treatments-xml/data/6F/21/87/6F2187FBFFC5FFB329829928FF6CFEE7.xml

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<mods:title id="C670B503316D21DA5020D87A686A7D84">Corrections in the status and rank of names used to denote varietal forms of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="AF926566FFC5FFB429829928FE19FCD9" box="[151,406,810,836]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC5FFB429829928FE19FCD9" blockId="2.[151,465,775,836]" box="[151,406,810,836]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<heading id="BC7F8181FFC5FFB429829928FE19FCD9" bold="true" box="[151,406,810,836]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" reason="1">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB429829928FE19FCD9" bold="true" box="[151,406,810,836]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
Subgenus 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB428029928FE19FCD9" ID-CoL="9CJDC" box="[279,406,810,836]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB428029928FE19FCD9" bold="true" box="[279,406,810,836]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Anopheles</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AF926566FFC5FFB429829977FE0CF877" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC5FFB429829977FDCFFC2A" blockId="2.[151,1436,884,951]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB429829977FE81FC12" box="[151,270,885,911]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bancroftii">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB429829977FE81FC12" bold="true" box="[151,270,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">bancroftii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB428B49977FDBDFC12" box="[417,562,885,911]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbiventris">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB428B49977FDBDFC12" bold="true" box="[417,562,885,911]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">barbiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB42B539977FC2AFC12" authority="Brug, 1938" authorityName="Brug" authorityYear="1938" box="[582,933,885,911]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" rank="variety" variety="barbiventris">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42B6B9977FC82FC13" box="[638,781,885,910]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">barbiventris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC5FFB42A0C9977FC2AFC12" author="Brug" box="[793,933,885,911]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Brug, S. L. (1938) Waarnemingenb ij anophelinen. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 78, 520 - 523." type="journal article" year="1938">Brug, 1938</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC5FFB42AAB9977FBA6FC12" box="[958,1065,885,911]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
(Ψ, %): 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB42D809977FA87FC12" box="[1173,1288,885,911]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kalawara">Kalawara</taxonomicName>
, Palow, res. Menado, Sulawesi, 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC5FFB4286B999FFE7FFC2A" box="[382,496,925,951]" name="Indonesia" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(BM).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC5FFB4298299EAFC8CFA87" blockId="2.[151,1437,1000,1306]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC5FFB4298299EAFEA7FB9F" author="Brug" box="[151,296,1000,1026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Brug, S. L. (1938) Waarnemingenb ij anophelinen. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 78, 520 - 523." type="journal article" year="1938">Brug (1938)</bibRefCitation>
described and named 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB42B2599EAFD5EFB9C" box="[560,721,1000,1025]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bancroftii">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42B2599EAFD5EFB9C" box="[560,721,1000,1025]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">An. bancroftii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB42BCF99EAFC13FB9C" box="[730,924,1000,1026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" rank="variety" variety="barbiventris">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42A1899EAFC13FB9C" box="[781,924,1000,1025]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">barbiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from specimens that he distinguished from the nominotypical form and 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB428F99E12FCD0FBB7" ID-CoL="89Z68" authority="Ludlow" authorityName="Ludlow" box="[492,863,1040,1066]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudobarbirostris">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB428F99E12FD74FBB4" box="[492,763,1040,1065]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">An. pseudobarbirostris</emphasis>
Ludlow
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB42A819E12FBB8FBB4" box="[916,1079,1040,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bancroftii">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42A819E12FBB8FBB4" box="[916,1079,1040,1065]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">An. bancroftii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB42D549E12FADCFBB4" box="[1089,1363,1040,1066]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" rank="variety" variety="pseudobarbirostris">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42D609E12FADCFBB4" box="[1141,1363,1040,1065]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">pseudobarbirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). It is only known from the 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC5FFB428889E3AFE5FFBCF" box="[413,464,1080,1106]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
locality in Sulawesi whereas the nominotypical form occurs in Irian Jaya, 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC5FFB42C419E3AFEA1FBE7" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
, including the Admiralty Islands, and northern 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC5FFB42A429E62FC4DFBE7" box="[855,962,1120,1146]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC5FFB42AC49E62FB01FBE7" author="Lee" box="[977,1166,1120,1146]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Lee, D. J., Hicks, M. M., Griffiths, M., Debenham, M. L., Bryan, J. H., Russell, R. C., Geary, M. &amp; Marks, E. N. (1987) The Culicidae of the Australasian Region. Volume 5. Nomenclature, synonymy, literature, distribution, biology and relation to disease. Genus Anopheles. Subgenera Anopheles, Cellia. Monograph Series, Entomology Monograph No. 2. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, ix + 315 pp." type="book" year="1987">
Lee 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42D139E62FBB5FBE4" box="[1030,1082,1120,1145]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
., 1987
</bibRefCitation>
). Based on its distribution and features of the adults, larva and male genitalia that easily distinguish it from both the nominotypical form and 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB428199EB2FD94FB54" ID-CoL="89Z68" box="[268,539,1200,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudobarbirostris">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB428199EB2FD94FB54" box="[268,539,1200,1225]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">An. pseudobarbirostris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is probably a distinct biological species. However, until further data are available to support this, 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB428AB9EDAFDC2FB6C" box="[446,589,1240,1265]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="barbiventris">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB428AB9EDAFDC2FB6C" box="[446,589,1240,1265]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">barbiventris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
must be treated as a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB42AF29EDAFB07FB6C" box="[999,1160,1240,1265]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bancroftii">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42AF29EDAFB07FB6C" box="[999,1160,1240,1265]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">An. bancroftii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from its original publication in accordance with Article 45.6.4 of the 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42BAB9F02FD73FA84" box="[702,764,1280,1305]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Code</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC5FFB429829F4DFEA7FA0F" blockId="2.[151,1435,1359,1426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB429829F4DFF52FAF4" box="[151,221,1359,1385]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eiseni">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB429829F4DFF52FAF4" bold="true" box="[151,221,1359,1385]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">eiseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB4287C9F4DFD10FAF7" authority="Correa, 1944" authorityName="Correa" authorityYear="1944" box="[361,671,1359,1386]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB4287C9F4DFE73FAF4" bold="true" box="[361,508,1359,1385]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">geometricus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC5FFB42B169F52FD10FAF7" author="Correa" box="[515,671,1360,1386]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Correa, R. R. (1944) Descricao de uma nova subespecie do genero Anopheles (Diptera, Culicidae). Anais Paulistas de Medicina e Cirurgia, 7, 405 - 408." type="journal article" year="1944">Corrêa, 1944</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC5FFB42BBF9F52FC9AFAF7" box="[682,789,1360,1386]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
(%, L, P, E): Guarujá, 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC5FFB42D089F52FBC5FAF7" box="[1053,1098,1360,1386]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Ilha</collectingCountry>
de Santo Amaro, São Paulo, 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC5FFB429829F7AFF50FA0F" box="[151,223,1400,1426]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(NE).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC5FFB429829FCAFCFAF9C7" blockId="2.[151,1436,1480,1626]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC5FFB429829FCAFEB4FA7F" author="Correa" box="[151,315,1480,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Correa, R. R. (1944) Descricao de uma nova subespecie do genero Anopheles (Diptera, Culicidae). Anais Paulistas de Medicina e Cirurgia, 7, 405 - 408." type="journal article" year="1944">Corrêa (1944)</bibRefCitation>
originally described and named 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB42BAC9FCAFCC7FA7C" box="[697,840,1480,1505]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42BAC9FCAFCC7FA7C" box="[697,840,1480,1505]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">geometricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB42D309FCAFA17FA7F" authority="Coquillett. Curiously" authorityName="Coquillett. Curiously" box="[1061,1432,1480,1506]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eiseni">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42D309FCAFB17FA7C" box="[1061,1176,1480,1505]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">An. eiseni</emphasis>
Coquillett. Curiously
</taxonomicName>
, there is no mention of this taxon in the literature until 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC5FFB42A199FF2FC67F997" box="[780,1000,1520,1546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" refString="Stone, A., Knight, K. L &amp; Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, 6, 1 - 358." type="journal article">
Stone 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42A409FF2FC06F994" box="[853,905,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
. (1959)
</bibRefCitation>
, followed by 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC5FFB42D939FF2FAE4F997" box="[1158,1387,1520,1546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="46" refString="Belkin, J. N., Schick, R. X. &amp; Heinemann, S. J. (1971) Mosquito studies (Diptera, Culicidae) XXV. Mosquitoes originally described from Brazil. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute (Ann Arbor), 7 (5), 1 - 64." type="journal article">
Belkin 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42DCE9FF2FA81F994" box="[1243,1294,1520,1545]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
. (1971)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC5FFB429829C1AFE26F9AF" author="Knight" box="[151,425,1560,1586]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Knight, K. L. &amp; Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). Second edition. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, 6, ix + 611 pp." type="book" year="1977">Knight &amp; Stone (1977)</bibRefCitation>
, listed it as a variety without explanation. In the absence of supporting evidence, 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB42C7D9C1AFF73F9C4" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="geometricus">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42C7D9C1AFF73F9C4" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">geometricus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should retain subspecific rank as originally proposed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC5FFB429829C8DFDA4F94F" blockId="2.[151,1436,1679,1746]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB429829C8DFF58F934" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[151,215,1679,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB429829C8DFF58F934" bold="true" box="[151,215,1679,1705]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB428779C8DFE5CF934" box="[354,467,1679,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB428779C8DFE5CF934" bold="true" box="[354,467,1679,1705]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">formosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB428F69C92FCF1F937" authority="Ludlow, 1909" authorityName="Ludlow" authorityYear="1909" box="[483,894,1680,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB428F69C92FD5FF934" box="[483,720,1680,1705]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Anopheles formosus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC5FFB42BC29C92FCF1F937" author="Ludlow" box="[727,894,1680,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Ludlow, C. S. (1909) Mosquito comment. Canadian Entomologist, 41, 21 - 24." type="journal article" year="1909">Ludlow, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC5FFB42A879C92FC70F937" box="[914,1023,1680,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
Ψ: Camp John Hay, Benguet Province, Luzon, 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC5FFB428259CBAFE3BF94F" box="[304,436,1720,1746]" name="Philippines" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Philippines</collectingCountry>
(USNM).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC5FFB429829D0AFE0CF877" blockId="2.[151,1436,1800,2026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC5FFB429829D0AFE23F8BF" author="Knight" box="[151,428,1800,1826]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Knight, K. L. &amp; Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). Second edition. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, 6, ix + 611 pp." type="book" year="1977">Knight &amp; Stone (1977)</bibRefCitation>
listed 10 forms of 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB42B829D0AFCDBF8BF" ID-CoL="89Z44" authority="Giles" authorityName="Giles" box="[663,852,1800,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42B829D0AFC88F8BC" box="[663,775,1800,1825]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">An. gigas</emphasis>
Giles
</taxonomicName>
: the nominotypical form, eight varieties and one subspecies. 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC5FFB428319D32FDA7F8D7" box="[292,552,1840,1866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Harrison, B. A., Rattanarithikul, R., Peyton, E. L. &amp; Mongkolpanya, K. (1991) Taxonomic changes, revised occurrence records and notes on the Culicidae of Thailand and neighboring countries. Mosquito Systematics (for 1990), 22, 196 - 227." type="journal article">
Harrison 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB428819D32FE45F8D4" box="[404,458,1840,1865]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
. (1991)
</bibRefCitation>
subsequently elevated 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB42A2B9D32FBBEF8D7" authority="Edwards" authorityName="Edwards" box="[830,1073,1840,1866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" rank="variety" variety="baileyi">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42A679D32FC4DF8D4" box="[882,962,1840,1865]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">baileyi</emphasis>
Edwards
</taxonomicName>
to species status, thus leaving the seven formally designated varieties that are dealt with here, i.e. 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC5FFB42AD49D5AFBA3F8EC" box="[961,1068,1880,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB42AD49D5AFBA3F8EC" box="[961,1068,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">formosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the following six nominal forms. Although all of these nominal forms were treated as subspecies at one time or another in various publications, it appears that 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC5FFB428BE9DAAFD06F85F" box="[427,649,1960,1986]" pageId="2" pageNumber="48" refString="Stone, A., Knight, K. L &amp; Starcke, H. (1959) A synoptic catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera, Culicidae). The Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, 6, 1 - 358." type="journal article">
Stone 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC5FFB428E39DAAFDA4F85C" box="[502,555,1960,1985]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
. (1959)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC5FFB42BD39DAAFC55F85F" author="Knight" box="[710,986,1960,1986]" pageId="2" pageNumber="47" refString="Knight, K. L. &amp; Stone, A. (1977) A catalog of the mosquitoes of the world (Diptera: Culicidae). Second edition. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America, 6, ix + 611 pp." type="book" year="1977">Knight &amp; Stone (1977)</bibRefCitation>
elected to regard them as varieties as originally proposed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AF926566FFC4FFB529829A9AFEC5FD87" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC4FFB529829A9AFEC5FD87" blockId="3.[151,1437,152,538]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB529829A9AFEC6FF2F" author="Ludlow" box="[151,329,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="47" refString="Ludlow, C. S. (1909) Mosquito comment. Canadian Entomologist, 41, 21 - 24." type="journal article" year="1909">Ludlow (1909)</bibRefCitation>
described and named 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52B439A9AFCCAFF2C" box="[598,837,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52B439A9AFCCAFF2C" box="[598,837,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Anopheles formosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a female collected in the mountains of Benguet Province in northern Luzon. It retained specific rank until 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52A639AC2FBE2FF47" author="Christophers" box="[886,1133,192,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Christophers, S. R. (1924 a) Provisional list and reference catalogue of the Anophelini. Indian Medical Research Memoirs, 3, 1 - 105." type="journal article" year="1924" yearSuffix="a">Christophers (1924a)</bibRefCitation>
considered it to be a variety of 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB529FD9AEAFED5FE9C" box="[232,346,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB529FD9AEAFED5FE9C" box="[232,346,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">An. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB528799AEAFD1DFE9F" author="Dyar" box="[364,658,232,258]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Dyar, H. G. &amp; Shannon, R. C. (1925) The types of Philippine mosquitos [sic] described by Ludlow and other notes on the fauna. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 8, 66 - 89." type="journal article" year="1925">Dyar &amp; Shannon (1925)</bibRefCitation>
listed it as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52AC19AEAFBC8FE9C" box="[980,1095,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52AC19AEAFBC8FE9C" box="[980,1095,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">An. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
noting that “The synonymy previously made seems confirmed”, but no earlier record of the synonymy could be found in the literature. All later authors treated 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB528939B3AFE7EFECC" box="[390,497,312,337]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB528939B3AFE7EFECC" box="[390,497,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">formosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as either a variety or a subspecies, notably, e.g., as a variety by 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52DCC9B3AFA17FECF" author="Edwards" box="[1241,1432,312,338]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1932) Genera Insectorum. Diptera. Fam. Culicidae. Fascicle 194. Desmet-Verteneul, Bruxelles, 259 pp., 5 pls." type="book" year="1932">Edwards (1932)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB529829B62FE08FEE7" author="Christophers" box="[151,391,352,378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Christophers, S. R. (1933) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. IV. Family Culicidae. Tribe Anophelini. Taylor and Francis, London, 371 pp." type="book" year="1933">Christophers (1933)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB528DD9B62FC3FFEE7" author="Bonne-Wepster" box="[456,944,352,378]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Bonne-Wepster, J. &amp; Swellengrebel, N. H. (1953) The anopheline mosquitoes of the Indo-Australian Region. J. H. de Bussy, Amsterdam, 504 pp." type="book" year="1953">Bonne-Wepster &amp; Swellengrebel (1953)</bibRefCitation>
; as a subspecies by 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52DBA9B62FF67FE3F" author="Simmons" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Simmons, J. S. &amp; Aitken, T. H. G. (1942) The anopheline mosquitoes of the northern half of the Western Hemisphere and of the Philippine Islands. (Distribution, habits, identification, importance as vectors, and control). Army Medical Bulletin 59, Medical Field Service School, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania, v + 213 pp., 1 pl." type="book" year="1942">Simmons &amp; Aitken (1942)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB529E09B8AFE65FE3F" box="[245,490,392,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Russell, P. F., Rozeboom, L. E. &amp; Stone, A. (1943) Keys to the anopheline mosquitoes of the world: with notes on their identification, distribution, biology, and relation to malaria. American Entomological Society, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 152 pp." type="book">
Russell 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB528419B8AFE06FE3C" box="[340,393,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
. (1943)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB528E29B8AFDF0FE3F" author="Puri" box="[503,639,392,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Puri, L. M. (1949) Anophelines in the Oriental Region. In: Boyd, M. F. (Ed.), Malariology, a comprehensive survey of all aspects of this group of diseases from a global standpoint. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London, pp. 483 - 505." type="book chapter" year="1949">Puri (1949)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52BAE9B8AFCEDFE3F" author="Baisas" box="[699,866,392,418]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Baisas, F. E. (1963) Keys to the Anopheles of the world. 6. The Philippines. In: Russell, P. F., West, L. S., Manwell, R. D. &amp; MacDonald, G., Practical malariology. Second edition. Oxford University Press, London, pp. 697 - 700." type="book chapter" year="1963">Baisas (1963)</bibRefCitation>
. In accordance with ICZN Article 45.6.4.1, 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52C659B8AFF6FFE54" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="formosus">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52C659B8AFF6FFE54" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">formosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has subspecific rank from its original publication because it was used (originally) as the valid name of a species before 1985. This taxon is known only from the 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC4FFB52A509BDAFB97FE6F" box="[837,1048,472,498]" name="Philippines" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Philippine Islands</collectingCountry>
and is likely to be a distinct biological species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AF926566FFC4FFB32982984DFF6CFEE7" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC4FFB52982984DFA19FD0F" blockId="3.[151,1436,591,658]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52982984DFF58FDF4" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[151,215,591,617]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52982984DFF58FDF4" bold="true" box="[151,215,591,617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52871984DFE5CFDF4" box="[356,467,591,617]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Patagiamyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simlensis">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52871984DFE5CFDF4" bold="true" box="[356,467,591,617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">simlensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB528F09852FC05FDF7" authority="James, 1911" authorityName="James" authorityYear="1911" box="[485,906,592,618]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Patagiamyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simlensis">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB528F09852FD60FDF4" box="[485,751,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Patagiamyia simlensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52BE29852FC05FDF7" author="James" box="[759,906,592,618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="47" refString="James, S. P. &amp; Liston, W. G. (1911) A monograph of the anopheline mosquitoes of India. Second edition. Thacker, Spink &amp; Co., Calcutta, 128 pp., 15 pls." type="book" year="1911">James, 1911</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52A829852FC21FDF4" box="[919,942,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">in</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52AA39852FB31FDF7" author="James" box="[950,1214,592,618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="47" refString="James, S. P. &amp; Liston, W. G. (1911) A monograph of the anopheline mosquitoes of India. Second edition. Thacker, Spink &amp; Co., Calcutta, 128 pp., 15 pls." type="book" year="1911">James &amp; Liston, 1911</bibRefCitation>
). 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC4FFB52DC69852FABCFDF7" box="[1235,1331,592,618]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
Ψ: Murree, 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC4FFB529DD987AFEA0FD0F" box="[200,303,632,658]" name="Pakistan" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
;? 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC4FFB52850987AFE21FD0F" box="[325,430,632,658]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
(f, m): [Simla Hills and Simla, respectively], 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC4FFB52AD7987AFC71FD0F" box="[962,1022,632,658]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">India</collectingCountry>
(BM); see 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52D94987AFA1DFD0F" box="[1153,1426,632,658]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Townsend, B. C. (1990) Culicidae. In: B. C. Townsend, B. C. (Collator), A catalogue of the types of bloodsucking flies. Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology No. 7, British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 35 - 152." type="book chapter">
Townsend 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52DEA987AFABDFD0C" box="[1279,1330,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
. (1990)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC4FFB5298298CAFC89FA89" blockId="3.[151,1437,712,1300]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB5298298CAFEA1FD7F" author="James" box="[151,302,712,738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="47" refString="James, S. P. &amp; Liston, W. G. (1911) A monograph of the anopheline mosquitoes of India. Second edition. Thacker, Spink &amp; Co., Calcutta, 128 pp., 15 pls." type="book" year="1911">James (1911</bibRefCitation>
, in 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB5284998CAFDEBFD7F" author="James" box="[348,612,712,738]" pageId="3" pageNumber="47" refString="James, S. P. &amp; Liston, W. G. (1911) A monograph of the anopheline mosquitoes of India. Second edition. Thacker, Spink &amp; Co., Calcutta, 128 pp., 15 pls." type="book" year="1911">James &amp; Liston, 1911</bibRefCitation>
) described and named 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52A6E98CAFB0AFD7C" box="[891,1157,712,737]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Patagiamyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simlensis">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52A6E98CAFB0AFD7C" box="[891,1157,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Patagiamyia simlensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for a taxon that apparently occurs in the Himalayas and eastward to northern 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC4FFB52A3C98F2FC12FC97" box="[809,925,752,778]" name="Myanmar" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
. The original description is based on specimens collected from “Mahasu near Simla at a height of 
<quantity id="20709B08FFC4FFB52A23991AFC21FCAF" box="[822,942,792,818]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4384" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="ft" value="8000.0">8,000 feet</quantity>
above sea-level… Rathlighat in Garhwal (
<quantity id="20709B08FFC4FFB5298A9942FE97FCC7" box="[159,280,832,858]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" unit="ft" value="6000.0">6,000 feet</quantity>
) (collected by A. D. Imms) and at Murree (collected by Major F. Smith, H.A.M.C.)”. 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52C139942FF6BFC1F" author="Christophers" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Christophers, S. R. (1916) A revision of the nomenclature of Indian Anophelini. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 3, 454 - 488." type="journal article" year="1916">Christophers (1916)</bibRefCitation>
synonymized 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52885996AFE73FC1C" box="[400,508,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Patagiamyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simlensis">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52885996AFE73FC1C" box="[400,508,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">simlensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52B2B996AFD22FC1C" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[574,685,872,897]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52B2B996AFD22FC1C" box="[574,685,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">An. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52BF0996AFC50FC1F" author="Christophers" box="[741,991,872,898]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Christophers, S. R. (1924 b) Some Himalayan and peninsular varieties of Indian species of Anopheles. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 12, 11 - 13." type="journal article" year="1924" yearSuffix="b">Christophers (1924b)</bibRefCitation>
raised it to varietal status, stating that it should be “considered a variety of the former in the sense of a true variety or sub-species”. This nominal form differs from the nominotypical form in having poorly developed or no pale wing spots at the apices of veins R4+5, M1 and rarely M2, a large yellow spot or band at the apex of the midfemur and two dark areas on the distal half of the costa. Larvae usually have a simple seta 2-C. Available data indicate that 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52DC49E09FAB2FBB9" box="[1233,1341,1035,1060]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Patagiamyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simlensis">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52DC49E09FAB2FBB9" box="[1233,1341,1035,1060]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">simlensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the nominotypical form occur in sympatry, which suggests that the former may be a distinct biological species. However, because 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB528609E59FE6EFBE9" box="[373,481,1115,1140]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Patagiamyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simlensis">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB528609E59FE6EFBE9" box="[373,481,1115,1140]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">simlensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was adopted (originally) as the valid name of a species, and treated as a subspecies (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB5281F9E80FE7BFB01" author="Russell" box="[266,500,1154,1180]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Russell, P. F., Rozeboom, L. E. &amp; Stone, A. (1943) Keys to the anopheline mosquitoes of the world: with notes on their identification, distribution, biology, and relation to malaria. American Entomological Society, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 152 pp." type="book" year="1943">
Russell 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB5287C9E81FE11FB01" box="[361,414,1155,1180]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
., 1943
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52B149E80FD0FFB01" author="Puri" box="[513,640,1154,1180]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Puri, L. M. (1949) Anophelines in the Oriental Region. In: Boyd, M. F. (Ed.), Malariology, a comprehensive survey of all aspects of this group of diseases from a global standpoint. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London, pp. 483 - 505." type="book chapter" year="1949">Puri, 1949</bibRefCitation>
; and 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52BD49E80FCD6FB01" author="Wattal" box="[705,857,1154,1180]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Wattal, B. L. (1963) Keys to the Anopheles of the world. 5. Southern and northern Asia. In: Russell, P. F., West, L. S., Manwell, R. D. &amp; MacDonald, G., Practical malariology. Second edition. Oxford University Press, London, pp. 680 - 696." type="book chapter" year="1963">Wattal, 1963</bibRefCitation>
) before 1985, it must be treated as a subspecific name (Article 45.6.4.1) with availability from its original publication as a species of 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52D669EA9FA86FB59" box="[1139,1289,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Patagiamyia</emphasis>
until further research reveals otherwise. Incidentally, a number of Chinese workers treated 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52D329ED1FA88FB71" box="[1063,1287,1235,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gigas" subSpecies="simlensis">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52D329ED1FA88FB71" box="[1063,1287,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">An. gigas simlensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a subspecies after 1985, most notably Lu Baolin 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52B7A9EF9FD2DFA89" box="[623,674,1275,1300]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
. (1997).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC4FFB529829F48FAB3FAF9" blockId="3.[151,1340,1354,1380]" box="[151,1340,1354,1380]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB529829F48FF58FAF9" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[151,215,1354,1380]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB529829F48FF58FAF9" bold="true" box="[151,215,1354,1380]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB528779F48FE49FAF9" box="[354,454,1354,1380]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="refutans">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB528779F48FE49FAF9" bold="true" box="[354,454,1354,1380]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">refutans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB528C29F48FC9CFAF9" authority="Alcock, 1913" authorityName="Alcock" authorityYear="1913" box="[471,787,1354,1380]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" rank="variety" variety="refutans">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52B1F9F49FDE7FAF9" box="[522,616,1355,1380]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">refutans</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52B649F48FC9CFAF9" author="Alcock" box="[625,787,1354,1380]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Alcock, A. (1913) Synopsis of the anopheline mosquitoes of Africa and of the Oriental Region. Journal of the London School of Tropical Medicine, 2, 153 - 166, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1913">Alcock, 1913</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC4FFB52A329F48FC1AFAF9" box="[807,917,1354,1380]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
? (Ψ): [Maskeliya], 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC4FFB52D6C9F48FB63FAF9" box="[1145,1260,1354,1380]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
(BM).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC4FFB529829F98FB9BF965" blockId="3.[151,1437,1434,1784]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB529829F98FECCFA29" author="Alcock" box="[151,323,1434,1460]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Alcock, A. (1913) Synopsis of the anopheline mosquitoes of Africa and of the Oriental Region. Journal of the London School of Tropical Medicine, 2, 153 - 166, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1913">Alcock (1913)</bibRefCitation>
described and named 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52B589F99FD32FA29" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[589,701,1435,1460]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52B589F99FD32FA29" box="[589,701,1435,1460]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">An. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52BD39F98FCD8FA29" box="[710,855,1434,1460]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" rank="variety" variety="refutans">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52BEC9F99FCD8FA29" box="[761,855,1435,1460]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">refutans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC4FFB52D839F98FA85FA29" box="[1174,1290,1434,1460]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
(as 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC4FFB52C289F98FA1CFA29" box="[1341,1427,1434,1460]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Ceylon</collectingCountry>
) that differ “from the typical form only in having 3 or 4 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52A0C9FC1FCC3FA41" box="[793,844,1475,1500]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">very</emphasis>
narrow white bands on the palpi, one of them 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52C7C9FC1FF4CF999" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">usually</emphasis>
being terminal”. According to 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52B249FE8FD7FF999" author="Edwards" box="[561,752,1514,1540]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Edwards, F. W. (1929) Mosquito notes. - VIII. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 20, 321 - 343." type="journal article" year="1929">Edwards (1929)</bibRefCitation>
, this form lacks the pale fringe spots at the apices of veins R4+5, M1, M2 and M3+4 that characterize the nominotypical form. 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52AA59C10FB2FF9B1" author="Christophers" box="[944,1184,1554,1580]" pageId="3" pageNumber="46" refString="Christophers, S. R. (1933) The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Diptera. Vol. IV. Family Culicidae. Tribe Anophelini. Taylor and Francis, London, 371 pp." type="book" year="1933">Christophers (1933)</bibRefCitation>
pointed out that the “type-form” only occurs, as far as known, in the Nilgiri and other hills of southern 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC4FFB52D779C3CFB2EF9C5" box="[1122,1185,1598,1624]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">India</collectingCountry>
, and that the 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52C289C3CFA13F9CA" box="[1341,1436,1598,1623]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="refutans">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52C289C3CFA13F9CA" box="[1341,1436,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">refutans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form has only been recorded from 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC4FFB52B249C64FD27F91D" box="[561,680,1638,1664]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
. Consequently, the allopatric distributions of the two forms support the subspecific status of 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB528EE9C8CFDD5F93A" box="[507,602,1678,1703]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="refutans">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB528EE9C8CFDD5F93A" box="[507,602,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">refutans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that is required by Article 45.6.4 of the 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52D5E9C8CFB06F93A" box="[1099,1161,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Code</emphasis>
. Previous treatment of 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB529829CB4FF79F952" box="[151,246,1718,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="refutans">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB529829CB4FF79F952" box="[151,246,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">refutans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a subspecies prior to 1985, e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52B809CB4FC08F94D" box="[661,903,1718,1744]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Russell, P. F., Rozeboom, L. E. &amp; Stone, A. (1943) Keys to the anopheline mosquitoes of the world: with notes on their identification, distribution, biology, and relation to malaria. American Entomological Society, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 152 pp." type="book">
Russell 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52BE69CB4FCA8F952" box="[755,807,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">et al</emphasis>
. (1943)
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52A819CB4FB95F94D" author="Puri" box="[916,1050,1718,1744]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Puri, L. M. (1949) Anophelines in the Oriental Region. In: Boyd, M. F. (Ed.), Malariology, a comprehensive survey of all aspects of this group of diseases from a global standpoint. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London, pp. 483 - 505." type="book chapter" year="1949">Puri (1949)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52D409CB4FB76F94D" author="Wattal" box="[1109,1273,1718,1744]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Wattal, B. L. (1963) Keys to the Anopheles of the world. 5. Southern and northern Asia. In: Russell, P. F., West, L. S., Manwell, R. D. &amp; MacDonald, G., Practical malariology. Second edition. Oxford University Press, London, pp. 680 - 696." type="book chapter" year="1963">Wattal (1963)</bibRefCitation>
, also requires this nominal taxon to be recognized as a subspecific form (Article 45.6.4.1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC4FFB529829D2FFC8EF8ED" blockId="3.[151,1436,1837,1904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB529829D2FFF58F8DA" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[151,215,1837,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB529829D2FFF58F8DA" bold="true" box="[151,215,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB528739D2FFE66F8DA" ID-CoL="87S7Y" box="[358,489,1837,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sumatrana">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB528739D2FFE66F8DA" bold="true" box="[358,489,1837,1863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">sumatrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB528EC9D2CFBEBF8D5" ID-CoL="87S7Y" authority="Swellengrebel &amp; Rodenwaldt, 1932" authorityName="Swellengrebel &amp; Rodenwaldt" authorityYear="1932" box="[505,1124,1838,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="gigas" variety="sumatrana">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52B3A9D2CFD23F8DA" box="[559,684,1838,1863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">sumatrana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB52BA39D2CFBEBF8D5" author="Swellengrebel" box="[694,1124,1838,1864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Swellengrebel, N. H. &amp; Rodenwaldt, E. (1932) Die anophelen von Niederlandish-Ostindien. Third edition. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 242 pp, 24 pls." type="book" year="1932">Swellengrebel &amp; Rodenwaldt, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC4FFB52D6F9D2CFB6AF8D5" box="[1146,1253,1838,1864]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
(Ψ, L): Karoo- Hochebene and Kotaradja, Sumatra, 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC4FFB52B539D54FD37F8ED" box="[582,696,1878,1904]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(LU).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC4FFB229829DA4FD98FE6A" blockId="3.[151,1436,1958,2024]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,152,503]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
This and the next three nominal forms were described as varieties of 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52ADD9DA4FBB7F822" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[968,1080,1958,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52ADD9DA4FBB7F822" box="[968,1080,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">An. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on specimens collected in Sumatra. 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC4FFB5283F9DCCFD6DF875" author="Swellengrebel" box="[298,738,1998,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="48" refString="Swellengrebel, N. H. &amp; Rodenwaldt, E. (1932) Die anophelen von Niederlandish-Ostindien. Third edition. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 242 pp, 24 pls." type="book" year="1932">Swellengrebel &amp; Rodenwaldt (1932)</bibRefCitation>
described and named 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC4FFB52AE79DCCFB2BF87A" ID-CoL="87S7Y" box="[1010,1188,1998,2024]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="gigas" variety="sumatrana">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC4FFB52D329DCCFB2BF87A" box="[1063,1188,1998,2023]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">sumatrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on specimens collected in northeastern Sumatra that differ markedly from the 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC3FFB22A999A9AFC30FF2F" box="[908,959,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
form of 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22D3C9A9AFB17FF2C" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[1065,1176,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22D3C9A9AFB17FF2C" box="[1065,1176,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">An. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC3FFB22DBC9A9AFB52FF2F" box="[1193,1245,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
locality: Nilgiri Hills, 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC3FFB229F59AC2FE91FF47" box="[224,286,192,218]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">India</collectingCountry>
) in having a large pale fringe spot between wing veins M3+4 and CuP (rather than between veins 1A and CuP) and lacking narrow pale fringe spots at the apices of veins R4+5, M1, M2 and M3+4. Based on these differences, and the short seta 2-C on the head of the presumed larva (
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB22D129B17FF5AFECA" author="Bonne-Wepster" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" refString="Bonne-Wepster, J. &amp; Swellengrebel, N. H. (1953) The anopheline mosquitoes of the Indo-Australian Region. J. H. de Bussy, Amsterdam, 504 pp." type="book" year="1953">Bonne-Wepster &amp; Swellengrebel, 1953</bibRefCitation>
), this taxon would appear to be a distinct biological species; however, pending further study it must be regarded as a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB228F49B64FDDEFEE2" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[481,593,358,383]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB228F49B64FDDEFEE2" box="[481,593,358,383]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">An. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from its original publication because it was expressly used as a variety before 1961 (Article 45.6.4) and treated as a subspecies several times before 1985 (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB22DBB9B8FFA18FE3A" author="Russell" box="[1198,1431,397,423]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Russell, P. F., Rozeboom, L. E. &amp; Stone, A. (1943) Keys to the anopheline mosquitoes of the world: with notes on their identification, distribution, biology, and relation to malaria. American Entomological Society, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 152 pp." type="book" year="1943">
Russell 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22C189B8CFACDFE3A" box="[1293,1346,398,423]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
., 1943
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB229829BB7FE9BFE52" author="Puri" box="[151,276,437,463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Puri, L. M. (1949) Anophelines in the Oriental Region. In: Boyd, M. F. (Ed.), Malariology, a comprehensive survey of all aspects of this group of diseases from a global standpoint. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia and London, pp. 483 - 505." type="book chapter" year="1949">Puri, 1949</bibRefCitation>
; and 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB228459BB7FDC3FE52" author="Bonne-Wepster" box="[336,588,437,463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" refString="Bonne-Wepster, J. (1963) Keys to the Anopheles of the world. 7. The Malayan region. In: Russell, P. F., West, L. S., Manwell, R. D. &amp; MacDonald, G., Practical malariology. Second edition. Oxford University Press, London, pp. 701 - 712." type="book chapter" year="1963">Bonne-Wepster,1963</bibRefCitation>
). Certain later workers, e.g. Scanlon 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22AED9BB4FBA5FE52" box="[1016,1066,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">et al</emphasis>
. (1968), also adopted 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22C3B9BB4FE9BFE6A" ID-CoL="87S7Y" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="gigas" subSpecies="sumatrana">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22C3B9BB4FE9BFE6A" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">An. gigas sumatrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid subspecies.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC3FFB22982982FFCA4FDF2" blockId="4.[151,1436,557,623]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22982982FFF58FDDA" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[151,215,557,583]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22982982FFF58FDDA" bold="true" box="[151,215,557,583]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22874982FFE7FFDDA" box="[353,496,557,583]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22874982FFE7FFDDA" bold="true" box="[353,496,557,583]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">danaubento</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB228EA982FFBAEFDDA" authority="Mochtar &amp; Walandouw, 1934" authorityName="Mochtar &amp; Walandouw" authorityYear="1934" box="[511,1057,557,583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rank="variety" variety="danaubento">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22B27982CFD33FDDA" box="[562,700,558,583]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">danaubento</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB22BD6982FFBAEFDDA" author="Mochtar" box="[707,1057,557,583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Mochtar, R. &amp; Walandouw, E. K. (1934) Een varieteit van A. gigas. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 74, 932 - 935." type="journal article" year="1934">Mochtar &amp; Walandouw, 1934</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC3FFB22D21982FFB2FFDDA" box="[1076,1184,557,583]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
(Ψ, ♂): Danau Bento, North Kerintji [or Kerinci], Sumatra, 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC3FFB22B5A9857FD4EFDF2" box="[591,705,597,623]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(?GLB).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC3FFB2298298A7FB69FCAA" blockId="4.[151,1436,677,823]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB2298298A7FD8BFD22" author="Mochtar" box="[151,516,677,703]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Mochtar, R. &amp; Walandouw, E. K. (1934) Een varieteit van A. gigas. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 74, 932 - 935." type="journal article" year="1934">Mochtar &amp; Walandouw (1934)</bibRefCitation>
explicitly gave the name 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22A2F98A4FC25FD22" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[826,938,678,703]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22A2F98A4FC25FD22" box="[826,938,678,703]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">An. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22AA698A7FBFEFD22" box="[947,1137,677,703]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rank="variety" variety="danaubento">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22AF298A4FBFEFD22" box="[999,1137,678,703]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">danaubento</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to a morphological form that differed from the allopatric 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22B1B98CFFD32FD7A" ID-CoL="87S7Y" box="[526,701,717,743]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="gigas" variety="sumatrana">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22B5598CCFD32FD7A" box="[576,701,718,743]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">sumatrana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that was described two years earlier. This nominal variety was also treated as a subspecies prior to 1985 (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB22BD998F7FB92FC92" author="Stoker" box="[716,1053,757,783]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Stoker, W. J. &amp; R. Waktoedi, K. (1949) Illustrated map of the anopheline imagines of Indonesia (English translation). Ministry of Health of Indonesia (section: malariacontrol), Djakarta, 69 pp." type="book" year="1949">Stoker &amp; R. Wakoedi, 1949</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB22D3E98F7FAA5FC92" author="Bonne-Wepster" box="[1067,1322,757,783]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" refString="Bonne-Wepster, J. (1963) Keys to the Anopheles of the world. 7. The Malayan region. In: Russell, P. F., West, L. S., Manwell, R. D. &amp; MacDonald, G., Practical malariology. Second edition. Oxford University Press, London, pp. 701 - 712." type="book chapter" year="1963">Bonne-Wepster, 1963</bibRefCitation>
).Accordingly, 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB229F5991CFEE4FCAA" box="[224,363,798,823]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB229F5991CFEE4FCAA" box="[224,363,798,823]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">danaubento</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is deemed to have subspecific rank from the date of its original publication.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC3FFB22982996FFC9BFC32" blockId="4.[151,1435,877,943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22982996FFF58FC1A" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[151,215,877,903]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22982996FFF58FC1A" bold="true" box="[151,215,877,903]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB2287B996FFD8BFC1A" box="[366,516,877,903]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oedjalikalah">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB2287B996FFD8BFC1A" bold="true" box="[366,516,877,903]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22B0C996FFC40FC1A" authority="Nainggolan, 1939" authorityName="Nainggolan" authorityYear="1939" box="[537,975,877,903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rank="variety" variety="oedjalikalah">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22B46996CFD69FC1A" box="[595,742,878,903]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB22BE6996FFC40FC1A" author="Nainggolan" box="[755,975,877,903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Nainggolan, F. J. (1939) Over een varieteit van Anopheles gigas uit Oedjali Kalah (Noord Kerintji), en de variabiliteit harer vleugelteekening. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 79, 163 - 170." type="journal article" year="1939">Nainggolan, 1939</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC3FFB22AFC996FFBDBFC1A" box="[1001,1108,877,903]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
(Ψ, ♂, L): Oedjali Kalah, Mount Kerintji [or Kerinci], Sumatra, 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC3FFB22B4C9997FD44FC32" box="[601,715,917,943]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(LU).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC3FFB2298299E7FE51FA85" blockId="4.[151,1436,997,1304]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB2298299E7FEF7FC62" author="Nainggolan" box="[151,376,997,1023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Nainggolan, F. J. (1939) Over een varieteit van Anopheles gigas uit Oedjali Kalah (Noord Kerintji), en de variabiliteit harer vleugelteekening. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 79, 163 - 170." type="journal article" year="1939">Nainggolan (1939)</bibRefCitation>
described and named 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22B9999E4FD70FC62" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[652,767,998,1023]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22B9999E4FD70FC62" box="[652,767,998,1023]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">An. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22A1C99E7FC5DFC62" box="[777,978,997,1023]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rank="variety" variety="oedjalikalah">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22A2A99E4FC5DFC62" box="[831,978,998,1023]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from morphologically variable specimens that mainly differ from 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22B169E0FFD4BFBBA" box="[515,708,1037,1063]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rank="variety" variety="danaubento">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22B2F9E0CFD4BFBBA" box="[570,708,1038,1063]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">danaubento</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was also described from specimens collected in the realm of Mount Kerintji, in having the apex of vein CuP dark-scaled rather than narrowly pale-scaled. Although available data suggest that 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22B409E5CFD67FBEA" box="[597,744,1118,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oedjalikalah">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22B409E5CFD67FBEA" box="[597,744,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is probably a sympatric variant of 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22D869E5CFA92FBEA" box="[1171,1309,1118,1143]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22D869E5CFA92FBEA" box="[1171,1309,1118,1143]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">danaubento</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the name must be afforded subspecific rank in accordance with Article 45.6.4 of the 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22D049E84FBC0FB02" box="[1041,1103,1158,1183]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Code</emphasis>
because 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB22DA99E84FA14FB3D" author="Nainggolan" box="[1212,1435,1158,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="47" refString="Nainggolan, F. J. (1939) Over een varieteit van Anopheles gigas uit Oedjali Kalah (Noord Kerintji), en de variabiliteit harer vleugelteekening. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie, 79, 163 - 170." type="journal article" year="1939">Nainggolan (1939)</bibRefCitation>
specifically indicated that it was proposed for a variety rather than an infrasubspecific form. Furthermore, this nominal variety was treated as a subspecies before 1985 (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB22A949ED4FB5DFB6D" author="Stoker" box="[897,1234,1238,1264]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Stoker, W. J. &amp; R. Waktoedi, K. (1949) Illustrated map of the anopheline imagines of Indonesia (English translation). Ministry of Health of Indonesia (section: malariacontrol), Djakarta, 69 pp." type="book" year="1949">Stoker &amp; R. Wakoedi, 1949</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB22DF59ED4FF5BFA85" author="Bonne-Wepster" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" refString="Bonne-Wepster, J. (1963) Keys to the Anopheles of the world. 7. The Malayan region. In: Russell, P. F., West, L. S., Manwell, R. D. &amp; MacDonald, G., Practical malariology. Second edition. Oxford University Press, London, pp. 701 - 712." type="book chapter" year="1963">Bonne-Wepster, 1963</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB228159EFCFE42FA8A" box="[256,461,1278,1303]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">oedjalikalahensis</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC3FFB229829F4FFA04FAF5" blockId="4.[151,1419,1357,1384]" box="[151,1419,1357,1384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB229829F4FFF58FAFA" ID-CoL="89Z44" box="[151,215,1357,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB229829F4FFF58FAFA" bold="true" box="[151,215,1357,1383]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subspecies 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB228779F4FFE7FFAFA" box="[354,496,1357,1383]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pantjarbatu">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB228779F4FFE7FFAFA" bold="true" box="[354,496,1357,1383]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">pantjarbatu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB228EA9F4CFC2AFAF5" authority="R. Waktoedi, 1954" authorityName="R. Waktoedi" authorityYear="1954" box="[511,933,1358,1384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rank="variety" variety="pantjarbatu">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22B219F4CFD31FAFA" box="[564,702,1358,1383]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">pantjarbatu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB22BD09F4CFC2AFAF5" author="Waktoedi" box="[709,933,1358,1384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="R. Waktoedi, K. (1954) Anophelini di Indonesia. Djilid 1. Kementerian Kesehatam Republik Indonesia, Djakarta, 191 pp." type="book" year="1954">R. Waktoedi, 1954</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC3FFB22AAC9F4CFBABFAF5" box="[953,1060,1358,1384]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
(L): Sumatra, 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC3FFB22DC59F4CFACDFAF5" box="[1232,1346,1358,1384]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(LU).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC3FFB229829F9CFB6BF94D" blockId="4.[151,1437,1438,1744]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB229829F9CFEF1FA25" author="Waktoedi" box="[151,382,1438,1464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="R. Waktoedi, K. (1954) Anophelini di Indonesia. Djilid 1. Kementerian Kesehatam Republik Indonesia, Djakarta, 191 pp." type="book" year="1954">R. Waktoedi (1954)</bibRefCitation>
named 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB228C99F9CFD17FA2A" box="[476,664,1438,1464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rank="variety" variety="pantjarbatu">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22B1B9F9CFD17FA2A" box="[526,664,1438,1463]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">pantjarbatu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on larvae collected at one or more undisclosed localities in Sumatra and provided characters in a key to distinguish the larvae from those of other nominal varieties of 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22C619FC4FF59F99A" ID-CoL="89Z44" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gigas">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22C619FC4FF59F99A" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">An. gigas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB228499FECFE69F99A" box="[348,486,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB228499FECFE69F99A" box="[348,486,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">danaubento</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22B359FECFD3CF99A" box="[544,691,1518,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oedjalikalah">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22B359FECFD3CF99A" box="[544,691,1518,1543]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which also occur in Sumatra. In the absence of collection data, it is not possible to surmise whether 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22B539C14FD5EF9B2" box="[582,721,1558,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pantjarbatu">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22B539C14FD5EF9B2" box="[582,721,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">pantjarbatu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be sympatric with either 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22D229C14FB4DF9B2" box="[1079,1218,1558,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="danaubento">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22D229C14FB4DF9B2" box="[1079,1218,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">danaubento</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22DFC9C14FAF3F9B2" box="[1257,1404,1558,1583]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oedjalikalah">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22DFC9C14FAF3F9B2" box="[1257,1404,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">oedjalikalah</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or both of these nominal forms. Because the information provided by R. Waktoedi does not reveal that he may have considered 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB228489C64FE67F9E2" box="[349,488,1638,1663]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pantjarbatu">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB228489C64FE67F9E2" box="[349,488,1638,1663]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">pantjarbatu</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be an infrasubspecific form, and also because it has been treated as a subspecies before 1985 (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB228B29C8CFD73F935" author="Stoker" box="[423,764,1678,1704]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Stoker, W. J. &amp; R. Waktoedi, K. (1949) Illustrated map of the anopheline imagines of Indonesia (English translation). Ministry of Health of Indonesia (section: malariacontrol), Djakarta, 69 pp." type="book" year="1949">Stoker &amp; R. Wakoedi, 1949</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB22A1E9C8CFB80F935" author="Bonne-Wepster" box="[779,1039,1678,1704]" pageId="4" pageNumber="46" refString="Bonne-Wepster, J. (1963) Keys to the Anopheles of the world. 7. The Malayan region. In: Russell, P. F., West, L. S., Manwell, R. D. &amp; MacDonald, G., Practical malariology. Second edition. Oxford University Press, London, pp. 701 - 712." type="book chapter" year="1963">Bonne-Wepster, 1963</bibRefCitation>
), it must be afforded subspecific rank from its original publication in accordance with Articles 45.6.4 and 45.6.4.1 of the 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22D8A9CB4FB52F952" box="[1183,1245,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Code</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC3FFB229829D07FD7BF8D5" blockId="4.[151,1436,1797,1864]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB229829D07FE07F882" box="[151,392,1797,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudopunctipennis">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB229829D07FE07F882" bold="true" box="[151,392,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">pseudopunctipennis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
infrasubspecies 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22B5E9D07FD20F882" box="[587,687,1797,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22B5E9D07FD20F882" bold="true" box="[587,687,1797,1823]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">bifoliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22BAA9D04FACBF8BD" authority="Osorno-Mesa &amp; Munoz-Sarmiento, 1948" authorityName="Osorno-Mesa &amp; Munoz-Sarmiento" authorityYear="1948" box="[703,1348,1798,1824]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="pseudopunctipennis" variety="bifoliata">
var. 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22BE79D04FCDAF882" box="[754,853,1798,1823]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">bifoliata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB22A499D04FACBF8BD" author="Osorno-Mesa" box="[860,1348,1798,1824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Osorno-Mesa, E. &amp; Munoz-Sarmiento, F. (1948) Una nueva variedad de Anopheles pseudopunctipennis. Caldasia, 5, 105 - 113." type="journal article" year="1948">Osorno-Mesa &amp; Munoz-Sarmiento, 1948</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC3FFB22C4D9D04FF45F8D5" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
♂: Florida, Valle del Cauca, 
<collectingCountry id="9F9F767DFFC3FFB22B0E9D2CFD00F8D5" box="[539,655,1838,1864]" name="Colombia" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Colombia</collectingCountry>
(DMB).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E73736EDFFC3FFB329829D7CFF6CFEE7" blockId="4.[151,1436,1918,2024]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,378]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<bibRefCitation id="83194B1CFFC3FFB229829D7CFD19F805" author="Osorno-Mesa" box="[151,662,1918,1944]" pageId="4" pageNumber="48" refString="Osorno-Mesa, E. &amp; Munoz-Sarmiento, F. (1948) Una nueva variedad de Anopheles pseudopunctipennis. Caldasia, 5, 105 - 113." type="journal article" year="1948">Osorno-Mesa &amp; Munoz-Sarmiento (1948)</bibRefCitation>
published the name 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22A889D7CFB8EF80A" box="[925,1025,1918,1943]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22A889D7CFB8EF80A" box="[925,1025,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">bifoliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an addition to a binomen but expressly gave it varietal rank: “ 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22B0C9DA4FC7FF822" box="[537,1008,1958,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pseudopunctipennis" status="var. nov." subSpecies="bifoliata">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22B0C9DA4FC7FF822" box="[537,1008,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Anopheles pseudopunctipennis bifoliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CECF5784FFC3FFB22D159DA4FBC0F85D" box="[1024,1103,1958,1984]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rank="variety">n. var.</taxonomicNameLabel>
”. The authors compared the egg, larva and male genitalia of 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC3FFB22B0C9DCCFDF3F87A" box="[537,636,1998,2023]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC3FFB22B0C9DCCFDF3F87A" box="[537,636,1998,2023]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">bifoliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the nominotypical form, and noted the presence of both forms and an extreme range of intermediate forms (“extensa gama de formas intermedias”) among specimens collected one kilometre from the 
<typeStatus id="3833884FFFC2FFB32B009AC2FDC7FF47" box="[533,584,192,218]" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">type</typeStatus>
locality. Because this clearly indicates that Osorno-Mesa &amp; Munoz- Sarmiento proposed the name 
<taxonomicName id="20884D6EFFC2FFB32B1E9AEAFDE1FE9C" box="[523,622,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Culicidae" genus="Anopheles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifoliata">
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC2FFB32B1E9AEAFDE1FE9C" box="[523,622,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">bifoliata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for a non-genetic variant of a single species, it is infrasubspecific under Article 45.6.4; and since it was not adopted for a species or subspecies before 1985 (Article 45.6.4.1), it is unavailable as a species-group name (Article 45.4) and excluded from the provisions of the 
<emphasis id="D5FCEAFFFFC2FFB32DEF9B3AFAB7FECC" box="[1274,1336,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Code</emphasis>
(Article 1.3.4).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>