423 lines
47 KiB
XML
423 lines
47 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E1D46D8E4E3910907F85BFFF396B728D">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 9. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: Zingiberales feeders, genera of unknown biology and an overview of the Hesperiinae incertae sedis</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="19A28DDF3F30CED9268D4848950C8BE6">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3B2146B1850C1C152ADE044D0478E265">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="82012DE4BCBF3D992D2733960676A06E">Collins, Steve C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="B2972EAE1DF841D9D7B1FF5BFA372639">2016</mods:date>
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<treatment id="0386D843FF81B117CEEC955E2475FC31" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5614538" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119333218" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5614538" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0386D843FF81B117CEEC955E2475FC31" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0386D843FF81B117CEEC955E2475FC31" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="236" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
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<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFF81B112CEEC955E26F6FADC" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FF81B112CEEC955E27CDFA13" blockId="33.[151,475,1829,1855]" box="[151,475,1829,1855]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
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<heading id="D0D8DE39FF81B112CEEC955E27CDFA13" bold="true" box="[151,475,1829,1855]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF81B112CEEC955E27CDFA13" ID-CoL="43YN4" authority="Butler, 1870" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1870" box="[151,475,1829,1855]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="234" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fiara">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CEEC955E27CDFA13" bold="true" box="[151,475,1829,1855]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CEEC955E272BFA13" bold="true" box="[151,317,1829,1855]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Moltena fiara</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF81B112CF3E955E27CDFA13" author="Butler" box="[325,475,1829,1855]" pageId="33" pageNumber="245" refString="Butler, A. G. (1870) Descriptions of some new diurnal Lepidoptera, chiefly Hesperiidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1870, 485 - 520. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1870. tb 01881. x" type="journal article" year="1870">Butler, 1870</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FF81B112CEEC951726F6FADC" blockId="33.[151,1436,1900,2032]" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF81B112CEEC95172738FAA8" author="Butler" box="[151,302,1900,1925]" pageId="33" pageNumber="245" refString="Butler, A. G. (1870) Descriptions of some new diurnal Lepidoptera, chiefly Hesperiidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1870, 485 - 520. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1870. tb 01881. x" type="journal article" year="1870">Butler (1870)</bibRefCitation>
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described this species from ‘Kaffraria’ (southern Africa) and it is known from coastal areas of
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF81B112CB20951726C9FA84" name="South Africa" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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from Eastern Cape to southern
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF81B112CC3D95F424CCFA84" box="[582,730,1935,1960]" name="Mozambique" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF81B112CC9295F425A8FA84" author="Pringle" box="[745,958,1935,1960]" pageId="33" pageNumber="247" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
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Pringle
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CD3F95EA2562FA84" box="[836,884,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">et al</emphasis>
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. 1994
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF81B112CDB195F42289FA84" author="Ackery" box="[970,1183,1935,1960]" pageId="33" pageNumber="245" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds.) (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, 803 pp." type="book" year="1995">
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Ackery
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CA5F95EA2243FA84" box="[1060,1109,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">et al</emphasis>
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. 1995
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF81B112CAD095F42386FA84" author="Henning" box="[1195,1424,1935,1960]" pageId="33" pageNumber="246" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Vol. I. Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
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Henning
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF81B112CB6895EA2353FA84" box="[1299,1349,1935,1960]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="234">et al</emphasis>
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. 1997
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The adults are known to fly at dusk (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF81B112CC4095CF24D9FAE0" author="Trimen" box="[571,719,1972,1997]" pageId="33" pageNumber="247" refString="Trimen, R. (1889) South-African butterflies: a monograph of the extra-tropical species. Vol. III. Papilionidae and Hesperidae. Trubner & Co., Ludgate Hill, London, 438 pp., pls. 10 - 12." type="book chapter" year="1889">Trimen 1889</bibRefCitation>
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) and are sometimes attracted to light (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF81B112CAFE95CF2335FAE0" author="Migdoll" box="[1157,1315,1972,1997]" pageId="33" pageNumber="247" refString="Migdoll, I. (1988) Ivor Migdoll's Field Guide to the Butterflies of Southern Africa. New Holland Press, London, 256 pp." type="book" year="1988">Migdoll 1988</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF81B112CB4B95CF26C2FADC" author="Woodhall" pageId="33" pageNumber="247" refString="Woodhall, S. (2005) Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Nature, Capetown, 440 pp." type="book" year="2005">Woodhall 2005</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFF82B110CEBC92EC226BFB31" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="236" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B906955FF82B111CEBC92EC24D3FCA4" blockId="34.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CEBC92EC274AFD9C" bold="true" box="[199,348,151,176]" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">Food plants.</emphasis>
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The food plant is a species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CCC692EC25C0FD9C" box="[701,982,151,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CCC692EC2536FD9C" box="[701,800,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">Strelitzia</emphasis>
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(Strelitziaceae)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CD9A92EC2261FD9C" box="[993,1143,151,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Strelitziaceae</taxonomicName>
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includes three genera, all occurring in tropical to subtropical regions:
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CCEE92C724EEFDF9" box="[661,760,188,213]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CCEE92C724EEFDF9" box="[661,760,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">Strelitzia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with 5 species in southern Africa,
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CAE892C722EBFDF9" box="[1171,1277,188,213]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Ravenala" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CAE892C722EBFDF9" box="[1171,1277,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">Ravenala</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with a single species indigenous to
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF82B111CFED92A42409FDD4" box="[406,543,223,248]" name="Madagascar" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CC2492A4253EFDD4" box="[607,808,223,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Phenakospermum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CC2492A4253EFDD4" box="[607,808,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">Phenakospermum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with a single species in northern South
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<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF82B111CA8492A42375FDD4" box="[1279,1379,223,248]" name="United States of America" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">America</collectingCountry>
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. The best known species is the bird-of-paradise flower
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CCBA937F2568FC30" box="[705,894,260,285]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reginae">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CCBA937F2568FC30" box="[705,894,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">Strelitzia reginae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, grown for its flowers worldwide in tropical and subtropical gardens, but this does not seem to be a normal food plant for
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CDAD93522224FC6C" box="[982,1074,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fiara">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CDAD93522224FC6C" box="[982,1074,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">M. fiara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, although SCC was able to rear caterpillars through on this plant in captivity. The other species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CD00933725C8FC49" box="[891,990,332,357]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CD00933725C8FC49" box="[891,990,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">Strelitzia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have less colourful flowers, but may be grown for their striking foliage (Wikipedia 2014).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B906955FF82B111CEBC93EF2709FF84" blockId="34.[151,1436,151,680]" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">
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The first food plant record is that of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF82B111CC2593EF24E7FC80" author="Leigh" box="[606,753,404,429]" pageId="34" pageNumber="246" refString="Leigh, G. F. (1910) Life history of Pamphyla [sic] fiara. The Entomologist, 43, 144." type="journal article" year="1910">Leigh (1910)</bibRefCitation>
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from ‘wild banana’ which refers to
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CAFE93EE22F9FC81" box="[1157,1263,404,429]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nicolai">
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||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CAFE93EE22F9FC81" box="[1157,1263,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">S. nicolai</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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, also known as the giant white bird-of-paradise, and this is also the food plant listed in recent works (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF82B111CAF993CC238EFCFC" author="Dickson" box="[1154,1432,439,464]" pageId="34" pageNumber="246" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF82B111CEEC93A72720FCD8" author="Migdoll" box="[151,310,476,501]" pageId="34" pageNumber="247" refString="Migdoll, I. (1988) Ivor Migdoll's Field Guide to the Butterflies of Southern Africa. New Holland Press, London, 256 pp." type="book" year="1988">Migdoll 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF82B111CF3F93A72408FCD8" author="Pringle" box="[324,542,476,501]" pageId="34" pageNumber="247" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CFE593A627C7FCD9" box="[414,465,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF82B111CC5793A72500FCD8" author="Henning" box="[556,790,476,501]" pageId="34" pageNumber="246" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Vol. I. Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CCED93A624DFFCD9" box="[662,713,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF82B111CD5F93A725C1FCD9" author="Woodhall" box="[804,983,476,501]" pageId="34" pageNumber="247" refString="Woodhall, S. (2005) Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Struik Nature, Capetown, 440 pp." type="book" year="2005">Woodhall 2005</bibRefCitation>
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||
). However, in his list of food plants of South African
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<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CF3B93842449FF34" authority="Platt (1921)" authorityName="Platt" authorityYear="1921" box="[320,607,511,536]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">
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||
Lepidoptera,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF82B111CFA393842449FF34" author="Platt" box="[472,607,511,536]" pageId="34" pageNumber="247" refString="Platt, E. E. (1921) List of foodplants of some South African lepidopterous larvae. South African Journal of Natural History, 3, 65 - 138." type="journal article" year="1921">Platt (1921)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lists only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CCA1907B2547FF34" box="[730,849,512,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="augusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CCA1907B2547FF34" box="[730,849,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">S. augusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CA0A907B22D4FF34" box="[1137,1218,511,536]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CA0A907B22D4FF34" box="[1137,1218,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">S. alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the white bird-ofparadise.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF82B111CF79905E27BEFF10" author="Murray" box="[258,424,548,573]" pageId="34" pageNumber="247" refString="Murray, D. P. (1932) The early stages of some South African hesperiids. South African Journal of Science, 29, 584 - 588." type="journal article" year="1932">Murray (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presents the information of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF82B111CC9D905F256DFF10" author="Leigh" box="[742,891,548,573]" pageId="34" pageNumber="246" refString="Leigh, G. F. (1910) Life history of Pamphyla [sic] fiara. The Entomologist, 43, 144." type="journal article" year="1910">Leigh (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but refers to the food plant as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CAA3905E235BFF10" box="[1240,1357,549,572]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="augusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CAA3905E235BFF10" box="[1240,1357,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">S. augusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CBFC905E26DFFF4C" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CBFC905E26DFFF4C" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">S. alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and uses this name again later (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF82B111CC47903324C2FF4C" author="Murray" box="[572,724,583,608]" pageId="34" pageNumber="247" refString="Murray, D. (1959) The genitalia and food-plants of the South African Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Durban Museum Novitates, 5, 219 - 227, pls. i - iii." type="journal article" year="1959">Murray 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CC9C903C2595FF4C" box="[743,899,583,608]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CC9C903C2595FF4C" box="[743,899,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">Strelitzia alba</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CDC290332234FF4C" box="[953,1058,583,608]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nicolai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CDC290332234FF4C" box="[953,1058,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">S. nicolai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are both arborescent species with white flowers, and it would seem that in this context, entomologists misapplied the former name in the middle of last century.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFF82B111CEEC95DA27F2FAD9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264691/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" targetBox="[151,1436,719,1929]" targetPageId="34">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FF82B111CEEC95DA27F2FAD9" blockId="34.[151,1436,1953,2037]" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CEEC95DA270CFA9B" bold="true" box="[151,282,1953,1975]" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">FIGURE 38</emphasis>
|
||
. Caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CFB995DA2446FA9B" box="[450,592,1953,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fiara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CFB995DA2446FA9B" box="[450,592,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">Moltena fiara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF82B111CCA195DA2594FA9B" box="[730,898,1953,1975]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="34" pageNumber="235" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nicolai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CCA195DA2594FA9B" box="[730,898,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">Strelitzia nicolai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, south coast of Durban, South Africa, photographed 30 Mar 2004 [SCC].
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CF0A95BB2768FAFA" bold="true" box="[369,382,1984,2006]" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">1</emphasis>
|
||
, penultimate instar, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CCAF95BB24F7FAFA" bold="true" box="[724,737,1984,2006]" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">2</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar, detail of head, anterolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CAB295BB22C3FAFA" bold="true" box="[1225,1237,1984,2006]" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">3</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF82B111CEAE95A426F7FAD9" bold="true" box="[213,225,2015,2037]" pageId="34" pageNumber="235">4</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5039DDFF83B110CEEC91B42459F928" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264692/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" targetBox="[151,1436,195,951]" targetPageId="35">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FF83B110CEEC91B42459F928" blockId="35.[151,1435,975,1028]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CEEC91B4270FFEC9" bold="true" box="[151,281,975,997]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">FIGURE 39</emphasis>
|
||
. Pupa of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CF0191B42411FEC9" box="[378,519,975,997]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fiara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CF0191B42411FEC9" box="[378,519,975,997]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Moltena fiara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CCEE91B4252DFEC9" box="[661,827,975,997]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nicolai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CCEE91B4252DFEC9" box="[661,827,975,997]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Strelitzia nicolai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, south coast of Durban, South Africa, photographed 23 Apr 2004 [SCC].
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CF669195273FF928" bold="true" box="[285,297,1006,1028]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CFC2919527D0F928" bold="true" box="[441,454,1006,1028]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">2</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FF83B110CEBC964A2537F8A2" blockId="35.[151,1436,1073,2034]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CEBC964A274EF966" bold="true" box="[199,344,1073,1098]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Life history.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF83B110CF24964A27E4F965" author="Leigh" box="[351,498,1073,1098]" pageId="35" pageNumber="246" refString="Leigh, G. F. (1910) Life history of Pamphyla [sic] fiara. The Entomologist, 43, 144." type="journal article" year="1910">Leigh (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a fairly detailed description of the life history that was not improved until G.C. Clark’s detailed life history plate was published (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF83B110CD73962E229DF942" author="Dickson" box="[776,1163,1109,1134]" pageId="35" pageNumber="246" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978, Plate 28</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Subsequently
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF83B110CB39962E26F7F9BD" author="Migdoll" pageId="35" pageNumber="247" refString="Migdoll, I. (1988) Ivor Migdoll's Field Guide to the Butterflies of Southern Africa. New Holland Press, London, 256 pp." type="book" year="1988">Migdoll (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided photographs of the caterpillar and food plant, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF83B110CD069602227DF9BD" box="[893,1131,1145,1170]" pageId="35" pageNumber="246" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Vol. I. Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, 395 pp." type="book">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CD9896012202F9BE" box="[995,1044,1145,1170]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of the caterpillar and pupa. We cannot add anything significant to these, but include SCC’s photographs of the penultimate and final instar caterpillar and pupa for comparison with other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CCDD96BA253AF9F6" box="[678,812,1217,1242]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CD4996B925DBF9F6" box="[818,973,1217,1242]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
. The ovum is reported to be 2.0 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CD7C4B0FF83B110CB3596BA238AF9F5" box="[1358,1436,1217,1241]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" unit="mm" value="1.8">1.8mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter x height, with ‘30-40 longitudinal ribs, a third of which stop part of the way up the side, the remainder joining in pairs to form a single very short rib just short of the micropyle’ (G.C. Clark in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF83B110CAF997722386F80D" author="Dickson" box="[1154,1424,1289,1314]" pageId="35" pageNumber="246" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The caterpillar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131475D0FF83B110CF35975627D6F86A" box="[334,448,1325,1350]" captionStart="FIGURE 38" captionStartId="34.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,719,1929]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1436,719,1929]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 38. Caterpillars of Moltena fiara collected on Strelitzia nicolai, south coast of Durban, South Africa, photographed 30 Mar 2004 [SCC]. 1, penultimate instar, dorsal view; 2, final instar, detail of head, anterolateral view; 3, final instar, dorsal view; 4, final instar, lateral view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/264691/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Figure 38</figureCitation>
|
||
) is distinctive due to the orange markings around spiracles A1–A8, variable dark late instar head markings, and the variable dark anal plate, especially in the third to penultimate instars. The pupating caterpillar and pupa are covered with white waxy powder.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FF83B110CEBC97E2226BFB31" blockId="35.[151,1436,1073,2034]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CEBC97E22783F89E" bold="true" box="[199,405,1433,1458]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
|
||
G.C. Clark (in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF83B110CC2A97E22570F89D" author="Dickson" box="[593,870,1433,1458]" pageId="35" pageNumber="246" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) records that a tachinid,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CAEB97E2271FF8FA" authority="Rondani" authorityName="Rondani" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Thecocarcelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incedens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CAEB97E2238AF89E" box="[1168,1436,1433,1458]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Thecocarcelia incedens</emphasis>
|
||
(Rondani)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reared from the pupa –– the same species was also reared from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CA1797C526E8F8D6" authority="Trimen" authorityName="Trimen" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Artitropa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="erinnyis" subSpecies="erinnyis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CA1797C5238AF8F9" box="[1132,1436,1470,1493]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Artitropa erinnyis erinnyis</emphasis>
|
||
(Trimen)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as discussed in (Cock
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CC7D9799242EF8D6" box="[518,568,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2015). Based on an ovum preserved in ABRI (on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CA00979A2381F8D6" authority="Margate, Natal" authorityName="Margate, Natal" box="[1147,1431,1505,1530]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CA00979A22C8F8D6" box="[1147,1246,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Strelitzia</emphasis>
|
||
, Margate,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF83B110CB23979A2381F8D6" box="[1368,1431,1505,1530]" name="South Africa" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Natal</collectingCountry>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF83B110CEEC947E273CFB32" box="[151,298,1541,1566]" name="South Africa" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF914F95FF83B110CF4F947D27DCFB32" box="[308,458,1542,1566]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" value="1998-11-28">28 Nov 1998</date>
|
||
), there is also at least one egg parasitoid that attacks
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CA61947D2260FB32" box="[1050,1142,1542,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fiara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CA61947D2260FB32" box="[1050,1142,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">M. fiara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3353ADEFF83B117CEBC94522475FC31" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="237" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B906955FF83B117CEBC94522475FC31" blockId="35.[151,1436,1073,2034]" lastBlockId="36.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="237" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CEBC9452275AFB6E" bold="true" box="[199,332,1577,1602]" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF83B110CF2894522764FB6D" box="[339,370,1577,1601]" name="American Samoa" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
noted in the introduction to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CCC994522519FB6E" box="[690,783,1577,1602]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CCC994522519FB6E" box="[690,783,1577,1602]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Moltena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
above,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBE14A4FF83B110CD1C94512200FB6E" box="[871,1046,1577,1602]" pageId="35" pageNumber="246" refString="De Jong, R. (1986) Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the chiefly afromontane genus Chondrolepis Mabille (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 231, 1 - 40. Available from: www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 149097 (Accessed 13 Jan. 2016)" type="journal article">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33829C5FF83B110CD1C9451259EFB6D" box="[871,904,1578,1601]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">De</collectingCountry>
|
||
Jong (1986)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that based on an analysis of adult characters
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CF35943627F3FB4A" box="[334,485,1613,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CF35943627F3FB4A" box="[334,485,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Chondrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to form a monophyletic group with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CDBC94362235FB4A" box="[967,1059,1613,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ploetzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CDBC94362235FB4A" box="[967,1059,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Ploetzia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CA22943622A0FB4A" box="[1113,1206,1613,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CA22943622A0FB4A" box="[1113,1206,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Moltena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CA879436236BFB4A" box="[1276,1405,1613,1638]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zophopetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CA879436236BFB4A" box="[1276,1405,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Zophopetes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as their nearest relative. We have illustrated the early stages of the sole species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CA31940A22B0FBA6" box="[1098,1190,1649,1674]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ploetzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CA31940A22B0FBA6" box="[1098,1190,1649,1674]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Ploetzia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and three species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CEEC94EE270EFB82" box="[151,280,1685,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zophopetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CEEC94EE270EFB82" box="[151,280,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Zophopetes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Cock
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CF0694ED27B8FB82" box="[381,430,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2014), and of four species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CD7694EE25B2FB82" box="[781,932,1685,1710]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CD7694EE25B2FB82" box="[781,932,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Chondrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Cock & Congdon (2014). The food plants are varied:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CF6D94C1240EFBFE" authority="Mabille" authorityName="Mabille" box="[278,536,1721,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ploetzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amygdalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CF6D94C127B0FBFE" box="[278,422,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">P. amygdalis</emphasis>
|
||
(Mabille)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CC2B94C224C7FBFE" box="[592,721,1721,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zophopetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CC2B94C224C7FBFE" box="[592,721,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Zophopetes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. are palm-feeders,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CDA194C22267FBFE" box="[986,1137,1721,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CDA194C22267FBFE" box="[986,1137,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Chondrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. are grass feeders and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CEEC94A526E5FBDA" box="[151,243,1758,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fiara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CEEC94A526E5FBDA" box="[151,243,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">M. fiara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeds on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CF1894A627D0FBDA" box="[355,454,1757,1782]" class="Liliopsida" family="Strelitziaceae" genus="Strelitzia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CF1894A627D0FBDA" box="[355,454,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Strelitzia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We have not examined ova of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CD5594A625D0FBDA" box="[814,966,1757,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CD5594A625D0FBDA" box="[814,966,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Chondrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., but the ova of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CACB94A6231AFBDA" box="[1200,1292,1757,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ploetzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CACB94A6231AFBDA" box="[1200,1292,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Ploetzia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CB6094A6238AFBDA" box="[1307,1436,1757,1782]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zophopetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CB6094A6238AFBDA" box="[1307,1436,1757,1782]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Zophopetes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CEB2957A2730FA36" box="[201,294,1793,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CEB2957A2730FA36" box="[201,294,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Moltena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are all dome-shaped and ribbed, although the detail of the number and arrangement of the ribs is variable. The caterpillars of all four genera are broadly similar, although only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CA71955D2271FA12" box="[1034,1127,1830,1854]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fiara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CA71955D2271FA12" box="[1034,1127,1830,1854]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">M. fiara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the dark anal plate and orange spots around the A1–A8 spiracles and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CCD795322555FA4E" box="[684,835,1865,1890]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CCD795322555FA4E" box="[684,835,1865,1890]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Chondrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. have more conspicuous setae especially on the head. The pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CF0C951627C5FAAA" box="[375,467,1901,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ploetzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CF0C951627C5FAAA" box="[375,467,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Ploetzia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CF9A95162474FAAA" box="[481,610,1901,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zophopetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CF9A95162474FAAA" box="[481,610,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Zophopetes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CCE1951624E1FAAA" box="[666,759,1901,1926]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CCE1951624E1FAAA" box="[666,759,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Moltena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are all similar, having no real distinguishing features, being similar in shape, attached at the cremaster and with white waxy powder. In contrast, the pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF83B110CB7F95EA238DFA86" box="[1284,1435,1937,1962]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="236" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF83B110CB7F95EA238DFA86" box="[1284,1435,1937,1962]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="236">Chondrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., which are formed in shelters of rolled grass leaves, are more cylindrical, have a short down-turned frontal projection, have more developed setae dorsally and on the abdomen, lie free in the pupal chamber, are not attached at the cremaster, and have little or no white waxy powder. On balance, the early stages would seem to indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CEEC92C726E5FDF9" box="[151,243,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ploetzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CEEC92C726E5FDF9" box="[151,243,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Ploetzia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CF7F92C72793FDF9" box="[260,389,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zophopetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CF7F92C72793FDF9" box="[260,389,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Zophopetes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CFB892C72436FDF9" box="[451,544,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Moltena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CFB892C72436FDF9" box="[451,544,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Moltena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
show clear affinities, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CD2F92C725FDFDF9" box="[852,1003,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CD2F92C725FDFDF9" box="[852,1003,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Chondrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are somewhat separated, although to some degree, this difference may be a reflection of adaptations by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2F12D6FF84B117CD0492A42200FDD4" box="[895,1046,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="237" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95BB547FF84B117CD0492A42200FDD4" box="[895,1046,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="237">Chondrolepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. to feeding on a relatively soft grass, and making a tight pupal chamber.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |