298 lines
34 KiB
XML
298 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="1EFFE2CC163FECCCED9E0B6252C49ADB" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2bf9de45-df17-4f15-b5be-31d9f26a9621" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287578" ID-ZooBank="1D415B70-A128-4605-9C60-BDF6E3FE7CF5" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460995678348" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik" docDate="2014" docId="03EC87DCB829FFC7B0F1F9E6155BF9CC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03893p488.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3893 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Raorchestes aureus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="466" masterDocId="FFD5FFA4B824FFC8B066FFA5167CFFB0" masterDocTitle="Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment" masterLastPageNumber="488" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="464" updateTime="1698562711362" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="A09CD31AD6CCE83FBD54B819CBF1D6B0">Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A97A89E317F29B27ABDDCF219A2E1352">Vijayakumar, S. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6E3BD03BDB8F850FC38BAEB0EA2B0C06">Dinesh, K. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9F7E172FDE798C9937236F1B59A439E3">Prabhu, Mrugank V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7C71B53397F22247417B1CCA0E6D73DD">Shanker, Kartik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="F0775C34C0D7C281D42054AF06E4857A">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03EC87DCB829FFC7B0F1F9E6155BF9CC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5691698" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119597305" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5691698" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC87DCB829FFC7B0F1F9E6155BF9CC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC87DCB829FFC7B0F1F9E6155BF9CC" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="466" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B829FFC5B0F1F9E6147AF9ED" box="[151,518,1602,1629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB829FFC5B0F1F9E6147AF9ED" blockId="13.[151,518,1602,1662]" box="[151,518,1602,1629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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<heading id="D0B281A6B829FFC5B0F1F9E6147AF9ED" bold="true" box="[151,518,1602,1629]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B829FFC5B0F1F9E6147AF9ED" bold="true" box="[151,518,1602,1629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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2.
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B829FFC5B0D2F9E717DDF9EC" ID-CoL="4RJ9H" box="[180,417,1602,1628]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B829FFC5B0D2F9E717DDF9EC" bold="true" box="[180,417,1602,1628]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Raorchestes aureus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B829FFC5B1CEF9E6147AF9ED" box="[424,518,1603,1629]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B829FFC5B0F8F9C01479F9CE" box="[158,517,1637,1662]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB829FFC5B0F8F9C01479F9CE" blockId="13.[151,518,1602,1662]" box="[158,517,1637,1662]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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(
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB829FFC5B0C3F9C0176EF9CE" box="[165,274,1637,1662]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1974,1996]" captionTargetBox="[153,1412,218,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,2009]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of new species of bush frogs (Raorchestes) from Western Ghats. Orange filled circles" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287580/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Figures 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB829FFC5B178F9C31750F9CE" box="[286,300,1638,1662]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[381,1214,235,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[347,1240,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. A maximum likelihood tree for bush frogs, and in the Western Ghats, based on three MtDNA genes: 16 S, Cytb and ND 1. The lineages described are marked in red. Sub-clades are named on the right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287581/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">3</figureCitation>
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&
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB829FFC5B136F9C0171CF9CE" box="[336,352,1637,1662]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1916,1938]" captionTargetBox="[166,1421,319,1882]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,303,1890]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Raorchestes aureus sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile of holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287583/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">5</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C6C70371B829FFC5B10BF9C017B7F9CE" box="[365,459,1637,1662]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[119,202,525,547]" captionTargetBox="[119,1832,583,1653]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric measurements for the exemplary specimens of new species of Raorchestes." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3A6642B82EFFC2B011FDA8121DFD92" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" tableUuid="DF3A6642B82EFFC2B011FDA8121DFD92">Tables 2</tableCitation>
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&
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<tableCitation id="C6C70371B829FFC5B188F9C31780F9CE" box="[494,508,1638,1662]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="32.[151,239,296,319]" captionText="TABLE 3. Extant valid species of Raorchestes in Western Ghats." pageId="13" pageNumber="464">3</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B829FFC7B0F1F9081524FD85" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="466" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB829FFC5B0F1F908147AF8BE" blockId="13.[151,1436,1709,2024]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B829FFC5B0F1F9081771F976" bold="true" box="[151,269,1709,1734]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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<typeStatus id="54FE8868B829FFC5B0F1F9081774F976" box="[151,264,1709,1734]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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ZSI/
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB829FFC5B12EF90817E1F976" box="[328,413,1709,1734]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">WGRC</collectionCode>
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/V/A/867 (
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1165), an adult male (SVL
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), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Mrugank V. Prabhu in
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<date id="FFFB100AB829FFC5B1FFF9741474F95A" box="[409,520,1745,1770]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" value="2010-07">July 2010</date>
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from a high elevation site (
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,
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) in Elivalmalai Massif (
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB829FFC5B529F97413F7F95A" box="[1359,1419,1745,1770]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig 1</figureCitation>
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), Western Ghats, Peninsular
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<collectingCountry id="F352765AB829FFC5B1A3F950147EF8BE" box="[453,514,1781,1806]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB829FFC5B0A1F8BC147AF8CA" blockId="13.[151,1436,1709,2024]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B829FFC5B0A1F8BC1741F882" bold="true" box="[199,317,1817,1842]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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<typeStatus id="54FE8868B829FFC5B0A1F8BC1744F882" box="[199,312,1817,1842]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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ZSI/
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB829FFC5B110F8BC17B7F882" box="[374,459,1817,1842]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">WGRC</collectionCode>
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/V/A/868 (
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB829FFC5B225F8BC14F6F882" box="[579,650,1817,1842]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">CESF</collectionCode>
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1164), an adult female (SVL 28.3), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar and Mrugank V. Prabhu in
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<date id="FFFB100AB829FFC5B1FFF8981474F8E6" box="[409,520,1853,1878]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" value="2010-07">July 2010</date>
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from a high elevation site (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB829FFC5B326F89815C0F8E5" box="[832,956,1853,1878]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" precision="5" value="10.9452">10.9452 N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB829FFC5B3AEF8981241F8E6" box="[968,1085,1853,1878]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" precision="5" value="76.6446">76.6446 E</geoCoordinate>
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) in Elivalmalai Massif (
|
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB829FFC5B529F89813F7F8E6" box="[1359,1419,1853,1878]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
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), Western Ghats, Peninsular
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<collectingCountry id="F352765AB829FFC5B1A3F8C4147EF8CA" box="[453,514,1889,1914]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">India</collectingCountry>
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.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB829FFC6B0A1F823147FFF48" blockId="13.[151,1436,1709,2024]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="465" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B829FFC5B0A1F82317DFF82F" bold="true" box="[199,419,1926,1951]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Lineage diagnosis.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B829FFC5B1CCF82314F8F82E" box="[426,644,1926,1950]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus" status="sp. nov.">
|
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B829FFC5B1CCF82314F8F82E" box="[426,644,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Raorchestes aureus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B829FFC5B2EAF8201496F82F" bold="true" box="[652,746,1925,1951]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B829FFC5B2EAF8201496F82F" box="[652,746,1925,1951]" pageId="13" pageNumber="464" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
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can be diagnosed as a deeply divergent (16S—7.3%) lineage nested within a larger clade N (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB829FFC5B195F80F144CF873" box="[499,560,1962,1987]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[381,1214,235,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[347,1240,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. A maximum likelihood tree for bush frogs, and in the Western Ghats, based on three MtDNA genes: 16 S, Cytb and ND 1. The lineages described are marked in red. Sub-clades are named on the right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287581/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lineage is isolated on the high elevations of Elivalmalai Massif (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB829FFC5B522F80F13FCF873" box="[1348,1408,1962,1987]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB829FFC5B0F1F86A16D4F857" box="[151,168,1999,2023]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1974,1996]" captionTargetBox="[153,1412,218,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,2009]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of new species of bush frogs (Raorchestes) from Western Ghats. Orange filled circles" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287580/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="464">2</figureCitation>
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||
). Morphologically, it shows strong signatures of divergence from other similar relatives within clade N (see below). We use all the above criteria, genetic divergence, geographical range and morphology to diagnose this lineage. The relatives that potentially overlap in morphology and hence could be confused with this lineage within the clade N are discussed below.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A6642B82AFFC6B0F1F8D91720F803" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287583/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" targetBox="[166,1421,319,1882]" targetPageId="14">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82AFFC6B0F1F8D91720F803" blockId="14.[151,1435,1915,1971]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
|
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82AFFC6B0F1F8D91768F822" bold="true" box="[151,276,1916,1938]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B82AFFC6B17BF8D91798F822" box="[285,484,1916,1938]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82AFFC6B17BF8D91798F822" box="[285,484,1916,1938]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">Raorchestes aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82AFFC6B18AF8DE1438F822" bold="true" box="[492,580,1915,1938]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B82AFFC6B18AF8DE1438F822" box="[492,580,1915,1938]" pageId="14" pageNumber="465" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile of holotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82BFFC7B0A1FF3D15D2FE5E" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1660]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B0A1FF3D145DFF01" bold="true" box="[199,545,152,177]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Field diagnosis. Morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B82BFFC7B24EFF3C157FFF00" box="[552,771,153,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B24EFF3C157FFF00" box="[552,771,153,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Raorchestes aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B82BFFC7B36CFF3D1514FF02" box="[778,872,152,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B36CFF3D1514FF02" bold="true" box="[778,872,152,178]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
could be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B82BFFC7B41BFF3C132CFF01" box="[1149,1360,153,177]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chromasynchysi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B41BFF3C132CFF01" box="[1149,1360,153,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">R. chromasynchysi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which occurs in sympatry (see remarks). However, the new species can be differentiated based on the shorter thigh length, TL/SVL=0.45 (0.44–0.45, n=4) (vs. TL/SVL=0.52 (0.50–0.54, n=3) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B82BFFC7B3AAFF4512DDFF47" box="[972,1185,223,247]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chromasynchysi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B3AAFF4512DDFF47" box="[972,1185,223,247]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">R. chromasynchysi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); shorter tibia length, ShL/SVL=0.46 (0.45–0.47, n=4) (vs. ShL/SVL=0.51 (0.50–0.51, n=3) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B82BFFC7B3B1FEA612D6FEAB" box="[983,1194,259,283]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chromasynchysi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B3B1FEA61594FEAA" box="[983,1000,259,282]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B391FEA612D6FEAB" box="[1015,1194,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">chromasynchysi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); in having a distinct golden iris (vs. silvery to light brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B82BFFC7B205FE82154AFE8E" box="[611,822,294,318]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chromasynchysi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B205FE82154AFE8E" box="[611,822,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">R. chromasynchysi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); dorsal coloration shades of brown (vs. very variable from shades of brown to green in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B82BFFC7B273FEEF1494FED1" box="[533,744,329,353]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chromasynchysi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B273FEEF1494FED1" box="[533,744,329,353]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">R. chromasynchysi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); anterior and posterior region of thigh (femur) characterized by distinct or faint cross bar with alternating darker and lighter shades of brown (vs. plain coloration on the posterior thigh and dark coloration with yellow blotches on the anterior thigh in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B82BFFC7B44FFE351280FE17" box="[1065,1276,399,423]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chromasynchysi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B44FFE351246FE17" box="[1065,1082,400,423]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B42FFE2A1280FE17" box="[1097,1276,399,423]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">chromasynchysi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); lateral sides of irregular mottling of brown/yellow and green extending from groin to base of supratympanic fold (vs. distinct separation of dorsal and ventral coloration without any such mottling).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82BFFC7B0A1FE5C1524FD85" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1660]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B0A1FE5C172EFDA2" bold="true" box="[199,338,505,530]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Geography.</emphasis>
|
||
Current data suggests a narrow restricted range to the high elevation of Elivalmalai Massif in the Western Ghats (see natural history and distribution for details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F6541B82BFFC7B0A1FD9A176FFAAB" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82BFFC7B0A1FD9A14C1FCFF" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1660]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B0A1FD9A154EFDE8" bold="true" box="[199,818,575,600]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE8868B82BFFC7B11AFD9A179FFDE8" box="[380,483,575,600]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(all measurements in mm).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A small sized bush frog (SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B4DDFDE5135AFDE8" box="[1211,1318,576,600]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.48" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="24.8">24.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
), width of head broader than head length (HW =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B220FDC614D1FDCB" box="[582,685,611,635]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="10.3">10.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
; HL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B29DFDC6152AFDCB" box="[763,854,611,635]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="8.3">8.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
), flat dorsally; snout acutely pointed in total profile, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is sub equal to diameter of eye (SL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B4E2FD2212A3FD2E" box="[1156,1247,647,671]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="3.4">3.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, EL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B555FD2213ECFD2F" box="[1331,1424,647,671]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="3.7">3.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Canthus rostralis angular, loreal region slightly concave. Interorbital space (IUE =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B42FFD0F12DEFD72" box="[1097,1186,682,706]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
) flat and sub equal to upper eyelid (UEW =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B1F2FD691793FD55" box="[404,495,716,741]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.8 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 5.0, IBE =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B1A1FD55145EFCB8" box="[455,546,752,776]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="9.1">9.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout. Weak symphysial knob. Pupil horizontal. Tympanum distinct, rounded, small, barely visible behind the eye. Tongue bifid, granular with a papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82BFFC7B0A1FCFC12A2FC0B" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1660]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
Relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III, finger tips with well developed disks (fd3 =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B4E5FCFF12A3FCC1" box="[1155,1247,858,882]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; fw3 = 0.7) with distinct circum–marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles distinct, rounded and pre-pollex tubercle oval, distinct. Supernumerary tubercles absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82BFFC7B0A1FC6017F7FBDB" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1660]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB82BFFC7B0A1FC601683FC6E" box="[199,255,965,990]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limb long, heels overlap when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B4DFFC63135CFC6E" box="[1209,1312,966,990]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1199999999999999" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="11.2">11.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
), sub equal to Shank/Tibia (ShL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B1FFFC4C147DFBB1" box="[409,513,1001,1025]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.21" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="12.1">12.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
); longer than foot (FOL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B34AFC4C15FFFBB1" box="[812,899,1001,1025]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="mm" value="9.7">9.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL = 16.0 mm). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing poor, web formula (I 1-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB82BFFC7B45EFBA9121FFB94" box="[1080,1123,1036,1060]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">1 II</date>
|
||
1-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB82BFFC7B4E4FBA912EFFB94" box="[1154,1171,1036,1060]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">2</date>
|
||
III 1-2½
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB82BFFC7B56CFBA8133EFB95" box="[1290,1346,1036,1061]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">IV 2</date>
|
||
½-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB82BFFC7B505FBA913F3FB94" box="[1379,1423,1036,1061]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">1 V</date>
|
||
). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches anterior corner of eye. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82BFFC7B0A1FBD0176FFAAB" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1660]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B0A1FBD01719FB3E" bold="true" box="[199,357,1141,1166]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Color in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Limbs faintly cross-barred, pattern extending towards the anterior and posterior parts of the thigh. Lateral sides characterized by irregular mottling of yellow and light green extending from groin to base of supratympanic fold. Ventral parts of head, body, hand and foot mottled, but more pronounced at the region of belly and throat. Iris distinct golden with brown edged coarse speckles around the pupil, visible even in the preserved specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F6541B82BFFC7B0A1FA801781FA7B" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82BFFC7B0A1FA801348FA8E" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1660]" box="[199,1332,1317,1342]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B0A1FA801732FA8E" bold="true" box="[199,334,1317,1342]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species is named after the consistent golden iris coloration (Latin:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B82BFFC7B408FA8312C5FA8D" box="[1134,1209,1318,1341]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B408FA8312C5FA8D" box="[1134,1209,1318,1341]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
= golden).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82BFFC7B0A1FAED1781FA7B" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1660]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B0A1FAED142CFAD1" bold="true" box="[199,592,1352,1377]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Natural history and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
All the individuals were collected from forest edges in a grassland site and all males located were found calling at the ground level. It appears to be a range restricted species, recorded from a single high elevation (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB82BFFC7B1F1FA2A178CFA17" box="[407,496,1423,1448]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" unit="m" value="1524.0">1524 m</quantity>
|
||
) site in Elivalmalai Massif (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB82BFFC7B35CFA2A1504FA17" box="[826,888,1423,1448]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB82BFFC7B3C7FA2A15CDFA17" box="[929,945,1423,1447]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1974,1996]" captionTargetBox="[153,1412,218,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,2009]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of new species of bush frogs (Raorchestes) from Western Ghats. Orange filled circles" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287580/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The elevational range within Elivalmalai needs additional field sampling.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F6541B82BFFC7B0A1FA70155BF9CC" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB82BFFC7B0A1FA70155BF9CC" blockId="15.[151,1437,152,1660]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B0A1FA701747FA5E" bold="true" box="[199,315,1493,1518]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B82BFFC7B122FA731465FA5D" box="[324,537,1493,1517]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chromasynchysi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B122FA731465FA5D" box="[324,537,1493,1517]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">R. chromasynchysi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was known only from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE8868B82BFFC7B332FA7315F8FA5E" box="[852,900,1494,1518]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B3BB82BFFC7B395FA701283FA5E" author="Biju" box="[1011,1279,1493,1518]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" refString="Biju, S. D & Bossuyt, F. (2009) Systematics and phylogeny of Philautus Gistel, 1848 (Anura, Rhacophoridae) in the Western Ghats of India, with descriptions of 12 new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 155, 374 - 444. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2008.00466. x" type="journal article" year="2009">Biju and Bossuyt 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and a recent record from north of its
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE8868B82BFFC7B1D4FA5C179EF9A1" box="[434,482,1529,1553]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD44B3BB82BFFC7B237FA5D15AFF9A1" author="Dinesh" box="[593,979,1528,1553]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" refString="Dinesh, K. P., Radhakrishnan, C., Gururaja, K. V. & Palot, M. J. (2012) Range extension of Raorchestes chromasynchysi (Biju and Bossuyt) (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) in Western Ghats, India. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 110, 31 - 35." type="journal article" year="2012">Dinesh and Radhakrishnan, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We have uncovered multiple potential lineages across various Massifs and hill ranges in the central Western Ghats (see above under sub-clade composition). For the above quantitative comparison, we have used individuals from a shallow divergent lineage that overlap with the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B82BFFC7B18EF9C614BEF9CB" box="[488,706,1635,1659]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B18EF9C614BEF9CB" box="[488,706,1635,1659]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">Raorchestes aureus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B82BFFC7B2AFF9C7155BF9CC" bold="true" box="[713,807,1634,1660]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B82BFFC7B2AFF9C7155BF9CC" box="[713,807,1634,1660]" pageId="15" pageNumber="466" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |