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<document id="56E5D5763AD0A71B8A2B0886D85DB9D7" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3666.4.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d24b073d-c822-4ac5-a1b0-4e35bae68d28" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="223857" ID-ZooBank="D6621784-A587-4E75-8826-B9E6C39BCA3E" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460626360291" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Larsen, Torben B." docDate="2013" docId="03CB87D1FFF0FF97FF2054FFFE7EFE78" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03666p488.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3666 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ceratrichia" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="478" masterDocId="FFF2FFA9FFF0FF94FFB7525CFF8EFFFF" masterDocTitle="Ceratricula and Flandria — two new genera of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Hesperiinae (incertae sedis )) for species currently placed in the genus Ceratrichia Butler" masterLastPageNumber="488" masterPageNumber="476" pageNumber="476" updateTime="1698334242480" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="57AC1D5FE83EBEBCA4F2BA7D1079F2A2">Ceratricula and Flandria — two new genera of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Hesperiinae (incertae sedis )) for species currently placed in the genus Ceratrichia Butler</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="0F3586F51EE99D78DADD021B34EA5206" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5FE07FA46ABA67F50D5B4FDEB8003C9F">Larsen, Torben B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="E1B8F9D04B909FF052DBE27E04EB4EC7">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="AD5938D23F9EC14E3A432665C798E1C0" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3666.4.4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03CB87D1FFF0FF97FF2054FFFE7EFE78" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6145048" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119569558" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6145048" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CB87D1FFF0FF97FF2054FFFE7EFE78" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB87D1FFF0FF97FF2054FFFE7EFE78" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="478" pageId="0" pageNumber="476">
<subSubSection id="C378654CFFF0FF94FF2054FFFDEDF942" box="[151,611,1699,1726]" pageId="0" pageNumber="476" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF0FF94FF2054FFFDEDF942" blockId="0.[151,611,1699,1726]" box="[151,611,1699,1726]" pageId="0" pageNumber="476">
<heading id="D09581ABFFF0FF94FF2054FFFDEDF942" bold="true" box="[151,611,1699,1726]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="476" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF0FF94FF2054FFFDEDF942" bold="true" box="[151,611,1699,1726]" pageId="0" pageNumber="476">
The genus
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF0FF94FEAA54F8FDEDF942" ID-CoL="924YX" authority="(Butler 1870a)" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[285,611,1699,1726]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="476" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF0FF94FEAA54F8FE29F941" bold="true" box="[285,423,1700,1726]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="476">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
(Butler 1870a)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C378654CFFF0FF97FF2054B6FE7EFE78" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="479" pageId="0" pageNumber="476" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF0FF94FF2054B6FC1EF86D" blockId="0.[151,1436,1770,1939]" pageId="0" pageNumber="476">
The
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF0FF94FF7C54B7FEC0F8FC" box="[203,334,1771,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="476" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF0FF94FF7C54B7FEC0F8FC" box="[203,334,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="476">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form a large genus (20 species or so) of small skippers that are found in the evergreen forests of Africa from the Basse Casamance in
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF0FF94FD895552FD18F8D9" box="[574,662,1806,1830]" name="Senegal" pageId="0" pageNumber="476">Senegal</collectingCountry>
to the Albertine Rift area in Kivu,
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF0FF94FB905552FB0FF8D9" box="[1063,1153,1806,1830]" name="Uganda" pageId="0" pageNumber="476">Uganda</collectingCountry>
, western
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF0FF94FB5A5553FAB7F8D8" box="[1261,1337,1807,1831]" name="Kenya" pageId="0" pageNumber="476">Kenya</collectingCountry>
, western
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF0FF94FF20556EFF71F8B5" box="[151,255,1842,1866]" name="Tanzania" pageId="0" pageNumber="476">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
, and western
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF0FF94FE2C556EFE7BF8B5" box="[411,501,1842,1866]" name="Zambia" pageId="0" pageNumber="476">Zambia</collectingCountry>
. A single somewhat special species (
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF0FF94FC2D556FFBC1F8B5" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[922,1103,1842,1867]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="476" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bonga">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF0FF94FC2D556FFB8FF8B4" box="[922,1025,1843,1867]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="476">C. bonga</emphasis>
Evans
</taxonomicName>
) lives in isolation from other member of the genus in the coastal forest vegetation of northeastern
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF0FF94FC0B550AFBAAF891" box="[956,1060,1878,1902]" name="Tanzania" pageId="0" pageNumber="476">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
. Superficially they fall into four distinct groups with surprisingly different colour patterns (figure 1):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF2052CBFDA3FF2B" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,463]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF2052CBFF2BFF4F" bold="true" box="[151,165,151,176]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">1</emphasis>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FF7052C4FE91FF4F" box="[199,287,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF7052C4FE91FF4F" box="[199,287,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group with bright yellow forewings having dark forewing margins and bright yellow hindwings with a dark apical patch (4–5 species).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF205283FAEEFEE3" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,463]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF205283FF2BFF07" bold="true" box="[151,165,223,248]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">2</emphasis>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FF7052BCFECFFF07" box="[199,321,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phocion">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF7052BCFECFFF07" box="[199,321,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. phocion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group with black forewings having none or a variable number of small white hyaline spots, while the hindwings are yellow with a black costa, the black colour intruding into the base and cell (9 species).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF20537BFDF2FE9B" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,463]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF20537BFF2BFEBF" bold="true" box="[151,165,295,320]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">3</emphasis>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FF705374FEBCFEBF" box="[199,306,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nothus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF705374FEBCFEBF" box="[199,306,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. nothus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group with both wings blackish above, mostly with small white hyaline spots, and with more than half the underside white (2–3 species).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF205333FC17FE53" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,463]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF205333FF2BFE77" bold="true" box="[151,165,367,392]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">4</emphasis>
)
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FF70532CFEE0FE77" box="[199,366,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrosticta">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF70532CFEE0FE77" box="[199,366,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. argyrosticta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group with large ochreous or yellow spots on the forewings, some of which hyaline, and larger annulated pearly spots on the hindwing underside (5–6 species).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF7053EBFAC7FE30" blockId="1.[151,1436,151,463]" box="[199,1353,439,463]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">Some of the species are currently treated as subspecies and one or two need eventually to be described.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1D664FFFF1FF95FF20564BFCC9FB51" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223858/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" targetBox="[164,1417,528,1000]" targetPageId="1">
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF20564BFCC9FB51" blockId="1.[151,1436,1047,1198]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF20564BFE91FBD0" bold="true" box="[151,287,1047,1071]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Typical males of the four morphological groups of the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FC6B564BFBD0FBD1" box="[988,1118,1047,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FC6B564BFBD0FBD1" box="[988,1118,1047,1070]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(3 upperside &amp; underside): Top row:
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FEBF566BFE9BFBB0" bold="true" box="[264,277,1079,1103]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">1</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FE90566BFEF5FBB1" box="[295,379,1079,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FE90566BFEF5FBB1" box="[295,379,1079,1102]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FE60566BFC19FBB1" authority="Heron-Uganda, Kayonza" authorityName="Heron-Uganda, Kayonza" box="[471,919,1079,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wollastoni">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FE60566BFDEBFBB1" box="[471,613,1079,1102]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. wollastoni</emphasis>
Heron—Uganda, Kayonza
</taxonomicName>
);
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FC1A566BFC34FBB0" bold="true" box="[941,954,1079,1103]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">2</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FC7A566BFBCCFBB1" box="[973,1090,1079,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phocion">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FC7A566BFBCCFBB1" box="[973,1090,1079,1102]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. phocion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FB2A566BFA9CFBB1" box="[1181,1298,1079,1102]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phocion">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FB2A566BFA9CFBB1" box="[1181,1298,1079,1102]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. phocion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fabricius— “Sierra Leone”); Bottom row:
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FE5C560BFE76FB90" bold="true" box="[491,504,1111,1135]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">3</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FDBE560BFDE1FB91" box="[521,623,1111,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nothus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FDBE560BFDE1FB91" box="[521,623,1111,1134]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. nothus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FD7E560BFCCEFB91" box="[713,832,1111,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunnea">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FD7E560BFCCEFB91" box="[713,832,1111,1134]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. brunnea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Bethune-Baker—Cameroun, Bitje);
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FB62560BFB6CFB90" bold="true" box="[1237,1250,1111,1135]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">4</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FB43560BFA1DFB91" box="[1268,1427,1111,1134]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrosticta">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FB43560BFA1DFB91" box="[1268,1427,1111,1134]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. argyrosticta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- group (
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FF53562BFECEFB71" box="[228,320,1143,1166]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF53562BFECEFB71" box="[228,320,1143,1166]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Druce—CAR, nr Bangui). The genitalia of the same four species are shown in figure 2 to illustrate their structural homogeneity, despite the differences in colour pattern.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF205687FB99FB0C" blockId="1.[151,1047,1243,1268]" box="[151,1047,1243,1268]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">Irrespective of their colour patterns, members of the genus are characterized by:</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF205778FED8FAA0" blockId="1.[151,1436,1315,1663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF205778FF2BFAC3" bold="true" box="[151,165,1316,1340]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">a</emphasis>
) the unusually long antennae, five-eighths the length of the forewing costa, the longest amongst the African
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FF7E571BFEDDFAA0" box="[201,339,1351,1375]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF205730FC7BFA7C" blockId="1.[151,1436,1315,1663]" box="[151,1013,1387,1412]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF205730FF28FA7B" bold="true" box="[151,166,1388,1412]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">b</emphasis>
) the palps with the second segment erect and the third very short, porrect.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF2057CCFBFEFA58" blockId="1.[151,1436,1315,1663]" box="[151,1136,1423,1448]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF2057CCFF2DFA57" bold="true" box="[151,163,1424,1448]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">c</emphasis>
) the origin of vein 2 being equidistant between the wing base and the end of the cell.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF2057E8FE7BFA10" blockId="1.[151,1436,1315,1663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF2057E8FF28FA33" bold="true" box="[151,166,1460,1484]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">d</emphasis>
) the very special spotting pattern in the forewing subapical area with the spot in 6 shifted far inwards (except in the
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FF455784FE14FA10" box="[242,410,1496,1519]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrosticta">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF455784FE14FA10" box="[242,410,1496,1519]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. argyrosticta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF2057A0FC51F9C7" blockId="1.[151,1436,1315,1663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF2057A0FF2DF9EB" bold="true" box="[151,163,1532,1556]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">e</emphasis>
) the postdiscal hindwing underside spotting consisting of small brown circles with yellow, white, or pearly centres (annulated), a feature accentuated in the
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FD51547CFC03F9C8" box="[742,909,1568,1591]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrosticta">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FD51547CFC03F9C8" box="[742,909,1568,1591]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">C. argyrosticta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF20541FFE35F980" blockId="1.[151,1436,1315,1663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FF20541FFF2EF9A3" bold="true" box="[151,160,1603,1628]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">f</emphasis>
) the distinctive genitalia structure differing from all other African
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FC5C541FFBFFF9A4" box="[1003,1137,1603,1627]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
as described below and illustrated in figure 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF95FF7054F3FAC1F8A8" blockId="1.[151,1436,1711,2024]" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">
The genitalia of the
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF1FF95FE1154F3FDA6F938" box="[422,552,1711,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="477" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF1FF95FE1154F3FDA6F938" box="[422,552,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are so distinctive that any member of the genus can immediately be recognized as such by the genitalia alone. I have now dissected and/or obtained slides of all known or putative taxa within the genus (about 100 slides in all).
<figureCitation id="13592A42FFF1FF95FDBE54ABFDE5F8F0" box="[521,619,1783,1807]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1827,1851]" captionTargetBox="[176,1436,526,1796]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,519,1802]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. The male genitalia of the four Ceratrichia species illustrated in figure 1: 1. C. flava - group (C. wollastoni Uganda, Bwindi (tbl BKE )); 2. C. phocion - group (C. phocion Sierra Leone, Banta (mrac H. 602 )); 3. C. nothus - group (C. brunnea Uganda, Kigezi (mrac H. 144 )); 4. C. argyrosticta - group (C. aurea DRC, Kapanga (mrac H. 145 ))." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223859/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">Figure 2</figureCitation>
shows the genitalia of the species illustrating each of the four pattern groups in figure 1 above. Though the genitalia are all very similar, there are mostly sufficient minor differences in their exact shape and the relative proportions of their various components to tell them apart by the genitalia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF1FF96FF70553FFEC9FE9B" blockId="1.[151,1436,1711,2024]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="478" pageId="1" pageNumber="477">
The tegumen has no special features and merges with an uncus that tapers to a single point. Any fenestrula is modest. The tip of the uncus is upturned, which is unusual, in one case pointing up almost vertically. The gnathos is poorly developed, being composed mostly of transparent membranes, usually with a slight support stem from the tegumen, and embracing a faint scaphium through which the anus runs (so weak that it is difficult to illustrate in scans). The valves are more or less quadrate except that the distal end of the cucullus is curved to a varying degree as it turns up to terminate as a more-or-less pointed triangular tip (only
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF2FF96FC7252E1FBA5FF2B" box="[965,1067,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bonga">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FC7252E1FC56FF2B" box="[965,984,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">C</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FC5252E0FBA5FF2B" box="[997,1067,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">bonga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has this tip rounded). There is a visibly weakly chitinized area between the dorsal edge of the valve and the cucullus. The cucullus is unusually smooth; there is no serration except in a few cases along the inner edge of the distal, dorsal thorn and hardly any hairs, and the texture is glossy. The penis is short but unusually broad, at its distal end often as wide as the valve itself (figure 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF2FF96FF705333FA18FE30" blockId="2.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">
When beginning my study of the group I had expected to find the genitalia of the
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF2FF96FB37532CFA1CFE77" box="[1152,1426,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrosticta">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FB37532CFA1CFE77" box="[1152,1426,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">Ceratrichia argyrosticta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- group to differ materially from the rest, but was surprised to find them consistent with other species in what is evidently a structurally homogenous genus, where the colour patterns differ much more strongly than the genitalia.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1D664FFFF2FF96FF20557FFAA1F885" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223859/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" targetBox="[176,1436,526,1796]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF2FF96FF20557FFAA1F885" blockId="2.[151,1436,1827,1915]" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FF20557FFE94F8C4" bold="true" box="[151,282,1827,1851]" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
The male genitalia of the four
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF2FF96FDD8557FFD65F8C5" box="[623,747,1827,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FDD8557FFD65F8C5" box="[623,747,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species illustrated in figure 1:
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FBF2557FFBDCF8C4" bold="true" box="[1093,1106,1827,1851]" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">1</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF2FF96FBD6557FFB3BF8C5" box="[1121,1205,1827,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FBD6557FFB3BF8C5" box="[1121,1205,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">C. flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF2FF96FAB9557FFA12F8C5" box="[1294,1436,1827,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wollastoni">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FAB9557FFA12F8C5" box="[1294,1436,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">C. wollastoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Uganda, Bwindi (tbl BKE));
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FE6F551FFE6BF8A4" bold="true" box="[472,485,1859,1883]" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">2</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF2FF96FE42551FFDE4F8A5" box="[501,618,1859,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phocion">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FE42551FFDE4F8A5" box="[501,618,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">C. phocion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF2FF96FD73551FFCB6F8A5" box="[708,824,1859,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phocion">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FD73551FFCB6F8A5" box="[708,824,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">C. phocion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sierra Leone, Banta (mrac H.602));
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FB66551FFB50F8A4" bold="true" box="[1233,1246,1859,1883]" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">3</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF2FF96FB58551FFADBF8A5" box="[1263,1365,1859,1882]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nothus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FB58551FFADBF8A5" box="[1263,1365,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">C. nothus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF2FF96FF17553FFE96F885" box="[160,280,1891,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunnea">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FF17553FFE96F885" box="[160,280,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">C. brunnea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Uganda, Kigezi (mrac H.144));
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FDC4553FFD0EF884" bold="true" box="[627,640,1891,1915]" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">4</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF2FF96FD3A553FFCA2F885" box="[653,812,1891,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argyrosticta">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FD3A553FFCA2F885" box="[653,812,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">C. argyrosticta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group (
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF2FF96FC33553FFC6EF885" box="[900,992,1891,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FC33553FFC6EF885" box="[900,992,1891,1914]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">C. aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DRC, Kapanga (mrac H.145)).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF2FF97FF7055F4FE7EFE78" blockId="2.[151,1436,1959,2020]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1436,151,391]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="479" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">
From this analysis it became clear that two species-groups currently included in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF2FF96FB2555FBFA9AF840" box="[1170,1300,1959,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FB2555FBFA9AF840" box="[1170,1300,1959,1983]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in no way conform with the genus, except for a vague superficial similarity with the
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF2FF96FC795590FBC7F81C" box="[974,1097,1995,2019]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="478" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phocion">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF2FF96FC795590FBC7F81C" box="[974,1097,1995,2019]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="478">C. phocion</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-group of no taxonomic value: one is
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF3FF97FF5052C4FD1CFF50" authority="Mabille 1891" authorityName="Mabille" authorityYear="1891" box="[231,658,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="semilutea">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF3FF97FF5052C4FE52FF4F" box="[231,476,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="479">Ceratrichia semilutea</emphasis>
(Mabille 1891)
</taxonomicName>
and its subspecies; the other is
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF3FF97FBBA52C4FA19FF50" authority="Evans 1956" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1956" box="[1037,1431,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF3FF97FBBA52C4FB7EFF4F" box="[1037,1264,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="479">Ceratrichia flandria</emphasis>
(Evans 1956)
</taxonomicName>
, with its close relatives
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF3FF97FE1252E1FC8DFF2B" authority="Strand 1918" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1918" box="[421,771,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF3FF97FE1252E1FDD5FF2B" box="[421,603,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="479">C. kelembaensis</emphasis>
(Strand 1918)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF3FF97FCF652E1FBD9FF2B" authority="Miller 1964" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1964" box="[833,1111,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weberi">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF3FF97FCF652E1FC20FF2B" box="[833,942,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="479">C. weberi</emphasis>
(Miller 1964)
</taxonomicName>
. These two groups are very different from true
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF3FF97FEC252BCFE76FF07" box="[373,504,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF3FF97FEC252BCFE76FF07" box="[373,504,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="479">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with which they are not closely related; they are also not closely related to each other. Neither can be retained in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF3FF97FDB65358FD0AFEE3" box="[513,644,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF3FF97FDB65358FD0AFEE3" box="[513,644,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="479">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: their genitalia are structurally very different, the subapical spotting on the forewing underside does not conform, and the ornamentation on the hindwing underside does not include the characteristic annulated postdiscal spotting. Two new genera,
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF3FF97FCD55310FC6BFE9B" box="[866,997,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratricula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF3FF97FCD55310FC6BFE9B" box="[866,997,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="479">Ceratricula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF3FF97FB965310FB0AFE9B" box="[1057,1156,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF3FF97FB965310FB0AFE9B" box="[1057,1156,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="479">Flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are therefore described below to receive these species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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