337 lines
40 KiB
XML
337 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="77B1138CCB335FA8A2635975FCC5F260" ID-CLB-Dataset="8160" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4545052" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0540f87c-c902-4df5-acd4-51801c9531bd" ID-Handle="2246/1634/B237-0004" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545052" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613519208580" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Simmons, Nancy B. & Voss, Robert S." docDate="1998" docId="4F19FC10FFFBFFCCFF822601FBEC8DE0" docLanguage="en" docName="B237-0004.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 237" docStyle="DocumentStyle:25EFC9A7B3A675566A5530656FFE3DF4.1:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.chapters" docStyleId="25EFC9A7B3A675566A5530656FFE3DF4" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.chapters" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Artibeus (Dermanura) cinereus" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="108" masterDocId="B3208468FF93FFA0FFF22212FF8B893B" masterDocTitle="The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats" masterLastPageNumber="219" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="104" updateTime="1698929808253" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="B9B8DF7B4AB62C38BB40C1149E09E86D">
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<mods:title id="766969A31367988B7A8F5B651D96E132">The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="8EF47B456566A94545E7EB210A387CD0" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="07F7B63958BB95823E3611EE60167A75">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B54C7F95485FE3D0491612887B55C3F4">Simmons, Nancy B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="46FBA281E80C0358C2EDE9850B8F9EE2">Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="959ADCF0AC71E87B87AEF86701E360DE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="465A8D0F37526312D5D9C3C8CCB5FCB1">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FBD03E748A448D23B4D5A8F8D1233750">Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="4CB75712FD52C1AF947807E2D177AFAA">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CC14EEF870E20D8EECB14D0557513129">
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<mods:date id="53057FD3ACAC6D1A82FDDD2A6BF4AAF5">1998</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EEA7BC32D7E7C45246E33BB6FD77462D">1998-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="3D8B465C2B49A5249573CF61368D441D" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="BEA3E06E08301B61B79EF5B1B57B0079">237</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="BA768C77FF0A9E1FA2E578CAC6710212" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.4545052</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4F19FC10FFFBFFCCFF822601FBEC8DE0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4618150" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177422324" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4618150" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4F19FC10FFFBFFCCFF822601FBEC8DE0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F19FC10FFFBFFCCFF822601FBEC8DE0" lastPageId="108" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFFBFFC8FF822601FDD78D11" box="[112,604,1043,1066]" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFBFFC8FF822601FDD78D11" blockId="104.[112,604,1043,1095]" box="[112,604,1043,1066]" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">
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<heading id="9C47FA6AFFFBFFC8FF822601FDD78D11" box="[112,604,1043,1066]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FF822601FDD78D11" ID-CoL="7R5ZQ" authority="(Gervais)" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[112,604,1043,1066]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus" subGenus="Dermanura">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FF822601FF588D11" box="[112,211,1043,1066]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">Artibeus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FF142601FEE58D11" box="[230,366,1043,1066]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">Dermanura</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FE732601FE688D11" box="[385,483,1043,1066]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">cinereus</emphasis>
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(Gervais)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFFBFFC8FED32626FE218D7C" box="[289,426,1076,1095]" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFBFFC8FED32626FE218D7C" blockId="104.[112,604,1043,1095]" box="[289,426,1076,1095]" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">
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<figureCitation id="5F8B5183FFFBFFC8FED32626FE0C8D7C" box="[289,391,1076,1095]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="106.[120,158,1563,1584]" captionTargetBox="[220,1065,218,1533]" captionTargetId="figure-14@106.[220,1071,208,1541]" captionTargetPageId="106" captionText="Fig. 41. Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views of the skull of Artibeus cinereus (MNHN 1995.1112; male) from Paracou. Dorsal (C) and ventral (D) views of the skull of A. gnomus (AMNH 266314; male) from Paracou. Among other features, gnomus is distinguished from cinereus by its inflated anteorbital region and posteriorly constricted mesopterygoid fossa. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545142/files/figure.png" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">Figures 41</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="5F8B5183FFFBFFC8FE612626FE218D7C" box="[403,426,1076,1095]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="107.[154,192,1557,1578]" captionTargetBox="[335,1030,216,1528]" captionTargetId="figure-12@107.[323,1038,208,1536]" captionTargetPageId="107" captionText="Fig. 42. Lateral views of the skull and lower jaw of (A) Artibeus cinereus (MNHN 1995.1112; male) and (B) A. gnomus (AMNH 266314; male). Note the species difference in number of lower molars. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545144/files/figure.png" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">42</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFFBFFC8FF892676FE878CB8" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFBFFC8FF892676FE878CB8" blockId="104.[94,622,1124,1763]" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">
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VOUCHER MATERIAL:
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<materialsCitation id="77D8475BFFFBFFC8FE762676FE878CB8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3037467318" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">9 females (AMNH *266259, *266265, *266266, *266270, *267499, *267991; MNHN *1995.1108, *1995.1109, *1995.1110) and 16 males (AMNH *266260, *266261, *266290, *266291, *266302, *266306, *266307, *266320, *267196, *267978, *267980; MNHN *1995.1111, *1995.1112, *1995.1113, *1995.1114, *1995.1115); see table 39 for measurements.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFFBFFCCFF89279BFE8D8CC3" lastPageId="108" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFBFFC8FF89279BFCFD88BB" blockId="104.[94,622,1124,1763]" lastBlockId="104.[670,1199,214,1763]" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">
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IDENTIFICATION: The most recent revision of the smaller species of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FE7F27B5FE7B8C85" authorityName="Leach. In B. D. Patterson and R. M. Timm" authorityYear="1821" box="[397,496,1447,1470]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FE7F27B5FE7B8C85" box="[397,496,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">Artibeus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FFAC27D6FF6D8CE0" box="[94,230,1476,1499]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dermanura">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FFAC27D6FF6D8CE0" box="[94,230,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">Dermanura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) is Handley’s (1987), whose meticulous species comparisons and key were our primary resource for identification. Additional comparative measurements of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FDDE240EFF208F6B" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FDDE240EFDB58F08" box="[556,574,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FDBD240EFF208F6B" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">cinereus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FF1F242BFEE78F6B" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[237,364,1593,1616]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FF1F242BFF748F6B" box="[237,255,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FEE0242BFEE78F6B" box="[274,364,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">gnomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from French Guiana provided by
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFFBFFC8FF072444FF208FB0" author="Brosset, A. & P. Charles-Dominique" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" pagination="509 - 559" part="54" refId="ref91807" refString="Brosset, A., and P. Charles-Dominique 1990. The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509 - 559." title="The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach" type="journal article" year="1990">Brosset and CharlesDominique (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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were also helpful. Although both species probably occur in Surinam and may have been mixed in earlier collections,
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFFBFFC8FDC724BCFF658FD8" author="Husson, A. M." bookContentInfo="282 pp." journalOrPublisher="Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" refId="ref95767" refString="Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52: 282 pp. 1 30 pls." title="The bats of Suriname" type="book" year="1962">Husson’s (1962</bibRefCitation>
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, 1978) account of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FE1624DEFDE58FD8" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[484,622,1740,1763]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FE1624DEFE7D8FD8" box="[484,502,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FDFE24DEFDE58FD8" box="[524,622,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">cinereus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seems to have been based entirely upon specimens properly referred to that species. Koopman (1994) listed seven subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FD6C233DFCAA887D" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[670,801,302,326]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FD6C233DFD3B887D" box="[670,688,303,326]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">A</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FD4D233DFCAA887D" box="[703,801,303,326]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">cinereus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, however all but two of these appear to represent other species (see Handley, 1987, and below).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFBFFC8FD492394FB218BF8" blockId="104.[670,1199,214,1763]" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">
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Our voucher material, one of the largest series of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FCE323B6FC698880" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[785,994,420,443]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FCE323B6FC698880" box="[785,994,420,443]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">Artibeus cinereus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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reported from a single locality, conforms in all respects to Handley’s (1987) description of the species. Although our specimens generally fall within the range of morphometric variation previously reported in the literature, a few individuals of both sexes are slightly smaller in some dimensions than those documented from the Guianas by
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFFBFFC8FC5F209CFBD38B9E" author="Husson, A. M." bookContentInfo="282 pp." box="[941,1112,654,677]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" refId="ref95767" refString="Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52: 282 pp. 1 30 pls." title="The bats of Suriname" type="book" year="1962">Husson (1962</bibRefCitation>
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, 1978) and
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFFBFFC8FD2020BEFB2D8BF8" author="Brosset, A. & P. Charles-Dominique" box="[722,1190,684,707]" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" pagination="509 - 559" part="54" refId="ref91807" refString="Brosset, A., and P. Charles-Dominique 1990. The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509 - 559." title="The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach" type="journal article" year="1990">Brosset and CharlesDominique (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFBFFC8FD4920DBFC938C10" blockId="104.[670,1199,214,1763]" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">
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As with the larger species of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FBBE20DBFB248BDB" authorityName="Leach. In B. D. Patterson and R. M. Timm" authorityYear="1821" box="[1100,1199,713,736]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FBBE20DBFB248BDB" box="[1100,1199,713,736]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">Artibeus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FCEE20F5FCF48BC5" authorityName="Leach. In B. D. Patterson and R. M. Timm" authorityYear="1821" box="[796,895,743,766]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FCEE20F5FCF48BC5" box="[796,895,743,766]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">Artibeus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), we found that we could not always distinguish species of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FBD42116FB258A20" box="[1062,1198,772,795]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dermanura">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FBD42116FB258A20" box="[1062,1198,772,795]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">Dermanura</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the field. Most individuals of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FBED2133FB0A8A03" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[1055,1153,801,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FBED2133FB0A8A03" box="[1055,1153,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">cinereus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are larger than most specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FBFB212DFBE88A6D" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[1033,1123,831,854]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FBFB212DFBE88A6D" box="[1033,1123,831,854]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">gnomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(table 39), and most
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||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FCA6214EFC3D8A48" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[852,950,860,883]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FCA6214EFC3D8A48" box="[852,950,860,883]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have creamcolored ear margins and tragus while those structures are bright yellow in most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FC262185FBA58A95" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[980,1070,919,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FC262185FBA58A95" box="[980,1070,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">gnomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, we captured some individuals that we initially misidentified using these characters. Of 67 collected specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FC0121FDFBF08D3D" box="[1011,1147,1007,1030]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Dermanura">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FC0121FDFBF08D3D" box="[1011,1147,1007,1030]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">Dermanura</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 65 (97%) were correctly identified in the field; two individuals (3%) were initially identified incorrectly, both cases involving specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FD362676FCC58D40" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[708,846,1124,1147]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FD362676FD5D8D40" box="[708,726,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FD1E2676FCC58D40" box="[748,846,1124,1147]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(one male and one female) misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FC932693FC568DA3" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[865,989,1153,1176]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FC932693FCF88DA3" box="[865,883,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FC712693FC568DA3" box="[899,989,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">gnomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We had to clean the skulls of these and several other specimens that fell in the zone of size overlap between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FD1C26CBFCF88DCB" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[750,883,1241,1264]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FD1C26CBFC8B8DCB" box="[750,768,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FCE326CBFCF88DCB" box="[785,883,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FC4126CBFBBA8DCB" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[947,1073,1241,1264]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FC4126CBFC4E8DCB" box="[947,965,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FC2526CBFBBA8DCB" box="[983,1073,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">gnomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see table 39) in order to determine their correct identifications.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFBFFCCFD492723FE4D8D18" blockId="104.[670,1199,214,1763]" lastBlockId="108.[94,623,918,1763]" lastPageId="108" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">
|
||
We are unaware of any external characters that allow unequivocal identification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FB75275DFCDA8CB8" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FB75275DFCDA8CB8" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">Artibeus cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FC66277EFB988CB8" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[916,1043,1388,1411]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FC66277EFC2D8CB8" box="[916,934,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FC4B277EFB988CB8" box="[953,1043,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">gnomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where these taxa occur in sympatry, but the number of lower molars appears to be reliable in our Paracou sample: all individuals with two lower molars present on
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FC3327F3FC7E8CC3" box="[961,1013,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">both</emphasis>
|
||
sides proved to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FD3327EDFCCF8F2D" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[705,836,1534,1558]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FD3327EDFD588F2D" box="[705,723,1535,1558]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FD1027EDFCCF8F2D" box="[738,836,1535,1558]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
upon subsequent examination, and all individuals with three lower molars on
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FD37242BFD728F6B" box="[709,761,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">both</emphasis>
|
||
sides were
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FC79242BFB828F6B" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[907,1033,1593,1616]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FC79242BFC168F6B" box="[907,925,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FC5D242BFB828F6B" box="[943,1033,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">gnomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(one individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFBFFC8FD192445FCC68F55" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[747,845,1623,1646]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="104" pageNumber="104" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFBFFC8FD192445FCC68F55" box="[747,845,1623,1646]" italics="true" pageId="104" pageNumber="104">cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had two lower molars on one side and three on the other). Although the number of lower molars is perhaps the best single character for distinguishing these taxa in the field, it is not very useful for nonde structive research projects because m3 (when present) is small, translucent, and easily obscured by saliva; hence, we found it almost impossible to unambiguously determine if m3 was present in living bats.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="93CF1D8EFFFAFFC9FF682417FCF88FBE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545140" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545140" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545140/files/figure.png" pageId="105" pageNumber="105" startId="105.[154,192,1541,1562]" targetBox="[247,1114,208,1520]" targetPageId="105">
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFAFFC9FF682417FCF88FBE" blockId="105.[128,1233,1541,1669]" pageId="105" pageNumber="105">
|
||
Fig. 40. Roost of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFAFFC9FE9A2414FDAD8F20" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[360,550,1542,1563]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFAFFC9FE9A2414FDAD8F20" box="[360,550,1542,1563]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="105">Artibeus obscurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in welldrained primary forest at Paracou. An adult female with a nursing juvenile and another adult bat of unknown sex (which escaped capture) were found clustered beneath this sheet of bark (arrow), about 6 m above the ground on the trunk of a grignon tree (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFAFFC9FBAE2429FB468F6B" box="[1116,1229,1595,1616]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="105" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFAFFC9FF722444FE9A8F50" authorityName="Mez" authorityYear="1889" box="[128,273,1622,1643]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" genus="Ocotea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="105" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFAFFC9FF722444FE9A8F50" box="[128,273,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="105">Ocotea rubra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Two additional roosting groups of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFAFFC9FD592444FCA18F50" baseAuthorityName="Schinz" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[683,810,1621,1643]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="105" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obscurus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFAFFC9FD592444FD308F50" box="[683,699,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="105">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFAFFC9FD3E2444FCA18F50" box="[716,810,1622,1643]" italics="true" pageId="105" pageNumber="105">obscurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found on successive weeks in a similar shelter beneath the exfoliating bark of another grignon nearby.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="93CF1D8EFFF9FFCAFF8A2409FC158FBB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545142" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545142/files/figure.png" pageId="106" pageNumber="106" startId="106.[120,158,1563,1584]" targetBox="[220,1065,218,1533]" targetPageId="106">
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF9FFCAFF8A2409FC158FBB" blockId="106.[94,1198,1562,1664]" pageId="106" pageNumber="106">
|
||
Fig. 41. Dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF9FFCAFEB32408FEDF8F14" bold="true" box="[321,340,1562,1583]" pageId="106" pageNumber="106">A</emphasis>
|
||
) and ventral (
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF9FFCAFE062408FD8E8F14" bold="true" box="[500,517,1562,1583]" pageId="106" pageNumber="106">B</emphasis>
|
||
) views of the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF9FFCAFCFF2409FC428F0B" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[781,969,1563,1584]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF9FFCAFCFF2409FC428F0B" box="[781,969,1563,1584]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="106">Artibeus cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNHN 1995.1112; male) from Paracou. Dorsal (
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF9FFCAFE612427FE2D8F71" bold="true" box="[403,422,1589,1610]" pageId="106" pageNumber="106">C</emphasis>
|
||
) and ventral (
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF9FFCAFDCE2427FDC48F71" bold="true" box="[572,591,1589,1610]" pageId="106" pageNumber="106">D</emphasis>
|
||
) views of the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF9FFCAFCCD2424FC258F70" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[831,942,1589,1611]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF9FFCAFCCD2424FCC48F70" box="[831,847,1590,1611]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="106">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF9FFCAFCAF2424FC258F70" box="[861,942,1590,1611]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="106">gnomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH 266314; male) from Paracou. Among other features,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF9FFCAFE0A2442FDC28F5E" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[504,585,1616,1637]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF9FFCAFE0A2442FDC28F5E" box="[504,585,1616,1637]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="106">gnomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF9FFCAFCCD2442FC138F5E" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[831,920,1616,1637]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="106" pageNumber="106" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF9FFCAFCCD2442FC138F5E" box="[831,920,1616,1637]" italics="true" pageId="106" pageNumber="106">cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its inflated anteorbital region and posteriorly constricted mesopterygoid fossa. Scale bars = 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="93CF1D8EFFF8FFCBFF682407FEED8F5B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545144" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545144" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545144/files/figure.png" pageId="107" pageNumber="107" startId="107.[154,192,1557,1578]" targetBox="[335,1030,216,1528]" targetPageId="107">
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFF8FFCBFF682407FEED8F5B" blockId="107.[128,1233,1557,1632]" pageId="107" pageNumber="107">
|
||
Fig. 42. Lateral views of the skull and lower jaw of (
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF8FFCBFCF52407FC918F11" bold="true" box="[775,794,1557,1578]" pageId="107" pageNumber="107">A</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF8FFCBFCDC2404FC608F10" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[814,1003,1558,1579]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF8FFCBFCDC2404FC608F10" box="[814,1003,1558,1579]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="107">Artibeus cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MNHN 1995.1112; male) and (
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF8FFCBFF052422FE838F7E" bold="true" box="[247,264,1584,1605]" pageId="107" pageNumber="107">B</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFF8FFCBFEEA2422FE0D8F7E" authorityName="Handley" authorityYear="1987" box="[280,390,1584,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="107" pageNumber="107" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gnomus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF8FFCBFEEA2422FEA38F7E" box="[280,296,1584,1605]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="107">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFF8FFCBFEC72422FE0D8F7E" box="[309,390,1584,1605]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="107">gnomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH 266314; male). Note the species difference in number of lower molars. Scale bars = 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFFFFCCFF89263BFE8D8CC3" blockId="108.[94,623,918,1763]" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">
|
||
Handley (1987) recognized two subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFFFFCCFF8C2655FEC08D65" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[126,331,1095,1118]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="108" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFF8C2655FEC08D65" box="[126,331,1095,1118]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">Artibeus cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but did not discuss their distinguishing characteristics. Whereas specimens he identified as
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFE8E2693FE058DA3" box="[380,398,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFE512693FE3B8DA3" box="[419,432,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">c</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFFFFCCFE372693FDAC8DA3" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[453,551,1153,1176]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="108" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFE372693FDAC8DA3" box="[453,551,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were listed from localites in central Amazonia on both sides of the river, specimens he assigned to
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFF7726CBFF1C8DCB" box="[133,151,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFF4226CBFF368DCB" box="[176,189,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">c</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFF2726CBFEF38DCB" box="[213,376,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">quadrivittatus</emphasis>
|
||
were from eastern Venezuela, Surinam, eastern Amazonia, and the northernmost part of the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Presumably, our material is referable to the latter taxon, the type locality of which is Surinam (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFFFFFCCFEAE277EFD808CB8" author="Husson, A. M." bookContentInfo="282 pp." box="[348,523,1388,1411]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52" pageId="108" pageNumber="108" refId="ref95767" refString="Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52: 282 pp. 1 30 pls." title="The bats of Suriname" type="book" year="1962">Husson, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1978). Measurements of the holotype of
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFE08279BFF1C8C85" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">quadrivittatus</emphasis>
|
||
provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFFFFFCCFEC127B4FE548C86" author="Husson, A. M." bookContentInfo="282 pp." box="[307,479,1446,1469]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52" pageId="108" pageNumber="108" refId="ref95767" refString="Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52: 282 pp. 1 30 pls." title="The bats of Suriname" type="book" year="1962">Husson (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
fall entirely within the range of variation in our sample from Paracou.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFFFFFCCFF8927ECFBEC8DE0" pageId="108" pageNumber="108" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFFFFCCFF8927ECFBE98D7F" blockId="108.[94,623,918,1763]" lastBlockId="108.[670,1199,918,1243]" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">
|
||
FIELD OBSERVATIONS: We recorded 41 captures (possibly including some recaptures) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFFFFCCFFAC242BFEBB8F6B" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[94,304,1593,1616]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="108" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFFAC242BFEBB8F6B" box="[94,304,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">Artibeus cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Paracou, of which 37 were in groundlevel mistnets, 1 was in an elevated mistnet, and 3 were at roosts. Of the 37 groundlevel mistnet captures, 1 was in welldrained primary forest, 5 were in swampy primary forest, 3 were in creekside primary forest, 1 was in a treefall opening in primary forest, 22 were in manmade clearings, and 5 were over roadside puddles. The single example taken in an elevated mistnet was captured 5–8 m above the ground in the subcanopy of swampy primary forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFFFFFCCFD492659FBEC8DE0" blockId="108.[670,1199,918,1243]" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">
|
||
We found only a single roosting group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFFFFCCFD6C2678FCE58DBA" baseAuthorityName="Gervais" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[670,878,1130,1153]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="108" pageNumber="108" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cinereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFD6C2678FCE58DBA" box="[670,878,1130,1153]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">Artibeus cinereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in a leaftent constructed from the bifid terminal leaflet of an immature understory palm provisionally identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFFFFFCCFD6C26D6FC368DE0" authorityName="Pulle" authorityYear="1906" baseAuthorityName="Miq." box="[670,957,1220,1243]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Astrocaryum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="108" pageNumber="108" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sciophilum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFFFFFCCFD6C26D6FC368DE0" box="[670,957,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="108">Astrocaryum sciophilum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(figs. 43–45).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |