494 lines
65 KiB
XML
494 lines
65 KiB
XML
<document id="FED40F4A9291A65C15C0442ACB183356" ID-CLB-Dataset="8160" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.4545052" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0540f87c-c902-4df5-acd4-51801c9531bd" ID-Handle="2246/1634/B237-0004" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545052" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613519208580" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Simmons, Nancy B. & Voss, Robert S." docDate="1998" docId="4F19FC10FFA3FF94FD0E218CFC608F08" docLanguage="en" docName="B237-0004.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 237" docStyle="DocumentStyle:25EFC9A7B3A675566A5530656FFE3DF4.1:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.chapters" docStyleId="25EFC9A7B3A675566A5530656FFE3DF4" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.chapters" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Choeroniscus minor" docType="treatment" docVersion="11" lastPageNumber="52" masterDocId="B3208468FF93FFA0FFF22212FF8B893B" masterDocTitle="The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats" masterLastPageNumber="219" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1698929808253" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="24869B06CFC654D002C469789EAC711C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="882968F2BD548DB698CDCD5C352A7865">
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<mods:title id="8E94B4DFBA47004D71598B1AA150793D">The mammals of Paracou, French Guiana, a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 1, Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="9F625584AA3D9893A4A8F11159871571" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="43F139F456CCC2C39A43AFBF09E176D4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="58E2CECA15D344AC1DA84170F0E80F93">Simmons, Nancy B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7D8984D77180A38DD57B9A54865DB59B">Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A3648C3F304AF542C681C43F5CB6B9AB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="7A9F2D70ADFB46A9A2D5758E14B1DB06">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="56BBCFA198B335C2BE5ED44DBAB43530">Department of Mammalogy, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="B0465EC288DD4CE6FA8D767E3C71D114">Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="530E1131706D39EEEF8493C8D17F87C3">
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<mods:date id="1235D0A8078E0A34C7FD3C1550EA574B">1998</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="84D455D9C031B206196B95E1AF0EA3B3">1998-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="E98E36466E061D10A704784DEFCA0EB7" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="1CFC8872BFCFC456B9486DA4986FBA23">237</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="587C23794D97CDDEE13E1F0261609D41">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="42D8BF8121B6E97A8601F17DD0066274" type="CLB-Dataset">8160</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5C07FB98264FAB400DC4D37F94F73E04" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.4545052</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B0A166D83B62CAD606625B72B6DA198C" type="Handle">2246/1634/B237-0004</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4F19FC10FFA3FF94FD0E218CFC608F08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550899" ID-GBIF-Taxon="177422404" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4550899" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4F19FC10FFA3FF94FD0E218CFC608F08" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F19FC10FFA3FF94FD0E218CFC608F08" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFA3FF90FD0E218CFBDB8A8E" box="[764,1104,926,949]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA3FF90FD0E218CFBDB8A8E" blockId="48.[764,1104,926,949]" box="[764,1104,926,949]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="9C47FA6AFFA3FF90FD0E218CFBDB8A8E" box="[764,1104,926,949]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA3FF90FD0E218CFBDB8A8E" ID-CoL="69Z3L" authority="(Peters)" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[764,1104,926,949]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA3FF90FD0E218CFC608A8E" box="[764,1003,926,949]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">Choeroniscus minor</emphasis>
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(Peters)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFA3FF90FC8A21ACFC588AEA" box="[888,979,958,977]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA3FF90FC8A21ACFC588AEA" blockId="48.[888,979,958,977]" box="[888,979,958,977]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
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<figureCitation id="5F8B5183FFA3FF90FC8A21ACFC588AEA" box="[888,979,958,977]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="50.[120,158,1629,1650]" captionTargetBox="[171,1120,218,1562]" captionTargetId="figure-14@50.[163,1128,208,1568]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Fig. 24. Ventral views of the skull of six individuals of Choeroniscus minor from Paracou showing intraspecific variation in craniodental morphology. (A) AMNH 266377 (female); (B) MNHN 1995.1271 (female); (C) AMNH 266123 (female); (D) AMNH 267948 (male); (E) AMNH 267946 (male); (F) AMNH 267947 (male). Note variation in relative size of the premolars and molars, skull length and breadth, rostral proportions, and form of the palate. This series includes individuals with ‘‘minortype’’" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545102/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">Figure 24</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFA3FF90FD4921FCFC908D8E" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA3FF90FD4921FCFC908D8E" blockId="48.[670,1199,1006,1763]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
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VOUCHER MATERIAL:
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<materialsCitation id="77D8475BFFA3FF90FC3621FCFC908D8E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3037467361" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">8 females (AMNH *266120, *266121, *266123, *266377, *267153; MNHN *1998.668, 1998.669, *1998.670) and 5 males (AMNH *266124, *267946, *267947, *267948; MNHN 1998.671); see tables 13 and 14 for measurements.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8FAA1E8DFFA3FF94FD4926AEFC608F08" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA3FF90FD4926AEFC2C8C5E" blockId="48.[670,1199,1006,1763]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
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IDENTIFICATION: The complex taxonomic history of
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA3FF90FCD326CBFC4A8DCB" box="[801,961,1241,1264]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA3FF90FCD326CBFC4A8DCB" box="[801,961,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">Choeroniscus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, particularly of the smaller species originally placed in the genus
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA3FF90FD6C2706FCDA8C10" box="[670,849,1300,1323]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA3FF90FD6C2706FCDA8C10" box="[670,849,1300,1323]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">Choeronycteris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, is unfortunately relevant for understanding the correct identification of our Paracou vouchers.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA3FF91FD49277EFDB38858" blockId="48.[670,1199,1006,1763]" lastBlockId="49.[128,657,214,1000]" lastPageId="49" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA3FF90FD49277EFC348CB8" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[699,959,1388,1411]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA3FF90FD49277EFC348CB8" box="[699,959,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">Choeronycteris minor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was first described by Peters (1868) based on a specimen from Surinam. Although
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA3FF90FC7F27B4FD608CE0" author="Goodwin, G. G. & A. M. Greenhall" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="48" pageNumber="48" pagination="191 - 301" part="122" refId="ref94360" refString="Goodwin, G. G., and A. M. Greenhall 1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 122: 191 - 301." title="A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology" type="journal article" year="1961">Goodwin and Greenhall (1961)</bibRefCitation>
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stated that the type was destroyed in World War II,
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA3FF90FCA427F3FB838CC3" author="Husson, A. M." bookContentInfo="282 pp." box="[854,1032,1505,1528]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" refId="ref95767" refString="Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52: 282 pp. 1 30 pls." title="The bats of Suriname" type="book" year="1962">Husson (1962)</bibRefCitation>
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reported that Peter’s original specimen was, in fact, still intact at the Stuttgart museum.
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA3FF90FBA0240EFD608F6B" author="Husson, A. M." bookContentInfo="282 pp." journalOrPublisher="Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" refId="ref95767" refString="Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52: 282 pp. 1 30 pls." title="The bats of Suriname" type="book" year="1962">Husson (1962)</bibRefCitation>
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published measurements and a photograph of the holotype (SMN 441), and also provided a detailed description. A second small species,
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA3FF90FC902483FB2C8F93" box="[866,1191,1681,1704]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA3FF90FC902483FB2C8F93" box="[866,1191,1681,1704]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">Choeronycteris intermedia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, was described by Allen and Chapman (1893) based on specimens from Trinidad, and Tho mas (1912a) named a third,
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FE2C22C5FF398830" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FE2C22C5FF398830" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">Choeronycteris inca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, based on a specimen from Peru. Thomas (1928a) subsequently subdivided
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FDA42303FE88887D" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FDA42303FE88887D" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">Choeronycteris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, placing
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FE88233DFE34887D" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[378,447,303,326]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FE88233DFE34887D" box="[378,447,303,326]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FE26233DFDD9887D" box="[468,594,303,326]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FE26233DFDD9887D" box="[468,594,303,326]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">intermedia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FF72235EFF398858" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[128,178,332,355]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FF72235EFF398858" box="[128,178,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">inca</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in his new genus
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<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FE63235EFDBA8858" box="[401,561,332,355]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FE63235EFDBA8858" box="[401,561,332,355]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">Choeroniscus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA3FF90FF87248BFE3D8FD9" blockId="48.[94,622,1689,1762]" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">
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<superScript id="30C5E04EFFA3FF90FF87248BFFF78F9F" attach="right" box="[117,124,1689,1700]" fontSize="5" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">6</superScript>
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We follow Handley’s (1984) spelling of the specific epithet, which
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA3FF90FF1924A7FE068FF3" author="Koopman, K. F." box="[235,397,1717,1736]" editor="D. E. Wilson & D. M. Reeder" journalOrPublisher="Washington, DC: Smithson. Inst. Press" pageId="48" pageNumber="48" refId="ref96667" refString="1993. Order Chiroptera. In D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds.), Mammal species of the World, a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2 nd ed.: 137 - 241. Washington, DC: Smithson. Inst. Press." title="Order Chiroptera" type="book" volumeTitle="Mammal species of the World, a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2 nd" year="1993">Koopman (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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and most other authors have incorrectly spelled ‘‘
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<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA3FF90FEA724DDFE298FD9" box="[341,418,1743,1762]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="48">caudifer</emphasis>
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.’’
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA2FF91FF6F237BFE4D8A03" blockId="49.[128,657,214,1000]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
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Considerable confusion has surrounded the use of these three specific epithets (Thomas, 1912a; Sanborn, 1954;
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FE1923B6FECE88E3" author="Goodwin, G. G. & A. M. Greenhall" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="49" pageNumber="49" pagination="191 - 301" part="122" refId="ref94360" refString="Goodwin, G. G., and A. M. Greenhall 1961. A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 122: 191 - 301." title="A review of the bats of Trinidad and Tobago: descriptions, rabies infection, and ecology" type="journal article" year="1961">Goodwin and Greenhall, 1961</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FEAB23D3FD8F88E3" author="Husson, A. M." bookContentInfo="282 pp." box="[345,516,449,472]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" refId="ref95767" refString="Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52: 282 pp. 1 30 pls." title="The bats of Suriname" type="book" year="1962">Husson, 1962</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FDE423D3FF3588CE" author="Koopman, K. F." bookContentInfo="33 pp." journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novitates 2651" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" refId="ref96596" refString="Koopman, K. F. 1978. Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes. Am. Mus. Novitates 2651: 33 pp." title="Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes" type="book" year="1978">Koopman, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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; and
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FEF123CCFD0888CE" author="Williams, S. L. & H. H. Genoways" box="[259,643,478,501]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Carnegie Mus." pageId="49" pageNumber="49" pagination="213 - 236" part="49" refId="ref102406" refString="Williams, S. L., and H. H. Genoways 1980 a. Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 49: 213 - 236." title="Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname" type="journal article" year="1980">Williams and Genoways, 1980a</bibRefCitation>
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), much of it the result of small available sample sizes and marked sexual dimorphism (
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<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FF7A2024FE228B76" author="Genoways, H. H. & R. J. Baker & W. B. Wyatt" box="[136,425,566,589]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. S. California Acad. Sci." pageId="49" pageNumber="49" pagination="106 - 107" part="72" refId="ref93679" refString="Genoways, H. H., R. J. Baker, and W. B. Wyatt 1973. Nongeographic variation in the longnosed bat, Choeroniscus intermedius. Bull. S. California Acad. Sci. 72: 106 - 107." title="Nongeographic variation in the longnosed bat, Choeroniscus intermedius" type="journal article" year="1973">Genoways et al., 1973</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FE4E2024FD0F8B76" author="Koopman, K. F." bookContentInfo="33 pp." box="[444,644,566,589]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novitates 2651" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" refId="ref96596" refString="Koopman, K. F. 1978. Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes. Am. Mus. Novitates 2651: 33 pp." title="Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes" type="book" year="1978">Koopman, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The latter factor is crucial because the holotypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FEF62063FEC28BB3" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[260,329,625,648]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FEF62063FEC28BB3" box="[260,329,625,648]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FE7E2063FE358BB3" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[396,446,625,648]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FE7E2063FE358BB3" box="[396,446,625,648]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">inca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are males, while that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FF2F209DFEED8B9D" box="[221,358,655,678]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FF2F209DFEED8B9D" box="[221,358,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a female. Conflicting reports concerning the morphology and sex of the supposedly lost holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FDB920DBFD1B8BDB" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[587,656,713,736]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FDB920DBFD1B8BDB" box="[587,656,713,736]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only served to compound the real biological problem, whether these names really represent three or fewer species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA2FF91FF6F212CFED48AD3" blockId="49.[128,657,214,1000]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
|
||
There is general agreement that Allen and Chapman (1893) named their Tinidadian material as a new species in part because several measurements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FEA62185FE128A95" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[340,409,919,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FEA62185FE128A95" box="[340,409,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were incorrectly reported by Peters (1868). Thomas (1912a: 404) observed that
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA2FF91FF6921ECFD9B8DB2" blockId="49.[155,657,1022,1161]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The Trinidad bat described by Allen and Chapman as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FF692604FEA38D12" box="[155,296,1046,1065]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FF692604FF3D8D12" box="[155,182,1046,1065]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">Ch</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FF312604FEA38D12" box="[195,296,1046,1065]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is very probably the same as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FDBB2604FF308D7A" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FDBB2604FDEF8D12" box="[585,612,1046,1065]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">Ch</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FD832604FF308D7A" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as those authors were deceived by Peter’s impossible measurement of 11 mm. for the calcar, an organ drawn as about 5 mm. long in the more recently published plate of the latter species...
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA2FF91FF72268FFF508C87" blockId="49.[128,657,1181,1673]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Thomas (1912a) then described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FDFD268FFDCA8D8F" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[527,577,1181,1204]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FDFD268FFDCA8D8F" box="[527,577,1181,1204]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">inca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on dental proportions (length and width of the premolars and molars) in which it supposedly differed from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FE6326E7FE5D8C37" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[401,470,1269,1292]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FE6326E7FE5D8C37" box="[401,470,1269,1292]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He also noted that the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FEB42701FEF38C11" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[326,376,1299,1322]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FEB42701FEF38C11" box="[326,376,1299,1322]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">inca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was larger and broader than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FEE42722FED08C7C" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[278,347,1328,1351]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FEE42722FED08C7C" box="[278,347,1328,1351]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but this comparison was apparently based on a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FDB9275FFD1B8C5F" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[587,656,1357,1380]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FDB9275FFD1B8C5F" box="[587,656,1357,1380]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
other than the holotype, as measurements of the latter do not confirm his observation (table 13).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA2FF91FF6F27D0FDF08FB2" blockId="49.[128,657,1181,1673]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Most recent authors have followed
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FDB427D0FE8C8CCC" author="Koopman, K. F." bookContentInfo="33 pp." journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novitates 2651" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" refId="ref96596" refString="Koopman, K. F. 1978. Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes. Am. Mus. Novitates 2651: 33 pp." title="Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes" type="book" year="1978">Koopman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in regarding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FE5627F2FE5D8CCC" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[420,470,1504,1527]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FE5627F2FE5D8CCC" box="[420,470,1504,1527]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">inca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FF1D27EFFEBF8F2F" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[239,308,1533,1556]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FF1D27EFFEBF8F2F" box="[239,308,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FE8827EFFD888F2F" box="[378,515,1533,1556]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FE8827EFFD888F2F" box="[378,515,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a potentially distinct species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FE622408FD1A8F0A" author="Koopman, K. F." bookContentInfo="33 pp." box="[400,657,1562,1585]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novitates 2651" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" refId="ref96596" refString="Koopman, K. F. 1978. Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes. Am. Mus. Novitates 2651: 33 pp." title="Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes" type="book" year="1978">Koopman’s (1978: 8)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
conclusion that two species could be recognized was based on observations concerning dental variation and length of the rostrum:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA2FF91FF69248DFC8188FB" blockId="49.[155,656,1695,1762]" lastBlockId="49.[731,1234,213,448]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Study of a number of skulls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FE28248DFDD18F89" box="[474,602,1695,1714]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FE28248DFDD18F89" box="[474,602,1695,1714]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">Choeroniscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Trinidad, British Guiana, Brazil, Peru, and Ecuador [has] convinced me that two species can be distin guished... by rostral length, which is reflected in maxillary tooth row length. Thomas (1912[a]) distinguished
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FCD92317FCD88823" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[811,851,261,280]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FCD92317FCD88823" box="[811,851,261,280]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">inca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FC632317FC438823" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[913,968,261,280]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FC632317FC438823" box="[913,968,261,280]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
solely by the relative sizes of the premolars and molars. On the basis of these skulls, I can see considerable variation in this character, but no clearcut distinction between two forms. The species with the longer rostrum would then be called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FCEF236FFCFE88AB" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[797,885,381,400]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FCEF236FFCA788AB" box="[797,812,381,400]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FCCC236FFCFE88AB" box="[830,885,381,400]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FC7A236FFC3B88AB" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[904,944,381,400]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FC7A236FFC3B88AB" box="[904,944,381,400]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">inca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a synonym) and the species with the shorter rostrum would stand as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FBA32387FB5A8893" box="[1105,1233,405,424]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FBA32387FBEB8893" box="[1105,1120,405,424]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FB9E2387FB5A8893" box="[1132,1233,405,424]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sic].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA2FF91FD3223CEFC518A22" blockId="49.[704,1233,476,1763]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Koopman (1994) gave the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FB9823CEFB2488C8" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[1130,1199,476,499]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FB9823CEFB2488C8" box="[1130,1199,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as extending from coastal Ecuador to the mouth of the Amazon, northward to eastern Venezuela, and southward to northwestern Bolivia. Although most specimens of small
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FB642040FCA48BBD" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FB642040FCA48BBD" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">Choeroniscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recently collected in the Guianas have been identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FC2E209EFBEE8B98" box="[988,1125,652,675]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FC2E209EFBEE8B98" box="[988,1125,652,675]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g., by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FD3220B8FB2F8BFA" author="Brosset, A. & P. Charles-Dominique" box="[704,1188,682,705]" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" pagination="509 - 559" part="54" refId="ref91807" refString="Brosset, A., and P. Charles-Dominique 1990. The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509 - 559." title="The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach" type="journal article" year="1990">Brosset and CharlesDominique, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a longmuzzled female from Guyana (AMNH 140471) was referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FC1C20F6FBB88BC0" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[1006,1075,740,763]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FC1C20F6FBB88BC0" box="[1006,1075,740,763]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FB9520F6FC5C8A22" author="Williams, S. L. & H. H. Genoways" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Carnegie Mus." pageId="49" pageNumber="49" pagination="213 - 236" part="49" refId="ref102406" refString="Williams, S. L., and H. H. Genoways 1980 a. Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 49: 213 - 236." title="Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname" type="journal article" year="1980">Williams and Genoways (1980a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA2FF91FD2F210DFCC08F9C" blockId="49.[704,1233,476,1763]" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
|
||
In attempting to identify our material from Paracou, we examined the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FB62212EFC998A4A" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FB62212EFC998A4A" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FCD02148FC6B8A4A" author="Husson, A. M." bookContentInfo="282 pp." box="[802,992,858,881]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" refId="ref95767" refString="Husson, A. M. 1962. The bats of Suriname. Zool. Verh. Rijksmus. Nat. Hist. (Leiden) 52: 282 pp. 1 30 pls." title="The bats of Suriname" type="book" year="1962">Husson’s (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
measurements, photographs, and description of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FD322186FC8E8A90" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[704,773,916,939]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FD322186FC8E8A90" box="[704,773,916,939]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Thomas’s (1912a) description of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FCAA21A0FC018AF2" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[856,906,946,969]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FCAA21A0FC018AF2" box="[856,906,946,969]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">inca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; specimens referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FB4221A0FCB88ADD" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FB4221A0FCB88ADD" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FC7221DDFC4E8ADD" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[896,965,975,998]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FC7221DDFC4E8ADD" box="[896,965,975,998]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the AMNH; and measurements of additional specimens referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FCCB2618FC498D1A" box="[825,962,1034,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FCCB2618FC498D1A" box="[825,962,1034,1057]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FBFB2618FBC58D1A" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[1033,1102,1034,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FBFB2618FBC58D1A" box="[1033,1102,1034,1057]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FB7A2618FC158D05" author="Genoways, H. H. & R. J. Baker & W. B. Wyatt" journalOrPublisher="Bull. S. California Acad. Sci." pageId="49" pageNumber="49" pagination="106 - 107" part="72" refId="ref93679" refString="Genoways, H. H., R. J. Baker, and W. B. Wyatt 1973. Nongeographic variation in the longnosed bat, Choeroniscus intermedius. Bull. S. California Acad. Sci. 72: 106 - 107." title="Nongeographic variation in the longnosed bat, Choeroniscus intermedius" type="journal article" year="1973">Genoways et al. (1973)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Genoways and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FB9A2635FC968D60" author="Williams, S. L. & H. H. Genoways" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Carnegie Mus." pageId="49" pageNumber="49" pagination="213 - 236" part="49" refId="ref102406" refString="Williams, S. L., and H. H. Genoways 1980 a. Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 49: 213 - 236." title="Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname" type="journal article" year="1980">Williams (1980a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FCD82656FB088D60" author="Ochoa, J. & A. Fernandez" box="[810,1155,1092,1115]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Cient. Venez." pageId="49" pageNumber="49" pagination="428 - 430" part="33" refId="ref98645" refString="Ochoa, J., and A. Fernandez 1982. Caso de hiperdoncia en Choeroniscus minor (Chiroptera-Phyllostomatidae). Acta Cient. Venez. 33: 428 - 430." title="Caso de hiperdoncia en Choeroniscus minor (Chiroptera-Phyllostomatidae)" type="journal article" year="1982">Ochoa and Fernández (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FB622656FBEB8D42" author="Brosset, A. & P. Charles-Dominique" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" pagination="509 - 559" part="54" refId="ref91807" refString="Brosset, A., and P. Charles-Dominique 1990. The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509 - 559." title="The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach" type="journal article" year="1990">Brosset and CharlesDominique (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and Anderson (1997). Although we kept males and females separate, and investigated variation in size, skull shape, and dental morphology, we found no consistent differences among named forms of small
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FC3926E6FBE08C30" box="[971,1131,1268,1291]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FC3926E6FBE08C30" box="[971,1131,1268,1291]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">Choeroniscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. For example, dental morphology in our series of 13 specimens from Paracou is highly variable, with some individuals having much shorter or longer teeth than others, others having narrower or broader teeth, etc. These differences form no consistent pattern and do not appear to be correlated with body size or with rostral proportions. Because our sample includes individuals with both ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FBCC27EFFB088F2F" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[1086,1155,1533,1556]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FBCC27EFFB088F2F" box="[1086,1155,1533,1556]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
type’’ and ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FCE62408FCC28F0A" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[788,841,1562,1585]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FCE62408FCC28F0A" box="[788,841,1562,1585]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">inca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
type’’ teeth (sensu Thomas, 1912a), as well as others with intermediate conditions, we follow
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FC312447FB0F8F57" author="Koopman, K. F." bookContentInfo="33 pp." box="[963,1156,1621,1644]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novitates 2651" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" refId="ref96596" refString="Koopman, K. F. 1978. Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes. Am. Mus. Novitates 2651: 33 pp." title="Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes" type="book" year="1978">Koopman (1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA2FF91FB7D2447FB478F57" author="Koopman, K. F." box="[1167,1228,1621,1644]" editor="D. E. Wilson & D. M. Reeder" journalOrPublisher="Washington, DC: Smithson. Inst. Press" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" refId="ref96667" refString="1993. Order Chiroptera. In D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds.), Mammal species of the World, a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2 nd ed.: 137 - 241. Washington, DC: Smithson. Inst. Press." title="Order Chiroptera" type="book" volumeTitle="Mammal species of the World, a taxonomic and geographic reference, 2 nd" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1994) in concluding that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FC1D2461FBBF8FB1" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[1007,1076,1651,1674]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FC1D2461FBBF8FB1" box="[1007,1076,1651,1674]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FB832461FB288FB1" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[1137,1187,1651,1674]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FB832461FB288FB1" box="[1137,1187,1651,1674]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">inca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are conspecific.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA2FF93FD2F24BCFB5A8F34" blockId="49.[704,1233,476,1763]" lastBlockId="51.[704,1233,1176,1551]" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Dental morphology has never been used to separate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FCDF24DEFCF98FD8" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[813,882,1740,1763]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FCDF24DEFCF98FD8" box="[813,882,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FC4224DEFC698FD8" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[944,994,1740,1763]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FC4224DEFC698FD8" box="[944,994,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">inca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA2FF91FBB224DEFB428FD8" box="[1088,1225,1740,1763]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="49" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA2FF91FBB224DEFB428FD8" box="[1088,1225,1740,1763]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="49">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Instead, measurements of the skull, rostrum, and maxillary toothrow appear to be the only characters so employed in recent years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA0FF93FF7A26E2FEC48C3C" author="Koopman, K. F." bookContentInfo="33 pp." box="[136,335,1264,1287]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novitates 2651" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" refId="ref96596" refString="Koopman, K. F. 1978. Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes. Am. Mus. Novitates 2651: 33 pp." title="Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes" type="book" year="1978">Koopman, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA0FF93FE9326E2FF478C1F" author="Williams, S. L. & H. H. Genoways" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Carnegie Mus." pageId="51" pageNumber="51" pagination="213 - 236" part="49" refId="ref102406" refString="Williams, S. L., and H. H. Genoways 1980 a. Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 49: 213 - 236." title="Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname" type="journal article" year="1980">Williams and Genoways, 1980a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Rather than confirming that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA0FF93FDB9271FFD1B8C1F" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[587,656,1293,1316]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FDB9271FFD1B8C1F" box="[587,656,1293,1316]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA0FF93FF4C2739FECC8C79" box="[190,327,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FF4C2739FECC8C79" box="[190,327,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are distinct species, our comparisons of measurement data show the opposite. Whereas measurements of our female specimens from Paracou broadly overlap those of the female holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA0FF93FDA227B2FF598CEF" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FDA227B2FF598CEF" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, measurements of our males overlap those of the male holotypes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA0FF93FDE027C9FDDC8CC9" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[530,599,1499,1522]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FDE027C9FDDC8CC9" box="[530,599,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA0FF93FF7227EAFF398F34" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[128,178,1528,1551]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FF7227EAFF398F34" box="[128,178,1528,1551]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">inca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(tables 13, 14). For both sexes, mea surements of our sample correspond closely to those reported for a large series (10 males and 26 females) of topotypical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA0FF93FBB526C1FB5B8DD1" box="[1095,1232,1235,1258]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FBB526C1FB5B8DD1" box="[1095,1232,1235,1258]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Trinidad (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA0FF93FC8126E2FBF58C3C" author="Genoways, H. H. & R. J. Baker & W. B. Wyatt" box="[883,1150,1264,1287]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. S. California Acad. Sci." pageId="51" pageNumber="51" pagination="106 - 107" part="72" refId="ref93679" refString="Genoways, H. H., R. J. Baker, and W. B. Wyatt 1973. Nongeographic variation in the longnosed bat, Choeroniscus intermedius. Bull. S. California Acad. Sci. 72: 106 - 107." title="Nongeographic variation in the longnosed bat, Choeroniscus intermedius" type="journal article" year="1973">Genoways et al., 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Measurements of other specimens from Venezuela and the Guianas (reported by Genoways and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA0FF93FD01275AFC498C64" author="Williams, S. L. & H. H. Genoways" box="[755,962,1352,1375]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Carnegie Mus." pageId="51" pageNumber="51" pagination="213 - 236" part="49" refId="ref102406" refString="Williams, S. L., and H. H. Genoways 1980 a. Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 49: 213 - 236." title="Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. II. Additional records of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Suriname" type="journal article" year="1980">Williams [1980a]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA0FF93FC22275AFC9B8C47" author="Ochoa, J. & A. Fernandez" journalOrPublisher="Acta Cient. Venez." pageId="51" pageNumber="51" pagination="428 - 430" part="33" refId="ref98645" refString="Ochoa, J., and A. Fernandez 1982. Caso de hiperdoncia en Choeroniscus minor (Chiroptera-Phyllostomatidae). Acta Cient. Venez. 33: 428 - 430." title="Caso de hiperdoncia en Choeroniscus minor (Chiroptera-Phyllostomatidae)" type="journal article" year="1982">Ochoa and Fernández [1982]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA0FF93FCA72777FC858CA2" author="Brosset, A. & P. Charles-Dominique" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" pagination="509 - 559" part="54" refId="ref91807" refString="Brosset, A., and P. Charles-Dominique 1990. The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach. Mammalia 54: 509 - 559." title="The bats from French Guiana: a taxonomic, faunistic and ecological approach" type="journal article" year="1990">Brosset and CharlesDominique [1990]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Bolivia (Anderson, 1997) further fill the morphometric gap that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A32130F7FFA0FF93FBAC27B2FC868CEF" author="Koopman, K. F." bookContentInfo="33 pp." journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novitates 2651" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" refId="ref96596" refString="Koopman, K. F. 1978. Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes. Am. Mus. Novitates 2651: 33 pp." title="Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with special emphasis on the role of the Andes" type="book" year="1978">Koopman (1978)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observed between his small series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA0FF93FD3227C9FC8E8CC9" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1868" box="[704,773,1499,1522]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FD3227C9FC8E8CC9" box="[704,773,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA0FF93FCB027C9FC408CC9" box="[834,971,1499,1522]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FCB027C9FC408CC9" box="[834,971,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Considering the possiblity that our largest voucher specimens
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="93CF1D8EFFA1FF92FF8A244FFB258FE6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4545102" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4545102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4545102/files/figure.png" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" startId="50.[120,158,1629,1650]" targetBox="[171,1120,218,1562]" targetPageId="50">
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA1FF92FF8A244FFB258FE6" blockId="50.[94,1198,1629,1757]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Fig. 24. Ventral views of the skull of six individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA1FF92FD12244CFC3D8F48" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[736,950,1630,1651]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA1FF92FD12244CFC3D8F48" box="[736,950,1630,1651]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">Choeroniscus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Paracou showing intraspecific variation in craniodental morphology. (
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA1FF92FD77246AFD138FB6" bold="true" box="[645,664,1656,1677]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">A</emphasis>
|
||
) AMNH 266377 (female); (
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA1FF92FC34246AFC5C8FB6" bold="true" box="[966,983,1656,1677]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">B</emphasis>
|
||
) MNHN 1995.1271 (female); (
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA1FF92FF232480FF6F8F9C" bold="true" box="[209,228,1682,1703]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">C</emphasis>
|
||
) AMNH 266123 (female); (
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA1FF92FDD32480FDBF8F9C" bold="true" box="[545,564,1682,1703]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">D</emphasis>
|
||
) AMNH 267948 (male); (
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA1FF92FCAE2480FCE68F9C" bold="true" box="[860,877,1682,1703]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">E</emphasis>
|
||
) AMNH 267946 (male); (
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA1FF92FB672480FB2E8F9C" bold="true" box="[1173,1189,1682,1703]" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">F</emphasis>
|
||
) AMNH 267947 (male). Note variation in relative size of the premolars and molars, skull length and breadth, rostral proportions, and form of the palate. This series includes individuals with ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA1FF92FBD824DAFBE38FE6" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1066,1128,1736,1757]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="50" pageNumber="50" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA1FF92FBD824DAFBE38FE6" box="[1066,1128,1736,1757]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="50">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
type’’
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<footnote id="A4AB5108FFA0FF93FF72246FFC128FD9" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA0FF93FF72246FFC128FD9" blockId="51.[128,1233,1661,1762]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">
|
||
dentitions (short premolars and long molars; e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FD5C246FFD348FA9" bold="true" box="[686,703,1661,1682]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">E</emphasis>
|
||
), others with ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA0FF93FC83246CFC158FA8" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[881,926,1662,1683]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FC83246CFC158FA8" box="[881,926,1662,1683]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">inca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
type’’ teeth (premolars and molars subequal in length; e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FE2A248AFE608F96" bold="true" box="[472,491,1688,1709]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">D</emphasis>
|
||
), and dental intermediates (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FCB9248AFCD58F96" bold="true" box="[843,862,1688,1709]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
|
||
). It also includes large individuals with a relatively long (‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA0FF93FE7024A1FE4B8FF3" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[386,448,1715,1736]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FE7024A1FE4B8FF3" box="[386,448,1715,1736]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
type’’) rostrum (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FD5824A0FD368FFC" bold="true" box="[682,701,1714,1735]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">C</emphasis>
|
||
), smaller specimens with a shorter (‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA0FF93FBBE24A1FB4C8FF3" box="[1100,1223,1715,1736]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="51" pageNumber="51" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FBBE24A1FB4C8FF3" box="[1100,1223,1715,1736]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
type’’) rostrum (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FE9424DFFEF28FD9" bold="true" box="[358,377,1741,1762]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">A</emphasis>
|
||
), and intermediates (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA0FF93FD6624DFFD2E8FD9" bold="true" box="[660,677,1741,1762]" pageId="51" pageNumber="51">B</emphasis>
|
||
). Scale bar = 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA7FF94FFAC26AEFDE58FB0" blockId="52.[94,623,1212,1763]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
|
||
might represent
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA7FF94FED526AEFEE78DE8" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[295,364,1212,1235]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA7FF94FED526AEFEE78DE8" box="[295,364,1212,1235]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the smallest
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA7FF94FDBF26AEFF5A8DCB" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA7FF94FDBF26AEFF5A8DCB" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we carefully examined variation in external and craniodental morphology within our series, but ultimately found no evidence that the Paracou material represents more than one species. In our view, specimens identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA7FF94FEB1277EFE478CB8" box="[323,460,1388,1411]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="intermedius">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA7FF94FEB1277EFE478CB8" box="[323,460,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">intermedius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the literature simply represent the lower end of a normal range of withinspecies size variation, while those identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA7FF94FE7627D6FE428CE0" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[388,457,1476,1499]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA7FF94FE7627D6FE428CE0" box="[388,457,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA7FF94FDF727D6FDBC8CE0" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1920" box="[517,567,1476,1499]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeronycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inca">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA7FF94FDF727D6FDBC8CE0" box="[517,567,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">inca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represent the upper end of this range. We therefore conclude that these epithets represent a single species for which the oldest available name is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA7FF94FF34242BFDE18F6B" authority="(Peters, 1868)" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[198,618,1593,1616]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA7FF94FF34242BFE3E8F6B" box="[198,437,1593,1616]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Choeroniscus minor</emphasis>
|
||
(Peters, 1868)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Recognition of subspecies appears to be unjustified based on the data currently at hand.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C70F4D06FFA7FF94FF892483FC608F08" blockId="52.[94,623,1212,1763]" lastBlockId="52.[670,1198,1212,1587]" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">
|
||
FIELD OBSERVATIONS: We captured 13 individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="00B03685FFA7FF94FF0124BDFE698FFD" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[243,482,1711,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Choeroniscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="52" pageNumber="52" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="F5C49114FFA7FF94FF0124BDFE698FFD" box="[243,482,1711,1734]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="52">Choeroniscus minor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Paracou, of which 7 were taken in groundlevel mist nets and 6 at roosts. Three individuals were netted in swampy primary forest, three in creekside primary forest, and one in a manmade clearing. One roosting group of six bats was found on the dark underside of a fallen tree with large buttresses (similar to that shown in fig. 17) in welldrained primary forest; of this group, one adult male and four adult females were captured, and one bat escaped. Another roosting bat, a solitary adult male, was found hanging beneath the undercut bank of a dry streambed in welldrained primary forest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |