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<document id="56F0323797ABDF42B8B90A697AB9806C" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.246331" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bc74a10-7de0-4e39-8fc6-142a14d01b07" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="246331" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460513276238" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. &amp; Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2012" docId="03AB4D687B65D217FF6FFC9DFCCBFE58" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03438p042.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3438" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Hesperiinae Latreille 1809" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="2" masterDocId="FF9235107B64D215FFF8FF93FFC9FF97" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1698313706351" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="43FF557FC38ADF44E65D5AEA43C4F40A">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8A69088807B365E6A3CA64213FB3737D">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C318AFF57B65D214FF6FFC9DFDD5FCBF" box="[151,540,782,808]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B65D214FF6FFC9DFDD5FCBF" blockId="1.[151,1437,782,2030]" box="[151,540,782,808]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<heading id="D0F54B127B65D214FF6FFC9DFDD5FCBF" bold="true" box="[151,540,782,808]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FF6FFC9DFDD5FCBF" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[151,540,782,808]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FF6FFC9DFDD5FCBF" bold="true" box="[151,540,782,808]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
HESPERIINAE
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B65D214FE90FC9DFDD5FCBF" author="Latreille" box="[360,540,782,808]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1809) Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus, exemplisque plurimis _ tal. _ ate. Tomus quartus et ultimus. Amand Konig, Parisiis et Argentorati, 399 pp." type="book" year="1809">Latreille, 1809</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B65D214FF6FFCA2FE7FFBFE" blockId="1.[151,1437,782,2030]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FF6FFCA2FED4FCDE" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[151,285,817,841]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
is a long recognised subfamily of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FD21FCA2FCABFCDE" ID-CoL="6254D" box="[729,866,817,841]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
, although it is only since
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B65D214FB48FCA2FAAAFCDE" author="Higgins" box="[1200,1379,817,841]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Higgins, L. G. (1975) The Classification of European Butterflies. Collins, London, 320 pp." type="book" year="1975">Higgins (1975)</bibRefCitation>
that
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FF6FFCC6FEF4FCFA" ID-CoL="93MX3" box="[151,317,853,877]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heteropterinae">Heteropterinae</taxonomicName>
has been separated from
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FD9FFCC6FD24FCFA" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[615,749,853,877]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
and recognised as a subfamily.
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B65D214FB92FCC5FA84FCFA" author="Warren" box="[1130,1357,853,877]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Warren, A. D., Ogawa, J. R. &amp; Brower, A. V. Z. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics, 24, 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="2008">
Warren
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FB3DFCC5FB30FCFA" box="[1221,1273,853,877]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al</emphasis>
. (2008
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B65D214FAA3FCC6FA5CFCFA" author="Warren" box="[1371,1429,853,877]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Warren, A. D., Ogawa, J. R. &amp; Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 34, 467 - 523." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
) find morphological and molecular evidence strongly supporting
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FC5CFCEAFBE3FC06" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[932,1066,889,913]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
as a monophyletic subfamily. However, the tribal classification of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FDBCFC0EFD03FC22" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[580,714,925,949]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
is much less clear, and large groups of genera are treated as
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FF6FFC51FEFAFC4E" box="[151,307,961,985]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">incertae sedis</emphasis>
in their analysis. For the Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FD0DFC52FCB7FC4E" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[757,894,961,985]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FC72FC52FBF4FC4E" ID-CoL="8ZZPR" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" box="[906,1085,961,985]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ampittia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FC72FC52FC23FC4E" box="[906,1002,961,985]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Ampittia</emphasis>
Moore
</taxonomicName>
is now placed in Aeromachini Tutt and
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FF04FC75FE47FC6A" ID-CoL="9244Q" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[252,398,998,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Brusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FF04FC75FEF6FC6A" box="[252,319,998,1021]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Brusa</emphasis>
Evans
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FE62FC75FD8DFC6A" ID-CoL="92QRY" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[410,580,998,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FE62FC75FE3FFC6A" box="[410,502,998,1021]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Zenonia</emphasis>
Evans
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FDA8FC75FCC7FC6A" ID-CoL="929K5" authority="Hubner" authorityName="Hubner" box="[592,782,997,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FDA8FC75FD79FC6A" box="[592,688,998,1021]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Gegenes</emphasis>
Hübner
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FCE2FC75FC07FC6A" ID-CoL="92J9S" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" box="[794,974,998,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FCE2FC75FCB0FC6A" box="[794,889,998,1021]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Parnara</emphasis>
Moore
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FC22FC76FBA7FC6A" ID-CoL="923XX" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[986,1134,997,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FC22FC76FBE9FC6A" box="[986,1056,997,1021]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Borbo</emphasis>
Evans
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FB52FC76FABBFC6A" ID-CoL="92JGB" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" box="[1194,1394,997,1021]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FB52FC76FAD3FC6A" box="[1194,1306,997,1021]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pelopidas</emphasis>
Walker
</taxonomicName>
are placed in
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FEF0FB9AFE95FBB6" box="[264,348,1033,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
Doherty but all other African genera are
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FCC5FB99FC12FBB6" box="[829,987,1033,1057]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">incertae sedis</emphasis>
. The
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FBD1FB9AFB67FBB6" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[1065,1198,1033,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
tribes
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FB07FB9AFA55FBB6" box="[1279,1436,1033,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Taractrocerini">Taractrocerini</taxonomicName>
Voss,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FF24FBBEFEACFBD2" box="[220,357,1069,1093]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Thymelicini">Thymelicini</taxonomicName>
Tutt,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FE54FBBEFDD3FBD2" box="[428,538,1069,1093]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Calpodini">Calpodini</taxonomicName>
Clark,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FD8AFBBEFD22FBD2" box="[626,747,1069,1093]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Anthoptini">Anthoptini</taxonomicName>
A. Warren,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FC83FBBEFC13FBD2" box="[891,986,1069,1093]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Moncini">Moncini</taxonomicName>
A. Warren and
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FB6CFBBEFAC0FBD2" box="[1172,1289,1069,1093]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Hesperiini">Hesperiini</taxonomicName>
Latreille are not represented in Africa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B65D214FF3FFBE5FD95FB6E" blockId="1.[151,1437,782,2030]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
At this time we have not reared or located food plant records for the following
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FBA1FBE6FB16FB1A" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[1113,1247,1141,1165]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
genera found in Africa:
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FF17FB09FEFBFB26" ID-CoL="9244Q" box="[239,306,1178,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Brusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FF17FB09FEFBFB26" box="[239,306,1178,1201]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Brusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FEBAFB0AFD68FB26" ID-CoL="929FF" authority="Evans, Galerga Mabille" authorityName="Evans, Galerga Mabille" box="[322,673,1177,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fulda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FEBAFB0AFE4CFB26" box="[322,389,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Fulda</emphasis>
Evans,
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FE1AFB0AFDF7FB26" box="[482,574,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Galerga</emphasis>
Mabille
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FD55FB09FC16FB26" ID-CoL="95KGZ" authority="Lindsey &amp; Miller" authorityName="Lindsey &amp; Miller" box="[685,991,1177,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gyrogra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FD55FB09FCC4FB26" box="[685,781,1178,1201]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Gyrogra</emphasis>
Lindsey &amp; Miller
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FC14FB0AFB59FB26" ID-CoL="92D3H" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[1004,1168,1177,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Lepella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FC14FB0AFB89FB26" box="[1004,1088,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Lepella</emphasis>
Evans
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FB65FB0AFA88FB26" ID-CoL="92DW2" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[1181,1345,1177,1201]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Malaza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FB65FB0AFB38FB26" box="[1181,1265,1177,1201]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Malaza</emphasis>
Evans
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FAB6FB09FF17FB42" ID-CoL="92FW8" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Miraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FAB6FB09FA55FB26" box="[1358,1436,1178,1201]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Miraja</emphasis>
Evans
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FF11FB2EFE5BFB42" ID-CoL="92G27" authority="Evans." authorityName="Evans." box="[233,402,1213,1237]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Mopala" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FF11FB2EFE89FB42" box="[233,320,1213,1237]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Mopala</emphasis>
Evans.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FE61FB2EFDC6FB42" ID-CoL="92HHV" box="[409,527,1213,1237]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Osphantes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FE61FB2EFDC6FB42" box="[409,527,1213,1237]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Osphantes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B65D214FDEEFB2EFDBAFB42" box="[534,627,1213,1237]" name="Netherlands" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Holland</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FD85FB2EFC85FB41" ID-CoL="92HWC" authority="Berger" authorityName="Berger" box="[637,844,1213,1238]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Paracleros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FD85FB2EFD30FB42" box="[637,761,1213,1237]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Paracleros</emphasis>
Berger
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FCA0FB2EFC2CFB42" ID-CoL="92KQX" box="[856,997,1213,1237]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Prosopalpus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FCA0FB2EFC2CFB42" box="[856,997,1213,1237]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Prosopalpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B65D214FC13FB2EFB8CFB42" box="[1003,1093,1213,1237]" name="Netherlands" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Holland</collectingCountry>
and several new genera which T.B. Larsen (pers. comm.) will describe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B65D214FF3FFA96FD18F9F6" blockId="1.[151,1437,782,2030]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
Traditionally,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FE9CFA96FE23FA8A" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[356,490,1285,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
are considered to use monocotyledons as food plant plants, and in Europe they only feed on grasses (
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FEACFABAFE7EFAD6" ID-CoL="627FW" box="[340,439,1321,1345]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
). Thus, one of the questions in MJWC’s mind when he started rearing
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FB1BFABAFAA0FAD6" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[1251,1385,1321,1345]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
was why are there so many species—how do they avoid competitive displacement if they all feed on grasses? In fact many genera do not feed on grasses, but feed on other families of monocotyledons, such as
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FAD8FAE1FA51FA1D" ID-CoL="6234D" box="[1312,1432,1394,1418]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FF6FFA05FEFAFA39" ID-CoL="6T3" box="[151,307,1430,1454]" class="Liliopsida" family="Asparagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asparagaceae</taxonomicName>
(especially
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FE3EFA05FDFFFA3A" box="[454,566,1430,1453]" class="Reptilia" family="Teiidae" genus="Dracaena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FE3EFA05FDFFFA3A" box="[454,566,1430,1453]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Dracaena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FDACFA06FD01FA3A" ID-CoL="8M7" box="[596,712,1429,1453]" class="Liliopsida" family="Costaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Costaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FD21FA06FC97FA3A" ID-CoL="8W5" box="[729,862,1429,1453]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FC88FA05FBCBFA3A" ID-CoL="624K3" box="[880,1026,1430,1453]" class="Liliopsida" family="Marantaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Marantaceae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FBB1FA06FB22FA3A" ID-CoL="J2F" box="[1097,1259,1429,1453]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, especially in Africa, a significant number of genera feed on dicotyledonous plants, and it seems clear that at least two, perhaps more, groups of genera have evolved from an ancestor that made the food plant switch from monocotyledons back to dicotyledons. These groups and other
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FC9BF992FC20F98E" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[867,1001,1537,1561]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
will be treated in future papers, and in this contribution, we treat the only two tribes of
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FD22F9B6FCA9F9AA" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[730,864,1573,1597]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
that are recognised by
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B65D214FB81F9B5FAA1F9AA" box="[1145,1384,1573,1597]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Warren, A. D., Ogawa, J. R. &amp; Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 34, 467 - 523." type="journal article">
Warren
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FB2EF9B5FAC2F9AA" box="[1238,1291,1573,1597]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al</emphasis>
. (2009)
</bibRefCitation>
and include African species: Aeromachini and
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FD8DF9DAFD04F9F6" box="[629,717,1609,1633]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B65D217FF3FF9FEFCCBFE58" blockId="1.[151,1437,782,2030]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="3" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
The two tribes treated here seem to be almost entirely grass (
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FC86F9FEFC14F912" ID-CoL="627FW" box="[894,989,1645,1669]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
) feeders—at least in Africa. However, even amongst
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FEC3F901FE5EF93E" ID-CoL="627FW" box="[315,407,1682,1705]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
feeders, there may be specialisation. Sometimes this is obvious, e.g. bamboo feeders, but other times it is less obvious, e.g. on broad leaved grasses such as
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FC8EF925FC0EF95A" ID-CoL="8W3JT" box="[886,967,1718,1741]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FC8EF925FC0EF95A" box="[886,967,1718,1741]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Setaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or on fragile, narrow leaved grasses such as
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FF4EF94AFED2F966" ID-CoL="8V5BR" box="[182,283,1753,1777]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FF4EF94AFED2F966" box="[182,283,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Cynodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, entomologists tend to identify food plants as just “grass”, especially when it is a nonflowering grass, and the authors have had to resort to this sometimes for this work. Today, this could be addressed by collecting samples in silica gel or using FTA® paper (Whatman, Inc.) for subsequent DNA-based identification, even for non-flowering food plants (see discussion of methods and uses in
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B65D214FC0AF8D6FB1EF8CA" box="[1010,1239,1861,1885]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" refString="Gaskin, J. F., Bon, M. - C., Cock, M. J. W., Cristofaro, M., De Biase, A., De Clerck-Floate, R., Ellison, C. A., Hinz, H. L., Hufbauer, R. A., Julien, M. &amp; Sforza, R. (2011) Applying molecular-based approaches to classical biological control of weeds. Biological Control, 58, 1 - 21." type="journal article">
Gaskin
<emphasis id="B976206C7B65D214FBB3F8D5FBB4F8CA" box="[1099,1149,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">et al</emphasis>
. (2011)
</bibRefCitation>
in the context of weed biological control). There still seem to be many
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FCFDF8FAFC42F816" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[773,907,1897,1921]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
species that can be found on a wide variety of grasses—what D.H. Janzen (pers. comm.) characterised as ‘lawnmowers’, when we discussed this issue, some years ago. It may be that many
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B65D214FDEDF822FDA0F85E" box="[533,617,1969,1993]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
fit this description, although in all cases more field work is needed to clarify this. There may also be geographical, ecological or temporal differences in food plant utilisation, or preferred food plants, which will only become apparent as more detailed location-specific information becomes available. For example a particular food plant may be routinely used in one part of a skipper’s range but only when other food plants are unsuitable in another part. A further complication is that in captivity, caterpillars will often accept several different grasses—which makes rearing them easier, but there is the risk of food plants accepted in captivity entering the literature as natural food plants—which further collections may show them to be, but the original record is an artefact of captivity until confirmed from field observations and collections (
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B66D217FB1DFEDFFAB8FEF3" author="Cock" box="[1253,1393,332,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Cock, M. J. W. [2010 a] Observations on the biology of Pelopidas thrax (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) in the Hajar Mountains, Oman. Tribulus, 18 (2009), 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Cock 2010a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B66D217FA86FEDFFA46FEF3" author="Cock" box="[1406,1423,332,356]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Cock, M. J. W. (2010 b) Observations on the biology of Afro - tropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 1. Introduction and Coeliadinae. Zootaxa, 2547, 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
). Because many grass-feeders will accept a variety of grasses in captivity, this can be used to good effect, by rearing them from ova obtained from wild-caught females, and in this way the early stages can be documented, even if the natural food plant grasses are unknown (
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B66D217FDA5FE24FD3CFE58" author="Dethier" box="[605,757,439,463]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" refString="Dethier, V. G. (1939) Metamorphoses of Cuban Hesperiinae. Psyche, 46, 147 - 155." type="journal article" year="1939">Dethier 1939</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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