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302 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3382576" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48817a66-49e4-4e6f-b6c6-879db64b9ec9" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3382576" approvalRequired="25" approvalRequired_for_bibRefs="5" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="20" checkinTime="1567247981485" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rauhut, Oliver W. M." docDate="2003" docId="77323C29FFE5B415FEEA97FAFB15F9DD" docLanguage="en" docName="Rauhut2003BasalTheropod_ocr.pdf" docOrigin="Special papers in palaeontology 69" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Baryonychidae Charig and Milner 1986" docType="treatment" docVersion="15" lastPageNumber="36" masterDocId="8B0B4451FFC7B431FFF59E70FFF0FFFF" masterDocTitle="The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" masterLastPageNumber="213" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1663160796219" updateUser="tatiana">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rauhut, Oliver W. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Special papers in palaeontology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2003</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2003-05-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>69</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>213</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3382576</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">48817a66-49e4-4e6f-b6c6-879db64b9ec9</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3382576</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123228" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159404300" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5123228" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:77323C29FFE5B415FEEA97FAFB15F9DD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFE5B415FEEA97FAFB15F9DD" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">
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<subSubSection box="[287,973,2442,2478]" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[286,2057,2441,2575]" box="[287,973,2442,2478]" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">
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<taxonomicName authority="Charig and Milner, 1986" authorityName="Charig and Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[287,973,2442,2478]" class="Reptilia" family="Baryonychidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Baryonychidae Charig and Milner, 1986</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" type="synonymic_list">
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<paragraph blockId="34.[286,2057,2441,2575]" lastBlockId="35.[231,2004,210,287]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">
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<emphasis box="[286,797,2500,2534]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">
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Included taxa.
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<taxonomicName authority="Kellner and Campos, 1996" authorityName="Kellner and Campos" authorityYear="1996" box="[517,1224,2500,2534]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Angaturama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limai">Angaturama limai Kellner and Campos, 1996</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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;
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<taxonomicName authority="Charig and Milner, 1986" authorityName="Charig and Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[1245,1911,2500,2534]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">
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<emphasis box="[1245,1514,2500,2534]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">Baryonyx walkeri</emphasis>
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Charig and Milner, 1986
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName authority="Martill, Cruickshank, Frey, Small and Clark, 1996" authorityName="Martill, Cruickshank, Frey, Small and Clark" authorityYear="1996" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Irritator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="challenged">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">Irritator challenged</emphasis>
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Martill, Cruickshank, Frey, Small and Clark, 1996
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName authority="Stromer, 1915" authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1915" box="[1301,1922,2541,2575]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">
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<emphasis box="[1301,1682,2541,2575]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">Spinosaurus aegyptiacus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Stromer" box="[1700,1922,2541,2575]" firstAuthor="Stromer" pageId="34" pageNumber="34" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref143075" refString="STROMER, E. 1915. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den WUsten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, 28, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1915">Stromer, 1915</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="34" pageNumber="34">
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partim;
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<taxonomicName authority="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, Wilson and Wilson, 1998" authorityName="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, Wilson and Wilson" authorityYear="1998" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenerensis">
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Suchomimus tenerensis Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio,
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<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Wilson" box="[231,626,252,287]" firstAuthor="Wilson" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 68" refId="ref144630" refString="WILSON, J. a. and sereno, p. c. 1998. Early evolution and higher-level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Memoir, 5, 1 - 68." type="journal article" year="1998">Wilson and Wilson, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[233,879,346,380]" box="[233,879,346,380]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis box="[233,484,346,380]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Temporal range.</emphasis>
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Barremian-Cenomanian.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[231,2003,434,512]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis box="[233,419,436,470]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Occurrence.</emphasis>
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Romualdo Member of the Santana Formation, Ceara, Brazil; Upper Weald Clay, Surrey, England; Baharia Formation, Marsa Matruh, Egypt; Elrhaz Formation, Agadez, Niger; Kem Kem beds, Morocco.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="35" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[230,2006,565,969]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis box="[231,410,566,602]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Dentary with strongly developed anterior expansion; anterior dentary teeth much larger than the relatively small and closely spaced posterior teeth; medial alveolar border is as high as the lateral border and formed by a sheet of bone of the denary rather than by separately ossified interdental plates; teeth almost round in basal cross section and only slightly recurved; very long premaxillae, forming a rostral rosette; seven premaxillary teeth; ventral margin of premaxilla strongly concave; anterior ramus of maxilla strongly elongated; angle between anterior and ventral ramus of the lacrimal less than 45 degrees; dorsal vertebrae with several small vertical laminae connecting the transverse process with the neural spine dorsally; humerus extremely robust, with strongly expanded internal tuberosity and distal condyles; ulna with a broad and very strongly developed olecranon process; ischium with a long and low obturator flange.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="35.[230,2003,1023,1655]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis box="[231,387,1024,1060]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Remarks.</emphasis>
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The family
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Charig and Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[592,845,1024,1060]" class="Reptilia" family="Baryonychidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Baryonychidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[868,1066,1024,1060]" captionStart="text" captionStartId="38.[281,355,1923,1950]" captionTargetBox="[279,1963,430,2567]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="text-fig. 6. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Cretaceous OTUs in left lateral view, a, abelisaurid Camotaurus sastrei, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Gorro Frigio Formation, Argentina; based on Bonaparte et al. (1990) and MACN CH 894. b, composite skull of a generalized baryonychid; mainly based on Suchomimus tenerensis (MNN GDF 501, 503-506) and Irritator challenged (SMNS 58022), with some elements reconstructed after Baryonyx walkeri (BMNH R 9951). c, carcharodontosaurid Carcharodontosaurus sahariens, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian), Kem Kem beds, Morocco; based on Sereno et al. (1996) and SGM-Din 1, unpreserved elements shaded. D, dromaeosaurid Velociraptor mongoliensis, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia; based on Barsbold (1983), Barsbold and Osmólska (1999), and AMNH 6515. e, ornithomimosaur Dromiceiomimus brevitertius, Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), Horseshoe Canyon Formation, Alberta, Canada; redrawn from Russell (1972). F, oviraptorosaur Oviraptor philoceratops, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Djadokhta Formation, Mongolia; redrawn from Barsbold et al. (1990). G, therizinosauroid Erlikosaurus andrewsi, Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian- Turonian), Baynshiren Svita, Mongolia; based on Clark et al. (1994). H, tyrannosaurid Gorgosaurus libratus, Late Cretaceous (Campanian), Judith River Formation, Alberta, Canada, redrawn from Molnar et al. (1990). Abbreviations as in Text-figures 4 and 5, and: acc. op., accessory opening of unknown function in the premaxilla of Oviraptor (Barsbold et al. 1990); amf, anterior maxillary foramen; pn, pneumatic openings. Scale bars represent 50 mm (d-g) and 100 mm (a-c, h)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3382586/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[279,1963,430,2567]" targetPageId="39">Text-fig. 6b</figureCitation>
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) was proposed by Charig and Milner (1986) to include a single species,
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<emphasis box="[485,791,1069,1105]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Charig and Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[485,786,1069,1105]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="walkeri">Baryonyx walkeri</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Buffetaut" box="[804,1072,1069,1105]" firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Monatshefte" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" pagination="79 - 87" part="1989" refId="ref129870" refString="BUFFETAUT, E. 1989. New remains of the enigmatic dinosaur Spinosaurus from the Cretaceous of Morocco and the affinities between Spinosaurus and Baryonyx. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Monatshefte, 1989, 79 - 87." title="New remains of the enigmatic dinosaur Spinosaurus from the Cretaceous of Morocco and the affinities between Spinosaurus and Baryonyx" type="journal article" year="1989">Buffetaut (1989</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Buffetaut" box="[1095,1176,1069,1105]" firstAuthor="Buffetaut" journalOrPublisher="Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Monatshefte" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" pagination="88 - 96" part="1992" refId="ref129911" refString="------ 1992. Remarks on the Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs Spinosaurus and Baryonyx. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Monatshefte, 1992, 88 - 96." title="Remarks on the Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs Spinosaurus and Baryonyx" type="journal article" year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
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) noted similarities between the jaws of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Charig & Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[1842,2002,1069,1105]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1842,2002,1069,1105]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Baryonyx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the slightly younger
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1915" box="[665,871,1115,1151]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[665,871,1115,1151]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Spinosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the Cenomanian of Egypt, and concluded that both animals probably belong to the family
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1915" box="[753,992,1161,1197]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spinosauridae</taxonomicName>
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. This view has since been accepted by several authors (e.g. Sereno
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<emphasis box="[360,439,1206,1242]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
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1994, 1996, 1998). Although Charig and Milner (1997) retained
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Charig & Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[1536,1697,1206,1242]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1536,1697,1206,1242]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Baryonyx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in its own family, they acknowledged the similarities between this genus and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1915" box="[1219,1425,1252,1288]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1219,1425,1252,1288]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Spinosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and united the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Charig and Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[1679,1932,1252,1288]" class="Reptilia" family="Baryonychidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Baryonychidae</taxonomicName>
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and the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1915" box="[298,534,1298,1334]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spinosauridae</taxonomicName>
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in the superfamily Spinosauroidea.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[230,2003,1023,1655]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
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The matter is complicated by the problematic status of
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<emphasis box="[1216,1645,1344,1380]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1915" box="[1216,1640,1344,1380]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">Spinosaurus aegyptiacus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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The holotype of this genus was found in the Baharia Oasis of Egypt at the beginning of the twentieth century and was subsequently described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Stromer" box="[686,944,1435,1471]" firstAuthor="Stromer" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref143075" refString="STROMER, E. 1915. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den WUsten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, 28, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1915">Stromer (1915)</bibRefCitation>
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. The material consisted of two dentaries, a maxillary fragment, and several vertebrae. The only other accounts of the original specimen were by Stromer (1934
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<emphasis box="[1853,1875,1481,1517]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">b</emphasis>
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, 1936), before all the material was destroyed during a bombing raid in 1944.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[230,2003,1023,1655]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
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In the introduction to his original description
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<bibRefCitation author="Stromer" box="[1059,1305,1572,1608]" firstAuthor="Stromer" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref143075" refString="STROMER, E. 1915. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den WUsten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, 28, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1915">Stromer (1915</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 3) commented on the association and preservation of the specimen:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[232,2003,1700,2274]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">‘Many of the bones had already been broken and deformed in the sediment; furthermore, the remains were completely jumbled. The skull seems to have originally been present, but due to its exposed position had been almost completely eroded away. Especially the maxillary fragment shows signs of erosion of an exposed bone; cracks in the posterior ends of the lower jaws and the especially anteriorly eroded cervical vertebrae also indicate a superficial position of the fossils.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[232,2003,1700,2274]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">No parts of the appendicular skeleton were found, indicating that the skeleton was already incomplete when it was covered by sediment. The soft parts had surely decayed before burial, thus allowing the dislocation of the bones. Several teeth, some of them already loosened by erupting replacement teeth, fell out of the jaws, complete with their roots, and all the bones were jumbled, perhaps due to scavengers or water flow. However, given the preservation of fine details and the lack of abrasion, prolonged transport of the bones can be excluded. In the sediment, the fossils suffered from pressure, probably caused by gypsum- and salt-flow rather than by tectonic events.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[232,2003,1700,2274]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Given their positions in the sediment and their preservation, the remains represent one individual. Only the size of the sacral and caudal vertebrae are problematic in this respect, which will be discussed in the respective descriptions.’ (my translation).</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="35.[231,2004,2318,2585]" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">
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Stromer later (1934
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<emphasis box="[605,627,2319,2355]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">b</emphasis>
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, p. 21) stated that: ‘It remains questionable, if... especially the oversized anterior caudal vertebra n... belongs to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1915" box="[783,989,2365,2401]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[783,989,2365,2401]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">Spinosaurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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at all.’ (my translation). Judging from Stromer’s illustration (1915, pl. 1, fig. 1a -b) the vertebra in question looks more like an o rn ithischian caudal than a theropodan element. Given this probable mix of taxa in the original type material, it cannot be excluded that the rest of the material also represents more than one taxon. The following points may indicate that the holotype of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1915" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="35" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="35">S. aegyptiacus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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actually represents a mixture of remains of different theropods:
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="36.[284,2058,208,1572]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
1. The dentary figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stromer" box="[733,977,208,244]" firstAuthor="Stromer" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref143075" refString="STROMER, E. 1915. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den WUsten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, 28, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1915">Stromer (1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 1, figs 6, 12) agrees with dentaries of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Charig & Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[1679,1841,208,244]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1679,1841,208,244]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Baryonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and material referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[468,680,254,290]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[468,680,254,290]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Suchomimus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in almost every detail and shows all the baryonychid synapomorphies listed above. 2. The dorsal vertebrae of the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1915" box="[992,1419,299,336]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[992,1419,299,336]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Spinosaurus aegyptiacus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack the strong pneumatisation and additional laminae seen in both
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Charig & Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[829,990,346,382]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[829,990,346,382]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Baryonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1074,1293,346,382]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1074,1288,346,382]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Suchomimus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Their principal characters are comparable to those seen in allosauroids, with the exception of the strongly elongated neural spines. Elongated neural spines are present in the carcharodontosaur
|
||
<emphasis box="[1072,1390,437,473]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stovall & Langston" authorityYear="1950" box="[1072,1384,437,473]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Acrocanthosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
though to a lesser degree than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Stovall and Langston 1950)" authorityName="Stovall and Langston" authorityYear="1950" baseAuthorityName="Stovall and Langston" baseAuthorityYear="1950" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">S. aegyptiacus</emphasis>
|
||
(Stovall and Langston 1950)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Since large carcharodontosaurs are present in Baharia, the vertebrae might represent these animals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="36.[284,2058,208,1572]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
3. The cervical vertebrae figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stromer" box="[926,1173,574,610]" firstAuthor="Stromer" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref143075" refString="STROMER, E. 1915. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den WUsten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltierreste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, 28, 1 - 32." type="journal article" year="1915">Stromer (1915</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 2, figs 1-2) differ significantly from the dorsal vertebrae in respect of the height of their neural spines. This difference is so marked that it might be questionable that they belong to the same taxon, although an abrupt change in spine height is present in other high-spined dinosaurs (e.g.
|
||
<emphasis box="[858,1107,712,748]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Taquet" authorityYear="1976" box="[858,1097,712,748]" class="Reptilia" family="Iguanodontidae" genus="Ouranosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ouranosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Taquet" box="[1121,1339,712,748]" firstAuthor="Taquet" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" pagination="1 - 191" refId="ref143541" refString="TAQUET, P. 1976. Geologie et paleontologie du gisement de Gadoufaoua (Aptien du Niger). Cahiers de Paleontologie du CNRS, 1 - 191." type="book chapter" year="1976">Taquet 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="36.[284,2058,208,1572]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Given this uncertainty of the association of the holotype material of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1481,1908,758,794]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Stovall and Langston" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[1481,1902,758,794]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aegyptiacus">Spinosaurus aegyptiacus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
it seems at present better to use the family name
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Charig and Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[977,1230,803,839]" class="Reptilia" family="Baryonychidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Baryonychidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
than the name
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1915" box="[1498,1734,803,839]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Spinosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
until new material becomes available to clarify the status of
|
||
<emphasis box="[999,1212,849,885]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1915" box="[999,1208,849,885]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spinosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However, the dentary of the type of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Stromer" authorityYear="1915" box="[1851,2057,849,885]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1851,2057,849,885]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Spinosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can at least be referred to the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Charig and Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[798,1054,894,930]" class="Reptilia" family="Baryonychidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Baryonychidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="36.[284,2058,208,1572]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sereno, Beck, Dutheil, Gado, Larsson, Lyon, Marcot, Rauhut, Sadleir, Sidor, Varricchio, Wilson and Wilson" authorityYear="1998" box="[327,720,940,976]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tenerensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[327,720,940,976]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Suchomimus tenerensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Aptian of Niger is based on a partial postcranial skeleton (MNN GDF 500) and several referred specimens, including a partial skull (MNN GDF 501; see Sereno
|
||
<emphasis box="[1795,1873,986,1022]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998). All the material is very similar to
|
||
<emphasis box="[803,973,1032,1068]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Charig & Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[803,967,1032,1068]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Baryonyx</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and can thus be referred to the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Charig and Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[1520,1773,1032,1068]" class="Reptilia" family="Baryonychidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Baryonychidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with certainty.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="36.[284,2058,208,1572]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Two baryonychids from South America were described in 1996:
|
||
<emphasis box="[1423,1774,1077,1113]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1423,1768,1077,1113]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Irritator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="challengeri">Irritator challengeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
based on a skull lacking the anterior part of the snout (SMNS 58022), by Martill
|
||
<emphasis box="[1353,1443,1123,1159]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1523,1838,1123,1159]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kellner and Campos" authorityYear="1996" box="[1523,1833,1123,1159]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Angaturama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="limai">Angaturama limai</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
based on the tip of a snout, by Kellner and Campos.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[936,1078,1169,1205]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Irritator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[936,1078,1169,1205]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Irritator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SMNS 58022) shows the diagnostic angle in the lacrimal, as well as a braincase that is very similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Charig & Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[1226,1387,1215,1251]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1226,1387,1215,1251]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Baryonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and can, therefore, be referred to the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Charig and Milner" authorityYear="1986" box="[285,543,1260,1296]" class="Reptilia" family="Baryonychidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Baryonychidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kellner & Campos" authorityYear="1996" box="[562,772,1260,1296]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Angaturama" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[562,772,1260,1296]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Angaturama</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can also be referred to this clade, based on the presence of a rostral rosette and a premaxilla with seven tooth positions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kellner" box="[1100,1333,1306,1342]" firstAuthor="Kellner" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Queensland Museum" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" pagination="611 - 626" part="39" refId="ref135739" refString="KELLNER, a. w. a. 1996. Remarks on Brazilian dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39, 611 - 626." title="Remarks on Brazilian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1996">Kellner 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kellner and Campos 1996). Since both specimens come from the same horizon, they might represent the same taxon (in which case the name
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[284,633,1398,1434]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Irritator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="challengeri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[284,633,1398,1434]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Irritator challengeri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be the senior synonym), but more material is needed to confirm this (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kellner" box="[286,512,1443,1479]" firstAuthor="Kellner" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Queensland Museum" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" pagination="611 - 626" part="39" refId="ref135739" refString="KELLNER, a. w. a. 1996. Remarks on Brazilian dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39, 611 - 626." title="Remarks on Brazilian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1996">Kellner 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="36.[284,2058,208,1572]" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">
|
||
The recently described species
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Russell, 1996" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1996" box="[860,1527,1489,1525]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Spinosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marocannus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[860,1284,1489,1525]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Spinosaurus marocannus</emphasis>
|
||
Russell, 1996
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Taquet and Russell, 1998" authorityName="Taquet and Russell" authorityYear="1998" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Cristatusaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="36" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lapparenti">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1623,2055,1489,1525]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">Cristatusaurus lapparenti</emphasis>
|
||
Taquet and Russell, 1998
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are regarded as
|
||
<emphasis box="[1013,1253,1534,1570]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="36">nomina dubia.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |