from apex of tegumen to anterior end of saccus), straight and slender, of uniform diameter along its length; caudal end of vesica usually with long, slender cornuti; phallobase ~
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<normalizedToken originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
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total length of aedeagus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
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Female genitalia. Papillae anales flattened, strongly interconnected, covered with short setae mostly along apical margin; basal bar broad but weakly sclerotized. Posterior apophyses slightly longer than width of papillae anales, straight and slender. Segment 8 short, weakly sclerotized. Anterior apophyses as long or slightly shorter than posterior apophyses, with moderately broad bases, then slender extending to caudal 1/3 of segment 7. Ostium bursae opens medially, near caudal margin of segment 7; sterigma simple, without cuticle folds, antrum funnel-shaped, narrowing anteriorly. Subcaudal area of segment 7 mottled with numerous tubercles. Ductus bursae ~ 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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times longer than segment 7; a membranous accessory bursae ~ 2/3 the length of corpus bursae, arising from middle to anterior 1/3 of ductus bursae, with a smaller lateral pouch arising ~ midway along side of accessory bursae. Corpus bursae 1.0
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–2.0×">-2.0x</normalizedToken>
|
||
the length of segment 7, subcaudal region of corpus bursae usually with scattered spicules or with spicules arranged in linear rows in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus robiniella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robiniella">Macrosaccus robiniella</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="34" type="larva">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="34">Larva.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="5" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Hypermetamorphic with five larval instars. Earliest instars (1-3) highly modified sapfeeders with strongly depressed bodies and reduced chaetotaxy; 3 pairs of stemmata arranged in a lateral, anterior cluster on head; labrum short and broad, bilobed; anterior margin broadly concave, roughened, with minute dentations along inner margin of lateral lobes; maxillary and labial palpi absent. Later instars (4 and 5) tissue feeders, with cylindrical bodies. Head approximately round with full complement of mouthparts; 4 pairs of stemmata present; antenna 3-segmented with first segment moderately long; labrum strongly bilobed with raised median portion on each lobe; M1 absent; numerous secondary spines visible from inner, ventral perimeter of
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="35" start="start">labrum</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. Thorax with SD1 elongate, immediately ventral to XD2; SD2 absent on T1, present on T2-3L group bisenose on T1-3. SV unisetose on T1-3. Legs relatively short but fully developed; coxae widely separated, with 4 coxal setae. Abdomen with D and SD groups bisetose on A1-8, 10; unisetose on A9; L group bisetose on A1-5, unisetose on A6-10; prolegs present on A3-5, 10; crochets of A3-5 arranged in a uniordinal circle; anal proleg with crochets arranged in a uniordinal semicircle opened caudally; anal plate with 4 pairs of setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="35" type="pupa">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="35">Pupa.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="35">Head with vertex terminating in a relatively short, broadly triangular, acute frontal process (cocoon cutter). Abdomen mostly covered dorsally and ventrally with dense, minute spines; dorsum of A2-7 with a single anterior row of short, stout spines; caudal half of sternum 7 with a transverse ridge (accessory cremaster) bearing ~ 18-21 mostly longitudinal rows of short, blunt spines; cremaster of A10 greatly reduced, nearly absent, consisting of 1-2 pairs of minute tergal spines.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="35" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="35">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="35">
|
||
The generic name is derived from the ancient Greek
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="μακρο-">μακρο-</normalizedToken>
|
||
(long) and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="σάκκος">σάκκος</normalizedToken>
|
||
(bag) in reference to the elongate saccus in the male genitalia. Gender masculine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" type="generic relationships and species diversity">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="35">Generic relationships and species diversity.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="35">
|
||
Several morphological specializations closely associate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysaster" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cremastobombycia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cremastobombycia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Some of these involve the moderately produced proboscis (~ 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
the length of the labial palpi) and the very reduced, two-segmented (with basal segment relatively enlarged), broad maxillary palpi (Figs 10, 11). The wing venation of all three genera is nearly identical and is among the most reduced within
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Gracillariidae" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" rank="family">Gracillariidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Only three branches of Rs are present in the forewing, accompanied by single branches of M and Cu (Fig. 12). Venation in the lanceolate hindwings is similarly reduced with only three major veins usually preserved (Rs, M, and Cu) in addition to the extremely basal Sc+R1. The position of Rs4 in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs somewhat from that in the aforementioned three genera in arising either from the base of Rs3 or stalked with Rs3. Perhaps more significantly is that the discal cell is usually open in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to the total or near absence of the Rs2-Rs3 crossvein. This crossvein is usually present in the other genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="35">
|
||
The most distinguishing feature in the male genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the extremely long, rodlike saccus, whence the generic name is derived. The male saccus in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Chrysaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chrysaster" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Chrysaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Cremastobombycia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cremastobombycia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cremastobombycia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
|
||
is either undeveloped or much shorter and stouter (except in two Afrotropical species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter farensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="farensis">Phyllonorycter farensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter obandai" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="obandai">Phyllonorycter obandai</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Likewise sternum 8 in all males of these three genera is extended caudally as a variably lengthened plate beneath the genitalia, compared to being unmodified in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The female genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
|
||
typically possess a relatively large, variably shaped accessory bursa arising approximately midway along the long, slender ductus bursae. The corpus bursae contains dense patches or faint rows of minute spines. The accessory bursae in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
|
||
originates more caudally near the ostium, and usually two, circular and variably sclerotized signa are present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Davis, DR" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contribution to Zoology" pageId="30" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 89" title="Biology and systematics of the North American Phyllonorycter leafminers on Salicaceae, with a synoptic catalogue of the Palearctic species (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)" volume="614" year="2001">Davis and Deschka 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="6" pageNumber="35">
|
||
The pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by an accessory cremaster on abdominal sternum 7 that is unlike that of any other known gracillarid genus. This consists of a raised transverse ridge bearing ~ 18-21 mostly longitudinally oblique rows of short, blunt spines (Figs 84, 85). The accessory cremaster when present in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="36" start="start">greatly</pageBreakToken>
|
||
in consisting of a raised triangular area located midventrally on sternum 7 with 1-2 pairs of stout spines projecting laterally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Davis, DR" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contribution to Zoology" pageId="30" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 89" title="Biology and systematics of the North American Phyllonorycter leafminers on Salicaceae, with a synoptic catalogue of the Palearctic species (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)" volume="614" year="2001">Davis and Deschka 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="36">
|
||
In addition to the foregoing morphological characters, a preliminary molecular phylogeny based on ten genes also strongly places
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
|
||
apart from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kawahara, AY" journalOrPublisher="University of Maryland, College Park" pageId="30" pageNumber="59" title="Phylogenomics. Life-history, evolution and taxonomy of leaf mining moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillarioidea)" year="2010">Kawahara 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Morphological characters distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
|
||
are summarized in Table 3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Five species, all indigenous to the New World, are currently recognized in the new genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The high sequence divergence of the barcoding region of COI (> 7%) between species (Fig. 1, Table 2) further confirms the species concepts previously determined by morphological and larval host information. Sequence divergences within species for the 12 samples with multiple specimens were low and varied between 0-0.62% (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus gliricidius" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gliricidius">Macrosaccus gliricidius</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 0% (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus morrisella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morrisella">Macrosaccus morrisella</taxonomicName>
|
||
), 0-0.46% (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus neomexicanus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neomexicanus">Macrosaccus neomexicanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and 0-0.71% (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus robiniella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robiniella">Macrosaccus robiniella</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The latter included specimens from Belgium and the United States.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="A36E2640ACBA06E7912A0EB13936C5FE" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/A36E2640ACBA06E7912A0EB13936C5FE" pageId="7" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Table 3. Diagnostic comparisons between adults and pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Macrosaccus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Macrosaccus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Macrosaccus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Phyllonorycter" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllonorycter" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phyllonorycter</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<table pageId="7" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">Character</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">Macrosaccus</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">Phyllonorycter</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |