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46 KiB
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404 lines
46 KiB
XML
<document id="C6D05291373357812495E8794FB535FE" ID-CLB-Dataset="51187" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4066.3.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="efd9df5e-1439-4724-ae76-a219f7c3ce70" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="264653" ID-ZooBank="680D0FB4-F3BC-4562-B214-631067287218" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459686029873" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W., Congdon, T. Colin E. & Collins, Steve C." docDate="2016" docId="0386D843FFAEB121CEEC92EC2213FF4C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4066.3.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4066 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Semalea pulvina Plotz 1879" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="219" masterDocId="FFBFA03BFFA0B133CE7B927B2616FD2C" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis" masterLastPageNumber="247" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="215" updateTime="1698208999773" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5CCFCB67F75CD26C150CC3A967012A5D">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="90B5057FCA444C00D17A924623B7C6DC">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AA73ECD5A15628B25ADB51101C64E9B7">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F619F2CE642CB1ED30419461BE307076">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="8DA58D283DD1D9C046FE0550C5E384E6">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2774C745392F80317DD19F6357AC031F">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="6D9E578713E6B3C28ED4CA5EBFAA8217">4066</mods:number>
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<treatment id="0386D843FFAEB121CEEC92EC2213FF4C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614506" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119333208" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614506" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D843FFAEB121CEEC92EC2213FF4C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386D843FFAEB121CEEC92EC2213FF4C" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="219" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFAEB13DCEEC92EC27E6FD9E" box="[151,496,151,178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFAEB13DCEEC92EC27E6FD9E" blockId="14.[151,496,151,178]" box="[151,496,151,178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
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<heading id="D0D8DE39FFAEB13DCEEC92EC27E6FD9E" bold="true" box="[151,496,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCEEC92EC27E6FD9E" ID-CoL="4WF9J" authority="Plotz, 1879" authorityName="Plotz" authorityYear="1879" box="[151,496,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulvina">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCEEC92EC27E6FD9E" bold="true" box="[151,496,151,178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCEEC92EC2776FD9D" bold="true" box="[151,352,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Semalea pulvina</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCF1C92E327E6FD9E" author="Plotz" box="[359,496,152,178]" pageId="14" pageNumber="247" refString="Plotz, C. (1879) Verzeichniss vom verstorbenen Prof. Dr. R. Buchholz in West-Africa-beim Meerbusem von Guinea -gesammelten Hesperien. Entomologische Zeitung, 40, 353 - 364." type="journal article" year="1879">Plötz, 1879</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFAEB13DCEEC92A52474FFAF" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFAEB13DCEEC92A52506FC86" blockId="14.[151,1437,222,643]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCEEC92A52745FDDB" ID-CoL="4WF9J" box="[151,339,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulvina">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCEEC92A52745FDDB" box="[151,339,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Semalea pulvina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described from Aburi,
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAEB13DCCEC92A524F6FDDB" box="[663,736,222,247]" name="Ghana" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Ghana</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCC8A92A52564FDDB" author="Plotz" box="[753,882,222,247]" pageId="14" pageNumber="247" refString="Plotz, C. (1879) Verzeichniss vom verstorbenen Prof. Dr. R. Buchholz in West-Africa-beim Meerbusem von Guinea -gesammelten Hesperien. Entomologische Zeitung, 40, 353 - 364." type="journal article" year="1879">Plötz 1879</bibRefCitation>
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), and is found from West Africa east to western
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAEB13DCEEC937826F6FC37" box="[151,224,259,283]" name="Kenya" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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and South to
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAEB13DCFFF937927EAFC37" box="[388,508,258,283]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAEB13DCC4D937924DCFC37" box="[566,714,258,283]" name="Mozambique" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCCA09378257DFC37" author="Larsen" box="[731,875,259,283]" pageId="14" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCD0193792245FC37" author="Ackery" box="[890,1107,258,283]" pageId="14" pageNumber="245" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCDAE937F2211FC37" box="[981,1031,258,283]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCA1B937822E4FC37" author="Larsen" box="[1120,1266,258,283]" pageId="14" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). The southern populations
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAEB13DCF5B935D27A1FC13" box="[288,439,294,319]" name="Mozambique" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAEB13DCFB9935D240CFC13" box="[450,538,294,319]" name="Malawi" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAEB13DCC5E935D24B6FC13" box="[549,672,294,319]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAEB13DCCD0935D2512FC13" box="[683,772,294,319]" name="Zambia" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Zambia</collectingCountry>
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, and Shaba (
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAEB13DCDEA935C221AFC13" box="[913,1036,295,319]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">DR Congo</collectingCountry>
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) have a much lighter ground colour and T.B. Larsen (pers. comm. 2015) intended to describe them as a separate subspecies. The male of this species has distinctive secondary sexual characteristics, most notably a large, dark brand over the cell and costa UPH, matched by a forward directed hair tuft on dorsum UNF.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFAEB13DCEBC93CD2474FFAF" blockId="14.[151,1437,222,643]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
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Kakamega Forest is the
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAEB13DCF9F93CC242DFCE3" box="[484,571,439,463]" name="Kenya" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Kenyan</collectingCountry>
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stronghold of this species, although MJWC has a single male from Meru Forest, and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCF6193A027A5FCDF" author="Neave" box="[282,435,475,499]" pageId="14" pageNumber="247" refString="Neave, S. A. (1904) On a large collection of Rhopalocera from the shores of the Victoria Nyanza. Novitates Zoologicae, 11, 323 - 363, plate 1." type="journal article" year="1904">Neave (1904)</bibRefCitation>
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records a single male from Ugaia, South of Kisumu. MJWC has seen adult males once in Kakamega Forest, when they came readily to flowers. Females (
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<figureCitation id="131475D0FFAEB13DCD0C938525F1FF3B" box="[887,999,510,535]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1695,1717]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,698,1670]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,698,1670]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 17. Adult female of Semalea pulvina, collected as final instar caterpillar on Aframomum zambesiacum zambesiacum, Kakamega Forest, Kenya, 6 Apr 1990; adult emerged and photographed 25 Apr 1990; MJWC 90 / 37 A." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264670/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Figure 17</figureCitation>
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) settle on low vegetation in clearings. Although neither sex is frequently seen, caterpillars are easy to find on their food plant in Kakamega Forest:
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCEEC903C2470FF73" ID-CoL="65DLP" box="[151,614,582,607]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="zambesiacum" subSpecies="zambesiacum">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCEEC903C2470FF73" box="[151,614,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Aframomum zambesiacum zambesiacum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Adults are said to be active early in the morning only, disappearing before midday (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCF3390112443FFAF" author="Dickson" box="[328,597,618,643]" pageId="14" pageNumber="246" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFAEB13DCEEC94E422B1FBFF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264670/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" targetBox="[151,1436,698,1670]" targetPageId="14">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FFAEB13DCEEC94E422B1FBFF" blockId="14.[151,1435,1695,1747]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCEEC94E42709FB99" bold="true" box="[151,287,1695,1717]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">FIGURE 17.</emphasis>
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Adult female of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCFB094E42465FB99" box="[459,627,1695,1717]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulvina">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCFB094E42465FB99" box="[459,627,1695,1717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Semalea pulvina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, collected as final instar caterpillar on
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCD8094E42383FB99" box="[1019,1429,1695,1717]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="zambesiacum" subSpecies="zambesiacum">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCD8094E42383FB99" box="[1019,1429,1695,1717]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Aframomum zambesiacum zambesiacum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Kakamega Forest, Kenya, 6 Apr 1990; adult emerged and photographed 25 Apr 1990; MJWC 90/37A.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFFAEB121CEBC957B2213FF4C" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="219" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFAEB13DCEBC957B2370FAE1" blockId="14.[151,1437,1792,2033]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCEBC957B2776FA35" bold="true" box="[199,352,1792,1817]" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Food plants.</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCF17957B2483FA35" author="Dickson" box="[364,661,1792,1817]" pageId="14" pageNumber="246" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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give the food plant as wild ginger,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCA30957B2360FA35" box="[1099,1398,1792,1817]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Siphonochilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCA30957B2360FA35" box="[1099,1398,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Siphonochilus aethiopicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCEEC955E278EFA11" box="[151,408,1828,1853]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Kaempferia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopica">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCEEC955E278EFA11" box="[151,408,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Kaempferia aethiopica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCFCA955F2445FA11" box="[433,595,1828,1853]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
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) in southern Africa. This record is repeated (as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCA16955E2379FA11" box="[1133,1391,1828,1853]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Kaempferia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopica">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCA16955E2379FA11" box="[1133,1391,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Kaempferia aethiopica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCEEC9533275FFA4D" author="Kielland" box="[151,329,1864,1889]" pageId="14" pageNumber="246" refString="Kielland, J. (1990) Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne, 363 pp." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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and (as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCFDC9532243DFA4D" box="[423,555,1865,1889]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Kaempferia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCFDC9532243DFA4D" box="[423,555,1865,1889]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Kaempferia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCC24953224EBFA4D" author="Larsen" box="[607,765,1865,1889]" pageId="14" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCD4F9533220DFA4D" box="[820,1051,1864,1889]" pageId="14" pageNumber="245" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book">
|
||
Ackery
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCDF6953225A8FA4D" box="[909,958,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCA5E95332311FA4D" box="[1061,1287,1864,1889]" pageId="14" pageNumber="247" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, 800 pp." type="book">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCA06953222B8FA4D" box="[1149,1198,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1994)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCB469533271DFAA9" pageId="14" pageNumber="246" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, 137 pp. + CD." type="book">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCBF3953226BBFAA9" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
refer to the same food plant in the new combination
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCDE39516222DFAA9" box="[920,1083,1900,1925]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Siphonochilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aethiopicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCDE39516222DFAA9" box="[920,1083,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">S. aethiopicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCAF895172371FAA9" box="[1155,1383,1900,1925]" pageId="14" pageNumber="246" refString="Heath, A., Newport, M. A. & Hancock, D. (2002) The Butterflies of Zambia. African Butterfly Research Institute and The Lepidopterists' Society of Africa, Nairobi, 137 pp. + CD." type="book">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCAA99516231EFAA9" box="[1234,1288,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2002)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
add
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCEEC95EA2734FA85" box="[151,290,1937,1961]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCEEC95EA2734FA85" box="[151,290,1937,1961]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Aframomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCF1395EB241BFA85" box="[360,525,1936,1961]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), probably based on TCEC’s rearing.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FFAEB13DCD9E95EA229DFA85" author="Larsen" box="[997,1163,1936,1961]" pageId="14" pageNumber="246" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 Vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
lists all three genera: ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCEDB95CE273DFAE1" box="[160,299,1973,1997]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCEDB95CE273DFAE1" box="[160,299,1973,1997]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Aframomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCF4395CF2451FAE1" authority="(Zambia)" baseAuthorityName="Zambia" box="[312,583,1972,1997]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Siphonochilus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCF4395CF27C0FAE1" box="[312,470,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Siphonochilus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAEB13DCF9D95CF2429FAE1" box="[486,575,1972,1997]" name="Zambia" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCC0695CE2517FAE1" box="[637,769,1973,1997]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Kaempferia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCC0695CE2517FAE1" box="[637,769,1973,1997]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Kaempferia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’, and Vande weghe (2010) lists the same three genera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFAEB13CCEBC95A32353FC6C" blockId="14.[151,1437,1792,2033]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="216" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">
|
||
The food plant in Kakamega Forest, western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAEB13DCC9295A22523FADD" box="[745,821,2009,2033]" name="Kenya" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAEB13DCD1E95A22321FADD" box="[869,1335,2008,2033]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="14" pageNumber="215" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="zambesiacum" subSpecies="zambesiacum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAEB13DCD1E95A22321FADD" box="[869,1335,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="215">Aframomum zambesiacum zambesiacum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a large species which grows beside the roads and tracks over much of the area. The fruiting body is only present rarely; it is a large red body at the base of the stalks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFAFB13CCCFC92C724EEFDF8" box="[647,760,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1230,1252]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,375,1206]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,375,1206]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 18. Developing fruiting bodies of Aframomum zambesiacum zambesiacum, Kakamega Forest, Kenya, 1 Jul 1990." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264671/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Figure 18</figureCitation>
|
||
); MJWC saw the fruiting body once, but no flowers. TCEC reared this species from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAFB13CCFDD929B2426FDD4" box="[422,560,224,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAFB13CCFDD929B2426FDD4" box="[422,560,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Aframomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. at Tukuyu (south-western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAFB13CCDF992A425FDFDD4" box="[898,1003,223,248]" name="Tanzania" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Lulanda (forest at
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFAFB13CCAB192A42377FDD4" box="[1226,1377,223,248]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" unit="m" value="1600.0" valueMax="1700.0" valueMin="1500.0">1500–1700m</quantity>
|
||
, near Mufindi, Iringa,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAFB13CCF20937F27D2FC31" box="[347,452,260,285]" name="Tanzania" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
), Rondo (south-eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAFB13CCCA6937F2555FC31" box="[733,835,260,285]" name="Tanzania" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and Hillwood (north-western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFAFB13CCAC9937F231BFC31" box="[1202,1293,260,285]" name="Zambia" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Where the ranges of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAFB13CCF7E9353274DFC6C" box="[261,347,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAFB13CCF7E9353274DFC6C" box="[261,347,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">S. arela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAFB13CCFE993532414FC6C" box="[402,514,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulvina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAFB13CCFE993532414FC6C" box="[402,514,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">S. pulvina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
overlap, TCEC has found them on the same plants, even on the same leaf.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFAFB13CCEEC96B5236BF9C8" box="[151,1405,1230,1252]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264671/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" targetBox="[151,1436,375,1206]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFAFB13CCEEC96B5236BF9C8" blockId="15.[151,1405,1230,1252]" box="[151,1405,1230,1252]" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAFB13CCEEC96B5270FF9C8" bold="true" box="[151,281,1230,1252]" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">FIGURE 18</emphasis>
|
||
. Developing fruiting bodies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAFB13CCC2396B525E4F9C8" box="[600,1010,1230,1252]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="zambesiacum" subSpecies="zambesiacum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAFB13CCC2396B525E4F9C8" box="[600,1010,1230,1252]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Aframomum zambesiacum zambesiacum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kakamega Forest, Kenya, 1 Jul 1990.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFAFB13CCEBC976A26DEF85E" blockId="15.[151,1436,1297,1394]" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAFB13CCEBC976A270EF806" bold="true" box="[199,280,1297,1322]" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Ovum.</emphasis>
|
||
TCEC recorded the ovum from the Rondo Plateau (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFAFB13CCD18976A25C2F806" box="[867,980,1297,1322]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1945,1967]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1449,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,1449,1921]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 19. Ovum of Semalea pulvina, collected on Aframomum sp., Rondo Plateau, south-east Tanzania, 3 Apr 1998 [TCEC]." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264672/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Figure 19</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is orange-brown, dome-shaped, with a strong basal flange, 13 wall-like ribs stopping short of the micropyle, and horizontal microsculpture between the ribs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFAFB13CCEEC95E226F9FAE1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264672/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" targetBox="[151,1435,1449,1920]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFAFB13CCEEC95E226F9FAE1" blockId="15.[151,1436,1945,1997]" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAFB13CCEEC95E2270BFA83" bold="true" box="[151,285,1945,1967]" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">FIGURE 19</emphasis>
|
||
. Ovum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAFB13CCFE295E22450FA83" box="[409,582,1945,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulvina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAFB13CCFE295E22450FA83" box="[409,582,1945,1967]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Semalea pulvina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFAFB13CCC9A95E22548FA83" box="[737,862,1945,1967]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="15" pageNumber="216" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFAFB13CCC9A95E22548FA83" box="[737,862,1945,1967]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="216">Aframomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., Rondo Plateau, south-east Tanzania, 3 Apr 1998 [TCEC].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFB0B123CEEC97912577FB56" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264673/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1489]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFB0B123CEEC97912577FB56" blockId="16.[151,1436,1514,1658]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CEEC97912730FB2C" bold="true" box="[151,294,1514,1536]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">FIGURE 20.</emphasis>
|
||
Caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB0B123CFAC97912490FB2C" box="[471,646,1514,1536]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulvina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CFAC97912490FB2C" box="[471,646,1514,1536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Semalea pulvina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CCE2979124D3FB2C" bold="true" box="[665,709,1514,1536]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">1–4,</emphasis>
|
||
collected 6 Apr 1990 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB0B123CD9597912383FB2C" box="[1006,1429,1514,1536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="zambesiacum" subSpecies="zambesiacum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CD9597912383FB2C" box="[1006,1429,1514,1536]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Aframomum zambesiacum zambesiacum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kakamega Forest, Kenya;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CFDD947327A5FB32" bold="true" box="[422,435,1544,1566]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">1</emphasis>
|
||
, penultimate instar; photographed 8 Apr; died; 15mm; MJWC 90/37D;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CAEA9473228BFB32" bold="true" box="[1169,1181,1544,1566]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">2</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar, dorsolateral view; photographed 8 Apr: 24mm; MJWC 90/37B;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CCC7945C24DFFB11" bold="true" box="[700,713,1575,1597]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">3</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head, anterior view; as #2;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CA27945C227FFB11" bold="true" box="[1116,1129,1575,1597]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">4</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar ready to pupate, dorsolateral view; pupated 9–16 Apr; 25mm; MJWC 90/37A.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CD67943D253EFB70" bold="true" box="[796,808,1606,1628]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">5</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar dorsolateral view; collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB0B123CA88943D2366FB70" box="[1267,1392,1606,1628]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CA88943D2366FB70" box="[1267,1392,1606,1628]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Aframomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., photographed 26 Apr 2000; Hillwood, north-western Zambia [TCEC].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFB0B123CEBC94DC257FFAB4" blockId="16.[151,1436,1703,2016]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CEBC94DC277CFBEC" bold="true" box="[199,362,1703,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Leaf shelters.</emphasis>
|
||
These are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB0B123CCB594D32531FBEC" box="[718,807,1703,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CCB594D32531FBEC" box="[718,807,1703,1728]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">S. arela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described above, except this species tends to fold the shelters upwards more often. The largest shelters may be formed from the basal half of a leaf with one half folded under or over along the mid-rib, and the distal portion eaten. TCEC found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB0B123CA4A948B22B2FA24" box="[1073,1188,1775,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulvina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CA4A948B22B2FA24" box="[1073,1188,1775,1800]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">S. pulvina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
normally cuts a flap, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB0B123CE80956F2744FA00" box="[251,338,1811,1836]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CE80956F2744FA00" box="[251,338,1811,1836]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">S. arela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
normally rolls a leaf without making a cut. If this behaviour is followed by feeding basal and or distal to the shelter, it will appear as though the shelter construction involved a cut.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB0B123CA329543227EFA7C" box="[1097,1128,1848,1872]" name="American Samoa" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
noted under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB0B123CA8695432342FA7C" box="[1277,1364,1847,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CA8695432342FA7C" box="[1277,1364,1847,1872]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">S. arela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, more systematic observations of shelter construction in these species would be helpful.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB0B123CA509527225CFA58" box="[1067,1098,1884,1908]" name="American Samoa" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB0B123CA02952722D8FA58" box="[1145,1230,1883,1908]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CA02952722D8FA58" box="[1145,1230,1883,1908]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">S. arela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the shelters often trap water after rain, without adversely affecting the caterpillars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFB0B122CEBC95D8238BFC80" blockId="16.[151,1436,1703,2016]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="218" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB0B123CEBC95D82747FA90" bold="true" box="[199,337,1955,1980]" pageId="16" pageNumber="217">Caterpillar.</emphasis>
|
||
The final instar caterpillar of individual MJWC 89/37B (which subsequently died) measured
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFB0B123CEEC95B326C8FACC" box="[151,222,1992,2016]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="24.0">24mm</quantity>
|
||
(Figure 20.2–3); head 2.2 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFB0B123CC5A95B32466FACC" box="[545,624,1992,2016]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="217" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n= 10), oval, indent at vertex; brown, with a lighter brown stripe on the epicranium each side of epicranial suture and on outer edge of adfrontals and the clypeus, laterally to stemmata; rugose, shiny. T1 with a very narrow, inconspicuous brown band on pronotum, otherwise concolorous with body. Body translucent dull dark green, the subcutaneous trachea visible through the cuticle; a brown dorsolateral stripe, continuous T1–A1, narrower A1–A4, starting to break up A5–A8, upturned on A8; a ventrolateral flange to body; spiracles pale, may be quite conspicuous, linked by visible trachea; all legs concolorous. The instar lasts 14–17 days, and the body turns brown before pupation (Figure 20.4). Caterpillars from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB1B122CEAE9314273CFCA4" box="[213,298,367,392]" name="Zambia" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">Zambia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Figure 20.5) would be placed in a separate, southern subspecies by T.B. Larsen (above); they were similar to those of what would be the nominate subspecies, but the brown of the head may have more of a red tone.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFB1B122CEBC93CC2479FF10" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">
|
||
The penultimate instar caterpillar MJWC 89/37D is similar (Figure 20.1) but the head is 1.6 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFB1B122CA8293C32351FCFC" box="[1273,1351,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=4) uniformly brown apart from a diffuse area at apex and the clypeus and lower frons being light brown; the dorsolateral line is less pronounced. The fourth instar lasts about 12 days. In instar n-2, the light brown head measured 1.1 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFB1B122CF33905F2781FF10" box="[328,407,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFFB1B122CEEC950327FEFADE" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264674/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" targetBox="[151,1436,628,1887]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFB1B122CEEC950327FEFADE" blockId="17.[151,1436,1912,2034]" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB1B122CEEC95032731FAA2" bold="true" box="[151,295,1912,1934]" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">FIGURE 21.</emphasis>
|
||
Pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB1B122CFDF95032445FAA2" box="[420,595,1912,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulvina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB1B122CFDF95032445FAA2" box="[420,595,1912,1934]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">Semalea pulvina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB1B122CC1395032463FAA2" bold="true" box="[616,629,1912,1934]" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view, collected as final instar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB1B122CAF395032709FA83" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="zambesiacum" subSpecies="zambesiacum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB1B122CAF395032709FA83" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">Aframomum zambesiacum zambesiacum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
6 Apr 1990, Kakamega Forest, Kenya; pupated 9–16 Apr; photographed 17 Apr; adult female 25 Apr; 20mm; MJWC 90/37A.
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB1B122CF3A95C02771FAFD" bold="true" box="[321,359,1979,2001]" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">2–3</emphasis>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB1B122CF8295C02460FAFD" box="[505,630,1979,2001]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Aframomum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="17" pageNumber="218" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB1B122CF8295C02460FAFD" box="[505,630,1979,2001]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="218">Aframomum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., Hillwood, north-western Zambia; photographed 11 May 2000 [TCEC]; 2, dorsal view; 3, dorsolateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFB2B121CEBC92EC255EFDF9" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
|
||
The final instar caterpillar and pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CCFB92EC25CAFD9C" authority="Hewitson" authorityName="Hewitson" box="[640,988,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xanthodisca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vibius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CCFB92EC2540FD9C" box="[640,854,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Xanthodisca vibius</emphasis>
|
||
(Hewitson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which feeds on the same food plant are very similar, and differences are discussed under that species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FFB2B121CEBC92A42213FF4C" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,608]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CEBC92A4271AFDD4" bold="true" box="[199,268,223,248]" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Pupa.</emphasis>
|
||
The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FFB2B121CFEA92A42414FDD4" box="[401,514,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1912,1934]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,628,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[151,1436,628,1888]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 21. Pupae of Semalea pulvina. 1, dorsolateral view, collected as final instar on Aframomum zambesiacum zambesiacum 6 Apr 1990, Kakamega Forest, Kenya; pupated 9 – 16 Apr; photographed 17 Apr; adult female 25 Apr; 20 mm; MJWC 90 / 37 A. 2 – 3, collected on Aframomum sp., Hillwood, north-western Zambia; photographed 11 May 2000 [TCEC]; 2, dorsal view; 3, dorsolateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264674/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Figure 21</figureCitation>
|
||
) is similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CC81929B2544FDD4" box="[762,850,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CC81929B2544FDD4" box="[762,850,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">S. arela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but lacks the frontal projection, and the proboscis extends 2–3 segments beyond the wing cases. The pupa is attached at the cremaster to a solid bar of silk, across the wall of the shelter, and there is a weak silk girdle. A
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FFB2B121CC9B93532521FC6C" box="[736,823,296,320]" name="Kenya" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Kenyan</collectingCountry>
|
||
pupa (MJWC 90/37A, Figure 21.1) probably formed a week previously had the head and appendages dull brown; abdomen light chestnut brown; spiracle T1 light chestnut, similar in structure to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CC36930B24B2FCA4" box="[589,676,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Semalea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arela">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CC36930B24B2FCA4" box="[589,676,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">S. arela</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the central hole
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFB2B121CD13930B25A1FCA4" box="[872,951,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter and the variably brown border about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FFB2B121CEA693EF273AFC81" box="[221,300,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; a small dark patch around spiracles A4–A6. Pupae are variably speckled, some having almost no speckles, others heavily speckled. Some pupae have irregular dark spots subdorsally above the T1 spiracle, and dorsolaterally on the anterior margin of T3 and A1 (similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FFB2B121CD0A93A7225CFCD9" box="[881,1098,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Xanthodisca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="219" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vibius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FFB2B121CD0A93A7225CFCD9" box="[881,1098,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="219">Xanthodisca vibius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
discussed below). The pupal stage lasts about 17 days (range 9-21). A Zambian pupa (Figure 21.2–3) is similar but the border of the T1 spiracle is brown, and the abdomen has a darker lateral line, which appears to be due to the colouring of the dorsolateral line of the caterpillar persisting in a recently formed pupa. No white waxy powder.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |