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134 lines
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<document ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3382576" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48817a66-49e4-4e6f-b6c6-879db64b9ec9" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3382576" approvalRequired="52" approvalRequired_for_bibRefs="8" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="24" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="20" checkinTime="1567247981485" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Rauhut, Oliver W. M." docDate="2003" docId="77323C29FFD0B426FF1E9ADBF94FF5EB" docLanguage="en" docName="Rauhut2003BasalTheropod_ocr.pdf" docOrigin="Special papers in palaeontology 69" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Aves Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="23" masterDocId="8B0B4451FFC7B431FFF59E70FFF0FFFF" masterDocTitle="The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs" masterLastPageNumber="213" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1643591701704" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rauhut, Oliver W. M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Special papers in palaeontology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2003</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2003-05-31</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>69</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>213</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3382576</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">48817a66-49e4-4e6f-b6c6-879db64b9ec9</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3382576</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123177" ID-GBIF-Taxon="159404277" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5123177" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:77323C29FFD0B426FF1E9ADBF94FF5EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/77323C29FFD0B426FF1E9ADBF94FF5EB" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">
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<subSubSection box="[235,592,1195,1231]" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[234,2003,1195,1370]" box="[235,592,1195,1231]" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">
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<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus, 1758" box="[235,592,1195,1231]" class="Aves" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="class">
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Aves
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<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus" bookContentInfo="823 pp." box="[334,592,1195,1231]" firstAuthor="Linnaeus" journalOrPublisher="Holmiae, impensis direct, Laurentii Salvii" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" refId="ref136625" refString="LINNAEUS, C. v. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth edition. Volume 1, Animalia. Holmiae, impensis direct, Laurentii Salvii, 823 pp." title="Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth edition. Volume 1, Animalia" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="23" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[234,2003,1195,1370]" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis box="[235,392,1253,1287]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">Definition.</emphasis>
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Following Padian and Chiappe (1998), and in contrast to
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<bibRefCitation author="Gauthier" box="[1265,1507,1253,1287]" firstAuthor="Gauthier" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Californian Academy of Science" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 55" part="8" refId="ref133393" refString="GAUTHIER, J. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the Californian Academy of Science, 8, 1 - 55." title="Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds" type="journal article" year="1986">Gauthier (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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, Aves are defined here with their fossil stem-group representatives included. Thus, Aves may be defined as
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<taxonomicName box="[1401,1624,1295,1329]" class="Reptilia" family="Archaeopterygidae" genus="Archaeopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1401,1624,1295,1329]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">Archaeopteryx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and Neornithes, and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="23" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[236,783,1430,1464]" box="[236,783,1430,1464]" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis box="[236,487,1430,1464]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">Temporal range.</emphasis>
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Tithonian-Recent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="23.[234,549,1528,1562]" box="[234,549,1528,1562]" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis box="[234,427,1528,1562]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Global.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="23" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[234,2001,1623,1706]" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis box="[234,413,1624,1660]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Asymmetric, aerodynamic contour feathers; humerus longer than femur; radius longer than humerus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="23" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="23.[234,2004,1769,2581]" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis box="[235,390,1770,1806]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Birds are the only living group of dinosaurs. More than 9000 extant species of birds are known, and our knowledge of their fossil history is increasing rapidly. In 1960, Brodkorb estimated the total number of bird species that have existed as more than 1-5 million; of course, such estimates are rather speculative, but they might give an idea of the disparity in taxonomic diversity between this OTU and others.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="23.[234,2004,1769,2581]" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">
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Unfortunately, improved knowledge of the anatomy of advanced theropods and the discovery of connecting links has made a formal diagnosis of Aves increasingly difficult, since the acquisition of avian characters in theropod evolution was gradual. The matter is further complicated by the high diversity of birds; the characters listed in the diagnosis above are lost in many avian lineages, and the first reversals might have occurred soon after the origin of this group (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Chiappe" box="[1224,1458,2180,2216]" firstAuthor="Chiappe" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" pagination="349 - 355" part="378" refId="ref130752" refString="CHIAPPE, L. M. 1995. The first 85 million years of avian evolution. Nature, 378, 349 - 355." title="The first 85 million years of avian evolution" type="journal article" year="1995">Chiappe 1995</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Chiappe" box="[1475,1802,2180,2216]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chiappe" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Queensland Museum" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" pagination="557 - 582" part="39" refId="ref130777" refString="------ NORELL, M. a. and C lark, J. M. 1996. Phylogenetic position of Mononykus (Aves: Alvarezsauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi desert. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39, 557 - 582." title="Phylogenetic position of Mononykus (Aves: Alvarezsauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi desert" type="journal article" year="1996">
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Chiappe
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<emphasis box="[1625,1702,2180,2216]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
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1996
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</bibRefCitation>
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; Padian and Chiappe 1998). However, it is assumed here that flight arose only once in birds, and it is the main diagnostic feature of this group, as expressed by aerodynamic feathers and forelimb proportions. Following
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<bibRefCitation author="Chiappe" box="[426,802,2315,2351]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Chiappe" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Queensland Museum" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" pagination="557 - 582" part="39" refId="ref130777" refString="------ NORELL, M. a. and C lark, J. M. 1996. Phylogenetic position of Mononykus (Aves: Alvarezsauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi desert. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39, 557 - 582." title="Phylogenetic position of Mononykus (Aves: Alvarezsauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi desert" type="journal article" year="1996">
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Chiappe
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<emphasis box="[584,672,2315,2351]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
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(1996)
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</bibRefCitation>
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and Novas (1996Z?), alvarezsaurids are regarded here as basal birds (see Sereno, 1999, for an alternative view) and are thus not treated as a separate OTU.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="23.[234,2004,1769,2581]" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">
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Since
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<taxonomicName box="[379,629,2407,2443]" class="Reptilia" family="Archaeopterygidae" genus="Archaeopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[379,629,2407,2443]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">Archaeopteryx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[651,848,2407,2443]" captionStart="text-fig. 5" captionText="text-fig. 5. Skull reconstructions of representatives of Jurassic OTUs in left lateral view, a, Dilophosaurus wetherilli, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian-Pliensbachian), Kayenta Formation, Arizona, USA; based on UCMP V 4214 and V 6468. B, Syntarsus rhodesiensis, Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian), Forest Sandstone, Zimbabwe; composite reconstruction based on many isolated skull elements from the National Museum of Natural History in Harare (see Appendix), c, Magnosaurus oxoniensis, Middle Jurassic (Callovian), Oxford Clay, England; based on OUM J 13558, unpreserved elements shaded. D, Monolophosaurus jiangi, Middle Jurassic, Wucaiwan Formation, China; redrawn from Zhao and Currie (1993b). E, Allosaurus fragilis, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on MOR 693. f, basal bird Archaeopteryx sp., Late Jurassic (Tithonian), lithographic limestones of Solnhofen, Germany; based on Wellnhofer (1974), Elzanowski and Wellnhofer (1996), and the Berlin, Eichstätt, and Munich specimens. G, Ceratosaurus sp., Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA; based on USNM 4735 and UMNH VP 5278. H, Ornitholestes hermanni, Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian), Morrison Formation, USA, based on AMNH 619. Abbreviations as in Text-figure 4, and: If, lacrimal fenestra; mf, maxillary fenestra; nf, nasal foramen; pmf, promaxillary fenestra. Scale bars represent 10 mm (b, f, h), 50 mm (c) and 100 mm (a, d, e, g)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3382584/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" targetBox="[379,1958,617,2559]" targetPageId="24">Text-fig. 5f</figureCitation>
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) is the most basal bird (
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<bibRefCitation author="Chiappe" box="[1249,1488,2407,2443]" firstAuthor="Chiappe" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" pagination="349 - 355" part="378" refId="ref130752" refString="CHIAPPE, L. M. 1995. The first 85 million years of avian evolution. Nature, 378, 349 - 355." title="The first 85 million years of avian evolution" type="journal article" year="1995">Chiappe 1995</bibRefCitation>
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), character codings are mainly based on this taxon; only if character states cannot be determined in
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<taxonomicName box="[1409,1658,2452,2488]" class="Reptilia" family="Archaeopterygidae" genus="Archaeopteryx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1409,1658,2452,2488]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">Archaeopteryx</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is information from other basal birds used, mainly
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<taxonomicName box="[744,920,2498,2534]" class="Reptilia" family="Dromaeosauridae" genus="Rahonavis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[744,920,2498,2534]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">Rahonavis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(UA 8656;
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<bibRefCitation author="Forster" box="[1118,1424,2498,2534]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Forster" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" pagination="1915 - 1919" part="279" refId="ref132784" refString="FORSTER, c. a., sampson, s. D " chiappe, L. M. and krause, D. w. 1998. The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science, 279, 1915 - 1919." title="The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar" type="journal article" year="1998">
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Forster
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<emphasis box="[1245,1323,2498,2534]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">et al.</emphasis>
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1998
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</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<emphasis box="[1456,1708,2498,2534]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">Confuciusomis</emphasis>
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(GPI, JM, three unnumbered specimens),
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<emphasis box="[670,884,2544,2580]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">Hesperomis,</emphasis>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1872" box="[971,1161,2544,2580]" class="Reptilia" family="Ichthyornithidae" genus="Ichthyornis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[971,1161,2544,2580]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="23">Ichthyornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Marsh" box="[1186,1393,2544,2580]" firstAuthor="Marsh" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Yale College" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 201" part="1" refId="ref137262" refString="------ 1880. Odontornithes: a monograph on the extinct birds of North America. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Yale College, 1, 1 - 201." title="Odontornithes: a monograph on the extinct birds of North America" type="journal article" year="1880">Marsh 1880</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Elzanowski" box="[1415,1710,2544,2580]" firstAuthor="Elzanowski" journalOrPublisher="Postilla" pageId="23" pageNumber="23" pagination="1 - 20" part="207" refId="ref132591" refString="------ 1991. New observations on the skull of Hesperornis with reconstructions of the bony palate and otic region. Postilla, 207, 1 - 20." title="New observations on the skull of Hesperornis with reconstructions of the bony palate and otic region" type="journal article" year="1991">Elzanowski 1991</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |