327 lines
37 KiB
XML
327 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="97E6D665D44A6D0E3A7660D3C838D3EA" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2bf9de45-df17-4f15-b5be-31d9f26a9621" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287578" ID-ZooBank="1D415B70-A128-4605-9C60-BDF6E3FE7CF5" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460995678348" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik" docDate="2014" docId="03EC87DCB82BFFD9B0F1F96712F6FA5D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03893p488.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3893 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Raorchestes blandus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="468" masterDocId="FFD5FFA4B824FFC8B066FFA5167CFFB0" masterDocTitle="Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment" masterLastPageNumber="488" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="466" updateTime="1698562711362" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="88A84AFBB8D732E0A9E08E70F86D8E32">Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1A10D32E8AB85961DE2A768538F5404E">Vijayakumar, S. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="33BAD46B377843E2FAAF5FAF2EB5CAE5">Dinesh, K. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="CDE7C93C9F2CE3C33C1B7769CACA12D2">Prabhu, Mrugank V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B09872E1C4F3B3AC3007A67FF63E89A1">Shanker, Kartik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="D02BCC044EA28D7C641EF85E0AE47867">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="52B89A2FFB33A8441CC33E1307E33765">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="4E84A95652B893F6406B0D11A6E24571">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9642E973B4D061E0161F4D9D2F281586">3893</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03EC87DCB82BFFD9B0F1F96712F6FA5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5691700" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119597304" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5691700" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC87DCB82BFFD9B0F1F96712F6FA5D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC87DCB82BFFD9B0F1F96712F6FA5D" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="468" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B82BFFC7B0F1F967146EF96C" box="[151,530,1729,1756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82BFFC7B0F1F967146EF96C" blockId="15.[151,530,1729,1789]" box="[151,530,1729,1756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
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<heading id="D0B281A6B82BFFC7B0F1F967146EF96C" bold="true" box="[151,530,1729,1756]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B0F1F967146EF96C" bold="true" box="[151,530,1729,1756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
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3.
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B82BFFC7B0D2F96417D2F96B" ID-CoL="4RJ9K" box="[180,430,1729,1755]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B0D2F96417D2F96B" bold="true" box="[180,430,1729,1755]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Raorchestes blandus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B82BFFC7B1D3F967146EF96C" box="[437,530,1730,1756]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B82BFFC7B0F1F9411782F94D" box="[151,510,1764,1789]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82BFFC7B0F1F9411782F94D" blockId="15.[151,530,1729,1789]" box="[151,510,1764,1789]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
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(
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB82BFFC7B0F8F9411777F94D" box="[158,267,1764,1789]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1974,1996]" captionTargetBox="[153,1412,218,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,2009]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of new species of bush frogs (Raorchestes) from Western Ghats. Orange filled circles" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287580/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Figures 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB82BFFC7B171F9401759F94D" box="[279,293,1765,1789]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[381,1214,235,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[347,1240,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. A maximum likelihood tree for bush frogs, and in the Western Ghats, based on three MtDNA genes: 16 S, Cytb and ND 1. The lineages described are marked in red. Sub-clades are named on the right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287581/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">3</figureCitation>
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&
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB82BFFC7B12FF9411725F94D" box="[329,345,1764,1789]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1939,1961]" captionTargetBox="[168,1415,376,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,362,1924]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. Raorchestes blandus sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile of holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287584/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">6</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C6C70371B82BFFC7B100F94117BFF94D" box="[358,451,1764,1789]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[119,202,525,547]" captionTargetBox="[119,1832,583,1653]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric measurements for the exemplary specimens of new species of Raorchestes." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3A6642B82EFFC2B011FDA8121DFD92" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" tableUuid="DF3A6642B82EFFC2B011FDA8121DFD92">Tables 2</tableCitation>
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&
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||
<tableCitation id="C6C70371B82BFFC7B181F9401789F94D" box="[487,501,1765,1789]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="32.[151,239,296,319]" captionText="TABLE 3. Extant valid species of Raorchestes in Western Ghats." pageId="15" pageNumber="466">3</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B82BFFD9B0F1F8891505FDAB" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="468" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82BFFC7B0F1F8891276F83B" blockId="15.[151,1436,1836,2037]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B0F1F8891771F8F5" bold="true" box="[151,269,1836,1861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
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<typeStatus id="54FE8868B82BFFC7B0F1F8891774F8F5" box="[151,264,1836,1861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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ZSI/
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||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB82BFFC7B12FF88917E2F8F5" box="[329,414,1836,1861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">WGRC</collectionCode>
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/V/A/869 (
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB82BFFC7B27EF888141CF8F5" box="[536,608,1837,1861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">CESF</collectionCode>
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104), an adult male (SVL
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<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B3E9F8881586F8F5" box="[911,1018,1837,1861]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8399999999999999" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="18.4">18.4 mm</quantity>
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||
), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Mayavan during
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||
<date id="FFFB100AB82BFFC7B130F8F51795F8D8" box="[342,489,1872,1896]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" value="2008-08">August 2008</date>
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||
, from a fragmented lowland wet evergreen forest site (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB82BFFC7B428F8F512B4F8D7" box="[1102,1224,1872,1896]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" precision="5" value="10.1284">10.1284 N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB82BFFC7B4B5F8EA133BF8D8" box="[1235,1351,1871,1896]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" precision="5" value="76.7588">76.7588 E</geoCoordinate>
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) on the western side of the Anaimalai Massif (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB82BFFC7B221F8D714FEF83B" box="[583,642,1906,1931]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Fig 1</figureCitation>
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), Western Ghats, Peninsular
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||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB82BFFC7B3AFF8D7127AF83B" box="[969,1030,1906,1931]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82BFFC7B0A1F830124BF845" blockId="15.[151,1436,1836,2037]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B0A1F8301741F81E" bold="true" box="[199,317,1941,1966]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
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<typeStatus id="54FE8868B82BFFC7B0A1F8301744F81E" box="[199,312,1941,1966]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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:
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||
</emphasis>
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||
ZSI/
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||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB82BFFC7B11FF83317B2F81E" box="[377,462,1942,1966]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">WGRC</collectionCode>
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/V/A/870 (
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB82BFFC7B22FF83314ECF81E" box="[585,656,1942,1966]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">CESF</collectionCode>
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329), an adult male (SVL
|
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<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B3A7F8331250F81E" box="[961,1068,1942,1966]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.91" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="19.1">19.1 mm</quantity>
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||
), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Mayavan in
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<date id="FFFB100AB82BFFC7B13CF81F17B3F861" box="[346,463,1977,2001]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" value="2009-06">June 2009</date>
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||
from an evergreen forest site (
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB82BFFC7B350F81C15D9F861" box="[822,933,1977,2002]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" precision="5" value="8.6667">8.6667 N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB82BFFC7B3D5F81C1255F861" box="[947,1065,1977,2001]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" precision="5" value="77.1833">77.1833 E</geoCoordinate>
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) in the Parambikulam protected area, western slopes of Anaimalai Massif (
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||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB82BFFC7B215F87914D2F845" box="[627,686,2012,2037]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Fig 1</figureCitation>
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||
), Western Ghats, Peninsular
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||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB82BFFC7B393F879124EF845" box="[1013,1074,2012,2037]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">India</collectingCountry>
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.
|
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB834FFD8B0A1FF3D15BFFEF2" blockId="16.[151,1436,152,323]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B834FFD8B0A1FF3D17DFFF01" bold="true" box="[199,419,152,177]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Lineage diagnosis.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B834FFD8B1CCFF3C14EEFF01" box="[426,658,153,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B834FFD8B1CCFF3C14EEFF01" box="[426,658,153,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Raorchestes blandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B834FFD8B2FFFF3D1484FF02" bold="true" box="[665,760,152,178]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B834FFD8B2FFFF3D1484FF02" box="[665,760,152,178]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
can be readily discerned on a phylogenetic tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB834FFD8B546FF3D1321FF01" box="[1312,1373,152,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[381,1214,235,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[347,1240,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. A maximum likelihood tree for bush frogs, and in the Western Ghats, based on three MtDNA genes: 16 S, Cytb and ND 1. The lineages described are marked in red. Sub-clades are named on the right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287581/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Fig 3</figureCitation>
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||
), and is characterized by high genetic divergence (16S—14.1%) from its close relative
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B834FFD8B421FF1B12CCFF65" box="[1095,1200,189,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chotta">
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||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B834FFD8B421FF1B12CCFF65" box="[1095,1200,189,213]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">R. chotta</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. Morphologically, it could be confused with
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B834FFD8B1D2FF471461FF49" box="[436,541,225,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chotta">
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||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B834FFD8B1D2FF471461FF49" box="[436,541,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">R. chotta</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, but could be discerned using their morphological characteristics (See Field diagnosis). It is also very distinct on major aspects of morphology and coloration from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B834FFD8B439FEA01339FEAD" box="[1119,1349,261,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="archeos" status="sp. nov.">
|
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B834FFD8B439FEA01339FEAD" box="[1119,1349,261,285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Raorchestes archeos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B834FFD8B52AFEA313E0FEAD" box="[1356,1436,262,285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" rank="species">sp. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB834FFD8B0F8FE8F16A0FEF2" box="[158,220,298,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1713,1735]" captionTargetBox="[166,1422,206,1679]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[151,1436,193,1691]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Raorchestes archeos sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile in life." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287582/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Fig 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, also see field diagnosis section of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B834FFD8B201FE8F1532FEF2" box="[615,846,298,322]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="archeos" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B834FFD8B201FE8F1532FEF2" box="[615,846,298,322]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Raorchestes archeos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B834FFD8B332FE8C15CEFEF3" bold="true" box="[852,946,297,323]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B834FFD8B332FE8C15CEFEF3" box="[852,946,297,323]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A6642B834FFD8B0F1F8361720F87A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287584/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" targetBox="[168,1415,376,1911]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB834FFD8B0F1F8361720F87A" blockId="16.[151,1435,1938,1994]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B834FFD8B0F1F8361768F819" bold="true" box="[151,276,1939,1961]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B834FFD8B17AF8361792F819" box="[284,494,1939,1961]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B834FFD8B17AF8361792F819" box="[284,494,1939,1961]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">Raorchestes blandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B834FFD8B190F8371432F819" bold="true" box="[502,590,1938,1961]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B834FFD8B190F8371432F819" box="[502,590,1938,1961]" pageId="16" pageNumber="467" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile of holotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFD9B0A1FF3D1323FE1F" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,1517]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B0A1FF3D145CFF01" bold="true" box="[199,544,152,177]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Field diagnosis. Morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B240FF3C1572FF01" box="[550,782,153,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B240FF3C1572FF01" box="[550,782,153,177]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Raorchestes blandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B372FF3D150DFF02" bold="true" box="[788,881,152,178]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B835FFD9B372FF3D150DFF02" box="[788,881,152,178]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
could be superficially confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B572FF3C16A1FF66" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chotta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B572FF3C16A1FF66" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Raorchestes chotta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B13FFF1B143DFF66" box="[345,577,190,214]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B13FFF1B143DFF66" box="[345,577,190,214]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Raorchestes blandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B22EFF1814DBFF67" bold="true" box="[584,679,189,215]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B835FFD9B22EFF1814DBFF67" box="[584,679,189,215]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B3BFFF1A1242FF66" box="[985,1086,190,214]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chotta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B3BFFF1A1242FF66" box="[985,1086,190,214]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">R. chotta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the larger male adult size of SVL 18.5 (18.0–19.5, n=4) (vs. 16.6 (16.0–17.2, n=7) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B375FF46150BFF4B" box="[787,887,227,251]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chotta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B375FF46150BFF4B" box="[787,887,227,251]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">R. chotta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); shorter head length, HL/SVL=0.30 (0.28–0.32, n=4) (vs. HL/SVL=0.38 (0.36–0.41, n=7) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B2C5FEA21570FEAE" box="[675,780,262,286]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chotta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B2C5FEA21570FEAE" box="[675,780,262,286]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">R. chotta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); Head width (HW=7.5, 7.2–7.7, n=4) longer than head length (HL=5.6, 5.1–6.0, n=4) (vs. head width (HW=6.5, 6.0–6.9, n=7) equal to head length (HL=6.4, 5.8–6.7, n=7) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B097FEEA172BFED6" box="[241,343,334,358]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chotta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B097FEEA172BFED6" box="[241,343,334,358]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">R. chotta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); shorter snout length, SL/SVL=0.14 (0.13–0.15, n=4) (vs. SL/SVL=0.17 (0.16–0.18, n=7) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B5E2FEEA16A1FE3B" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chotta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B5E2FEEA16A1FE3B" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">R. chotta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Presence of rufous irregular glandular patches on the dorsal surface of skin in the shoulder, posterior side of the body, and in the joints of arms (vs. absence of glandular patches in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B3A9FE321327FE1F" authority="Biju and Bossuyt 2009" authorityName="Biju and Bossuyt" authorityYear="2009" box="[975,1371,406,431]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chotta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B3A9FE321249FE1E" box="[975,1077,406,430]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">R. chotta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B3BB835FFD9B45AFE331327FE1F" author="Biju" box="[1084,1371,406,431]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" refString="Biju, S. D & Bossuyt, F. (2009) Systematics and phylogeny of Philautus Gistel, 1848 (Anura, Rhacophoridae) in the Western Ghats of India, with descriptions of 12 new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 155, 374 - 444. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2008.00466. x" type="journal article" year="2009">(Biju and Bossuyt 2009))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFD9B0A1FE1F15E4FE63" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,1517]" box="[199,920,442,467]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B0A1FE1F1757FE63" bold="true" box="[199,299,442,467]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
Restricted to the under-storey in wet evergreen forests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFD9B0A1FE7B1505FDAB" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,1517]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B0A1FE7B172EFE47" bold="true" box="[199,338,478,503]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Geography.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is restricted in distribution to the low and medium elevations of the western slopes of Anaimalai massif (see natural history and distribution for details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F6541B835FFD9B0A1FD83126BFB7A" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFD9B0A1FD831682FC8B" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,1517]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B0A1FD83154EFD8F" bold="true" box="[199,818,550,575]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE8868B835FFD9B11AFD83179FFD8F" box="[380,483,550,575]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(all measurements in mm).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A small sized bush frog (SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB835FFD9B4DDFD82135AFD8F" box="[1211,1318,551,575]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8399999999999999" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="18.4">18.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
), width of head broader than head length (HW =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB835FFD9B22DFDEE14D8FDD2" box="[587,676,587,610]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="7.7">7.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
; HL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB835FFD9B293FDEF152CFDD3" box="[757,848,586,611]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.1" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="5.1">5.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
), flat dorsally; snout acutely pointed in total profile, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is sub equal to diameter of eye (SL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB835FFD9B4E2FDCA12A3FD36" box="[1156,1247,623,647]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, EL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB835FFD9B555FDCA13ECFD37" box="[1331,1424,623,647]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Canthus rostralis angular, loreal region flat. Interorbital space (IUE = 2.0 mm) flat and equal to upper eyelid (UEW = 2.0 mm). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.8 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 3.6, IBE =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB835FFD9B085FD7F1742FD43" box="[227,318,730,755]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="6.4">6.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout. Weak symphysial knob. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum minute, rounded, barely visible behind the eye. Tongue bifid, granular with papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFD9B0A1FCE312F6FC1A" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,1517]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
Relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III. Finger tips with well developed disks (fd3 =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB835FFD9B4E3FCE2129CFCEE" box="[1157,1248,839,863]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
; fw3 = 0.5) with distinct circum–marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles moderate and pre-pollex tubercle oval, distinct. Supernumerary tubercles absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFD9B0A1FC10169AFBEE" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,1517]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB835FFD9B0A1FC101683FC7E" box="[199,255,949,974]" name="India" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limb long, heels touch when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB835FFD9B4CFFC13137FFC7E" box="[1193,1283,950,974]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="8.8">8.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
), sub equal to Shank/Tibia (ShL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB835FFD9B11DFC7C17A8FC42" box="[379,468,985,1010]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="8.6">8.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
); longer than foot (FOL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB835FFD9B29AFC7C152EFC42" box="[764,850,985,1010]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="6.8">6.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB835FFD9B50AFC7F16BBFBA6" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="mm" value="11.4">11.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV. Webbing weak, web formula, (I 1-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB835FFD9B38CFC5B126DFBA5" box="[1002,1041,1022,1046]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">1 II</date>
|
||
1-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB835FFD9B44DFC5B1240FBA6" box="[1067,1084,1022,1046]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">2</date>
|
||
III 1½-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB835FFD9B4F7FC5812B8FBA5" box="[1169,1220,1021,1046]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">2 IV</date>
|
||
2-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB835FFD9B481FC5B136CFBA6" box="[1255,1296,1022,1046]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">1 V</date>
|
||
). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches anterior corner of eye. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFD9B0A1FBCC126BFB7A" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,1517]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B0A1FBCC1719FB32" bold="true" box="[199,357,1129,1154]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Color in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsum rufous or brown with irregular dark brown blotches; small orange/rufous glandular patches on the head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB835FFD9B1E4FB2817C3FB16" box="[386,447,1165,1190]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1939,1961]" captionTargetBox="[168,1415,376,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,362,1924]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 6. Raorchestes blandus sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile of holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287584/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Fig 6</figureCitation>
|
||
a), shoulder, elbow, on the dorsum, posterior part of back and on the finger; throat finely speckled with brown; fore and hind arm barred. Skin on dorsum finely granular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F6541B835FFD9B0A1FB7012F6FA5D" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFD9B0A1FB7017CFFAA2" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,1517]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B0A1FB701732FB5E" bold="true" box="[199,334,1237,1262]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species named after its pleasant (Latin:
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B329FB7015F3FB5D" box="[847,911,1237,1261]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">bland</emphasis>
|
||
=pleasant) call notes. Common in the lowland wet forests of Anaimalai.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB835FFD9B0A1FAB812F6FA5D" blockId="17.[151,1437,152,1517]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B0A1FAB8142AFA86" bold="true" box="[199,598,1309,1334]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Natural history and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
A forest dwelling lineage, it is usually observed calling from understory shrubs. The distribution ranges from low to mid elevations (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB835FFD9B32DFAE415BDFAE9" box="[843,961,1345,1370]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.255" metricValueMax="8.059999999999999" metricValueMin="0.45" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" unit="m" value="425.5" valueMax="806.0" valueMin="45.0">45–806 m</quantity>
|
||
, n=13) of Anaimalai Massif (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB835FFD9B571FAE4132AFAEA" box="[1303,1366,1345,1370]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB835FFD9B518FAE713F3FAEA" box="[1406,1423,1346,1370]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1974,1996]" captionTargetBox="[153,1412,218,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,2009]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of new species of bush frogs (Raorchestes) from Western Ghats. Orange filled circles" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287580/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Current data suggests that there is no overlap in the geographical range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B38BFAC312ABFACE" box="[1005,1239,1382,1406]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="blandus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B38BFAC312ABFACE" box="[1005,1239,1382,1406]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Raorchestes blandus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B4B9FAC01342FACF" bold="true" box="[1247,1342,1381,1407]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B835FFD9B4B9FAC01342FACF" box="[1247,1342,1381,1407]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
with its close relatives
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B15AFA2917DDFA14" box="[316,417,1420,1444]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chotta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B15AFA2917DDFA14" box="[316,417,1420,1444]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">R. chotta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B1B0FA2914C0FA14" box="[470,700,1420,1444]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="archeos" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B1B0FA2914C0FA14" box="[470,700,1420,1444]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">Raorchestes archeos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B2A4FA2E155CFA15" bold="true" box="[706,800,1419,1445]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B835FFD9B2A4FA2E155CFA15" box="[706,800,1419,1445]" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
An additional population that resembles this lineage was encountered in the medium and low elevations of Periyar Plateau. Considering a potential zone of overlap with the northern range
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B835FFD9B124FA7017DBFA5C" box="[322,423,1492,1516]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="468" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chotta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B835FFD9B124FA7017DBFA5C" box="[322,423,1492,1516]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="468">R. chotta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we reserve the identity of this population for further verification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |