314 lines
36 KiB
XML
314 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="D122BBDA2B91A0856A31B02FED263544" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2bf9de45-df17-4f15-b5be-31d9f26a9621" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="287578" ID-ZooBank="1D415B70-A128-4605-9C60-BDF6E3FE7CF5" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460995678348" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vijayakumar, S. P., Dinesh, K. P., Prabhu, Mrugank V. & Shanker, Kartik" docDate="2014" docId="03EC87DCB83EFFD4B0F1FC5E1200FB87" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03893p488.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3893 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Raorchestes leucolatus Vijayakumar, Dinesh, Prabhu & Shanker, 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="479" masterDocId="FFD5FFA4B824FFC8B066FFA5167CFFB0" masterDocTitle="Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment" masterLastPageNumber="488" masterPageNumber="451" pageNumber="477" updateTime="1698562711362" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="A7190645EC71DEF587CFA7368177B82C">Lineage delimitation and description of nine new species of bush frogs (Anura: Raorchestes, Rhacophoridae) from the Western Ghats Escarpment</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="20E5B1C50E61F3C86F0BA0EA6604C2F4">Vijayakumar, S. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BB285CCD89B46B04398C753651ECDA7A">Dinesh, K. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3B2105773AAF63989E344488A9AAA886">Prabhu, Mrugank V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F4EC6AD5D4614E6EC48E159B0BBED7BA">Shanker, Kartik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5971B591399B6CDA8755263BFF3FC724">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="C90043234EB3D8D09FBA14B602F11567">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C14B1992DAEC7010C3FFC506F7806ED3">3893</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03EC87DCB83EFFD4B0F1FC5E1200FB87" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5691710" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119597297" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5691710" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC87DCB83EFFD4B0F1FC5E1200FB87" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC87DCB83EFFD4B0F1FC5E1200FB87" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="479" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B83EFFD2B0F1FC5E1453FBA5" box="[151,559,1018,1045]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83EFFD2B0F1FC5E1453FBA5" blockId="26.[151,559,1018,1078]" box="[151,559,1018,1045]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
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<heading id="D0B281A6B83EFFD2B0F1FC5E1453FBA5" bold="true" box="[151,559,1018,1045]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B0F1FC5E1453FBA5" bold="true" box="[151,559,1018,1045]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
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8.
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B0D2FC5F17B6FBA4" ID-CoL="6WT44" box="[180,458,1018,1044]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucolatus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B0D2FC5F17B6FBA4" bold="true" box="[180,458,1018,1044]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Raorchestes leucolatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B83EFFD2B1B7FC5E1453FBA5" box="[465,559,1019,1045]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B83EFFD2B0F8FBB8146FFB86" box="[158,531,1053,1078]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83EFFD2B0F8FBB8146FFB86" blockId="26.[151,559,1018,1078]" box="[158,531,1053,1078]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
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(
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB83EFFD2B0C3FBB8176EFB86" box="[165,274,1053,1078]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1974,1996]" captionTargetBox="[153,1412,218,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,2009]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of new species of bush frogs (Raorchestes) from Western Ghats. Orange filled circles" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287580/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Figures 2</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB83EFFD2B178FBBB1750FB86" box="[286,300,1054,1078]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[381,1214,235,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[347,1240,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. A maximum likelihood tree for bush frogs, and in the Western Ghats, based on three MtDNA genes: 16 S, Cytb and ND 1. The lineages described are marked in red. Sub-clades are named on the right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287581/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">3</figureCitation>
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&
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB83EFFD2B136FBBB1713FB86" box="[336,367,1054,1078]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[167,1418,211,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,195,1966]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 12. Raorchestes leucolatus sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile in life; (e & f) dorsal and ventral profile of R. tuberohumerus (note groin and disc coloration)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287590/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">12</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C6C70371B83EFFD2B11DFBB817A4FB86" box="[379,472,1053,1078]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[119,202,525,547]" captionTargetBox="[119,1832,583,1653]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometric measurements for the exemplary specimens of new species of Raorchestes." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3A6642B82EFFC2B011FDA8121DFD92" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" tableUuid="DF3A6642B82EFFC2B011FDA8121DFD92">Tables 2</tableCitation>
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&
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<tableCitation id="C6C70371B83EFFD2B19AFBBB1476FB86" box="[508,522,1054,1078]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="32.[151,239,296,319]" captionText="TABLE 3. Extant valid species of Raorchestes in Western Ghats." pageId="26" pageNumber="477">3</tableCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35F6541B83EFFD2B0F1FBC01732F82A" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83EFFD2B0F1FBC014F0FB76" blockId="26.[151,1436,1125,2018]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B0F1FBC01771FBCE" bold="true" box="[151,269,1125,1150]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
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<typeStatus id="54FE8868B83EFFD2B0F1FBC01774FBCE" box="[151,264,1125,1150]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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||
</emphasis>
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ZSI/
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||
<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB83EFFD2B12DFBC317DCFBCE" box="[331,416,1126,1150]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">WGRC</collectionCode>
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/V/A/879 (
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB83EFFD2B27BFBC01418FBCE" box="[541,612,1125,1150]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">CESF</collectionCode>
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1146), an adult male (SVL
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<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83EFFD2B3C9FBC01261FBCE" box="[943,1053,1125,1150]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.69" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="16.9">16.9 mm</quantity>
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||
), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar, Mrugank V. Prabhu and and Mayavan in
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||
<date id="FFFB100AB83EFFD2B2E6FB2C148EFB12" box="[640,754,1161,1186]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" value="2010-07">July 2010</date>
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from a wet evergreen forest site (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB83EFFD2B4E1FB2F1379FB11" box="[1159,1285,1162,1186]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" precision="5" value="10.9731">10.9731 N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB83EFFD2B573FB2C13F3FB12" box="[1301,1423,1161,1186]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" precision="5" value="76.6289">76.6289 E</geoCoordinate>
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), Elivalmalai Massif (
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<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB83EFFD2B11CFB0817C9FB76" box="[378,437,1197,1222]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Fig 1</figureCitation>
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), Peninsular
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<collectingCountry id="F352765AB83EFFD2B22CFB0814FBFB76" box="[586,647,1197,1222]" name="India" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">India</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83EFFD2B0A1FB741541FA82" blockId="26.[151,1436,1125,2018]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B0A1FB741741FB5A" bold="true" box="[199,317,1233,1258]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
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<typeStatus id="54FE8868B83EFFD2B0A1FB741744FB5A" box="[199,312,1233,1258]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
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:
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||
</emphasis>
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ZSI/
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB83EFFD2B111FB7717B0FB5A" box="[375,460,1234,1258]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">WGRC</collectionCode>
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/V/A/880 (
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<collectionCode id="ED54AE0FB83EFFD2B223FB7714F0FB5A" box="[581,652,1234,1258]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">CESF</collectionCode>
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1147), an adult male (SVL
|
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<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83EFFD2B3A5FB771251FB5A" box="[963,1069,1234,1258]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.71" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="17.1">17.1 mm</quantity>
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), collected by S.P. Vijayakumar, Mrugank V. Prabhu and Mayavan in
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||
<date id="FFFB100AB83EFFD2B239FB5014A8FABE" box="[607,724,1269,1294]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" value="2010-07">July 2010</date>
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from a wet evergreen forest site (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB83EFFD2B418FB531283FABD" box="[1150,1279,1270,1294]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" precision="5" value="10.9731">10.9731 N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE71500DB83EFFD2B574FB5013F3FABE" box="[1298,1423,1269,1294]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" precision="5" value="76.6289">76.6289 E</geoCoordinate>
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), Elivalmalai Massif (
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||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB83EFFD2B11CFABC17C9FA82" box="[378,437,1305,1330]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
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), Western Ghats, Peninsular
|
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<collectingCountry id="F352765AB83EFFD2B29AFABC1545FA82" box="[764,825,1305,1330]" name="India" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">India</collectingCountry>
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.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83EFFD2B0A1FA9B158AFA73" blockId="26.[151,1436,1125,2018]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
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<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B0A1FA9B17DFFAE7" bold="true" box="[199,419,1342,1367]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Lineage diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B1CDFA9B14D2FAE6" box="[427,686,1342,1366]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucolatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B1CDFA9B14D2FAE6" box="[427,686,1342,1366]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Raorchestes leucolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B83EFFD2B2D0FA981569FAE7" box="[694,789,1341,1367]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B2D0FA981569FAE7" bold="true" box="[694,789,1341,1367]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">sp. nov.</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
can be diagnosed by its phylogenetic position within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B0F1FAC71752FACB" box="[151,302,1378,1403]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="483" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bombayensis">Bombayensis</taxonomicName>
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||
clade (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB83EFFD2B1E2FAC717BFFACB" box="[388,451,1378,1403]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[381,1214,235,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[347,1240,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 3. A maximum likelihood tree for bush frogs, and in the Western Ghats, based on three MtDNA genes: 16 S, Cytb and ND 1. The lineages described are marked in red. Sub-clades are named on the right." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287581/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Fig 3</figureCitation>
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||
) and exhibits moderate levels (16S—2.9%) of divergence from its closest relative
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<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B5E2FAC6173CFA2F" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
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||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B5E2FAC6173CFA2F" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It also shows strong differences in morphology (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB83EFFD2B30BFA2315CBFA2F" box="[877,951,1414,1439]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[167,1418,211,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,195,1966]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 12. Raorchestes leucolatus sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile in life; (e & f) dorsal and ventral profile of R. tuberohumerus (note groin and disc coloration)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287590/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Fig 12</figureCitation>
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a,d,e,f). The lineage is diagnosed based on its phylogenetic position, genetic divergence and morphological distinctness.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83EFFD2B0A1FA6A136CF8BA" blockId="26.[151,1436,1125,2018]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B0A1FA6A145AFA58" bold="true" box="[199,550,1487,1512]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Field diagnosis. Morphology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B249FA6A1548FA57" box="[559,820,1487,1511]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucolatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B249FA6A1548FA57" box="[559,820,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Raorchestes leucolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B358FA6B15E3FA58" bold="true" box="[830,927,1486,1512]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B83EFFD2B358FA6B15E3FA58" box="[830,927,1486,1512]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
could be morphologically confused with its close relative
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B15CFA50147AF9BC" box="[314,518,1524,1548]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B15CFA50147AF9BC" box="[314,518,1524,1548]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, it can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B384FA5012D1F9BC" box="[994,1197,1524,1548]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B384FA5012D1F9BC" box="[994,1197,1524,1548]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on many aspects of morphology.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B14AF9BC1452F981" box="[300,558,1561,1585]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucolatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B14AF9BC1452F981" box="[300,558,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Raorchestes leucolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B83EFFD2B253F9BD14EFF982" box="[565,659,1560,1586]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B253F9BD14EFF982" bold="true" box="[565,659,1560,1586]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
can be distinguished by its smaller size (males)
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83EFFD2B4D7F9BC1369F981" box="[1201,1301,1561,1586]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.69" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="16.9">16.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
(16.2–17.1, n=4) (vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83EFFD2B160F99B1710F9E5" box="[262,364,1598,1622]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8399999999999999" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="18.4">18.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
(17.7–19.0, n=6) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B23CF99B155FF9E5" box="[602,803,1597,1621]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B23CF99B155FF9E5" box="[602,803,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); head width, HW/SVL=0.38 (0.37–0.39, n= 4) greater than head length, HL/SVL=0.29 (0.28–0.31, n=4) (vs. HW/SVL=0.35 (0.33–0.36, n=6) almost equal to head length (HL/SVL=0.37 (0.36–0.40, n=6) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B257F9231486F92D" box="[561,762,1669,1693]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B257F9231486F92D" box="[561,762,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); shorter thigh length, TL/SVL=0.45 (0.43–0.46, n=4) (vs. TL/SVL=0.50 (0.46–0.52, n=6) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B241F90F148CF971" box="[551,752,1705,1729]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B241F90F148CF971" box="[551,752,1705,1729]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); shorter foot length, FOL/SVL=0.36 (0.35–0.36, n=4) (vs. FOL/SVL=0.40 (0.37–0.43) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B19FF96B14BDF955" box="[505,705,1741,1765]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B19FF96B14BDF955" box="[505,705,1741,1765]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); groin region with white blotches (vs. groin region with yellow blotches in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B17EF95717A3F8B9" box="[280,479,1777,1801]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B17EF95717A3F8B9" box="[280,479,1777,1801]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; disc colour orange (vs. disc colour grey to brown in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83EFFD2B45EF957137CF8B9" box="[1080,1280,1777,1801]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B45EF957137CF8B9" box="[1080,1280,1777,1801]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83EFFD2B0A1F8B017DBF8E1" blockId="26.[151,1436,1125,2018]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B0A1F8B0172EF89E" bold="true" box="[199,338,1813,1838]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Geography.</emphasis>
|
||
Found to be restricted to the mid-elevations of Elivalmalai Massif (see natural history and distribution for details).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83EFFD2B0A1F8F81732F82A" blockId="26.[151,1436,1125,2018]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B0A1F8F81757F8C6" bold="true" box="[199,299,1885,1910]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
Found to be an understory forest species (n=4) and was observed in short grasses and shrubs along the forest edges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F6541B83EFFD4B0A1F80014A1FC8B" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="479" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83EFFD4B0A1F80014C1FED5" blockId="26.[151,1436,1125,2018]" lastBlockId="28.[151,1437,151,1080]" lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="479" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83EFFD2B0A1F800154EF80E" bold="true" box="[199,818,1957,1982]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FE8868B83EFFD2B11AF800179FF80E" box="[380,483,1957,1982]" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(all measurements in mm).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A small sized bush frog (SVL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83EFFD2B4DDF800135AF80E" box="[1211,1318,1957,1982]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.69" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="16.9">16.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
), width of head sub equal to head length (HW =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83EFFD2B228F86C14DBF851" box="[590,679,1993,2018]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="6.2">6.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
; HL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB83EFFD2B293F86C1533F852" box="[757,847,1993,2018]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="26" pageNumber="477" unit="mm" value="5.2">5.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
), flat dorsally; snout acutely pointed in total profile, slightly protruding beyond mouth. Snout length is sub equal to diameter of eye (SL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB838FFD4B4E2FF3D12A3FF1F" box="[1156,1247,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, EL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB838FFD4B555FF3D13ECFF00" box="[1331,1424,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="2.3">2.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Canthus rostralis angular, loreal region flat. Interorbital space (IUE =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB838FFD4B3D2FF191271FF64" box="[948,1037,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
) flat and sub equal to upper eyelid (UEW =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB838FFD4B099FF7A1725FF48" box="[255,345,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Interorbital space between posterior margins of the eyes 1.7 times that of anterior margins (IFE = 3.5, IBE =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB838FFD4B149FEA117F7FEAC" box="[303,395,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="5.8">5.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Nostrils oval, nearer to tip of snout. Weak symphysial knob. Eyes small, pupil horizontal. Tympanum indistinct, rounded, barely visible behind the eye. Tongue bifid, granular without papilla. Supratympanic fold from behind eye to shoulder.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3A6642B83FFFD3B0F1F81C12E1F841" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287590/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" targetBox="[167,1418,211,1948]" targetPageId="27">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB83FFFD3B0F1F81C12E1F841" blockId="27.[151,1435,1976,2033]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83FFFD3B0F1F81C1763F87F" bold="true" box="[151,287,1977,1999]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83FFFD3B143F81C1472F87F" box="[293,526,1977,1999]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucolatus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83FFFD3B143F81C1472F87F" box="[293,526,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">Raorchestes leucolatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83FFFD3B272F81D1415F87F" bold="true" box="[532,617,1976,1999]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20257A3B83FFFD3B272F81D1415F87F" box="[532,617,1976,1999]" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile in life; (e & f) dorsal and ventral profile of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B83FFFD3B2FAF879152CF841" box="[668,848,2011,2033]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="27" pageNumber="478" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83FFFD3B2FAF87914D7F841" box="[668,683,2012,2033]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B83FFFD3B2DEF87E152CF841" box="[696,848,2011,2033]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="478">tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(note groin and disc coloration).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB838FFD4B0A1FECA12F0FE63" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,1080]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
Relative length of fingers I<II<IV<III. Finger tips with well developed small disks (fd3 =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB838FFD4B4A5FED51361FE37" box="[1219,1309,368,392]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
; fw3 = 0.5) with distinct circum–marginal grooves, fingers with dermal fringes on both sides. Webbing on palm absent, subarticular tubercles moderate and pre-pollex moderate. Supernumerary tubercles absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB838FFD4B0A1FE7B169AFD37" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,1080]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F352765AB838FFD4B0A1FE7B1683FE47" box="[199,255,478,503]" name="India" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limb long, heels touch when folded at right angles to the body. Thigh/Femur (TL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB838FFD4B4CFFE7A137FFE47" box="[1193,1283,479,503]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.8" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="7.8">7.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
), sub equal to Shank/Tibia (ShL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB838FFD4B11CFDA717A8FDAB" box="[378,468,514,539]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="7.5">7.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
); longer than foot (FOL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB838FFD4B29DFDA7152EFDAB" box="[763,850,514,539]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="6.1">6.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and less than heel to tip of fourth toe (TFOL =
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB838FFD4B50DFDA616BBFD8F" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.02" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="mm" value="10.2">10.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Relative toe length I<II<III<V<IV, webbing poor; web formula (I 1-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB838FFD4B38BFD82126AFD8F" box="[1005,1046,551,575]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">1 II</date>
|
||
1-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB838FFD4B455FD821238FD8F" box="[1075,1092,551,575]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">2</date>
|
||
III 1-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB838FFD4B4E1FD8212E4FD8F" box="[1159,1176,551,575]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">2</date>
|
||
IV 2-
|
||
<date id="FFFB100AB838FFD4B484FD821372FD8F" box="[1250,1294,551,575]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">1 V</date>
|
||
). Tibiotarsal articulation reaches posterior corner of eye. Outer metatarsal tubercle, supernumerary tubercles and tarsal tubercle absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB838FFD4B0A1FD3714A1FC8B" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,1080]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B838FFD4B0A1FD37171BFD1B" bold="true" box="[199,359,658,683]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Color in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsum maroon with a pair of distinct orange patch on the shoulder. An orange coloured horizontal broken band between the upper eyelids. Groin with distinct white blotches, ventrally varying shades of brown with irregular white spots on the belly. Throat darker towards lips, disks on finger and toes distinctly orange. Iris coarsely speckled with varying shades of golden brown, overlaid on an irregular brown markings. Distinct rufous edged speckles around the pupil (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB838FFD4B23DFC8714D9FC8B" box="[603,677,802,827]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="27.[151,250,1977,1999]" captionTargetBox="[167,1418,211,1948]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[151,1436,195,1966]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 12. Raorchestes leucolatus sp. nov. (a) profile in life; (b) eye profile in life; (c) dorsal profile of holotype; (d) ventral profile in life; (e & f) dorsal and ventral profile of R. tuberohumerus (note groin and disc coloration)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287590/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Fig 12</figureCitation>
|
||
(b)).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35F6541B838FFD4B0A1FCE31200FB87" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB838FFD4B0A1FCE31738FC33" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,1080]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B838FFD4B0A1FCE31732FCEF" bold="true" box="[199,334,838,863]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The species is named after one of its distinct characteristics, the ‘white patch’ on the groin (Greek:
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B838FFD4B0F1FCCE16A3FC33" box="[151,223,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">leukos</emphasis>
|
||
= white).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA36CAB838FFD4B0A1FC2B1200FB87" blockId="28.[151,1437,151,1080]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B838FFD4B0A1FC2B1429FC17" bold="true" box="[199,597,910,935]" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Natural history and distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The species was discovered in the mid elevations (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD9B2FB838FFD4B4C5FC2B1354FC17" box="[1187,1320,910,935]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.26" metricValueMax="9.58" metricValueMin="8.94" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" unit="m" value="926.0" valueMax="958.0" valueMin="894.0">894–958 m</quantity>
|
||
, n=2) and was observed at forested sites in the Elivalmalai Massif (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB838FFD4B37EFC171529FC7B" box="[792,853,946,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
&
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB838FFD4B31CFC1615F5FC7B" box="[890,905,947,971]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1974,1996]" captionTargetBox="[153,1412,218,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,2009]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of new species of bush frogs (Raorchestes) from Western Ghats. Orange filled circles" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287580/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">2</figureCitation>
|
||
) situated north of Palghat Gap. Currently there are no reports of any allied species from north of its range. The southern most range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C454D49B838FFD4B4C3FC7D130CFC5F" box="[1189,1392,983,1007]" class="Amphibia" family="Rhacophoridae" genus="Raorchestes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="28" pageNumber="479" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tuberohumerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B931EAD8B838FFD4B4C3FC7D130CFC5F" box="[1189,1392,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">R. tuberohumerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, its geographically closest relative, appears to be Wayanad plateau (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137E2A4FB838FFD4B310FC5F15C8FBA3" box="[886,948,1018,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1987,2009]" captionTargetBox="[153,1399,236,1986]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,2010]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. A map of the Western Ghats showing the major physiographic features referred to in the text." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/287579/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="479">Fig 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Further surveys are needed to verify the occurrence of this species or any close relatives in the lower elevations of Nilgiri Massif.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |