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<document id="61DC404AA36AF2E88031A51D31488505" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.254486" ID-GBIF-Dataset="747735bb-a251-4624-a513-e84ef2407e37" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="254486" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460465158946" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Konings, Adrianus F. &amp; Stauffer, Jay R." docDate="2012" docId="03941A26FFE94135FF04FF0EE889FB57" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03258p027.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3258" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Melanochromis robustus Johnson 1985" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="7" masterDocId="FFAD625EFFEA4133FF93FFD0EB51FFFB" masterDocTitle="Review of the Lake Malaŵi genus Melanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with a description of a new species" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698304897919" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="ED87C4544027F9E6B4A84F0B0BAE5D9F">Review of the Lake Malaŵi genus Melanochromis (Teleostei: Cichlidae) with a description of a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CF22A15F515C2336FCCEDC1A5482D956">Konings, Adrianus F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="81D20A25F2479A75C5DED01153F5EB79">Stauffer, Jay R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="7C1D5D16C671B72CD78D47046223FEAE">3258</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03941A26FFE94135FF04FF0EE889FB57" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6172016" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119514094" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6172016" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03941A26FFE94135FF04FF0EE889FB57" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03941A26FFE94135FF04FF0EE889FB57" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection id="C327F8BBFFE94130FF04FF0EEA1DFEE2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFE94130FF04FF0EE926FF03" blockId="3.[151,631,222,281]" box="[151,631,222,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="D0CA1C5CFFE94130FF04FF0EE926FF03" bold="true" box="[151,631,222,248]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFE94130FF04FF0EE926FF03" ID-CoL="739HG" authority="Johnson 1985" authorityName="Johnson" authorityYear="1985" box="[151,631,222,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FF04FF0EE926FF03" bold="true" box="[151,631,222,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FF04FF0EEA95FF03" bold="true" box="[151,452,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Melanochromis robustus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFACD6C1FFE94130FE5FFF0EE926FF03" author="Johnson" box="[460,631,222,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Johnson, D. S. (1985) Lake Malawi's monster Melanochromis, Melanochromis robustus sp. n. Today's Aquarist, 1 (1), 3." type="journal article" year="1985">Johnson 1985</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFE94130FF04FED1EA1DFEE2" blockId="3.[151,631,222,281]" box="[151,332,257,281]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
(
<figureCitation id="1306B7B5FFE94130FF0CFED1EBB4FEE2" box="[159,229,257,281]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="3.[151,249,1681,1704]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,717,1659]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,647,1659]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. A. Melanochromis robustus, holotype, AMNH 35386, 124.2 mm SL, MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: “ Chizimulu Island ”, Davies et al., because of damage on left side of specimen shown from right side; B. M. robustus, male in breeding colouration (approx. 110 mm SL) at Chinyankwazi Island, Lake MalaŴi, MalaŴi; C. M. robustus, female (approx. 100 mm SL) at same locality as male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254487/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
;
<tableCitation id="C6BF9E8BFFE94130FF63FED1EA10FEE2" box="[240,321,257,281]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,231,1374,1395]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1476,2025]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric and meristic data for Melanochromis robustus from Mumbo Island, Malaŵi (n = 3), from Chinyankwazi Island, Malaŵi (n = 7), and for the holotype (“ Chizimulu Island ”). Mean values as well as the ranges for these localities do not include those of the holotype because of it being grossly disproportionate." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF42FBB8FFEE4137FF04FA8EE85EFA4A" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" tableUuid="DF42FBB8FFEE4137FF04FA8EE85EFA4A">Table 1</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C327F8BBFFE94130FF04FE99E9E3FE85" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFE94130FF04FE99E9E3FE85" blockId="3.[151,774,329,382]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFE94130FF04FE99EAC9FEA4" ID-CoL="6R9FM" box="[151,408,329,351]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevis">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FF04FE99EA64FEA4" box="[151,309,329,351]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Melanochromis</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FEC8FE99EAC9FEA4" box="[347,408,329,351]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">brevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FE34FE9AEA9CFEA4" box="[423,461,330,351]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">non</emphasis>
Trewavas)
<bibRefCitation id="EFACD6C1FFE94130FDD7FE99E857FEA4" author="Ribbink" box="[580,774,329,351]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Ribbink, A. J., Marsh, B. A., Marsh, A. C., Ribbink, A. C. &amp; Sharp, B. J. (1983) A preliminary survey of the cichlid fishes of rocky habitats in Lake Malawi. South African Journal of Zoology, 18, 149 - 310." type="journal article" year="1983">Ribbink et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFE94130FF04FEB8EA29FE85" ID-CoL="6R9FM" box="[151,376,360,382]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevis">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FF04FEB8EA29FE85" box="[151,376,360,382]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Melanochromis brevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FE14FEB9EAFCFE85" box="[391,429,361,382]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">non</emphasis>
Trewavas)
<bibRefCitation id="EFACD6C1FFE94130FDB0FEB8E9E3FE85" author="Konings" box="[547,690,360,382]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refString="Konings, A. (1995) Mala w i cichlids in their natural habitat. 2 nd ed., Cichlid Press, St Leon-Rot, Germany, 352 pp." type="book" year="1995">Konings 1995</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C327F8BBFFE94130FF04FE7AEF53FDA9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFE94130FF04FE7AEF53FDA9" blockId="3.[151,1436,426,595]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FF04FE7AEAD2FE38" bold="true" box="[151,387,426,451]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Material examined.</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED2C33F5FFE94130FE1FFE7BEAB3FE38" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[396,482,427,451]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">AMNH</collectionCode>
35386,
<typeStatus id="54861592FFE94130FDD2FE7AE9F7FE39" box="[577,678,426,450]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, male,
<quantity id="4CC506D5FFE94130FD68FE7AE83EFE39" box="[763,879,426,450]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.242" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="124.2">124.2 mm</quantity>
SL,
<collectingCountry id="F32AEBA0FFE94130FC3AFE7AEF52FE38" box="[937,1027,426,451]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
: Lake
<collectingCountry id="F32AEBA0FFE94130FBC2FE7AEFFAFE38" box="[1105,1195,426,451]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
: “Chizimulu Island”, Davies et al.;
<collectionCode id="ED2C33F5FFE94130FEAAFE1EEA3DFE1D" box="[313,364,462,486]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5mg9-yyc1" name="Portland State University, Vertebrate Biology Museum" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">PSU</collectionCode>
8090, 6, 101.3–124.0 mm SL,
<collectingCountry id="F32AEBA0FFE94130FD4AFE1EE862FE1C" box="[729,819,462,487]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
: Lake
<collectingCountry id="F32AEBA0FFE94130FC12FE1EE88AFE1C" box="[897,987,462,487]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
: Chinyankwazi Island:
<geoCoordinate id="EE09CDF7FFE94130FB7AFE1EEE37FE1D" box="[1257,1382,462,486]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="92" value="-13.838333">13° 50.3’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE09CDF7FFE94130FAE6FE1EEBB4FDF1" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="92" value="34.956665">34° 57.4’E</geoCoordinate>
, A. Konings,
<date id="FF838DF0FFE94130FE12FE22E95FFDF1" box="[385,526,498,522]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2009-10-11">11 Oct 2009</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED2C33F5FFE94130FD89FE22E91CFDF1" box="[538,589,498,522]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5mg9-yyc1" name="Portland State University, Vertebrate Biology Museum" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">PSU</collectionCode>
10565,
<quantity id="4CC506D5FFE94130FD39FE22E869FDF1" box="[682,824,498,522]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1258" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="1125.8">1, 125.8 mm</quantity>
SL,
<collectingCountry id="F32AEBA0FFE94130FCFCFE22E898FDF0" box="[879,969,498,523]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
: Lake
<collectingCountry id="F32AEBA0FFE94130FB80FE22EF3CFDF0" box="[1043,1133,498,523]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
: Chinyankwazi Island:
<geoCoordinate id="EE09CDF7FFE94130FAE6FE22EBB2FDD5" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="92" value="-13.838333">13° 50.3’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE09CDF7FFE94130FF7DFDC6EA3BFDD5" box="[238,362,534,558]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="92" value="34.956665">34° 57.4’E</geoCoordinate>
, J. Stauffer &amp; A. Konings,
<date id="FF838DF0FFE94130FD0BFDC6E84EFDD5" box="[664,799,534,558]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2003-02-09">9 Feb. 2003</date>
;
<collectionCode id="ED2C33F5FFE94130FCB9FDC6E80CFDD5" box="[810,861,534,558]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5mg9-yyc1" name="Portland State University, Vertebrate Biology Museum" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">PSU</collectionCode>
8091, 3, 87.0–
<quantity id="4CC506D5FFE94130FB96FDC6EF39FDD5" box="[1029,1128,534,558]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.51" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="95.1">95.1 mm</quantity>
SL,
<collectingCountry id="F32AEBA0FFE94130FB0FFDC6EFA7FDD4" box="[1180,1270,534,559]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
: Lake
<collectingCountry id="F32AEBA0FFE94130FAACFDC6EEC8FDD4" box="[1343,1433,534,559]" name="Malawi" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Malaŵi</collectingCountry>
: Mumbo Island:
<geoCoordinate id="EE09CDF7FFE94130FEDAFDEAEA95FDA9" box="[329,452,570,594]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="92" value="-13.985">13° 59.1’S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE09CDF7FFE94130FE43FDEAE91DFDA9" box="[464,588,570,594]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" precision="92" value="34.755">34° 45.3’E</geoCoordinate>
, J. Stauffer &amp; A. Konings,
<date id="FF838DF0FFE94130FCEFFDEAE8AFFDA9" box="[892,1022,570,594]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" value="2003-02-08">8 Feb 2003</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF42FBB8FFE94130FF04F941EA6CF8F8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/254487/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[151,1436,717,1659]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFE94130FF04F941EA6CF8F8" blockId="3.[151,1436,1681,1795]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FF04F941EA42F95D" bold="true" box="[151,275,1681,1704]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
A.
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFE94130FEAAF941E963F95C" box="[313,562,1681,1703]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FEAAF941E963F95C" box="[313,562,1681,1703]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Melanochromis robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, holotype, AMNH 35386, 124.2 mm SL, MalaŴi: Lake MalaŴi: “Chizimulu Island”, Davies et al., because of damage on left side of specimen shown from right side; B.
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFE94130FC62F961EF3BF93E" box="[1009,1130,1711,1734]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FC62F961EF3BF93E" box="[1009,1130,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male in breeding colouration (approx. 110 mm SL) at Chinyankwazi Island, Lake MalaŴi, MalaŴi; C.
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFE94130FC03F91FEF5BF91F" box="[912,1034,1742,1764]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FC03F91FEF5BF91F" box="[912,1034,1742,1764]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, female (approx. 100 mm SL) at same locality as male.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C327F8BBFFE94137FF54F8FFEF64FDC7" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFE94137FF54F8FFEF64FDC7" blockId="3.[151,1436,1839,2009]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,1333]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FF54F8FFEA10F8B3" bold="true" box="[199,321,1839,1864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFE94130FEDBF8E0E90DF8B3" box="[328,604,1840,1864]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FEDBF8E0E90DF8B3" box="[328,604,1840,1864]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Melanochromis robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a basic melanin pattern consisting of two longitudinal black stripes on the body, of which the mid-lateral stripe reverses colour with the background in the breeding male—a character that makes it a member of
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFE94130FE56F8A8E925F86B" box="[453,628,1912,1936]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FE56F8A8E925F86B" box="[453,628,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Melanochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Female
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFE94130FD4FF8A9E830F86B" box="[732,865,1912,1936]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FD4FF8A9E830F86B" box="[732,865,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinguished from all other congeners, except those of
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FF6FF84DE920F84F" box="[252,625,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFE94130FF6FF84DEAEFF84F" box="[252,446,1948,1972]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopterus">M. melanopterus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFE94130FE58F84DE920F84F" box="[459,625,1949,1972]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vermivorus">M. vermivorus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFE94130FD21F84DE871F84F" box="[690,800,1949,1972]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mpoto">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFE94130FD21F84DE871F84F" box="[690,800,1949,1972]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">M. mpoto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by a gray to brown coloured body (white to yellow in other congeners). Mouthbrooding females may have additional vertical bars on the flanks, but these are more diffuse than the horizontal stripes. Both male and female
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FC8DFF49E8F2FF4B" box="[798,931,152,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FC8DFF49E8F2FF4B" box="[798,931,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are distinguished from
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FB23FF49EA44FF2F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FB23FF49EE20FF4B" box="[1200,1393,152,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopterus">M. melanopterus</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FAEEFF49EA44FF2F" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vermivorus">M. vermivorus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FEC2FF6DEAEDFF2F" box="[337,444,189,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mpoto">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FEC2FF6DEAEDFF2F" box="[337,444,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. mpoto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a broader interorbital breadth, the width of which is 26.1–29.6 % of HL (16.6–20.6 % in
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FF27FF31EA20FF03" box="[180,369,224,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopterus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FF27FF31EA20FF03" box="[180,369,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. melanopterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 18.5–25.5 % in
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FDA0FF31E987FF03" box="[563,726,225,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vermivorus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FDA0FF31E987FF03" box="[563,726,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. vermivorus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 14.8–21.8 % HL in
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FC60FF31EF0EFF03" box="[1011,1119,225,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mpoto" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FC60FF31EF0EFF03" box="[1011,1119,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. mpoto</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27ACA59FFEE4137FBF5FF30EFF5FF0C" box="[1126,1188,223,247]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
). Male
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FB69FF31EE2EFF03" box="[1274,1407,224,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FB69FF31EE2EFF03" box="[1274,1407,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in breeding colouration are distinguished from all other congeners by a dark-blue body colour and two light blue horizontal stripes on the flank superimposed with dark-blue to black vertical bars. The bars are interrupted by the light-coloured horizontal lines. None of the other known species of
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FC0BFE9CEF16FE9F" box="[920,1095,332,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FC0BFE9CEF16FE9F" box="[920,1095,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Melanochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a male colouration where the horizontal and vertical elements of the pattern are expressed simultaneously. Superficially, breeding males of the sympatric and smaller
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FE71FE45E9FFFE57" box="[482,686,404,428]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterochromis">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FE71FE45E9FFFE57" box="[482,686,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. heterochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a similar colouration (albeit lacking the vertical bars).
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FF04FE68EABBFE2B" box="[151,490,440,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterochromis">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FF04FE68EABBFE2B" box="[151,490,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Melanochromis heterochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can also be distinguished by its light-coloured mid-lateral stripe, which rarely spans more than two scales but is usually three to four scales deep in
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FCE8FE0DEF50FE0F" box="[891,1025,476,500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FCE8FE0DEF50FE0F" box="[891,1025,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FB81FE0CEE78FE0F" box="[1042,1321,476,500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FB81FE0CEE78FE0F" box="[1042,1321,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Melanochromis robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is further distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FEE3FDD1E964FDE3" box="[368,565,512,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterochromis">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FEE3FDD1E964FDE3" box="[368,565,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. heterochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by a longer snout, 33.8–38.0 % HL vs. 26.8–31.5 % in
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FB32FDD1EE34FDE3" box="[1185,1381,512,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterochromis">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FB32FDD1EE34FDE3" box="[1185,1381,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. heterochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and by a deeper caudal peduncle, 12.9–14.4 % SL vs. 9.8–11.7 % in
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FCFAFDF5EF7CFDC7" box="[873,1069,548,572]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterochromis">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FCFAFDF5EF7CFDC7" box="[873,1069,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M. heterochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C327F8BBFFEE4135FF54FD97E881FD3B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFEE4137FF54FD97EE67FC84" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1333]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FF54FD97EA08FD9B" bold="true" box="[199,345,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Description.</emphasis>
Morphometric ratios and meristic values as shown in
<tableCitation id="C6BF9E8BFFEE4137FC47FD97EF7AFDA4" box="[980,1067,583,607]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,231,1374,1395]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1476,2025]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric and meristic data for Melanochromis robustus from Mumbo Island, Malaŵi (n = 3), from Chinyankwazi Island, Malaŵi (n = 7), and for the holotype (“ Chizimulu Island ”). Mean values as well as the ranges for these localities do not include those of the holotype because of it being grossly disproportionate." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF42FBB8FFEE4137FF04FA8EE85EFA4A" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" tableUuid="DF42FBB8FFEE4137FF04FA8EE85EFA4A">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Medium-sized to large mbuna, ovoid body (mean BD 37.3% SL) with greatest depth at about second to fourth dorsal spine. Dorsal body profile with gradual curve downward, more acute towards the caudal peduncle; ventral body profile slightly convex between pelvic fins and base of rays of anal fin with upward taper to caudal peduncle. Dorsal head profile rounded, with continuous curve between interorbital and dorsal-fin origin; horizontal eye diameter (mean 27.3% HL) greater than preorbital depth; majority of eye (along horizontal axis) positioned in anterior half of head; snout straight to slightly concave in some individuals; jaws isognathous; tooth bands with 3–5 rows in lower and upper jaws; teeth in anterior outer row unequally bicuspid with lateral teeth primarily unicuspid, and teeth in inner rows unicuspid (some teeth shouldered); at junction of outer and innermost row teeth as single series of small unicuspids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFEE4137FF54FC5CEA02FB16" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1333]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Dorsal fin with XVI–XVIII (mode XVII) spines and 8–10 (mode 9) soft rays. Anal fin with III spines and 6 to 8 (mode 7) soft rays. First 3 or 4 dorsal spines becoming gradually longer posteriorly with fourth spine about 1.5 times length of first; last 13 spines becoming slightly longer posteriorly with last spine longest, about three times length of first; soft dorsal with rounded (females) or rounded to subacuminate (males) tip, third or fourth ray longest, reaching approximately base of caudal fin in females and approximately ¼ length of caudal in males. Anal spines progressively increasing in length posteriorly; third or fourth ray longest, reaching base of caudal fin; 1–3 small yellow spots on posterior anal fin in females and 2–10 yellow spots on posterior anal fin in males. Caudal fin subtruncate to emarginate. Pelvic fin not reaching anal fin in females, but extending to second or third spine of anal fin in large males. Pectoral fin short and paddle-shaped, reaching superimposed vertical line through base of 10th or 11th dorsal spine.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFEE4137FF54FB29E885FACE" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1333]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Flank scales large, ctenoid with abrupt transition to small scales on breast; cheek with 3–5 (mean 4) rows of small scales; caudal fin with tiny scales to margin; no scales on other fins.</paragraph>
<caption id="DF42FBB8FFEE4137FF04FA8EE85EFA4A" ID-Table-UUID="DF42FBB8FFEE4137FF04FA8EE85EFA4A" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF42FBB8FFEE4137FF04FA8EE85EFA4A" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[151,1436,1476,2025]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFEE4137FF04FA8EE85EFA4A" blockId="4.[151,1436,1374,1457]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FF04FA8EEA53FA88" bold="true" box="[151,258,1374,1395]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Morphometric and meristic data for
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FDE6FA8FE834FA8F" box="[629,869,1375,1396]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FDE6FA8FE834FA8F" box="[629,869,1375,1396]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Melanochromis robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Mumbo Island, Malaŵi (n=3), from Chinyankwazi Island, Malaŵi (n=7), and for the holotype (“Chizimulu Island”). Mean values as well as the ranges for these localities do not include those of the holotype because of it being grossly disproportionate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFEE4137FF0CFA15EEC5F812" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<table id="F93D5990FFEEBECCFF04FA14EECDF812" box="[151,1436,1476,2025]" colsContinueIn="5.[159,1393,207,1996]" gridcols="5" gridrows="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<tr id="350DA972FFEEBECCFF04FA14EECDFA02" box="[151,1436,1476,1529]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFF04FA14EAC8FA02" box="[151,409,1476,1529]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEE4137FF0CFA15EAC8FA20" box="[159,409,1477,1499]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FF0CFA15EAC8FA20" box="[159,409,1477,1499]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Melanochromis robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFD35FA14E9B0FA02" box="[678,737,1476,1529]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FD35FA15E9B0FA21" bold="true" box="[678,737,1477,1498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">mean</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFC82FA14E83FFA02" box="[785,878,1476,1529]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FC82FA15E83FFA21" bold="true" box="[785,878,1477,1498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">holotype</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFC39FA14EF15FA02" box="[938,1092,1476,1529]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FC39FA15EF15FA21" bold="true" box="[938,1092,1477,1498]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mumbo range</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFB1CFA14EECDFA02" box="[1167,1436,1476,1529]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FB20FA14EE71FA02" bold="true" box="[1203,1359,1476,1529]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chinyankwazi range</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEEBECCFF04F9E6EECDF98E" box="[151,1436,1590,1653]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFF04F9E6EAC8F98E" box="[151,409,1590,1653]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Standard length, mm Head length, mm</th>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFD35F9E6E9B0F98E" box="[678,737,1590,1653]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">104.0 34.1</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFC82F9E6E83FF98E" box="[785,878,1590,1653]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">124.2 40.8</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFC39F9E6EF15F98E" box="[938,1092,1590,1653]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">87.0–95.1 28.9–31.2</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFB1CF9E6EECDF98E" box="[1167,1436,1590,1653]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">101.3–124.0 32.0–40.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEEBECCFF04F961EECDF933" box="[151,1436,1713,1736]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFF04F961EAC8F933" box="[151,409,1713,1736]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEE4137FF0CF961EA3BF93C" bold="true" box="[159,362,1713,1736]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">% standard length</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEEBECCFF04F8D4EECDF812" box="[151,1436,1796,2025]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFF04F8D4EAC8F812" box="[151,409,1796,2025]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Head length Body depth Snout to dorsal Snout to pelvic Dorsal-fin base length</th>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFD35F8D4E9B0F812" box="[678,737,1796,2025]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">32.8 37.3 35.0 38.8 61.6</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFC82F8D4E83FF812" box="[785,878,1796,2025]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">32.8 38.5 33.1 45.2 57.3</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFC39F8D4EF15F812" box="[938,1092,1796,2025]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">32.7–34.7 36.5–36.6 34.7–36.5 38.9–39.3 60.8–62.2</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEEBECCFB1CF8D4EECDF812" box="[1167,1436,1796,2025]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">31.0–34.1 34.7–40.2 34.0–35.7 37.5–40.2 60.7–62.3 ......continue on next page</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF42FBB8FFEF4136FF0CFF70EADCFF4D" box="[159,397,160,182]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[159,1393,207,1996]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFEF4136FF0CFF70EADCFF4D" blockId="5.[159,397,160,182]" box="[159,397,160,182]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEF4136FF0CFF70EA5DFF4E" bold="true" box="[159,268,160,181]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
(Continued)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFEF4136FF0CFF00EE45F837" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<table id="F93D5990FFEFBECCFF0CFF1FEE20F837" box="[159,1393,207,1996]" colsContinueFrom="4.[151,1436,1476,2025]" gridcols="5" gridrows="13" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<tr id="350DA972FFEFBECCFF0CFF1FEE20FEFF" box="[159,1393,207,260]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFF0CFF1FE948FEFF" box="[159,537,207,260]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEF4136FF0CFF00EAC8FF1D" box="[159,409,208,230]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEF4136FF0CFF00EAC8FF1D" box="[159,409,208,230]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Melanochromis robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFD35FF1FE9B0FEFF" box="[678,737,207,260]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEF4136FD35FF00E9B0FF1E" bold="true" box="[678,737,208,229]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">mean</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC82FF1FE83FFEFF" box="[785,878,207,260]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEF4136FC82FF00E83FFF1E" bold="true" box="[785,878,208,229]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">holotype</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC39FF1FEF15FEFF" box="[938,1092,207,260]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEF4136FC39FF00EF15FF1E" bold="true" box="[938,1092,208,229]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mumbo range</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFB02FF1FEE20FEFF" box="[1169,1393,207,260]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEF4136FB20FF1FEE71FEFF" bold="true" box="[1203,1359,207,260]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chinyankwazi range</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEFBECCFF0CFEC8EE20FE07" box="[159,1393,280,508]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFF0CFEC8E948FE07" box="[159,537,280,508]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anterior dorsal to anterior anal Anterior dorsal to posterior anal Posterior dorsal to anterior anal Posterior dorsal to posterior anal Posterior dorsal to ventral caudal Posterior anal to dorsal caudal</th>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFD35FEC8E9B0FE07" box="[678,737,280,508]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">52.3 65.4 32.2 17.4 19.7 21.6</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC82FEC8E83FFE07" box="[785,878,280,508]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">51.2 61.0 31.2 17.5 20.1 22.4</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC39FEC8EF15FE07" box="[938,1092,280,508]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">51.7–53.7 64.7–66.0 31.3–31.5 16.4–17.6 19.1–20.5 20.6–21.4</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFB02FEC8EE20FE07" box="[1169,1393,280,508]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">50.1–53.5 64.2–67.0 31.2–34.0 16.6–18.9 18.8–21.3 20.4–23.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEFBECCFF0CFDC0EE20FD0F" box="[159,1393,528,756]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFF0CFDC0E948FD0F" box="[159,537,528,756]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anterior dorsal to pelvic-fin origin Posterior dorsal to pelvic-fin origin Caudal-peduncle length Least caudal-peduncle depth Pectoral-fin length Pelvic-fin length</th>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFD35FDC0E9B0FD0F" box="[678,737,528,756]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">37.6 58.1 13.9 13.7 23.7 31.1</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC82FDC0E83FFD0F" box="[785,878,528,756]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">38.4 57.6 15.0 13.4 23.3 41.9</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC39FDC0EF15FD0F" box="[938,1092,528,756]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">36.3–37.7 55.9–57.2 12.8–14.3 13.3–14.1 24.8–25.8 34.1–39.1</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFB02FDC0EE20FD0F" box="[1169,1393,528,756]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">35.8–40.2 57.0–61.1 13.1–14.7 12.9–14.4 20.6–24.8 24.3–32.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEFBECCFF0CFCE1EE20FCB3" box="[159,1393,817,840]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFF0CFCE1E948FCB3" box="[159,537,817,840]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEF4136FF0CFCE1EA6CFCBC" bold="true" box="[159,317,817,840]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">% head length</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEFBECCFF0CFC53EE20FC62" box="[159,1393,899,921]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFF0CFC53E948FC62" box="[159,537,899,921]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Snout length</th>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFD35FC53E9B0FC62" box="[678,737,899,921]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">35.8</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC82FC53E83FFC62" box="[785,878,899,921]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">39.7</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC39FC53EF15FC62" box="[938,1092,899,921]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">33.8–36.3</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFB02FC53EE20FC62" box="[1169,1393,899,921]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">35.0–38.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEFBECCFF0CFC7DEE20FC17" box="[159,1393,941,1004]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFF0CFC7DE948FC17" box="[159,537,941,1004]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Postorbital head length Horizontal eye diameter</th>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFD35FC7DE9B0FC17" box="[678,737,941,1004]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">42.1 27.3</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC82FC7DE83FFC17" box="[785,878,941,1004]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">37.0 28.7</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC39FC7DEF15FC17" box="[938,1092,941,1004]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">40.4–41.6 29.1–30.6</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFB02FC7DEE20FC17" box="[1169,1393,941,1004]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">41.5–43.6 24.0–27.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEFBECCFF0CFBD0EE20FB6A" box="[159,1393,1024,1169]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFF0CFBD0E948FB6A" box="[159,537,1024,1169]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Vertical eye diameter Head depth Preorbital depth Cheek depth</th>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFD35FBD0E9B0FB6A" box="[678,737,1024,1169]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">26.8 93.6 22.5 25.0</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC82FBD0E83FFB6A" box="[785,878,1024,1169]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">28.2 96.7 21.2 22.7</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC39FBD0EF15FB6A" box="[938,1092,1024,1169]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">27.6–30.0 88.3–90.2 20.5–21.5 23.0–26.4</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFB02FBD0EE20FB6A" box="[1169,1393,1024,1169]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">23.2–27.2 93.1–98.9 22.3–23.9 23.8–26.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEFBECCFF0CFB75EE20FB1F" box="[159,1393,1189,1252]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFF0CFB75E948FB1F" box="[159,537,1189,1252]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lower-jaw length Interorbital width</th>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFD35FB75E9B0FB1F" box="[678,737,1189,1252]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">35.4 27.7</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC82FB75E83FFB1F" box="[785,878,1189,1252]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">36.3 26.2</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC39FB75EF15FB1F" box="[938,1092,1189,1252]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">35.3–36.9 26.1–28.1</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFB02FB75EE20FB1F" box="[1169,1393,1189,1252]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">34.0–37.6 26.3–29.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEFBECCFF0CFB28EE20FAF5" box="[159,1393,1272,1294]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFF0CFB28E948FAF5" box="[159,537,1272,1294]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Premaxillary length</th>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFD35FB28E9B0FAF5" box="[678,737,1272,1294]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">26.2</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC82FB28E83FFAF5" box="[785,878,1272,1294]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">28.7</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC39FB28EF15FAF5" box="[938,1092,1272,1294]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">24.9–27.1</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFB02FB28EE20FAF5" box="[1169,1393,1272,1294]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">24.1–30.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEFBECCFF0CFA9AEE20FA9A" box="[159,1393,1354,1377]" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFF0CFA9AE948FA9A" box="[159,537,1354,1377]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEF4136FF0CFA9AEA52FA9A" bold="true" box="[159,259,1354,1377]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Meristics</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFD35FA9AE9B0FA9A" box="[678,737,1354,1377]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEF4136FD35FA9BE9B0FA9B" bold="true" box="[678,737,1355,1376]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">mode</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC82FA9AE83FFA9A" box="[785,878,1354,1377]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEF4136FC82FA9BE83FFA9B" bold="true" box="[785,878,1355,1376]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">holotype</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC39FA9AEF15FA9A" box="[938,1092,1354,1377]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEF4136FC39FA9BEF15FA9B" bold="true" box="[938,1092,1355,1376]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Mumbo range</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFB02FA9AEE20FA9A" box="[1169,1393,1354,1377]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEF4136FB02FA9AEE20FA9B" bold="true" box="[1169,1393,1354,1377]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chinyankwazi range</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEFBECCFF0CFA4DEE20FA27" box="[159,1393,1437,1500]" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFF0CFA4DE948FA27" box="[159,537,1437,1500]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dorsal-fin spines Dorsal-fin rays</th>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFD35FA4DE9B0FA27" box="[678,737,1437,1500]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">17 9</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC82FA4DE83FFA27" box="[785,878,1437,1500]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">17 10</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC39FA4DEF15FA27" box="[938,1092,1437,1500]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">17 9–10</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFB02FA4DEE20FA27" box="[1169,1393,1437,1500]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">16–18 8–9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEFBECCFF0CFA20EE20F92F" box="[159,1393,1520,1748]" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFF0CFA20E948F92F" box="[159,537,1520,1748]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Anal-fin spines Anal-fin rays Pectoral-fin rays Pelvic-fin rays Lateral-line scales Pored scales post lateral line</th>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFD35FA20E9B0F92F" box="[678,737,1520,1748]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3 7 14 5 32 2</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC82FA20E83FF92F" box="[785,878,1520,1748]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3 8 14 5 32 2</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC39FA20EF15F92F" box="[938,1092,1520,1748]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3 7–8 13–14 5 32 2</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFB02FA20EE20F92F" box="[1169,1393,1520,1748]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3 6–7 13–14 5 31–32 0–3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="350DA972FFEFBECCFF0CF938EE20F837" box="[159,1393,1768,1996]" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFF0CF938E948F837" box="[159,537,1768,1996]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cheek-scale rows Gillrakers 1st ceratobranchial Gillrakers 1st epibranchial Teeth in outer series of left lower jaw Tooth rows in upper jaw Tooth rows in lower jaw</th>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFD35F938E9B0F837" box="[678,737,1768,1996]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4 11 4 22 4 5</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC82F938E83FF837" box="[785,878,1768,1996]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4 12 4 23 5 4</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFC39F938EF15F837" box="[938,1092,1768,1996]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3–5 11–13 4 8–12 4–4 3–5</td>
<td id="76DCC00EFFEFBECCFB02F938EE20F837" box="[1169,1393,1768,1996]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">4–5 10–12 2–4 20–25 4–5 4–5</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFEC4135FF54FF47E881FD3B" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1196]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEC4135FF54FF47EA0FFF4B" bold="true" box="[199,350,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Colouration.</emphasis>
Breeding males: head below eye dark blue/black with light-blue interorbital band, nape and postorbital part of head light blue to gray. Body blue/dark blue with solid light-blue midlateral stripe and less welldefined light-blue dorso-lateral stripe; anteriormost 2–5 vertical bars darker and superimposed on pattern of horizontal stripes; vertical bars interrupted where intersecting light-blue horizontal stripes; caudal peduncle dark blue/ gray with light-blue midlateral stripe extending onto caudal fin; belly and breast dark blue/black. Dorsal fin light blue with black submarginal band, in some males submarginal band not solid, and light-blue lappets. Caudal fin with dark-blue/black membranes, clear posterior margin, and light-blue rays. Anal fin blue with broad black submarginal band, light-blue anterior margin, and 2–10 small orange/yellow ocelli on posterior part of soft-rayed portion. Pelvic fin black with light-blue anterior margin. Pectoral fin with dark-gray/black rays and clear membranes. Females: head gray/green with green iridescent spots on post-orbital part and black opercular spot; dark interorbital bar with some green iridescent spots; short, dark horizontal stripe behind eye not extending to opercular spot. Body gray/green-yellow with solid black midlateral stripe extending to but not onto caudal peduncle, and interrupted black dorso-lateral stripe; faint dark vertical bars over horizontal stripes, more conspicuous in mouthbrooding females. Dorsal and anal fin gray with faint black submarginal band. Caudal fin with black spot at base; membranes light gray with dark submarginal band and outer margin clear; rays light-blue/white. Pelvic fin gray with narrow white/light-blue anterior margin. Pectoral fin clear with gray rays.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C327F8BBFFEC4135FF54FD1AE889FB57" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFEC4135FF54FD1AE94AFCB7" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1196]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEC4135FF54FD1AE93DFD18" bold="true" box="[199,620,714,739]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distribution and field observations.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEC4135FDE1FD1BE8D7FD18" box="[626,902,715,739]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEC4135FDE1FD1BE8D7FD18" box="[626,902,715,739]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Melanochromis robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is uncommon in occurrence in the very shallow (&lt;
<quantity id="4CC506D5FFEC4135FF2AFD3EEBB7FCFD" box="[185,230,750,774]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
deep) rocky habitat at the islands of Chinyankwazi and Mumbo (
<figureCitation id="1306B7B5FFEC4135FC44FD3EEF4BFCFD" box="[983,1050,750,774]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1975,1998]" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of Lake MalaŴi with localities mentioned in the text." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFACD6C1FFEC4135FBA6FD3EEE74FCFD" box="[1077,1317,750,774]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Ribbink, A. J., Marsh, B. A., Marsh, A. C., Ribbink, A. C. &amp; Sharp, B. J. (1983) A preliminary survey of the cichlid fishes of rocky habitats in Lake Malawi. South African Journal of Zoology, 18, 149 - 310." type="journal article">
Ribbink
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEC4135FB0BFD3FEF9AFCFD" box="[1176,1227,750,774]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
. (1983)
</bibRefCitation>
report the presence of this species (as
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEC4135FE5DFCC1E9BDFCD2" box="[462,748,785,809]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brevis">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEC4135FE5DFCC1E92CFCD2" box="[462,637,785,809]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Melanochromis</emphasis>
cf.
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEC4135FD3AFCC1E9BDFCD2" box="[681,748,785,809]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">brevis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) at other locations in the southeastern arm of the lake but we have not been able to confirm this.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B82AB30FFEC4135FF54FC87E889FB57" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1196]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Males in breeding colouration energetically defend spawning sites, which are located inside caves and crevices between the rocks, against conspecific males. Male territories have an estimated diameter of 2–3 meters. Territorial aggression against males of
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEC4135FE73FC4FE9F9FC4D" box="[480,680,926,950]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heterochromis">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEC4135FE73FC4FE9F9FC4D" box="[480,680,926,950]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. heterochromis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is much more common at both islands, was not obvious, although the two species are sometimes difficult to tell apart on the basis of colouration, were it not for the much larger size of
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEC4135FEA2FC36EAE7FC06" box="[305,438,997,1021]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEC4135FEA2FC36EAE7FC06" box="[305,438,997,1021]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Females are rarely seen, and those that were have always been solitary; mouthbrooding females remain solitary and stay close to the rocky substrate.
<bibRefCitation id="EFACD6C1FFEC4135FCDDFBD7EF6AFBE4" box="[846,1083,1031,1056]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refString="Ribbink, A. J., Marsh, B. A., Marsh, A. C., Ribbink, A. C. &amp; Sharp, B. J. (1983) A preliminary survey of the cichlid fishes of rocky habitats in Lake Malawi. South African Journal of Zoology, 18, 149 - 310." type="journal article">
Ribbink
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEC4135FC23FBD9E8B3FBDB" box="[944,994,1032,1056]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">et al</emphasis>
. (1983)
</bibRefCitation>
mention that stomach analyses of
<taxonomicName id="4C3DD0B3FFEC4135FF26FBFCEA6BFBB8" box="[181,314,1067,1091]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Melanochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="B9497722FFEC4135FF26FBFCEA6BFBB8" box="[181,314,1067,1091]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">M. robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
revealed plankton and algae, and occasionally terrestrial insects such as ants and flies. The individuals we observed at the islands of Chinyankwazi and Mumbo suggest an opportunistic feeding behaviour in which the species is attracted to visible particles floating in the water column rather than collecting food by systematically browsing from the rocky substrate. Stomach analyses were not performed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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