1398 lines
114 KiB
XML
1398 lines
114 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6113287" ID-GBIF-Dataset="836422c6-d189-4c93-8dee-0769e19c23f8" ID-GBIF-Taxon="114923815" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6113287" checkinTime="1447194286108" checkinUser="donat" docAuthor="C. Rabeling, T. R. Schultz, M. Bacci Jr & M. Bollazzi" docDate="2015" docId="03F887E8FF9E7A7DFCDB1475089FFEFC" docLanguage="en" docName="29692.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Insectes Sociaux. 62" docTitle="Acromyrmex charruanus Rabeling, Schultz, Bacci & Bollazzi, NEW SPECIES" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="344" masterDocId="FFC1FF90FF9D7A74FFEB10550C3CFFC7" masterDocTitle="Acromyrmex charruanus: a new inquiline social parasite species of leaf-cutting ants" masterLastPageNumber="349" masterPageNumber="335" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" updateTime="1645051030770" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Acromyrmex charruanus: a new inquiline social parasite species of leaf-cutting ants</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>C. Rabeling</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>T. R. Schultz</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>M. Bacci Jr</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>M. Bollazzi</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Insectes Sociaux.</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>62</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>335</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>349</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1007/s00040-015-0406-6</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6113287" ID-GBIF-Taxon="114923815" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6113287" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887E8FF9E7A7DFCDB1475089FFEFC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887E8FF9E7A7DFCDB1475089FFEFC" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="344" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="338" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Rabeling, Schultz, Bacci & Bollazzi" authorityName="Rabeling, Schultz, Bacci & Bollazzi" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus" status="NEW SPECIES">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,1084,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">Acromyrmex charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
Rabeling, Schultz, Bacci & Bollazzi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[882,1053,1089,1112]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" rank="species">NEW SPECIES</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[847,1263,1122,1146]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph box="[847,1263,1122,1146]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">
|
||
Figures
|
||
<number box="[935,948,1122,1146]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
a, c, e,
|
||
<number box="[1027,1041,1122,1146]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
a, c, e,
|
||
<number box="[1119,1133,1122,1146]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="3.0">3</number>
|
||
a,
|
||
<number box="[1159,1172,1122,1146]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="4.0">4</number>
|
||
a, and c.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="338" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1226907311" collectingDate="2013-02-25" collectionCode="MZSP" country="Uruguay" latitude="-33.9042" location="6 km SW of Cerro Colorado, Eucalyptus globulus plantation '' Plantacion Cruz Roja' '" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-55.59418" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" specimenCode="CR 130225 - 03" specimenCount="225" specimenCount-male="224" stateProvince="Florida Department" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[847,950,1155,1179]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
: alate gyne,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1086,1221,1155,1179]" name="Uruguay" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="Uruguay">URUGUAY</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1233,1447,1155,1179]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">Florida Department</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887E8FF9E7A7DFCDB1475089FFEFC:8E8E6025FF9E7A77FCDB14F0085BFB1A" country="Uruguay" latitude="-33.9042" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-55.59418" name="6 km SW of Cerro Colorado, Eucalyptus globulus plantation '' Plantacion Cruz Roja' '" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" stateProvince="Florida Department">
|
||
<quantity box="[816,872,1189,1212]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
|
||
SW of Cerro Colorado,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1148,1368,1189,1212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1148,1368,1189,1212]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="globulus">Eucalyptus globulus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
plantation ‘‘Plantacioń Cruz Roja’’
|
||
</location>
|
||
, GPS coordinates:
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1333,1445,1221,1245]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" precision="5" value="-33.9042">
|
||
S
|
||
<number box="[1345,1434,1222,1245]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="33.9042">33.9042</number>
|
||
°
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[816,965,1255,1278]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" precision="1" value="-55.59418">W055.59418°</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elevation
|
||
<quantity box="[1087,1156,1255,1278]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2399999999999998" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" unit="m" value="224.0">
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1087,1156,1255,1278]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" type="male">224 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
above sea level, collection date:
|
||
<collectingDate box="[874,1062,1288,1312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="2013-02-25">
|
||
<date box="[874,1062,1288,1312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="2013-02-25">
|
||
<number box="[874,900,1288,1312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="25.0">25</number>
|
||
February
|
||
<number box="[1007,1062,1288,1312]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="2013.0">2013</number>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
, col.
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887E8FF9E7A7DFCDB1475089FFEFC:8E8E6025FF9E7A77FBB7155D0904FAE7" box="[1116,1336,1288,1312]" country="Uruguay" latitude="-33.9042" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-55.59418" name="Bollazzi & Rabeling" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" stateProvince="Florida Department">Bollazzi & Rabeling</location>
|
||
; collection code:
|
||
<specimenCode box="[891,1044,1321,1345]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">
|
||
CR
|
||
<number box="[929,1011,1321,1345]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="130225.0">130225</number>
|
||
-03
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1065,1090,1321,1345]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" type="generic">ex</specimenCount>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1107,1327,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1107,1327,1322,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887E8FF9E7A7DFCDB1475089FFEFC:8E8E6025FF9E7A77FBB8157F08E7FA86" box="[1107,1243,1322,1345]" country="Uruguay" latitude="-33.9042" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-55.59418" name="Acromyrmex" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" stateProvince="Florida Department">Acromyrmex</location>
|
||
heyeri
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
nest.
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887E8FF9E7A7DFCDB1475089FFEFC:8E8E6025FF9E7A77FA69157C0997FA86" box="[1410,1451,1321,1345]" country="Uruguay" latitude="-33.9042" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-55.59418" name="The" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" stateProvince="Florida Department">The</location>
|
||
<typeStatus box="[816,910,1355,1378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
is deposited at the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1129,1198,1355,1378]" collectionName="Brazil, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">MZSP</collectionCode>
|
||
and carries the unique specimen identifier No. USNMENT00758784
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1226907312" collectingDate="2013-02-27" collectionCode="USNMENT, CR, MENT" country="Uruguay" location="Same" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" specimenCode="USNMENT 00758785, 00758977, CR 130227 - 31, MENT 00758778, 00758990" specimenCount="127" specimenCount-male="125" specimenCount-queen="2" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[847,955,1421,1444]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
: same data as
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1103,1199,1421,1444]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<number box="[1209,1236,1421,1444]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="73.0">73</number>
|
||
alate
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1299,1361,1421,1444]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" type="queen">gynes</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount pageId="3" pageNumber="338" type="male">
|
||
<number box="[1411,1451,1421,1444]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="119.0">119</number>
|
||
males
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode box="[906,1145,1454,1478]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">USNMENT00758785</specimenCode>
|
||
-
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1152,1260,1454,1478]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">00758977</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887E8FF9E7A7DFCDB1475089FFEFC:8E8E6025FF9E7A77FAEF15FB0903FA01" box="[1284,1343,1454,1478]" country="Uruguay" name="Same" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">Same</location>
|
||
data as
|
||
<typeStatus box="[816,912,1487,1511]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but ‘‘
|
||
<date box="[1011,1237,1487,1511]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="2013-02-27">
|
||
<collectingDate box="[1011,1237,1487,1511]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="2013-02-27">
|
||
<number box="[1011,1038,1487,1511]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="27.0">27</number>
|
||
February
|
||
<number box="[1181,1237,1487,1511]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="2013.0">2013</number>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, collection code:
|
||
<specimenCode box="[816,970,1521,1544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">
|
||
CR
|
||
<number box="[855,938,1521,1544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="130227.0">130227</number>
|
||
-
|
||
<number box="[945,970,1521,1544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="31.0">31</number>
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
’’,
|
||
<number box="[1010,1024,1521,1544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="7.0">7</number>
|
||
alate
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1119,1181,1521,1544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" type="queen">gynes</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1263,1363,1521,1544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" type="male">
|
||
<number box="[1263,1276,1521,1544]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="6.0">6</number>
|
||
males
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
, USN-
|
||
<specimenCode box="[816,1002,1554,1577]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">MENT00758778</specimenCode>
|
||
-
|
||
<specimenCode box="[1009,1117,1554,1577]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">00758990</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="342" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="338">
|
||
Description,
|
||
<typeStatus box="[984,1077,1587,1610]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
gyne: TL
|
||
<number box="[1189,1238,1587,1610]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="6.92">6.92</number>
|
||
, WL
|
||
<number box="[1297,1345,1587,1610]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="2.08">2.08</number>
|
||
, HL
|
||
<number box="[1398,1447,1587,1610]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="1.21">1.21</number>
|
||
, HW
|
||
<number box="[867,916,1620,1644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="1.33">1.33</number>
|
||
, IOD
|
||
<number box="[980,1029,1620,1644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="1.54">1.54</number>
|
||
, ML
|
||
<number box="[1086,1135,1620,1644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="0.92">0.92</number>
|
||
, FLD
|
||
<number box="[1202,1251,1620,1644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="0.74">0.74</number>
|
||
, SL
|
||
<number box="[1299,1348,1620,1644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="1.28">1.28</number>
|
||
, EL
|
||
<number box="[1398,1447,1620,1644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="0.31">0.31</number>
|
||
, EW
|
||
<number box="[866,915,1654,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="0.26">0.26</number>
|
||
, PrW
|
||
<number box="[985,1020,1654,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="1.1">1.1</number>
|
||
, FL
|
||
<number box="[1072,1121,1654,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="2.03">2.03</number>
|
||
, PL
|
||
<number box="[1173,1222,1654,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="0.51">0.51</number>
|
||
, PW
|
||
<number box="[1283,1331,1654,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="0.41">0.41</number>
|
||
, PPL
|
||
<number box="[1398,1447,1654,1677]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="0.41">0.41</number>
|
||
, PPW
|
||
<number box="[883,932,1687,1710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="0.74">0.74</number>
|
||
, GL
|
||
<number box="[996,1044,1687,1710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="1.79">1.79</number>
|
||
, CI
|
||
<number box="[1099,1141,1687,1710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="111.0">111</number>
|
||
, MI
|
||
<number box="[1202,1231,1687,1710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="77.0">77</number>
|
||
, SI
|
||
<number box="[1283,1313,1687,1710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="96.0">96</number>
|
||
. One of the smallest
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[913,1049,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[913,1049,1720,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acromyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
leaf-cutting ant species known (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1408,1451,1720,1743]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">WL</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[816,866,1753,1777]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="2.08">2.08</number>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode box="[885,918,1753,1777]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">TL</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[932,982,1753,1777]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="6.92">6.92</number>
|
||
), with long mandibles (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1266,1299,1753,1777]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">MI</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[1314,1341,1753,1777]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="77.0">77</number>
|
||
) and appendages (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[930,962,1786,1810]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">FL</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[968,1018,1786,1810]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="2.03">2.03</number>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1029,1053,1786,1810]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338">SI</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[1059,1086,1786,1810]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="96.0">96</number>
|
||
) relative to body size. Integument with microscopic honey-comb pattern, which becomes visible at
|
||
<number box="[934,981,1853,1876]" pageId="3" pageNumber="338" value="409.0">409</number>
|
||
magnification and higher; sculpturing of head, meso-, and metasoma coarsely granulate with distinct
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="339" targetBox="[227,1359,158,1431]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="339">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,192,1463,1482]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">Fig. 1</emphasis>
|
||
Gynes of the social parasite
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[467,693,1463,1483]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[467,693,1463,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">Acromyrmex charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[707,719,1464,1482]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[731,741,1464,1482]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[753,763,1464,1482]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">e</emphasis>
|
||
) with the unique specimen identifier USNMENT00758784. The
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1405,1451,1463,1483]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">scale</emphasis>
|
||
and its host
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[253,337,1490,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[253,337,1490,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="339" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[353,366,1490,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[380,392,1490,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">d</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[406,414,1490,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">f</emphasis>
|
||
) in full-face (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[548,559,1490,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[573,586,1490,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">b</emphasis>
|
||
), lateral (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[680,690,1490,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[704,717,1490,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">d</emphasis>
|
||
), and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,856,1490,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">bars</emphasis>
|
||
represent 0.5 mm in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1053,1065,1490,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">a</emphasis>
|
||
, 1 mm in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1161,1173,1490,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1185,1195,1490,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">c</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1241,1251,1490,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">e</emphasis>
|
||
, and 2 mm in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1386,1398,1490,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">d</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1444,1451,1490,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">f</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph box="[136,771,1516,1536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">
|
||
dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[206,216,1517,1535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">e</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[229,237,1516,1535]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">f</emphasis>
|
||
) views. The depicted social parasite gyne is the holotype
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="341" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">
|
||
rugae and tubercles; integument with oily or waxy sheen. Body surface covered with long, appressed, and distinctly coarse setae. Color: shades of brown, variable from yellowish to reddish to dark brown; mandibles distinctly lighter in color, dark orange; ridges of rugae and tips of tubercles black; dorsum of mesosoma dark brown, with black markings. Head: head shape trapezoidal, slightly wider than long (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[144,171,1825,1849]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339">CI</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[180,222,1825,1849]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339" value="111.0">111</number>
|
||
); sides moderately tapering anteriorly between the eyes and mandibular insertion; head size small relative to mesosoma. Mandible broadly triangular with a distinct apical and preapical tooth, followed by seven smaller teeth, some of which are interspersed by even smaller denticles; mandible surface smooth and distinctly shiny. Palp formula
|
||
<number box="[844,861,1726,1749]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339" value="4.0">4</number>
|
||
:
|
||
<number box="[864,880,1726,1749]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
, the plesiomorphic condition of fungus-growing ants. Posterior margin of clypeus trapezoidal, broadly inserted between frontal lobes; anterior margin of clypeus shiny and median portion concave. Unpaired median clypeal seta thin and short (
|
||
<number box="[935,985,1859,1882]" pageId="4" pageNumber="339" value="0.15">0.15</number>
|
||
), only projecting over the anterior clypeal margin by half its length. Frontal lobe broadly rounded, fully covering the condylar bulb in full-face view; lateral margin of frontal lobe serrate with two distinct tooth-like projections. Frontal carina extending towards the posterolateral corner of the head. Preocular carina forming a straight line in lateral view and traversing the area of the antennal scrobe by one third of the scrobe’s width. Eyes large (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[205,238,1812,1835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">EL</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[246,295,1812,1835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340" value="0.31">0.31</number>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[307,348,1812,1835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">EW</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[356,403,1812,1835]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340" value="0.26">0.26</number>
|
||
) and strongly convex. In contrast, the three ocelli are small and embedded in the integument. Antennae with
|
||
<number box="[299,326,1878,1901]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340" value="11.0">11</number>
|
||
segments. Antennal scape long (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[677,709,1878,1901]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">SL</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[716,763,1878,1901]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340" value="1.28">1.28</number>
|
||
) with abundant, appressed setae, surpassing the posterior margin of the head by one third of its length. Mesosoma: Mesosoma slender with caste-specific modifications related to wing bearing. Dorsolateral pronotal spine long, slender, and sharply pointed in dorsal view. Ventrolateral pronotal spine narrowly triangular and sharply pointed, not curved. Dorsum of mesosoma covered with longitudinal and reticulate rugulae. Posterior margin of scutellum concave and bidentate in dorsal view; teeth wide at base, forming a broad, almost
|
||
<number box="[973,1000,1878,1901]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340" value="90.0">90</number>
|
||
° angle. Bulla and meatus of metapleural gland not notably modified from the condition in the host species. Propodeal spines straight, long, slender, and sharply pointed, projecting away from the propodeum at a
|
||
<number box="[734,760,1653,1677]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="90.0">90</number>
|
||
° angle in lateral view. Metasoma: anterior peduncle of petiole short, about one fourth the length of the petiolar node. Dorsum of petiolar node with a pair of short teeth, almost as wide at their bases as they are high. Postpetiole wider than long in dorsal view (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[514,570,1819,1843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">PPW</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[583,633,1819,1843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.74">0.74</number>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode box="[650,696,1819,1843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">PPL</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[709,758,1819,1843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.41">0.41</number>
|
||
), posterior margin straight. Gaster short (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[595,632,1853,1876]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">GL</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[646,696,1853,1876]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.79">1.79</number>
|
||
). First gastric tergite notably tuberculate, covered with abundant recurved setae. Except for the smaller size, forewing and hindwing resembling the wings of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1181,1276,193,216]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1181,1276,193,216]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Measurements;
|
||
<typeStatus box="[816,908,226,249]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
gynes (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[991,1004,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">n</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<number box="[1043,1072,226,249]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="10.0">10</number>
|
||
): TL
|
||
<number box="[1130,1239,226,249]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="6.9350000000000005" valueMax="7.23" valueMin="6.64">6.64–7.23</number>
|
||
, WL
|
||
<number box="[1297,1406,226,249]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="2.09" valueMax="2.15" valueMin="2.03">2.03–2.15</number>
|
||
, HL
|
||
<number box="[816,925,259,282]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.2149999999999999" valueMax="1.28" valueMin="1.15">1.15–1.28</number>
|
||
, HW
|
||
<number box="[995,1104,259,282]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.32" valueMax="1.36" valueMin="1.28">1.28–1.36</number>
|
||
, IOD
|
||
<number box="[1177,1286,259,282]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.525" valueMax="1.59" valueMin="1.46">1.46–1.59</number>
|
||
, ML
|
||
<number box="[1352,1447,259,282]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.925" valueMax="0.95" valueMin="0.9">0.9–0.95</number>
|
||
, FLD
|
||
<number box="[890,999,292,315]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.755" valueMax="0.77" valueMin="0.74">0.74–0.77</number>
|
||
, SL
|
||
<number box="[1081,1189,292,315]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.2850000000000001" valueMax="1.31" valueMin="1.26">1.26–1.31</number>
|
||
, EL
|
||
<number box="[1273,1382,292,315]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.29500000000000004" valueMax="0.31" valueMin="0.28">0.28–0.31</number>
|
||
, EW
|
||
<number box="[816,925,325,348]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.255" valueMax="0.28" valueMin="0.23">0.23–0.28</number>
|
||
, PrW
|
||
<number box="[991,1086,325,348]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.155" valueMax="1.21" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.21</number>
|
||
, FL
|
||
<number box="[1135,1244,325,348]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="2.0" valueMax="2.08" valueMin="1.92">1.92–2.08</number>
|
||
, PL
|
||
<number box="[1292,1401,325,348]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.5" valueMax="0.54" valueMin="0.46">0.46–0.54</number>
|
||
, PW
|
||
<number box="[816,925,358,382]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.435" valueMax="0.46" valueMin="0.41">0.41–0.46</number>
|
||
, PPL
|
||
<number box="[991,1100,358,382]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.42000000000000004" valueMax="0.46" valueMin="0.38">0.38–0.46</number>
|
||
, PPW
|
||
<number box="[1174,1283,358,382]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.745" valueMax="0.77" valueMin="0.72">0.72–0.77</number>
|
||
, GL
|
||
<number box="[1338,1447,358,382]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.8199999999999998" valueMax="1.97" valueMin="1.67">1.67–1.97</number>
|
||
, CI
|
||
<number box="[851,946,392,415]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="109.5" valueMax="113.0" valueMin="106.0">106–113</number>
|
||
, MI
|
||
<number box="[998,1067,392,415]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="76.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="72.0">72–80</number>
|
||
, SI
|
||
<number box="[1111,1194,392,415]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="97.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="94.0">94–100</number>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="340" targetBox="[227,1360,158,1442]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="340">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,192,1476,1495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">Fig. 2</emphasis>
|
||
Males of the social parasite
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[465,691,1476,1496]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[465,691,1476,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="340" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">Acromyrmex charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[706,717,1477,1495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[730,740,1477,1495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[752,762,1477,1495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">e</emphasis>
|
||
) and its host
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[889,972,1476,1496]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[889,972,1476,1496]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="340" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[986,999,1477,1495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1011,1024,1477,1495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">d</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1036,1044,1476,1495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">f</emphasis>
|
||
) in full-face (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1174,1185,1477,1495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1198,1210,1477,1495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">b</emphasis>
|
||
), lateral (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1301,1311,1477,1495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1324,1336,1477,1495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">d</emphasis>
|
||
), and dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,154,1503,1522]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">e</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,173,1503,1522]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">f</emphasis>
|
||
) views. The
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[294,387,1503,1522]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">scale bars</emphasis>
|
||
represent 0.5 mm in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[585,597,1503,1522]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">a</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[642,655,1503,1522]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">b</emphasis>
|
||
, 1 mm in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[752,762,1503,1522]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">c</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[808,818,1503,1522]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">e</emphasis>
|
||
, and 2 mm in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[954,966,1503,1522]" pageId="5" pageNumber="340">d</emphasis>
|
||
and f
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="341" targetBox="[143,763,158,387]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,192,421,440]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">Fig. 3</emphasis>
|
||
Comparative anatomy of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,688,420,440]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[456,688,420,440]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">Acromyrmex charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[707,719,421,440]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">a</emphasis>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,215,447,467]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[136,215,447,467]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[226,239,448,466]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">b</emphasis>
|
||
) female mouthparts, depicting cardo (Ca), galea (Ga), glossa (Gl), labial palp (LP), maxillary palp (MP), postmentum (PM), and stipes (St). The palp formula of both parasite and host is 4:2 (number of segments of maxillary:labial palps), representing the plesiomorphic condition in fungus-growing ants. The
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[490,582,553,573]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">scale bars</emphasis>
|
||
represent 0.2 mm in both figures
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="342" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">
|
||
Description,
|
||
<typeStatus box="[992,1084,425,448]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
males (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1183,1196,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">n</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<number box="[1235,1264,425,448]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="10.0">10</number>
|
||
): TL
|
||
<number box="[1338,1447,425,448]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="6.9350000000000005" valueMax="7.23" valueMin="6.64">6.64–7.23</number>
|
||
, WL
|
||
<number box="[879,988,458,481]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="2.09" valueMax="2.15" valueMin="2.03">2.03–2.15</number>
|
||
, HL
|
||
<number box="[1070,1179,458,481]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.2149999999999999" valueMax="1.28" valueMin="1.15">1.15–1.28</number>
|
||
, HW
|
||
<number box="[1270,1379,458,481]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.32" valueMax="1.36" valueMin="1.28">1.28–1.36</number>
|
||
, IOD
|
||
<number box="[816,925,491,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.525" valueMax="1.59" valueMin="1.46">1.46–1.59</number>
|
||
, ML
|
||
<number box="[981,1077,491,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.925" valueMax="0.95" valueMin="0.9">0.9–0.95</number>
|
||
, FLD
|
||
<number box="[1143,1252,491,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.755" valueMax="0.77" valueMin="0.74">0.74–0.77</number>
|
||
, SL
|
||
<number box="[1300,1408,491,514]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.2850000000000001" valueMax="1.31" valueMin="1.26">1.26–1.31</number>
|
||
, EL
|
||
<number box="[816,925,524,548]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.29500000000000004" valueMax="0.31" valueMin="0.28">0.28–0.31</number>
|
||
, EW
|
||
<number box="[983,1092,524,548]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.255" valueMax="0.28" valueMin="0.23">0.23–0.28</number>
|
||
, PrW
|
||
<number box="[1158,1253,524,548]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.155" valueMax="1.21" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.21</number>
|
||
, FL
|
||
<number box="[1301,1410,524,548]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="2.0" valueMax="2.08" valueMin="1.92">1.92–2.08</number>
|
||
, PL
|
||
<number box="[816,925,558,581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.5" valueMax="0.54" valueMin="0.46">0.46–0.54</number>
|
||
, PW
|
||
<number box="[983,1092,558,581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.435" valueMax="0.46" valueMin="0.41">0.41–0.46</number>
|
||
, PPL
|
||
<number box="[1156,1265,558,581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.42000000000000004" valueMax="0.46" valueMin="0.38">0.38–0.46</number>
|
||
, PPW
|
||
<number box="[1338,1447,558,581]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.745" valueMax="0.77" valueMin="0.72">0.72–0.77</number>
|
||
, GL
|
||
<number box="[859,968,591,614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.8199999999999998" valueMax="1.97" valueMin="1.67">1.67–1.97</number>
|
||
, CI
|
||
<number box="[1014,1109,591,614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="109.5" valueMax="113.0" valueMin="106.0">106–113</number>
|
||
, MI
|
||
<number box="[1161,1230,591,614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="76.0" valueMax="80.0" valueMin="72.0">72–80</number>
|
||
, SI
|
||
<number box="[1273,1356,591,614]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="97.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="94.0">94–100</number>
|
||
. A small male (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[882,924,624,647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">WL</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[930,1040,624,647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="2.155" valueMax="2.28" valueMin="2.03">2.03–2.28</number>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1050,1083,624,647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">TL</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[1088,1198,624,647]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="6.785" valueMax="7.03" valueMin="6.54">6.54–7.03</number>
|
||
), smaller than any other
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,952,658,681]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[816,952,658,681]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acromyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
male. Integument with microscopic honeycomb pattern; sculpturing of head and mesosoma finely granulate; posterior half of the head with fine rugulae; metasoma smooth and shiny. Body surface covered with long, dark, both semi-erect and appressed, distinctly coarse setae. Color: head and mesosoma black; appendages and metasoma dark brown; anterior half of antennal flagellum and mandibles light brown. Head: approximately as wide as long (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[880,907,923,946]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">CI</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[916,999,923,946]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="101.5" valueMax="106.0" valueMin="97.0">97–106</number>
|
||
); sides subparallel behind the level of the eye, tapering anteriorly towards the mandibular insertion; head size small relative to mesosoma. Mandible narrowly triangular, slender, with a distinct apical and preapical tooth, followed by two to three smaller teeth, which are interspersed by tiny denticles; mandible surface smooth, shiny. Palp formula
|
||
<number box="[1036,1053,1122,1145]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="4.0">4</number>
|
||
:
|
||
<number box="[1057,1073,1122,1145]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
. Clypeus and unpaired clypeal seta as in gyne. Frontal lobe narrow, leaving the anterior half of the condylar bulb exposed in full-face view. Preocular carina indistinct, traversing the area of the antennal scrobe by half the scrobe’s width. Eyes large (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1246,1279,1255,1278]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">EL</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[1288,1397,1255,1278]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.355" valueMax="0.38" valueMin="0.33">0.33–0.38</number>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1410,1451,1255,1278]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">EW</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[816,924,1288,1311]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="0.32" valueMax="0.33" valueMin="0.31">0.31–0.33</number>
|
||
) and strongly convex. Ocelli large and raised above the surface of the head. Antennae with
|
||
<number box="[1311,1338,1321,1345]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="13.0">13</number>
|
||
segments. Antennal scape long (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1056,1088,1355,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">SL</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[1097,1204,1355,1378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" value="1.1949999999999998" valueMax="1.26" valueMin="1.13">1.13–1.26</number>
|
||
) with appressed setae, surpassing the posterior margin of the head by half its length. Mesosoma: Mesosoma relatively slender with sexspecific modifications related to wing bearing. Dorsolateral pronotal spine short, triangular, and sharply pointed in dorsal view. Ventrolateral pronotal spine broadly triangular, with broad tip, not curved. Dorsum of mesosoma with fine longitudinal rugulae. Scutellum as in gyne. Bulla and meatus of metapleural gland small, not notably modified from the condition in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1053,1151,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1053,1151,1654,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Propodeal spines narrowly triangular. Orifice of propodeal spiracle round in lateral view, not slit-shaped. Orifice of metapleural gland oval, pointing dorso-ventrally; shape not notably modified from metapleural gland opening in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1140,1237,1787,1810]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1140,1237,1787,1810]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Metasoma: petiole and postpetiole as in gyne. Gaster slender: first gastric tergite smooth, shiny, and covered with abundant semi-erect setae. Genitalia: in toto, excluding the basal ring, parameres slightly longer (
|
||
<number box="[310,345,159,182]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="0.9">0.9</number>
|
||
) than wide (
|
||
<number box="[485,536,159,182]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="0.85">0.85</number>
|
||
); apical lobe of paramere evenly rounded with less than
|
||
<number box="[526,553,192,216]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="10.0">10</number>
|
||
long, erect setae. In lateral view, aedeagus small (
|
||
<number box="[456,506,226,249]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="0.23">0.23</number>
|
||
), ventral border of penis valve bearing
|
||
<number box="[288,314,259,282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="12.0">12</number>
|
||
recurved teeth, the anterior three of which are small and weakly sclerotized, whereas the posterior nine are distinctly larger and heavily sclerotized, as notable by the darker brown coloration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="341" targetBox="[143,763,658,1352]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,192,1385,1404]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">Fig. 4</emphasis>
|
||
Comparative anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[444,672,1385,1405]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[444,672,1385,1405]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">Acromyrmex charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[687,699,1386,1404]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[713,723,1386,1404]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">c</emphasis>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,220,1412,1431]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[136,220,1412,1431]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="341" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[235,247,1412,1431]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[260,273,1412,1431]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">d</emphasis>
|
||
) male genitalia. Male genitalia in toto in dorsal view (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,155,1439,1458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[169,181,1439,1458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">b</emphasis>
|
||
) and aedeagus in lateral view (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[481,491,1439,1458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[506,518,1439,1458]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">d</emphasis>
|
||
), depicting aedeagus (Ae), paramere (Pa), penis valve (PV), ventral border of aedeagus with row of spines (VB), and volsella (Vo). The
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[483,574,1491,1511]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">scale bars</emphasis>
|
||
represent 0.25 mm in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,147,1519,1537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">a</emphasis>
|
||
, 0.5 mm in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[261,274,1519,1537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">b</emphasis>
|
||
, and 0.1 mm in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[427,437,1519,1537]" pageId="6" pageNumber="341">c</emphasis>
|
||
and d
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph box="[136,290,424,448]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[136,290,424,448]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,290,424,448]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Worker caste</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
To test whether
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[309,462,491,514]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[309,462,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">A. charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produces a worker caste, we examined workers morphologically and genotyped host and parasite gynes and males to compare them to a total of
|
||
<specimenCount pageId="7" pageNumber="342" type="worker">
|
||
<number box="[731,771,558,581]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="144.0">144</number>
|
||
workers
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
genotypes. We sampled
|
||
<number box="[510,537,591,614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="96.0">96</number>
|
||
minor and mediumsized workers from colony CR
|
||
<number box="[478,558,624,647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="130225.0">130225</number>
|
||
-03 and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[649,771,624,647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" type="worker">
|
||
<number box="[649,676,624,647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="48.0">48</number>
|
||
workers
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
from colony CR
|
||
<number box="[316,399,657,681]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="130227.0">130227</number>
|
||
-
|
||
<number box="[407,432,657,681]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="31.0">31</number>
|
||
. All genotyped individuals had mitochondrial DNA sequences that are identical to winged reproductives of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[326,427,724,747]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[326,427,724,747]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. By sampling
|
||
<number box="[596,622,724,747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="96.0">96</number>
|
||
and
|
||
<number box="[683,709,724,747]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="48.0">48</number>
|
||
individuals from a given colony we can be
|
||
<number box="[560,586,757,780]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="95.0">95</number>
|
||
% confident that parasite workers would have been sampled successfully if they occurred at rates equal to or greater than
|
||
<number box="[650,663,823,847]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="3.0">3</number>
|
||
and
|
||
<number box="[720,733,823,847]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="6.0">6</number>
|
||
%, respectively. Morphological differences observed in comparative studies of host and parasite minor workers of other
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,272,923,946]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[136,272,923,946]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acromyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
social parasites, such as the distance between the metapleural gland bulla to the propodeal spiracle, could not be detected in workers from parasitized
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[666,771,989,1013]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[666,771,989,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
colonies. Therefore, we have no evidence of a worker caste in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,321,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[166,321,1056,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Because we only found two parasitized colonies at Plantación Cruz Roja, we cannot be certain whether (
|
||
<number box="[245,255,1122,1145]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
) the worker caste is completely absent from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[136,289,1155,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,152,1156,1179]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[167,289,1156,1179]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, whether (
|
||
<number box="[406,419,1155,1179]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
) workers were only absent from the two colonies we studied, or whether (
|
||
<number box="[593,606,1189,1212]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="3.0">3</number>
|
||
) workers were not sampled from the parasitized colonies by chance because they occurred at frequencies below
|
||
<number box="[581,594,1255,1278]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="3.0">3</number>
|
||
% or
|
||
<number box="[660,674,1255,1278]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="6.0">6</number>
|
||
% in the respective colonies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="342" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph box="[816,1061,158,182]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[816,1061,158,182]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" reason="0">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,1061,158,182]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Differential diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,1087,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[816,1087,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">Acromyrmex charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a social parasite of the leafcutting ant
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[948,1162,258,281]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[948,1162,258,281]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Acromyrmex heyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and does not exhibit the morphological adaptations and/or reductions that are observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[933,1170,325,348]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoatta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentina">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[933,1170,325,348]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Pseudoatta argentina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1190,1445,325,348]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1190,1445,325,348]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castrator">Mycocepurus castrator</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and a hitherto undescribed species of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1242,1378,358,381]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1242,1378,358,381]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acromyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
social parasite from Bahia in Brazil (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1165,1240,391,414]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="4.[136,169,1463,1482]" captionTargetBox="[227,1359,158,1431]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[227,1361,158,1432]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1 Gynes of the social parasite Acromyrmex charruanus (a, c, e) with the unique specimen identifier USNMENT 00758784. The scale and its host A. heyeri (b, d, f) in full-face (a, b), lateral (c, d), and bars represent 0.5 mm in a, 1 mm in b, c and e, and 2 mm in d and f dorsal (e, f) views. The depicted social parasite gyne is the holotype" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1258,1271,391,414]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[136,169,1476,1495]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,158,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[227,1361,158,1444]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2 Males of the social parasite Acromyrmex charruanus (a, c, e) and its host A. heyeri (b, d, f) in full-face (a, b), lateral (c, d), and dorsal (e, f) views. The scale bars represent 0.5 mm in a and b, 1 mm in c and e, and 2 mm in d and f" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1289,1303,391,414]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="6.[136,169,421,440]" captionTargetBox="[143,763,158,387]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[143,764,158,388]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 3 Comparative anatomy of Acromyrmex charruanus (a) and A. heyeri (b) female mouthparts, depicting cardo (Ca), galea (Ga), glossa (Gl), labial palp (LP), maxillary palp (MP), postmentum (PM), and stipes (St). The palp formula of both parasite and host is 4: 2 (number of segments of maxillary: labial palps), representing the plesiomorphic condition in fungus-growing ants. The scale bars represent 0.2 mm in both figures" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1321,1334,391,414]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="6.[136,169,1385,1404]" captionTargetBox="[143,763,658,1352]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[143,764,658,1353]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4 Comparative anatomy of Acromyrmex charruanus (a, c) and A. heyeri (b, d) male genitalia. Male genitalia in toto in dorsal view (a, b) and aedeagus in lateral view (c, d), depicting aedeagus (Ae), paramere (Pa), penis valve (PV), ventral border of aedeagus with row of spines (VB), and volsella (Vo). The scale bars represent 0.25 mm in a, 0.5 mm in b, and 0.1 mm in c and d" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">4</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1353,1436,391,414]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[136,191,1407,1426]" captionTargetBox="[136,1451,1476,1862]" captionText="Table 1 Mean values, standard deviations, and ranges (in parentheses) of morphometric measurements and indices of A. charruanus and A. heyeri diagnostic for species identification" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
Table
|
||
<number box="[1422,1436,391,414]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
</tableCitation>
|
||
). Notwithstanding, morphologically the gyne of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1337,1353,424,447]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can easily be distinguished from the host gyne by its smaller size, darker color, and abundance of recurved, coarse setae (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[967,1032,524,547]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="4.[136,169,1463,1482]" captionTargetBox="[227,1359,158,1431]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[227,1361,158,1432]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1 Gynes of the social parasite Acromyrmex charruanus (a, c, e) with the unique specimen identifier USNMENT 00758784. The scale and its host A. heyeri (b, d, f) in full-face (a, b), lateral (c, d), and bars represent 0.5 mm in a, 1 mm in b, c and e, and 2 mm in d and f dorsal (e, f) views. The depicted social parasite gyne is the holotype" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[1019,1032,524,547]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Relative to its smaller body size in comparison to the host,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1074,1226,557,580]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1074,1226,557,580]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is also characterized by longer appendages, mandibles, and antennal scapes, as well as a shorter gaster (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1114,1179,623,647]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="4.[136,169,1463,1482]" captionTargetBox="[227,1359,158,1431]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[227,1361,158,1432]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 1 Gynes of the social parasite Acromyrmex charruanus (a, c, e) with the unique specimen identifier USNMENT 00758784. The scale and its host A. heyeri (b, d, f) in full-face (a, b), lateral (c, d), and bars represent 0.5 mm in a, 1 mm in b, c and e, and 2 mm in d and f dorsal (e, f) views. The depicted social parasite gyne is the holotype" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[1166,1179,623,647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1201,1284,623,647]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[136,191,1407,1426]" captionTargetBox="[136,1451,1476,1862]" captionText="Table 1 Mean values, standard deviations, and ranges (in parentheses) of morphometric measurements and indices of A. charruanus and A. heyeri diagnostic for species identification" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
Table
|
||
<number box="[1271,1284,623,647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
</tableCitation>
|
||
). In the field,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[816,973,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,833,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[851,973,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from its host by the significantly smaller size and the presence of alate females and males in the nest during the austral fall (February), whereas
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[912,1011,756,779]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[912,1011,756,779]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
’s mating season typically occurs during the austral spring (October–December; see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
The male of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[986,1140,823,846]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[986,1002,823,846]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1017,1140,823,846]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not gynandromorphic and can easily be distinguished from the host male by its smaller size and the presence of dark, long, distinctly coarse, semierect setae, instead of the short, yellow, appressed setae found in the host males (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1090,1155,955,979]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[136,169,1476,1495]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,158,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[227,1361,158,1444]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2 Males of the social parasite Acromyrmex charruanus (a, c, e) and its host A. heyeri (b, d, f) in full-face (a, b), lateral (c, d), and dorsal (e, f) views. The scale bars represent 0.5 mm in a and b, 1 mm in c and e, and 2 mm in d and f" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[1142,1155,955,979]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1171,1254,955,979]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[136,191,1407,1426]" captionTargetBox="[136,1451,1476,1862]" captionText="Table 1 Mean values, standard deviations, and ranges (in parentheses) of morphometric measurements and indices of A. charruanus and A. heyeri diagnostic for species identification" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
Table
|
||
<number box="[1241,1254,955,979]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
</tableCitation>
|
||
). The head of the parasite male is quadrate, not wider than long (as in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), and the parasite’s mandibles are slender, bearing a variable number of teeth and indistinct denticles, in contrast to the broadly triangular mandibles of the host (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1379,1444,1088,1112]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="5.[136,169,1476,1495]" captionTargetBox="[227,1360,158,1442]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[227,1361,158,1444]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 2 Males of the social parasite Acromyrmex charruanus (a, c, e) and its host A. heyeri (b, d, f) in full-face (a, b), lateral (c, d), and dorsal (e, f) views. The scale bars represent 0.5 mm in a and b, 1 mm in c and e, and 2 mm in d and f" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[1430,1444,1088,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[816,899,1122,1145]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="7.[136,191,1407,1426]" captionTargetBox="[136,1451,1476,1862]" captionText="Table 1 Mean values, standard deviations, and ranges (in parentheses) of morphometric measurements and indices of A. charruanus and A. heyeri diagnostic for species identification" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
Table
|
||
<number box="[886,899,1122,1145]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="1.0">1</number>
|
||
</tableCitation>
|
||
). The parasite’s genitalia are smaller than the host’s genitalia (paramere length:
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1122,1222,1155,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1122,1222,1155,1178]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">A. heyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity box="[1260,1346,1155,1178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity box="[928,1015,1188,1211]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" unit="mm" value="0.9">0.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
; aedeagus length:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1213,1309,1188,1211]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1213,1309,1188,1211]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity box="[1348,1447,1188,1211]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" unit="mm" value="0.33">0.33 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,973,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[816,973,1221,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
=
|
||
<quantity box="[1011,1109,1221,1245]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" unit="mm" value="0.23">0.23 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and the ventral border of the aedeagus bears
|
||
<number box="[998,1025,1254,1278]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="12.0">12</number>
|
||
teeth instead of
|
||
<number box="[1230,1258,1254,1278]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="14.0">14</number>
|
||
, as in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1348,1451,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1348,1451,1255,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[825,889,1288,1311]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="6.[136,169,1385,1404]" captionTargetBox="[143,763,658,1352]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[143,764,658,1353]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 4 Comparative anatomy of Acromyrmex charruanus (a, c) and A. heyeri (b, d) male genitalia. Male genitalia in toto in dorsal view (a, b) and aedeagus in lateral view (c, d), depicting aedeagus (Ae), paramere (Pa), penis valve (PV), ventral border of aedeagus with row of spines (VB), and volsella (Vo). The scale bars represent 0.25 mm in a, 0.5 mm in b, and 0.1 mm in c and d" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<number box="[876,889,1288,1311]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" value="4.0">4</number>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="342" targetBox="[136,1451,1476,1862]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,210,1407,1426]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Table 1</emphasis>
|
||
Mean values, standard deviations, and ranges (in parentheses) of morphometric measurements and indices of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1201,1329,1406,1426]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1201,1329,1406,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1371,1451,1406,1426]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1371,1451,1406,1426]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
diagnostic for species identification
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<table box="[136,1451,1476,1862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<tr box="[136,1451,1476,1496]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<td box="[364,422,1476,1496]" colspan="3" colspanLeft="1" colspanRight="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Gynes</td>
|
||
<td box="[940,995,1476,1496]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Males</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[136,1451,1520,1540]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<td box="[364,582,1520,1540]" colspan="2" colspanLeft="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[364,494,1521,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[364,494,1521,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[508,520,1521,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 11)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[652,823,1520,1540]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[652,735,1521,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[652,735,1521,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[749,760,1521,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 10)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[940,1158,1520,1540]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[940,1070,1521,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[940,1070,1521,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1084,1095,1521,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 10)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td box="[1228,1399,1520,1540]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1228,1311,1521,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1228,1311,1521,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1325,1336,1521,1540]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 10)
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[136,1451,1570,1590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<td box="[136,260,1570,1590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Weber length</td>
|
||
<td box="[364,588,1570,1590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">2.09 ± 0.05 (2.03–2.15)</td>
|
||
<td box="[652,876,1570,1590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">3.21 ± 0.05 (3.15–3.27)</td>
|
||
<td box="[940,1163,1570,1590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">2.14 ± 0.09 (2.03–2.28)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1228,1451,1570,1590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">2.99 ± 0.07 (2.84–3.08)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[136,1451,1605,1624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<td box="[136,247,1605,1624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Head length</td>
|
||
<td box="[364,588,1605,1624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">1.22 ± 0.03 (1.15–1.28)</td>
|
||
<td box="[652,876,1605,1624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">2.04 ± 0.03 (2.00–2.08)</td>
|
||
<td box="[940,1163,1605,1624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">0.99 ± 0.04 (0.92–1.05)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1228,1451,1605,1624]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">1.30 ± 0.05 (1.23–1.39)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[136,1451,1638,1658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<td box="[136,242,1638,1658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Head width</td>
|
||
<td box="[364,588,1638,1658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">1.33 ± 0.02 (1.28–1.36)</td>
|
||
<td box="[652,876,1638,1658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">2.55 ± 0.05 (2.46–2.62)</td>
|
||
<td box="[940,1163,1638,1658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">0.99 ± 0.03 (0.95–1.03)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1228,1451,1638,1658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">1.47 ± 0.04 (1.42–1.54)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[136,1451,1672,1692]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<td box="[136,253,1672,1692]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Scape length</td>
|
||
<td box="[364,588,1672,1692]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">1.28 ± 0.02 (1.26–1.31)</td>
|
||
<td box="[652,876,1672,1692]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">1.71 ± 0.03 (1.65–1.77)</td>
|
||
<td box="[940,1163,1672,1692]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">1.19 ± 0.04 (1.13–1.26)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1228,1451,1672,1692]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">1.32 ± 0.05 (1.27–1.39)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[136,1451,1706,1726]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<td box="[136,247,1706,1726]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Scape index</td>
|
||
<td box="[364,432,1706,1726]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">94–100</td>
|
||
<td box="[652,708,1706,1726]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">65–69</td>
|
||
<td box="[940,1019,1706,1726]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">115–126</td>
|
||
<td box="[1228,1284,1706,1726]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">89–95</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[136,1451,1740,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<td box="[136,286,1740,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Mandible length</td>
|
||
<td box="[364,588,1740,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">0.93 ± 0.01 (0.90–0.95)</td>
|
||
<td box="[652,876,1740,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">1.32 ± 0.03 (1.27–1.35)</td>
|
||
<td box="[940,1163,1740,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">0.67 ± 0.02 (0.64–0.69)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1228,1451,1740,1760]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">0.78 ± 0.05 (0.69–0.85)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[136,1451,1774,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<td box="[136,280,1774,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Mandible index</td>
|
||
<td box="[364,421,1774,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">72–80</td>
|
||
<td box="[652,708,1774,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">61–67</td>
|
||
<td box="[940,996,1774,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">65–69</td>
|
||
<td box="[1228,1284,1774,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">53–66</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[136,1451,1808,1828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<td box="[136,271,1808,1828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Pronotal width</td>
|
||
<td box="[364,588,1808,1828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">1.15 ± 0.03 (1.10–1.21)</td>
|
||
<td box="[652,876,1808,1828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">1.90 ± 0.05 (1.85–2.00)</td>
|
||
<td box="[940,1163,1808,1828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">1.21 ± 0.06 (1.13–1.31)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1228,1451,1808,1828]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">1.87 ± 0.04 (1.81–1.92)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[136,1451,1842,1862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
<td box="[136,300,1842,1862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">Metafemur length</td>
|
||
<td box="[364,588,1842,1862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">2.00 ± 0.05 (1.92–2.08)</td>
|
||
<td box="[652,876,1842,1862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">2.74 ± 0.07 (2.63–2.85)</td>
|
||
<td box="[940,1163,1842,1862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">2.27 ± 0.10 (2.13–2.44)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1228,1451,1842,1862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">2.54 ± 0.07 (2.42–2.65)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="343" pageId="7" pageNumber="342" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="343" pageId="7" pageNumber="342">
|
||
Measurements are given in mm. Definitions of morphometric measurements and indices are provided in the ‘‘Materials and methods’’ section Interestingly, both gynes and males of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[580,732,159,182]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[580,596,159,182]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[609,732,159,182]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are morphologically similar to a potentially distantly related
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[136,272,226,249]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,272,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">Acromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, the social parasite
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[589,708,226,249]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[589,708,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A. ameliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Brazil, which presumably evolved convergently due to similar selective pressures related to the parasitic lifestyle. Gynes of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[241,393,325,348]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[241,257,325,348]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[271,393,325,348]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from those of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,253,359,382]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[136,253,359,382]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
by their slightly smaller size, and, notably, by their long setae, which are recurved and appressed, instead of being erect or semi-erect, as is the case in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[620,735,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[620,735,425,448]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. In addition,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[239,356,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[239,356,458,481]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
gynes are darker in color and the rugoreticulations on the head, meso-, and metasoma are more strongly developed than they are in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[514,665,524,548]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[514,530,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[543,665,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Males of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[136,295,558,581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,152,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[172,295,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are significantly smaller than
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[650,771,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[650,771,558,581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
males and are darker in color, the spines and ridges on the petiole and postpetiole are less pronounced, the integumental sculpturing is less developed, and the propodeal spines are shorter. Geographic distribution is also indicative of species identity, unless the discovery of additional populations markedly alters the distribution of either species. So far,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[287,445,790,813]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[287,303,790,813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[323,445,790,813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from central Uruguay and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[285,400,824,847]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[285,400,824,847]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is only known from the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="343" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph box="[136,259,923,946]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,259,923,946]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[136,259,923,946]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" reason="0">Etymology</heading>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
The species epithet ‘‘
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[366,488,989,1013]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[366,488,989,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
’’ refers to ‘‘Charru´a’’, the name given to the indigenous people of Uruguay by Europeans, who arrived in the sixteenth century. Colloquially, the Uruguayan people also refer to themselves as ‘‘charrúas’’. Therefore, and in allusion to the etymology of the enigmatic social parasite
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[409,640,1156,1179]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[409,640,1156,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoatta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentina">Pseudoatta argentina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, the species name refers to the geographic region where this social parasite was discovered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="344" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph box="[136,275,1288,1311]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,275,1288,1311]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[136,275,1288,1311]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" reason="0">Host species</heading>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,409,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[136,409,1355,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">Acromyrmex charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was found inside the nests of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[136,345,1388,1411]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,345,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">Acromyrmex heyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Given that
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[477,590,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[477,590,1388,1411]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">A. ameliae</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
parasitizes more than one subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[393,564,1421,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subterraneus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[393,564,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A. subterraneus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, that
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[629,771,1421,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[629,771,1421,1444]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A. insinuator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasites
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[237,378,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[237,378,1455,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="echinatior">A. echinatior</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and rarely
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[502,670,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[502,670,1455,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="octospinosus">A. octospinosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and that
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[136,365,1488,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoatta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentina">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,365,1488,1511]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">Pseudoatta argentina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usurps colonies of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[567,657,1488,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lundii">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[567,657,1488,1511]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A. lundii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[669,764,1488,1511]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[669,764,1488,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and potentially of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[337,447,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[337,447,1521,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balzani">A. balzani</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, it is possible that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[658,674,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasitizes leaf-cutting ant species other than
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[669,764,1554,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[669,764,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A. heyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, despite opening nests of other sympatric thatchmound-building leaf-cutting ant species, such as
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[676,771,1621,1644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[676,771,1621,1644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lundii">A. lundii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Emery" authorityName="Emery" box="[182,418,1654,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lobicornis">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[182,320,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A. lobicornis</emphasis>
|
||
(Emery)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we found
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[536,689,1654,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[536,689,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A. charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only in nests of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[227,324,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[227,324,1687,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph box="[136,613,1753,1777]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,613,1753,1777]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[136,613,1753,1777]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" reason="0">Notes on life history, ecology, and biology</heading>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
Our conclusions about the life history and biology of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are based on observations made on two parasitized
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[211,306,1886,1909]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[211,306,1886,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
colonies. Further attempts to find this social parasite have so far failed. Therefore, our observations should be regarded as initial insights into the parasite’s biology and life history. Other aspects of its behavioral ecology remain unknown and further field studies and laboratory experiments are required.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
Diametrically opposed mating seasons of host and parasite: the chronologies of the mating seasons of host and parasite were observed to be diametrically opposed to one another. Winged gynes and males of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1234,1389,425,448]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1234,1250,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1267,1389,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were present in their host colonies during the southern hemisphere fall (i.e., February) and at this time no sexual offspring of the host species,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1131,1228,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1131,1228,525,548]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, were observed. The mating flights of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1012,1112,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1012,1112,558,581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and of all other
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1315,1451,558,581]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1315,1451,558,581]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">Acromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, occur during the spring months, October to December, in Uruguay, southern Brazil, and northern
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[816,923,657,681]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoatta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentina">Argentina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bonetto
|
||
<number box="[1048,1102,657,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" value="1959.0">1959</number>
|
||
; Zolessi and Abenante
|
||
<number box="[1391,1444,657,681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" value="1974.0">1974</number>
|
||
; Zolessi and González 1974, 1979; Diehl-Fleig
|
||
<number box="[1383,1436,690,714]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" value="1993.0">1993</number>
|
||
). Therefore, sexual offspring of host and parasite are separated by a time window of at least
|
||
<number box="[1241,1255,757,780]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
Nuptial flights and mating locality: we did not observe fully developed mass nuptial flights of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1232,1385,824,847]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1232,1385,824,847]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in the field. However, upon opening the thatch mound of one parasitized
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[942,1042,890,913]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[942,1042,890,913]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
nest, alate reproductives of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
immediately started to fly. This behavior was observed repeatedly in laboratory colonies of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1300,1451,956,980]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1300,1451,956,980]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in which reproductives attempted to fly as soon as the nest boxes were opened. In contrast, the attine inquiline social parasites
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[917,1149,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[917,1149,1056,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoatta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentina">Pseudoatta argentina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1202,1451,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1202,1451,1056,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castrator">Mycocepurus castrator</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
were never observed to fly and may in fact be incapable of doing so (Bruch
|
||
<number box="[999,1052,1122,1145]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" value="1928.0">1928</number>
|
||
; Gallardo
|
||
<number box="[1170,1223,1122,1145]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" value="1929.0">1929</number>
|
||
; Rabeling and Bacci
|
||
<number box="[816,870,1155,1179]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" value="2010.0">2010</number>
|
||
). In addition,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1022,1174,1156,1179]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1022,1174,1156,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
reproductives were never observed to copulate inside lab colonies, which suggests that
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[870,1030,1222,1245]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[870,1030,1222,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
performs regular mating flights and mates in midair or on the ground, as has been observed in non-parasitic leaf-cutting ant species (Diehl-Fleig
|
||
<number box="[1391,1444,1288,1311]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" value="1993.0">1993</number>
|
||
; Johnson and Rissing
|
||
<number box="[1049,1102,1321,1345]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" value="1993.0">1993</number>
|
||
). In contrast, both
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1315,1451,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1315,1451,1322,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoatta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentina">P. argentina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[865,1002,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[865,1002,1355,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Mycocepurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castrator">M. castrator</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are adelphogamous and mate inside the host colony (Bruch
|
||
<number box="[1048,1101,1388,1411]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" value="1928.0">1928</number>
|
||
; Gallardo
|
||
<number box="[1229,1282,1388,1411]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" value="1929.0">1929</number>
|
||
; Rabeling and Bacci
|
||
<number box="[885,938,1421,1444]" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" value="2010.0">2010</number>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
Reproductive strategy: initial observations suggest that
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,972,1488,1511]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[816,972,1488,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
reproduces semelparously. We marked the nests of two parasitized
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1094,1195,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1094,1195,1521,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
colonies at Plantación Cruz Roja in February and upon revisiting the same nests in May of the same year, both nests were empty and the thatch mounds had collapsed, suggesting that the colonies had died. We also observed that the fungus gardens of parasitized
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[899,1002,1687,1710]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[899,1002,1687,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
colonies looked tattered while parasite alates were present in the nest and that the amount of fungus garden was reduced in comparison to unparasitized
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="343">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
colonies; the fungal biomass was not quantified, however. Therefore, it seems possible that the host colony is incapable of recovering from the mass rearing of the parasitic brood and dies after the mass exodus of parasite alates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
|
||
Alternatively,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[297,455,159,182]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[297,455,159,182]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
queens could preferentially exploit old host colonies that have lost the host queen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
|
||
Parasitism rate: to estimate the rate at which colonies of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,232,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[136,232,259,282]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
were parasitized by
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[452,604,259,282]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[452,604,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
we opened
|
||
<number box="[731,771,259,282]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="100.0">100</number>
|
||
nests of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[229,328,292,315]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[229,328,292,315]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
during our fall survey (February), when alates of the parasite were present, and found only two
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. heyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies containing
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[424,576,359,382]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[424,576,359,382]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
alates. During the spring survey (November) we opened
|
||
<number box="[543,583,392,415]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="100.0">100</number>
|
||
nests of the same population and did not find any parasites. Therefore, parasites are probably best detected prior to their mass nuptial flights and likely escaped detection when only the parasite queen(s), and not the alate parasite reproductive offspring, were present. To calculate the approximate rate of parasitism we used only the colony counts from the fall survey, suggesting that in this Central Uruguayan population
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. charruanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasitizes
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[392,492,658,681]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[392,492,658,681]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. heyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies at a rate of approximately
|
||
<number box="[282,295,690,714]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="2.0">2</number>
|
||
%. It is possible that parasites escaped detection in some of the colonies we examined, and therefore our estimated rate of parasitism should be regarded as a minimum estimate. The parasitism rates of the hitherto undescribed social parasite from Bahia, of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[621,764,824,847]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="insinuator">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[621,764,824,847]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. insinuator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[217,334,857,880]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ameliae">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[217,334,857,880]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. ameliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were estimated to be 8, 40, and
|
||
<number box="[707,733,857,880]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="70.0">70</number>
|
||
%, respectively (Delabie et al.
|
||
<number box="[429,482,890,913]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="1993.0">1993</number>
|
||
; Bekkevold and Boomsma
|
||
<number box="[136,189,923,946]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="2000.0">2000</number>
|
||
; De Souza et al.
|
||
<number box="[377,430,923,946]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="2007.0">2007</number>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
|
||
Host nest density: in Uruguay, northern
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[610,719,956,980]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoatta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentina">Argentina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and southern Brazil
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[316,417,989,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[316,417,989,1013]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. heyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to build large domeshaped thatch-mound nests (Bollazzi et al.
|
||
<number box="[612,665,1023,1046]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="2008.0">2008</number>
|
||
). In each season, we opened
|
||
<number box="[351,391,1056,1079]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="100.0">100</number>
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[401,500,1056,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[401,500,1056,1079]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. heyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
thatch-mound nests distributed over an area of roughly
|
||
<number box="[493,520,1089,1112]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="30.0">30</number>
|
||
hectares. Accordingly, the nest density of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[331,426,1122,1145]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[331,426,1122,1145]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. heyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was approximately
|
||
<number box="[637,677,1122,1145]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4</number>
|
||
colonies per hectare. We did not open every colony we detected at our field site and almost certainly missed some small, incipient colonies in wooded areas. Therefore, this estimate of
|
||
<number box="[136,176,1255,1278]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4</number>
|
||
colonies per hectare should be regarded as a minimum estimate of the actual nest density of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[522,617,1288,1311]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[522,617,1288,1311]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. heyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this habitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
|
||
Male to female sex ratio: upon encountering
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
alates in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[300,400,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[300,400,1355,1378]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
nests for the first time, we were uncertain whether these alates represented an unknown social parasite or whether we had encountered microgynes and micraners of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[337,438,1455,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[337,438,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. heyeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because dwarf reproductives have been reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[420,728,1487,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[420,594,1488,1511]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">Atta cephalotes</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Guerin-Meneville" authorityName="Guerin-Meneville" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colombica">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. colombica</emphasis>
|
||
Guérin-Méneville
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[458,702,1521,1544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[458,570,1521,1544]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexdens">A. sexdens</taxonomicName>
|
||
rubropilosa
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Forel, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Buckley" authorityName="Buckley" box="[184,385,1554,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="texana">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[184,287,1554,1577]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">A. texana</emphasis>
|
||
Buckley
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Jutsum and Cherrett
|
||
<number box="[632,685,1554,1577]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="1977.0">1977</number>
|
||
; Bueno et al.
|
||
<number box="[195,248,1587,1610]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="2002.0">2002</number>
|
||
; Dijkstra and Boomsma
|
||
<number box="[515,568,1587,1610]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="2006.0">2006</number>
|
||
). To observe these unusual individuals in the laboratory, we took two samples of about
|
||
<number box="[234,274,1654,1677]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="300.0">300</number>
|
||
ml of fungus garden and ants per colony, resulting in a total of
|
||
<number box="[368,408,1687,1710]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="600.0">600</number>
|
||
ml per colony. The first colony (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[144,182,1720,1743]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">CR</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[182,264,1720,1743]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="130225.0">130225</number>
|
||
-03) contained
|
||
<number box="[425,452,1720,1743]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="74.0">74</number>
|
||
winged
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[547,701,1720,1743]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[547,701,1720,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charruanus">A. charruanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
gynes and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[182,294,1753,1777]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" type="male">
|
||
<number box="[182,222,1753,1777]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="119.0">119</number>
|
||
males
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
, whereas the second colony (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[610,648,1753,1777]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">CR</collectionCode>
|
||
<number box="[648,731,1753,1777]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="130227.0">130227</number>
|
||
-
|
||
<number box="[739,763,1753,1777]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="31.0">31</number>
|
||
) contained only
|
||
<number box="[299,312,1786,1810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="7.0">7</number>
|
||
gynes and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[431,516,1786,1810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" type="male">
|
||
<number box="[431,444,1786,1810]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="6.0">6</number>
|
||
males
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
. The female to male sex ratio can be approximated with
|
||
<number box="[488,534,1820,1843]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="0.62">0.62</number>
|
||
and
|
||
<number box="[592,638,1820,1843]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="1.17">1.17</number>
|
||
for the first and second colony, respectively. The sampled volume of fungus garden represents a random sample of each colony and detailed sex ratio estimates for the parasite need to be obtained from comprehensive future surveys. Estimates of
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[816,917,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="344">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[816,917,259,282]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Acromyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heyeri">A. heyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sex ratios indicated a slight but significant bias towards males (Diehl-Fleig
|
||
<number box="[1118,1171,292,315]" pageId="9" pageNumber="344" value="1993.0">1993</number>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |