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256 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3382576" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48817a66-49e4-4e6f-b6c6-879db64b9ec9" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3382576" approvalRequired="52" approvalRequired_for_bibRefs="8" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="24" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="20" checkinTime="1567247981485" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rauhut, Oliver W. M." docDate="2003" docId="77323C29FFEDB41AFEEB9AF3F845FBD8" docLanguage="en" docName="Rauhut2003BasalTheropod_ocr.pdf" docOrigin="Special papers in palaeontology 69" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Troodontidae Gilmore 1924" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="43" masterDocId="8B0B4451FFC7B431FFF59E70FFF0FFFF" masterDocTitle="The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" masterLastPageNumber="213" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1643591701704" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rauhut, Oliver W. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Special papers in palaeontology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2003</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2003-05-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>69</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>213</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3382576</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">48817a66-49e4-4e6f-b6c6-879db64b9ec9</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3382576</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123242" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159404299" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5123242" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:77323C29FFEDB41AFEEB9AF3F845FBD8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFEDB41AFEEB9AF3F845FBD8" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection box="[286,793,1155,1191]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="42.[286,2056,1155,1330]" box="[286,793,1155,1191]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName authority="Gilmore, 1924" authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1924" box="[286,759,1155,1191]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
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Troodontidae
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<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore" box="[527,759,1155,1191]" firstAuthor="Gilmore" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Canadian Department of Mines, Geological Survey" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 12" part="38" refId="ref133497" refString="------ 1924 ". A new coelurid dinosaur from the Belly River Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the Canadian Department of Mines, Geological Survey, 38, 1 - 12." title="A new coelurid dinosaur from the Belly River Cretaceous of Alberta" type="journal article" year="1924">Gilmore, 1924</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis box="[760,781,1155,1191]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Z</emphasis>
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?
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph blockId="42.[286,2056,1155,1330]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis box="[286,867,1212,1246]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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Included taxa.
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<taxonomicName authority="Osmolska, 1987" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1987" box="[527,1138,1212,1246]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Borogovia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">Borogovia gracilicrus Osmólska, 1987</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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;
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<taxonomicName authority="Norell, Makovicky and Clark, 2000" authorityName="Norell, Makovicky and Clark" authorityYear="2000" box="[1161,2050,1212,1246]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Byronosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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<emphasis box="[1161,1466,1212,1246]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Byronosaurus jaffei</emphasis>
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Norell, Makovicky and Clark, 2000
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName authority="Barsbold, 1974" authorityName="Barsbold" authorityYear="1974" box="[287,884,1255,1289]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Saurornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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<emphasis box="[287,637,1255,1289]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Saurornithoides junior</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Barsbold" box="[648,884,1255,1289]" firstAuthor="Barsbold" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Polonica" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="5 - 22" part="30" refId="ref128126" refString="BARSBOLD, R. 1974. Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from central Asia and North America. Palaeontologia Polonica, 30, 5 - 22." title="Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from central Asia and North America" type="journal article" year="1974">Barsbold, 1974</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName authority="Osborn, 1924" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1924" box="[904,1580,1255,1289]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Saurornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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<emphasis box="[904,1357,1255,1289]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Saurornithoides mongoliensis</emphasis>
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Osborn, 1924
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName authority="Russell and Dong, 1993 b" authorityName="Russell and Dong" authorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Sinornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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<emphasis box="[1600,1934,1255,1289]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Sinornithoides youngi</emphasis>
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Russell and Dong, 1993
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<emphasis box="[536,555,1296,1330]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">b</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName authority="Kurzanov and Osmolska, 1991" authorityName="Kurzanov and Osmolska" authorityYear="1991" box="[575,1439,1295,1330]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Tochisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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<emphasis box="[575,954,1295,1330]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Tochisaurus nemegtensis</emphasis>
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Kurzanov and Osmólska, 1991
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName authority="Leidy, 1856" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1460,1934,1295,1330]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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<emphasis box="[1460,1736,1295,1330]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Troödon formosus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Leidy" box="[1747,1934,1296,1330]" firstAuthor="Leidy" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="72 - 73" part="8" refId="ref136546" refString="LEIDY, J. 1856. Notices of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the bad lands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 72 - 73." title="Notices of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the bad lands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory" type="journal article" year="1856">Leidy, 1856</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="42.[288,910,1394,1429]" box="[288,909,1394,1428]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis box="[288,539,1394,1428]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Temporal range.</emphasis>
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?Aptian-Maastrichtian.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="42.[286,2055,1492,1693]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis box="[288,472,1493,1527]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Occurrence.</emphasis>
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Nemegt Formation, Omnogov, Mongolia; Nemegt Svita, Bayankhongor, Mongolia; Djadokhta Formation, Omnogov, Mongolia; Bayan Mandahu Red beds, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, China; Ejinhoroqi Formation, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, China; Xinminbao Group, Gansu, China; Judith River Formation and Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada; Judith River Formation, wo Medicine Formation, and Hell Creek Formation, Montana; Lance Formation, Wyoming, USA.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="42.[286,2057,1755,2019]" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis box="[286,465,1755,1791]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Large maxillary fenestra that is more than half the size of the internal antorbital fenestra; bulbous parasphenoid capsule connected with internal chambers in the basi sphenoid and basipterygoid processes; nutrient foramina in lower jaw placed in a longitudinal groove; interdental plates absent and teeth held in place by interdental bone; teeth with enlarged, apically hooked denticles with distinct ‘blood pits ’ at their base; Mt IV very robust, and more than twice as wide (in anterior view) as the Mt II at midshaft.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="42.[285,2056,2083,2577]" lastBlockId="43.[232,2007,203,1065]" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis box="[285,442,2083,2119]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Although
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[627,933,2083,2119]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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<emphasis box="[627,933,2083,2119]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Troödon formosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was one of the first dinosaurs to be described from North America (
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<bibRefCitation author="Leidy" box="[299,498,2128,2164]" firstAuthor="Leidy" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="72 - 73" part="8" refId="ref136546" refString="LEIDY, J. 1856. Notices of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the bad lands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 72 - 73." title="Notices of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the bad lands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory" type="journal article" year="1856">Leidy 1856</bibRefCitation>
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), the affinities and anatomy of this animal remained enigmatic until very recently, mainly due to the fact that the type material of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[885,1080,2174,2210]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
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<emphasis box="[885,1080,2174,2210]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">T. formosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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consists of a single tooth. The family name was proposed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore" box="[346,637,2220,2256]" firstAuthor="Gilmore" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Department of Geology of the University of Alberta" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="1 - 43" part="1" refId="ref133530" refString="------ 1924 b. On Troodon validus, an orthopodous dinosaur from the Belly River Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Bulletin of the Department of Geology of the University of Alberta, 1, 1 - 43." title="On Troodon validus, an orthopodous dinosaur from the Belly River Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada" type="journal article" year="1924" yearSuffix="b">
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Gilmore (1924
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<emphasis box="[603,625,2220,2256]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">b</emphasis>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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, who at that time believed
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1128,1268,2220,2256]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1128,1268,2220,2256]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Troödon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to be a pachycephalosaur. In the same year, Osborn (1924) described a new small theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia,
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<emphasis box="[286,796,2311,2347]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1924" box="[286,791,2311,2347]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Saurornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">Saurornithoides mongoliensis</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Sternberg" box="[808,1088,2311,2347]" firstAuthor="Sternberg" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" pagination="99 - 105" refId="ref142929" refString="STERNBERG, c. M. 1932. wo new theropod dinosaurs from the Belly River Formation of Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 46, 99 - 105." type="journal article" year="1932">Sternberg (1932)</bibRefCitation>
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described some new remains of a small theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Canada as
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<emphasis box="[1047,1533,2356,2392]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Sternberg" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[1047,1527,2356,2392]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Stenonychosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">Stenonychosaurus inequalis</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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and later (1945) noticed the theropod affinities of
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<emphasis box="[657,806,2402,2438]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[657,801,2402,2438]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Troödon</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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The latter was subsequently confirmed by a find of a dentary referable to this taxon (Russell 1948). Strangely enough, these interesting taxa received little attention until Russell (1969) noticed the similarities between
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<taxonomicName box="[947,1217,2494,2530]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Saurornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[947,1217,2494,2530]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Saurornithoides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<emphasis box="[1294,1607,2494,2530]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sternberg" authorityYear="1932" box="[1294,1601,2494,2530]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Stenonychosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stenonychosaurus</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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placing them in the family
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<taxonomicName box="[286,512,2539,2575]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Troodontidae</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis box="[523,614,2539,2575]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">sensu</emphasis>
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Russell, 1948 (Russell 1969, p. 595), and considered
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1509,1649,2539,2575]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="42" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1509,1649,2539,2575]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="42">Troödon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to be probably a closely related, or even synonymous taxon. In contrast to this view,
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<bibRefCitation author="Barsbold" box="[1279,1553,204,240]" firstAuthor="Barsbold" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Polonica" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="5 - 22" part="30" refId="ref128126" refString="BARSBOLD, R. 1974. Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from central Asia and North America. Palaeontologia Polonica, 30, 5 - 22." title="Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from central Asia and North America" type="journal article" year="1974">Barsbold (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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||
considered
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1766,1907,204,240]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1766,1907,204,240]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Troödon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to be distinct from the closely related
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||
<taxonomicName box="[814,1084,249,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Saurornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis box="[814,1084,249,285]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Saurornithoides</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1181,1494,249,285]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
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||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sternberg" authorityYear="1932" box="[1181,1488,249,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Stenonychosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Stenonychosaurus</taxonomicName>
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||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
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and proposed a new family, Saurorn ithoididae, for the latter two taxa. This assignment was accepted by many authors, and the name Sauro rn ithoididae became widely used (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Barsbold" box="[1007,1260,341,377]" firstAuthor="Barsbold" journalOrPublisher="Sovmestnaya Sovyetsko-Mongolskaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya Trudy" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 117" part="19" refId="ref128366" refString="------ 1983. Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Sovmestnaya Sovyetsko-Mongolskaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya Trudy, 19, 1 - 117. [In Russian]." title="Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1983">Barsbold 1983</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter" box="[1284,1553,341,377]" firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="123 - 134" part="20" refId="ref130151" refString="CARPENTER, K. 1982. Baby dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Lance and Hell Creek formations and a description of a new species of theropod. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 20, 123 - 134." title="Baby dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Lance and Hell Creek formations and a description of a new species of theropod" type="journal article" year="1982">Carpenter 1982</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation author="Currie" box="[1577,1787,341,377]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="1643 - 1658" part="22" refId="ref131668" refString="CURRIE, P. J. 1985. Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 1643 - 1658." title="Cranial anatomy of Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia, Theropoda) and its bearing on the origin of birds" type="journal article" year="1985">Currie 1985</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Currie" firstAuthor="Wilson" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="1813 - 1817" refId="ref144667" refString="WILSON, M. c. and currie, p. j. 1985. Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia: Theropoda) from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation of Alberta: new findings on metatarsal structure. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 1813 - 1817." type="journal article" year="1985">Wilson and Currie 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) until
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Currie" box="[552,781,387,423]" firstAuthor="Currie" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="72 - 81" part="7" refId="ref131707" refString="------ 1987. Bird-like characteristics of the jaws and teeth of troOdontid theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 7, 72 - 81." title="Bird-like characteristics of the jaws and teeth of troOdontid theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia)" type="journal article" year="1987">Currie (1987)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Leidy, 1856" authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1010,1369,387,423]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1010,1151,387,423]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Troödon</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Leidy" box="[1164,1369,387,423]" firstAuthor="Leidy" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="72 - 73" part="8" refId="ref136546" refString="LEIDY, J. 1856. Notices of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the bad lands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 8, 72 - 73." title="Notices of remains of extinct reptiles and fishes, discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the bad lands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory" type="journal article" year="1856">Leidy, 1856</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is a senior synonym
|
||
<taxonomicName pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">foStenonychosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sternberg" box="[356,624,432,468]" firstAuthor="Sternberg" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="99 - 105" refId="ref142929" refString="STERNBERG, c. M. 1932. wo new theropod dinosaurs from the Belly River Formation of Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 46, 99 - 105." type="journal article" year="1932">Sternberg, 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Gilmore, 1932" authorityName="Gilmore" authorityYear="1932" box="[643,1203,432,468]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Polyodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[643,949,432,468]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Polyodontosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore" box="[958,1203,432,468]" firstAuthor="Gilmore" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series 3" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="117 - 120" part="26" refId="ref133603" refString="------ 1932. A new fossil lizard from the Belly River Formation of Alberta. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series 3, 26, 117 - 120." title="A new fossil lizard from the Belly River Formation of Alberta" type="journal article" year="1932">Gilmore, 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Carpenter, 1982" authorityName="Carpenter" authorityYear="1982" box="[1292,1765,432,468]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Pectinodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1292,1482,432,468]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Pectinodon</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carpenter" box="[1494,1765,432,468]" firstAuthor="Carpenter" journalOrPublisher="Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="123 - 134" part="20" refId="ref130151" refString="CARPENTER, K. 1982. Baby dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Lance and Hell Creek formations and a description of a new species of theropod. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming, 20, 123 - 134." title="Baby dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Lance and Hell Creek formations and a description of a new species of theropod" type="journal article" year="1982">Carpenter, 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and proposed to use the family name
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Russell" authorityYear="1948" box="[623,850,478,514]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">TroÖdontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
again, to include
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1148,1288,478,514]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1148,1288,478,514]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Troödon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1370,1648,478,514]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1370,1643,478,514]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Saurornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Saurornithoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Since then, the name
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="sensu Russell" authorityYear="1948" box="[232,459,524,560]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">TroÖdontidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
has become widely accepted, and several new taxa have been referred to this family (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barsbold" box="[245,609,570,606]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Barsbold" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="121 - 132" part="32" refId="ref128634" refString="------------- and KURZANOV, s. m. 1987. On a new troOdontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 32, 121 - 132." title="On a new troOdontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1987">
|
||
Barsbold
|
||
<emphasis box="[416,501,570,606]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Osmolska 1987; Osmolska and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barsbold" bookContentInfo="733 pp." box="[1189,1444,570,606]" editor="Weishampel, D. B. & Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H." firstAuthor="Barsbold" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="408 - 415" refId="ref128465" refString="------ and MARYANSKA,. 1990. Segnosauria. 408 - 415. In weishampel, d. b., dodson, p. and osmOlska, h. (eds). The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley, 733 pp." title="Segnosauria" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria" year="1990">Barsbold 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kurzanov and Osmolska 1991; Russell and Dong 1993
|
||
<emphasis box="[632,653,615,651]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">b</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Norell" box="[673,977,615,651]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Norell" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" pagination="7 - 11" part="20" refId="ref138264" refString="--------------------- 2000. A new troOdontid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20, 7 - 11." title="A new troOdontid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia" type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Norell
|
||
<emphasis box="[793,874,615,651]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unfortunately, despite the discovery of an almost complete skeleton of a troÖdontid in the Lower Cretaceous of China (Russell and Dong 1993
|
||
<emphasis box="[1625,1646,661,697]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">b</emphasis>
|
||
), many aspects of the anatomy of these enigmatic theropods are still poorly known.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="43.[232,2007,203,1065]" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
|
||
An additional comment on the anatomy of troÖdontids might be added: Russell and Dong (1993
|
||
<emphasis box="[1975,1997,753,789]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">b</emphasis>
|
||
, p. 2169) claimed that a pubis boot is absent in the small Early Cretaceous troÖdontid
|
||
<emphasis box="[1751,2002,798,834]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1751,1998,798,834]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Sinornithoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sinornithoides</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However, based on my own observations of the type specimen, I believe the distal ends of the pubes to be missing; thus the absence of a pubic boot cannot be proven. A pubis referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[1581,1886,889,926]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1581,1886,889,926]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Troödon formosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MOR 553S 8.3.9.387) shows a well-developed pubic boot, but this element was not found in articulation with other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leidy" authorityYear="1856" box="[333,475,981,1017]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Troodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="43" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[333,475,981,1017]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="43">Troödon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
material, and several characters that are more typical for oviraptorosaurs (more anteriorly than posteriorly expanded pubic boot, anteriorly concave shaft) cast doubt on its referral to this taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |