322 lines
42 KiB
XML
322 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document id="AB85D0B2DB34E561554F47240C7AB9B7" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.275597" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67a85b62-4ece-46c9-a8bc-b0f7fa95177f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="275597" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460141653020" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Buckeridge, John S. & Newman, William A." docDate="2010" docId="03D887BC2162F55EFF60B43EFB01FB4A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02349p054.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2349" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Austrominius Buckeridge 1983" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="FFE1FFC42167F558FFF7B549FFCFFFCE" masterDocTitle="A review of the subfamily Eliminiinae (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Austrobalanidae), including a new genus, Protelminius nov., from the Oligocene of New Zealand" masterLastPageNumber="54" masterPageNumber="39" pageNumber="44" updateTime="1698235363389" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="5FA7813FA7C964D965F1DF52F77218DD">A review of the subfamily Eliminiinae (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Austrobalanidae), including a new genus, Protelminius nov., from the Oligocene of New Zealand</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="116DC44C74F76AA7D94BC5DE7F57AB41">Buckeridge, John S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="41C657C023C94892F7612DEBE5842085">Newman, William A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1723509E317104A9A8CC74AC45B2488A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="65FC3FE749C9038D5C894FAD94EE80C8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="9E16408DC84B7B77B2B2C4C9E4DD2369">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="D4856ACA105C5C02646F8DD77172CAA4">2349</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="0B3CFEE141013EE2CDCE45D3BAAD870E" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.275597</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D887BC2162F55EFF60B43EFB01FB4A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6196929" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119383178" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6196929" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D887BC2162F55EFF60B43EFB01FB4A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D887BC2162F55EFF60B43EFB01FB4A" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<subSubSection id="C36B65212162F55DFF60B43EFDA4FE5F" box="[151,619,375,401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36AA2162F55DFF60B43EFDA4FE5F" blockId="5.[151,619,375,401]" box="[151,619,375,401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<heading id="D08681C62162F55DFF60B43EFDA4FE5F" bold="true" box="[151,619,375,401]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFF60B43EFDA4FE5F" bold="true" box="[151,619,375,401]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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||
Genus
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFF19B43EFDA4FE5F" authority="Buckeridge 1983" authorityName="Buckeridge" authorityYear="1983" box="[238,619,375,401]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Austrominius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFF19B43EFE5CFE5F" bold="true" box="[238,403,375,401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Austrominius</emphasis>
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Buckeridge 1983
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C36B65212162F55DFF60B489FD66FE19" box="[151,681,448,471]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36AA2162F55DFF60B489FD66FE19" blockId="5.[151,681,448,471]" box="[151,681,448,471]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6111842162F55DFF60B489FD66FE19" box="[151,681,448,471]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFF60B489FD6BFE19" authority="Buckeridge, 1983a: 354" authorityName="Buckeridge" authorityPageNumber="354" authorityYear="1983" box="[151,676,448,471]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Austrominius">
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFF60B489FF39FE19" box="[151,246,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Elminius</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFEF2B489FE5DFE19" box="[261,402,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Austrominius</emphasis>
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)
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD010BB2162F55DFE55B489FD6BFE19" author="Buckeridge" box="[418,676,448,471]" page="354" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" year="1983">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFE55B489FDBFFE19" author="Buckeridge" box="[418,624,448,471]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" refString="Buckeridge, J. S. (1983 a) The barnacle subfamily Elminiinae - Two new subgenera and a new Miocene species from Victoria. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 12, 353 - 357." type="journal article" year="1983" yearSuffix="a">Buckeridge, 1983a</bibRefCitation>
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: 354
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36B65212162F55DFF60B74CFAE7FDA4" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36AA2162F55DFF60B74CFAE7FDA4" blockId="5.[151,1437,517,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFF60B74CFED4FDD1" bold="true" box="[151,283,517,543]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Four-plated elminiines with thin-walled parietes; paries smooth internally, lacking “an inflected basal margin”; scutum without adductor ridge, articular ridge moderately prominent, adductor pits for depressor muscles absent; tergum with articular furrow wide, spur confluent with basi-rostral angle.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36B65212162F55DFF31B73CFB7DFD41" box="[198,1202,629,655]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36AA2162F55DFF31B73CFB7DFD41" blockId="5.[151,1437,517,2036]" box="[198,1202,629,655]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFF31B73CFE1DFD41" bold="true" box="[198,466,629,655]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Distribution and age:</emphasis>
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Littoral, low energy environments. Recent: Southwest Pacific.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36B65212162F55DFF31B7D3FAFCFC11" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36AA2162F55DFF31B7D3FAFCFC11" blockId="5.[151,1437,517,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFF31B7D3FEC3FD7A" bold="true" box="[198,268,666,692]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<typeStatus id="54CA88082162F55DFF31B7D3FECEFD7A" box="[198,257,666,692]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Type</typeStatus>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFEEFB7D3FD65FD7A" authority="Darwin, 1854" authorityName="Darwin" authorityYear="1854" box="[280,682,666,692]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modestus">
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFEEFB7D3FE37FD7D" box="[280,504,666,691]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Elminius modestus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFDF5B7D3FD65FD7A" author="Darwin" box="[514,682,666,692]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" refString="Darwin, C. (1854) A Monograph on the Sub-Class Cirripedia. The Balanidae and Verrucidae. Ray Society, London. 684 pp." type="book" year="1854">Darwin, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Recent:
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<collectingCountry id="F366763A2162F55DFCEAB7D3FC43FD7A" box="[797,908,666,692]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Australia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F366763A2162F55DFC6DB7D3FBF5FD7A" box="[922,1082,666,692]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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[A common fouling species; introduced to southern
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<collectingCountry id="F366763A2162F55DFE40B789FDD2FD14" box="[439,541,704,730]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">England</collectingCountry>
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during the 1940s in war-time shipping convoys and more recently from Dunstaffnage, western
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<collectingCountry id="F366763A2162F55DFE5BB7ACFDDAFD31" box="[428,533,741,767]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Scotland</collectingCountry>
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(JB pers. obs., 1999)]. The distribution along the Atlantic seaboard is now fairly extensive, e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFE55B643FCE8FCEA" box="[418,807,778,804]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="O'Riordan, R. M. and Ramsay, N. F. (1999) The current distribution and abundance of the Australasian barnacle Elminius modestus in Portugal. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 79, 937 - 939." type="journal article">O’Riordan and Ramsay (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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, who recorded it from the Portuguese coast. They mention its occurrence in the Mediterranean (Zibrowius, pers. com.), but it is apparently known only from a very restricted distribution at Thau Lagoon, French Mediterranean (JB pers. obs., 1996, courtesy H. Zibrowius, and Zibrowius
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFE26B633FE27FC5D" box="[465,488,890,915]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">in</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFE07B633FD21FC5A" author="Streftaris" box="[496,750,890,916]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Streftaris, N., Zenetos A. and Papathanassiou, E. (2005) Globalizationin Marine Ecosystems: The Story of Non- Indigenous Marine Species across European Seas. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 43, 419 - 453." type="journal article" year="2005">
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Streftaris
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFD94B633FD50FC5D" box="[611,671,890,915]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2005
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The Thau population is small and may depend on yearly imports of oysters from the Atlantic coast of
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<collectingCountry id="F366763A2162F55DFD47B6E9FCCFFC74" box="[688,768,928,954]" name="France" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">France</collectingCountry>
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(Zibrowius, pers. com). More recently,
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFB2AB6E9FAA2FC77" box="[1245,1389,928,953]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modestus">
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFB2AB6E9FAA2FC77" box="[1245,1389,928,953]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">A. modestus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been report attached to drifting plastic as far north as the
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<collectingCountry id="F366763A2162F55DFCC3B68CFC3AFC11" box="[820,1013,965,991]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Shetland Islands</collectingCountry>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFBF3B68CFAE8FC11" author="Barnes" box="[1028,1319,965,991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" refString="Barnes, D. K. A. and Miller, P. (2005) Drifting plastic and its consequences for sessile organism dispersal in the Atlantic Ocean. Marine Biology, 146, 815 - 825." type="journal article" year="2005">Barnes and Miller, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36B65212162F55EFF31B6A3FB01FB4A" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BCE36AA2162F55DFF31B6A3FDB5FAE1" blockId="5.[151,1437,517,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFF31B6A3FE8DFBCA" bold="true" box="[198,322,1002,1028]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Remarks:</emphasis>
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In the introduction we documented, as best we could, how the subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFB57B6A3FAF4FBCD" box="[1184,1339,1002,1027]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Austrominius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFB57B6A3FAF4FBCD" box="[1184,1339,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Austrominius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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became recognized at the full generic status, because it occurred more or less spontaneously rather than formally. This was done for historical rather than practical concerns, for Article 43.1 (Principle of Co-ordination) of the International Code of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFE56B113FCE2FBBA" box="[417,813,1114,1140]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" refString="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999) 4 th Edition. The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, c / - The Natural History Museum, London. Available from http: // www. iczn. org / iczn / index. jsp. (accessed 10 July 2009)" type="journal article">Zoological Nomenclature (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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states that “a name established for a taxon at either rank in the genus group is deemed to have been simultaneously established by the same author for a nominal taxon at the other rank in the group; both nominal taxa have the same
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<typeStatus id="54CA88082162F55DFC0CB1ECFBFFFB71" box="[1019,1072,1189,1215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">type</typeStatus>
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species, whether it was fixed originally or subsequently.” Therefore, even though it is unnecessary, we consider it appropriate to formally endorse the full generic status of
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFDD1B1B9FD0CFAC7" box="[550,707,1264,1289]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Austrominius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFDD1B1B9FD0CFAC7" box="[550,707,1264,1289]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Austrominius</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, especially since it is being done in the same paper in which †
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFF52B05CFEF6FAE0" box="[165,313,1301,1326]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Matellionius</emphasis>
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is being formally elevated.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCE36AA2162F55EFF31B073FE9DFF31" blockId="5.[151,1437,517,2036]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,516]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Until
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFEFDB073FE60FA9A" author="Bayliss" box="[266,431,1338,1364]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" refString="Bayliss, D. E. (1988) A new intertidal barnacle of the genus Elminius (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 112, 75 - 79." type="journal article" year="1988">Bayliss (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFE4BB073FE35FA9A" author="Bayliss" box="[444,506,1338,1364]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" refString="Bayliss, D. E. (1994) Description of three new barnacles of the genus Elminius (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from South Australia, with a key to species of the Elminiinae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 118, 115 - 124." type="journal article" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFDE7B072FD64FA9A" box="[528,683,1339,1364]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Austrominius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFDE7B072FD64FA9A" box="[528,683,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Austrominius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
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had been a relatively small genus, but curiously his proposal of four new species did not attract attention at the time. His proposed species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFB80B029FABFFAB7" box="[1143,1392,1376,1401]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adelaidae">
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<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFB80B029FABFFAB7" box="[1143,1392,1376,1401]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Elminius adelaidae</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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,
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||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFA75B029FE66FA50" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFA75B029FED4FA50" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eburescens">E. eburescens</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFED0B0CCFE66FA50" box="[295,425,1413,1438]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flindersi">E. flindersi</taxonomicName>
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||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFE14B0CCFDA1FA50" box="[483,622,1413,1438]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFE14B0CCFDA6FA50" box="[483,617,1413,1438]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placidus">E. placidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
all from the intertidal of South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366763A2162F55DFC14B0CCFB81FA51" box="[995,1102,1413,1439]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, were then assignable to the subgenus
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFEFCB0E2FE62FA0A" box="[267,429,1451,1476]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFEFCB0E2FE66FA0A" box="[267,425,1451,1476]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Austrominius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austrominius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which is now recognized as a full genus and, henceforth, they are so referred to herein (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A2F2162F55DFF68B099FEC1FA24" box="[159,270,1488,1514]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,257,969,993]" captionTargetBox="[300,1289,221,907]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[265,1321,199,942]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution of the Elminiinae and early Tetraclitoidea. The earliest record of the Elminiinae is the four plated Protelminius pomahakensis from the Rupelian (early Oligocene) of New Zealand. Assuming a six-plated ancestor to this taxon, parsimony requires a Hexaminius - type first occurring in eastern Australia during the Eocene, from which the four-plated form evolved and dispersed across a proto-Tasman Sea to New Zealand. If Hexaminius had occurred in New Zealand, it would not be unreasonable to expect it in the present warmer northern waters. It was most likely during the Oligocene to early Miocene that Elminius dispersed to South America (shaded arrow); with colonization of the Falkland Islands and the eastern seaboard of South America being facilitated by the opening of the Drake Passage, which had occurred by that time (Scher and Morris, 2006). The dotted line shows the very recent distribution path for Austrominius modestus from Australasia to Europe; although there is a report of single specimen of A. modestus from South African waters – a 1949 record in Sandison (1950), there have been no further records from Africa since then, and we can only assume that it has failed to colonise in the area. Uncertainty about the high Austrominius diversity in a restricted region in South Australia necessitates that these taxa be grouped. A further arrow (dotted and shaded), extending from the Antarctic to what would have been the proto-Tasman Sea, delineates a possible westward dispersal route for the tetraclitoid genus Austrobalanus; which has the earliest records from the Bartonian (middle Eocene) of the Antarctic Peninsula (Buckeridge, 2000). Oceanic patterns at and immediately prior to that time (see Nelson and Cooke, 2001) provided an opportunity for Austrobalanus to have dispersed to southern New Zealand (where it is first recorded from the Rupelian (Oligocene). Extinct genera marked †." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275598/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A2F2162F55DFEEBB099FEE2FA24" box="[284,301,1488,1514]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,261,1194,1218]" captionText="FIGURE 2. Proposed dispersal and phylogeny of the Elminiinae. Development proceeded from the six-plated Hexaminius with loss of latera to Protelminius, then development of a light, loosely articulated shell wall as with Austrominius. Key nodes conform to: 1 = reduction from six to four plates; 2 = loss of internal ribbing; 3 = spur removed from basi-rostral angle, loss of any form of internal ribbing; 4 = parietes thin, weakly articulated; 5 = pectinate setae on intermediate segments of cirrus III. The “ time line ” below gives approximate points of branching, with Hexaminius arising in Australia from an eight-plated form (probably the archaeobalanid Palaeobalanus) during the late Eocene, and during the Miocene, Elminius dispersing to South America after the opening of the Drake Passage. The close morphological conformity between Australian Austrominius spp and Austrominius modestus from New Zealand implies a late divergence of these two taxa. Extinct genera marked †. Numbers in italics = MYBP" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">2</figureCitation>
|
||
; Table 2). Populations of all four of Bayliss’s taxa, along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFBF3B099FADCFA27" box="[1028,1299,1488,1513]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Austrominius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modestus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFBF3B099FADCFA27" box="[1028,1299,1488,1513]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Austrominius modestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are known to occur within
|
||
<quantity id="4C899B4F2162F55DFEA5B0BCFE51F9C1" box="[338,414,1525,1551]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
|
||
of each other (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFDA6B0BCFCA5F9C1" author="Bayliss" box="[593,874,1525,1551]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" refString="Bayliss, D. E. (1994) Description of three new barnacles of the genus Elminius (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from South Australia, with a key to species of the Elminiinae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 118, 115 - 124." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
Bayliss, 1994:
|
||
<figureCitation id="134A2A2F2162F55DFCF3B0BCFCA5F9C1" box="[772,874,1525,1551]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,256,1821,1845]" captionTargetBox="[379,1211,1121,1794]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[329,1258,1109,1817]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Sessilia divergence time chronogram. Nodes determined on the basis of the fossil record (figures in nonitalics in MYBP) and molecular and morphological data (figures in italics; after Pérez-Losada et al., 2007). The lack of fossil evidence for sessilian barnacles prior to the Cretaceous boundary is compelling, especially as there is a very diverse and widespread record of Cretaceous scalpelliformes (Newman and Ross, 1976; Buckeridge, 1996). We adopt a parsimonious approach to this, concluding that the Sessilia evolved very quickly during the period following the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, such that all major balanomorph taxa had appeared between the early Palaeocene and the late Eocene. This is a much tighter timeframe than envisaged by Pérez-Losada et al., 2008." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/275599/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFC76B0BCFBA5F9C1" author="Bayliss" box="[897,1130,1525,1551]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" refString="Bayliss, D. E. (1994) Description of three new barnacles of the genus Elminius (Cirripedia: Thoracica) from South Australia, with a key to species of the Elminiinae. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 118, 115 - 124." type="journal article" year="1994">Bayliss (1994: 123)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
produced a key, in which differentiation of taxa is determined primarily on the basis of shell colour (although all of Bayliss’s taxa tend to be white or pale colours) and on pages 117 and 122, noted that it may be difficult to distinguish specimens that have worn or stained shells. Bayliss also used rather subtle variations in opercular valve morphology, minor variations in the colour patterns of the tergo-scutal flaps and slight differences in cirrial counts, but we fail to see how these could be considered specifically significant. Recent papers, such as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFB4BB3F9FA57F904" author="Marchinko" box="[1212,1432,1712,1738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Marchinko, K. B. (2007) Feeding behavior reveals the adaptive nature of plasticity in barnacle feeding limbs. Biological Bulletin, 213, 12 - 15." type="journal article" year="2007">Marchinko (2007)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, demonstrate that cirral counts in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFDEEB39CFC5CF921" authority="Darwin, 1854" authorityName="Darwin" authorityYear="1854" box="[537,915,1749,1775]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Balanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glandula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFDEEB39CFD26F920" box="[537,745,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Balanus glandula</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFD06B39CFC5CF921" author="Darwin" box="[753,915,1749,1775]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" refString="Darwin, C. (1854) A Monograph on the Sub-Class Cirripedia. The Balanidae and Verrucidae. Ray Society, London. 684 pp." type="book" year="1854">Darwin, 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vary considerably in response to spatial and temporal differences in wave exposure; we suspect that ecotypic variation explains Bayliss’s forms, since they could be expected within a single species. There are numerous incidents in cirripedes where taxonomic splitting has been shown to have been premature:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFCEDB20CFC3EF891" box="[794,1009,1861,1887]" pageId="5" pageNumber="54" refString="Van Syoc, R. J. (1992) Living and fossil populations of a western Atlantic barnacle, Balanus subalbidus Henry, 1974, in the Gulf of California region. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 12, 1 - 7." type="journal article">Van Syoc (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
demonstrated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFB10B20CFE10F84A" authority="Rodgers, 1949" authorityName="Rodgers" authorityYear="1949" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Amphibalanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saltonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFB10B20CFED5F84A" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Amphibalanus saltonensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Rodgers, 1949)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from the Salton Sea) was not a valid taxon, as specimens transferred to Mission Bay in California quickly established themselves as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFCFDB2D9FB31F864" authority="Darwin, 1854" authorityName="Darwin" authorityYear="1854" box="[778,1278,1936,1962]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Amphibalanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amphitrite">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFCFDB2D9FBF5F867" box="[778,1082,1936,1961]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Amphibalanus amphitrite</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFBBDB2D9FB3AF864" author="Darwin" box="[1098,1269,1936,1962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" refString="Darwin, C. (1854) A Monograph on the Sub-Class Cirripedia. The Balanidae and Verrucidae. Ray Society, London. 684 pp." type="book" year="1854">Darwin, 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFAFCB2D9FA52F864" author="Ross" box="[1291,1437,1936,1962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Ross, A. (1999) Studies on the Tetraclitidae (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha); new species of Tetraclita from the Red Sea. Pakistan Journal of Marine Science, 8, 41 - 53." type="journal article" year="1999">Ross (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
split
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292162F55DFF27B2FCFD92F801" authority="Pilsbry, 1916" authorityName="Pilsbry" authorityYear="1916" box="[208,605,1973,1999]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Tetraclitidae" genus="Tetraclita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="5" pageNumber="44" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufotincta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFF27B2FCFE73F800" box="[208,444,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">Tetraclita rufotincta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFE35B2FCFD92F801" author="Pilsbry" box="[450,605,1973,1999]" pageId="5" pageNumber="53" refString="Pilsbry, H. A. (1916) The sessile barnacles (Cirripedia) contained in the collections of the U. S. National Museum; including a monograph of the American species. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 93, 1 - 366." type="journal article" year="1916">Pilsbry, 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into three species, which were shown in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2162F55DFBCBB2FCFA94F801" box="[1084,1371,1973,1999]" pageId="5" pageNumber="51" refString="Appelbaum, L., Achituv, Y. I. and Mokady, O. (2002) Speciation and the establishment of zonation in an intertidal barnacle: specific settlement vs. section. Molecular Ecology, 11, 1731 - 1737." type="journal article">
|
||
Appelbaum
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82162F55DFB3BB2FCFAC8F800" box="[1228,1287,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="44">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to be only two species that nonetheless showed considerable “phenotypic plasticity”; thus we are not confident about Bayliss’ proposed species. Indeed, there is clearly a place for molecular techniques to clarify these taxa – and ideally this should be part of a genetic analysis of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFCA0B5F4FC17FF19" box="[855,984,189,215]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Archaeobalanidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Elminiinae">Elminiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a whole. This will be the subject of a further paper2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36AA2161F55EFF33B443FEC4FDCA" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,516]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2161F55EFF33B443FEBDFEEA" author="Hutton" box="[196,370,266,292]" pageId="6" pageNumber="52" refString="Hutton, F. W. (1879) List of the New Zealand Cirripedia in the Otago Museum. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, 11, 328 - 330." type="journal article" year="1879">Hutton (1879)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFD47B442FC9DFEEA" box="[688,850,267,292]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Austrominius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82161F55EFD47B442FC9DFEEA" box="[688,850,267,292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Austrominius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366763A2161F55EFC69B443FB89FEEA" box="[926,1094,266,292]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
: as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFB83B442FA81FEEA" box="[1140,1358,267,292]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sinuatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82161F55EFB83B442FA81FEEA" box="[1140,1358,267,292]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Elminius sinuatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from Wellington) and as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFE7BB479FDA8FE87" box="[396,615,304,329]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rugosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82161F55EFE7BB479FDA8FE87" box="[396,615,304,329]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Elminius rugosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from The Bluff). Foster (1978) synonymised the former with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFA75B479FECBFEA1" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Austrominius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modestus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82161F55EFA75B479FECBFEA1" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">E. modestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and confirmed the latter as a junior synonym of
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82161F55EFCC8B41FFBC6FEA1" box="[831,1033,342,367]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFCC8B41FFBCAFEA1" box="[831,1029,342,367]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Tetraclitidae" genus="Epopella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plicata">Epopella plicata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A further “species”,
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82161F55EFAF6B41FFECAFE5A" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFAF6B41FFECEFE5A" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Austrominius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">Austrominius australis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is listed in a table in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE04B5B2161F55EFDF7B433FD02FE5A" author="Claessens" box="[512,717,378,404]" pageId="6" pageNumber="52" refString="Claessens, L. (2005) Modelling Landslide Dynamics in Forested Landscapes. Addressing landscape evolution, landslide soil redistribution and vegetation patterns in the Waitakere Ranges, West Auckland, New Zealand. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. 143 pp." type="book" year="2005">Claessens (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. This material was removed from the surface layers of a core sample collected in west Auckland,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F366763A2161F55EFDB0B4E9FD29FE74" box="[583,742,416,442]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
and as the author provides no rationale for the name, it is here concluded that the use of “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFDD3B48FFD5FFE11" box="[548,656,454,479]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Austrominius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="australis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82161F55EFDD3B48FFD5FFE11" box="[548,656,454,479]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">australis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” is a mistake, as the material is almost certainly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFB0EB48FFECBFDCA" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Austrominius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modestus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B905EAB82161F55EFB0EB48FFECBFDCA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Austrominius modestus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36AA2161F55EFEB8B727FB24FBE1" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<table id="F971C40A21610AA7FEB8B779FAD1FBE1" box="[335,1310,560,1071]" gridcols="3" gridrows="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<tr id="354134E821610AA7FEB8B779FAD1FCE3" box="[335,1310,560,813]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<th id="76905D9421610AA7FEB8B779FE76FCE3" box="[335,441,560,813]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">c. 50 1 2</th>
|
||
<th id="76905D9421610AA7FE14B779FC05FCE3" box="[483,970,560,813]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
?1.5
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFDA4B707FD30FDA2" box="[595,767,590,620]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Archaeobalanidae" genus="Hexaminius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hexaminius</taxonomicName>
|
||
7 †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFDFEB734FD0AFD55" authority="Matellionius" authorityName="Matellionius" box="[521,709,637,667]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Protelminius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Protelminius</taxonomicName>
|
||
†Matellionius 35-23 3 22-5
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76905D9421610AA7FBB6B779FAD1FCE3" box="[1089,1310,560,813]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFBBEB779FB33FD80" box="[1097,1276,560,590]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Archaeobalanidae" genus="Hexaminius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="popeiana">H. popeiana</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFBBEB728FB3EFDB1" box="[1097,1265,609,639]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Archaeobalanidae" genus="Hexaminius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="folorium">H. folorium</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFBBDB7A4FAD1FCC5" box="[1098,1310,749,779]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kingii">Elminius kingii</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354134E821610AA7FEB8B672FAD1FC49" box="[335,1310,827,903]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76905D9421610AA7FE14B672FC05FC49" box="[483,970,827,903]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
4 1.5
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFD57B61AFCA5FCBF" box="[672,874,851,881]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Austrominius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Austrominius</taxonomicName>
|
||
5
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76905D9421610AA7FBB6B672FAD1FC49" box="[1089,1310,827,903]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFBBFB675FAC5FC94" box="[1096,1290,828,858]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Austrobalanidae" genus="Austrominius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="modestus">A. modestus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFBB2B620FB37FC49" box="[1093,1272,873,903]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="covertus">A. covertus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354134E821610AA7FEB8B6D8FAD1FC2E" box="[335,1310,913,992]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76905D9421610AA7FE14B6D8FC05FC2E" box="[483,970,913,992]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">0.5 6</td>
|
||
<td id="76905D9421610AA7FBB6B6D8FAD1FC2E" box="[1089,1310,913,992]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFBB4B6D8FB33FC61" box="[1091,1276,913,943]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adelaidae">A. adelaidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
A. erubescens
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354134E821610AA7FEB8B6A1FAD1FBC8" box="[335,1310,1000,1030]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="76905D9421610AA7FBB6B6A1FAD1FBC8" box="[1089,1310,1000,1030]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFBB6B6A1FB2AFBC8" box="[1089,1253,1000,1030]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flindersi">A. flindersi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="354134E821610AA7FEB8B158FAD1FBE1" box="[335,1310,1041,1071]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td id="76905D9421610AA7FBB6B158FAD1FBE1" box="[1089,1310,1041,1071]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C714D292161F55EFBB4B158FB24FBE1" box="[1091,1259,1041,1071]" class="Maxillopoda" family="Balanidae" genus="Elminius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sessilia" pageId="6" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="placidus">A. placidus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCE36AA2161F55EFEDFB12EFB01FB4A" blockId="6.[296,1230,1126,1157]" box="[296,1230,1126,1157]" pageId="6" pageNumber="45">Late Eocene Miocene Holocene</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |