157 lines
20 KiB
XML
157 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E8EC65D2BA871AB891552715055993E0">New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="54227B9FCB84FAA9EFE87D87B8F6E316">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E20D7421DF928064F791D3A964FCB19A">Foltz, David W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="F627A03E3FA41BC6698EA7094F98926C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B88847E55AC9187024C25C42B1159FF0">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039F453C95748701FF0BFD56FD3AFB50" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6133867" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426347" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6133867" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F453C95748701FF0BFD56FD3AFB50" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F453C95748701FF0BFD56FD3AFB50" lastPageNumber="361" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" scope_class="Asteroidea" scope_family="Poraniidae" scope_superOrder="Valvatacea">
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<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195748701FF0BFD56FEE2FD4C" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BFD56FE1DFD2D" blockId="34.[151,446,655,715]" box="[151,446,655,682]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
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<heading id="D0C1434695748701FF0BFD56FE1DFD2D" bold="true" box="[151,446,655,682]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FF0BFD56FE1DFD2D" ID-CoL="7Q2MW" authority="Fisher 1940" authorityName="Fisher" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,446,655,682]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Spoladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BFD56FE1DFD2D" bold="true" box="[151,446,655,682]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
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<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BFD56FE87FD2E" bold="true" box="[151,292,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Spoladaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FEB0FD49FE1DFD2D" author="Fisher" box="[300,446,656,682]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher 1940</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BFD6BFEE2FD4C" blockId="34.[151,446,655,715]" box="[151,321,690,715]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
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<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95748701FF0BFD6BFEA1FD4C" box="[151,258,690,715]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1814,1836]" captionTargetBox="[171,1426,220,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,193,1792]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 10. Spoladaster veneris. A. MNHN IE- 2006 - 1234 Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface of large specimen (R = 3.9, St. Paul Island, southern Indian Ocean). C. CASIZ 87573, smaller sized specimens (R = 1.6 Off South Africa), showing marginal and actinal plates. D. CASIZ 87573, small sized specimen (R = 1.7, off South Africa) showing marginal and actinal plates. Note R for each specimen to reference scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252144/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Figure 10</figureCitation>
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A–D.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195748701FF0BFD22FA9EFCC9" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BFD22FCA2FC97" blockId="34.[151,1341,762,846]" box="[151,769,762,784]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495748701FF0BFD22FCA2FC97" box="[151,769,762,784]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FF0BFD22FE6CFC97" authority="H.L. Clark 1923: 292" authorityName="H.L. Clark" authorityPageNumber="292" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,463,762,784]" genus="Cryaster" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BFD22FF53FC97" box="[151,240,763,784]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Cryaster</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FF6AFD22FE6CFC97" author="Clark" box="[246,463,762,784]" page="292" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1923">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FF6AFD22FE3CFC97" author="Clark" box="[246,415,762,784]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Clark, H. L. (1923) The Echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435." type="journal article" year="1923">H.L. Clark 1923</bibRefCitation>
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: 292
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(non
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FD96FD22FD59FC97" authority="Koehler, 1906" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1906" box="[522,762,762,784]" genus="Cryaster" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B942283895748701FD96FD22FDC0FC97" box="[522,611,763,784]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Cryaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FDF5FD23FD59FC97" author="Koehler" box="[617,762,762,784]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Koehler, R. (1906) Echinodermes. (Stellerides, Ophiures et Echinides). Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1903 - 1905) commandee par le Dr. Jean Charcot. Sciences naturelles, documents scientifique. Masson et Cie, Paris, 41 pp." type="book chapter" year="1906">Koehler, 1906</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BFCC0FCCCFCA8" blockId="34.[151,1341,762,846]" box="[151,879,793,815]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495748701FF0BFCC0FCCCFCA8" box="[151,879,793,815]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FF0BFCC0FE64FCA8" ID-CoL="7Q5L9" authority="Mortensen 1933: 249" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityPageNumber="249" authorityYear="1933" box="[151,455,793,815]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Tylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BFCC0FF4BFCA8" box="[151,232,793,815]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Tylaster</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FF72FCC3FE64FCA8" author="Mortensen" box="[238,455,793,815]" page="249" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1933">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FF72FCC3FE3BFCA8" author="Mortensen" box="[238,408,793,815]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Mortensen, T. (1933) Echinoderms of South Africa (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorisk Forening i. Kobenhavn, 93, 215 - 400." type="journal article" year="1933">Mortensen 1933</bibRefCitation>
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: 249
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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(non
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FD9EFCC0FCCBFCA8" ID-CoL="7Q5L9" authority="Danielssen & Koren, 1881" authorityName="Danielssen & Koren" authorityYear="1881" box="[514,872,793,815]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Tylaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B942283895748701FD9EFCC0FDF2FCA8" box="[514,593,793,815]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Tylaster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FDC5FCC0FCCBFCA8" author="Danielssen" box="[601,872,793,815]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Danielssen, D. C. & Koren, J. (1881) Fra den norske Nordhavsexpedition, Echinodermer. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne, 26, 177 - 195." type="journal article" year="1881">Danielssen & Koren, 1881</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BFCE1FA9EFCC9" blockId="34.[151,1341,762,846]" box="[151,1341,824,846]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D30495748701FF0BFCE1FA9EFCC9" box="[151,1341,824,846]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FF0BFCE1FE66FCC9" ID-CoL="7Q2MW" authority="Fisher 1940: 135" authorityName="Fisher" authorityPageNumber="135" authorityYear="1940" box="[151,453,824,846]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Spoladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BFCE1FEB3FCC9" box="[151,272,824,846]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Spoladaster</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FE8AFCE1FE66FCC9" author="Fisher" box="[278,453,824,846]" page="135" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1940">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FE8AFCE1FE30FCC9" author="Fisher" box="[278,403,824,846]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher 1940</bibRefCitation>
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: 135
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
; A.M. Clark 1976: 254–258;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FD73FCE1FBFBFCC9" author="Hotchkiss" box="[751,1112,824,846]" page="265" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1976">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FD73FCE1FB86FCC9" author="Hotchkiss" box="[751,1061,824,846]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Hotchkiss, F. H. C. & Clark, A. M. (1976) Restriction of the family Poraniidae, sensu Spencer & Wright, 1966 (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, 30 (6), 263 - 268." type="journal article" year="1976">Hotchkiss & A.M. Clark 1976</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 265
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</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B95748701FBFFFCE1FA9AFCC9" author="Clark" box="[1123,1337,824,846]" page="41" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" year="1984">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FBFFFCE1FAB0FCC9" author="Clark" box="[1123,1299,824,846]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51." type="journal article" year="1984">A.M. Clark 1984</bibRefCitation>
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: 41
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195748701FF0BFCA3FC55FC14" box="[151,1014,890,915]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF0BFCA3FC55FC14" blockId="34.[151,1437,890,1239]" box="[151,1014,890,915]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
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<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF0BFCA3FE97FC14" bold="true" box="[151,308,890,915]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
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||
<typeStatus id="548D4A8895748701FF0BFCA3FF71FC14" box="[151,210,890,915]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FEA7FCA2FD4BFC14" authority="H.L. Clark 1923" authorityName="H.L. Clark" authorityYear="1923" box="[315,744,890,915]" genus="Cryaster" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" rank="species" species="brachyactis">
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<emphasis id="B942283895748701FEA7FCA2FD84FC14" box="[315,551,890,915]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Cryaster brachyactis</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FDB2FCA2FD4BFC14" author="Clark" box="[558,744,890,915]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Clark, H. L. (1923) The Echinoderm fauna of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 13 (7), 221 - 435." type="journal article" year="1923">H.L. Clark 1923</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, by original designation
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A195748701FF5BFC47FD3AFB50" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF5BFC47FBAFFB34" blockId="34.[151,1437,890,1239]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF5BFC47FEE2FC30" bold="true" box="[199,321,926,951]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
(Following
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FE4EFC47FDF5FC30" author="Clark" box="[466,598,926,951]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Clark, A. M. (1984) Notes on Atlantic and other Asteroidea. 4. Families Poraniidae and Asteropseidae. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 47 (1), 19 - 51." type="journal article" year="1984">Clark 1984</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FDF8FC47FCD1FC30" author="Clark" box="[612,882,926,951]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). Body swollen and cushion-like, pentagonal in outline (R/r=1.2–1.6). Larger individuals (R/r=~1.5 at R>5.0) with more stellate body shape versus smaller with more pentagonal outlines. Body wall thickened. Short, pointed spinelets embedded in body wall surface. Abactinal plates minimal, reduced into body wall, especially in larger specimens. Papulae covers most of abactinal surface. Marginal plates best observed in smaller specimens (R=1.5–2.0) (
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<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95748701FC04FBF7FC4EFBC0" box="[920,1005,1070,1095]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1814,1836]" captionTargetBox="[171,1426,220,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,193,1792]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 10. Spoladaster veneris. A. MNHN IE- 2006 - 1234 Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface of large specimen (R = 3.9, St. Paul Island, southern Indian Ocean). C. CASIZ 87573, smaller sized specimens (R = 1.6 Off South Africa), showing marginal and actinal plates. D. CASIZ 87573, small sized specimen (R = 1.7, off South Africa) showing marginal and actinal plates. Note R for each specimen to reference scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252144/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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C, D), embedded in thickened body tissue, obscured in larger specimens (R>~3.0) (
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<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95748701FD5CFB8BFCB6FBEC" box="[704,789,1106,1131]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1814,1836]" captionTargetBox="[171,1426,220,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,193,1792]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 10. Spoladaster veneris. A. MNHN IE- 2006 - 1234 Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface of large specimen (R = 3.9, St. Paul Island, southern Indian Ocean). C. CASIZ 87573, smaller sized specimens (R = 1.6 Off South Africa), showing marginal and actinal plates. D. CASIZ 87573, small sized specimen (R = 1.7, off South Africa) showing marginal and actinal plates. Note R for each specimen to reference scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252144/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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A, B). Actinal plates imbricate, in transverse series but becoming minimized. If present, concealed by thickened body tissue in larger specimens (R>~3.0) (
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<figureCitation id="130DE8AF95748701FA98FBAFFAF5FB08" box="[1284,1366,1142,1167]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1814,1836]" captionTargetBox="[171,1426,220,1776]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,193,1792]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 10. Spoladaster veneris. A. MNHN IE- 2006 - 1234 Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface of large specimen (R = 3.9, St. Paul Island, southern Indian Ocean). C. CASIZ 87573, smaller sized specimens (R = 1.6 Off South Africa), showing marginal and actinal plates. D. CASIZ 87573, small sized specimen (R = 1.7, off South Africa) showing marginal and actinal plates. Note R for each specimen to reference scale." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252144/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B). Furrow spines one to three (two to three in most). Subambulacral spines larger.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A95748701FF5BFB67FD3AFB50" blockId="34.[151,1437,890,1239]" box="[199,665,1214,1239]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FF5BFB67FE30FB50" bold="true" box="[199,403,1214,1239]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">Included species:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA995748701FE06FB66FD3AFB50" authority="Perrier 1879" authorityName="Perrier" authorityYear="1879" box="[410,665,1214,1239]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Spoladaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="veneris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B942283895748701FE06FB66FDA4FB51" box="[410,519,1215,1238]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="361">S. veneris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB95748701FD92FB67FD3AFB50" author="Perrier" box="[526,665,1214,1239]" pageId="34" pageNumber="361" refString="Perrier, E. (1879) Les Stellerides de Iile Saint - Paul. Archives du Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 31, 47 - 49." type="journal article" year="1879">Perrier 1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |