635 lines
59 KiB
XML
635 lines
59 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.25.4692" ID-PMC="PMC3819128" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-25-35" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF8DFFC7FFB3FFB4DB7FFFA0F456FFBF" ID-PubMed="24198710" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576243" ModsDocID="1314-2003-25-35" checkinTime="1451251855778" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra & Vorontsova, Maria S." docDate="2013" docId="E5B8A165E3109D96379860B3959BA1EB" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 25: 35-46" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 25" docPubDate="2013-07-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.25.4692" docTitle="Solanum rigidum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 23. 1794." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="FF8DFFC7FFB3FFB4DB7FFFA0F456FFBF" lastPageNumber="42" masterDocId="FF8DFFC7FFB3FFB4DB7FFFA0F456FFBF" masterDocTitle="From introduced American weed to Cape Verde Islands endemic: the case of Solanum rigidum Lam. (Solanaceae, Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum)" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="37" updateTime="1668140876822" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>From introduced American weed to Cape Verde Islands endemic: the case of Solanum rigidum Lam. (Solanaceae, Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vorontsova, Maria S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Herbarium, Library, Art and Archives, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW 9 3 AB</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2013-07-18</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>25</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>35</mods:start>
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<mods:end>46</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.25.4692</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.25.4692</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-25-35</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FF8DFFC7FFB3FFB4DB7FFFA0F456FFBF</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576243</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152024677" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E5B8A165E3109D96379860B3959BA1EB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E5B8A165E3109D96379860B3959BA1EB" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName LSID="E5B8A165-E310-9D96-3798-60B3959BA1EB" authority="Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 23. 1794." authorityName="Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 23. 1794." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum rigidum" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">Solanum rigidum Lam., Tabl. Encycl. 2: 23. 1794.</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habit of Solanum rigidum on the Cape Verde Islands. Photograph courtesy of MC Duarte." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10851" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Solanum rigidum. A habit with dense prickles and small deeply lobed leaves B habit with sparse prickles and larger more shallowly lobed leaves C inflorescence with a single lowermost hermaphroditic long-styled flower at the base D inflorescence with distal functionally male short-styled flowers E immature fruit and fruiting calyx with attenuate calyx lobe tips F seed G stellate trichome from the stem H, I stellate trichomes from the lower surface of the leaf. A, C, G-I drawn from Martins et al 468 B, F drawn from Barbosa & Silva 14072 D, E drawn from photographs of MC Duarte. Drawn by Lucy T. Smith." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10852" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">-</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Solanum rigidum on the Cape Verde Islands. A immature fruit with upturned sepal lobes, B functionally staminate flower with copious interpetalar tissue. Photographs courtesy of MC Duarte." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10853" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">3</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolium">Solanum latifolium</taxonomicName>
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Lam., Encycl. (Lamarck) 4: 303. 1797. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:819759-1 Type: Cultivated in the Jardin du Roi in Paris, "Cette plante a
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<normalizedToken originalValue="été">ete</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="cultivée">cultivee</normalizedToken>
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au jardin des Plantes. Ce
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<normalizedToken originalValue="soupçonne">soupconne</normalizedToken>
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originaire
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<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Amerique”">d'Amerique"</normalizedToken>
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(no specimens cited, none found; synonymy ex descr., see Discussion).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heteracanthum">Solanum heteracanthum</taxonomicName>
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Dunal, Encycl. Suppl. [Poiret] 3: 773. 1814. urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:819434-1 Type:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Africa?”">"Africa?"</normalizedToken>
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, sin. loc.,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">DuPuis</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">s.n.</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated here: P [P00344411]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">Solanum rigidum</taxonomicName>
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Type: Cultivated in the Jardin du Roi in Paris, origin unknown,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Anon.</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">s.n.</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated here: P [P00357615]).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
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Herbaceous subshrub to shrub, 0.6-1.5 m tall, armed; stems erect, densely (occasionally sparsely) pubescent with sessile or short-stalked translucent stellate trichomes <0.5 mm long, the rays 4-6, ca. 0.5 mm long, the midpoints equal to the rays, prickly with straight to slightly curved broad-based prickles of varying lengths, 2-6 mm long, these sparsely stellate-pubescent; new growth densely stellate-pubescent, yellowish-brown in dry plants; bark of older stems dark greyish brown, not markedly glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate and usually geminate, the leaves of a pair equal in size and shape. Leaves simple, 4.5-14(18)
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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3.5-8.5(14) cm, elliptic, membranous to somewhat chartaceous, concolorous; upper surfaces sparsely pubescent with sessile (with some short-stalked) translucent stellate trichomes, the rays 3-4, ca. 0.3 mm long, the midpoint equal to the rays or occasionally somewhat longer; lower surfaces more densely pubescent with short-stalked or occasionally sessile translucent stellate trichomes to 0.3 mm long, the rays 4-5(-6), to 0.6 mm long, the midpoint equal to the rays, the lamina still easily visible; primary veins 3-5 pairs, drying yellowish, with 2-6 pale tan prickles to 6 mm long on both surfaces; base attenuate, usually decurrent onto the petiole; margins shallowly lobed, the lobes 3-4 on each side of the midrib, lobed 1/4-1/3 of the way to the midrib, the apices acute; apex acute; petioles usually somewhat winged from the decurrent leaf bases, 1.5-4.5 cm long, densely stellate-pubescent like the stems, usually with a few pale tan prickles of varying lengths, to 6 mm long, these straight or very slightly curved. Inflorescence 1-2.5 cm long, internodal (lateral) or opposite the leaves, simple or only once branched, with 5-6(10) flowers, the lowermost flower(s) hermaphroditic and the plants andromonoecious, densely pubescent with sessile or short-stalked translucent stellate trichomes with rays to 0.3 mm long like those of the stems; peduncle (0-)1-2 cm long, the lowermost flower often borne at the very base of the inflorescence; pedicels 1-1.5 cm long, 1-2 mm in diameter, densely stellate-pubescent like the rest of the inflorescence, that of the lowermost hermaphroditic flower usually somewhat stout
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<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="38" start="start">er</pageBreakToken>
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and usually with>10 pale tan prickles to 4 mm long, usually nodding at anthesis, articulated at the base; pedicel scars unevenly spaced 1-5 mm apart, the distance greatest between the lowermost flower and the rest. Buds elongate ellipsoid, the corolla approximately halfway exserted from the calyx before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, strongly heterostylous, the lowermost (or lowermost 2-3) flower long-styled and hermaphroditic, usually slightly larger than the rest, the distal flowers short-styled and functionally male. Calyx tube 4-4.5 mm long, cup-shaped, the lobes 6-7 mm long, narrowly triangular with attenuate tips, densely pubescent with sessile and short-stalked stellate trichomes like those of the rest of the inflorescence, those of the hermaphroditic (long-styled) flowers usually with 5-25 yellowish prickles to 4 mm long. Corolla 2.5-3 cm in diameter, violet or white (type only), pentagonal with abundant interpetalar tissue, lobed less than 1/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 2-5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2-5 mm, usually with small acumens, planar at anthesis, glabrous adaxially, occasionally with a few stellate trichomes on the tips and margins, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially in a band 1.5 mm wide on either side of the petal midvein (exposed area in bud), the interpetalar tissue glabrous and thinner. Stamens equal, the filament tube ca. 0.5 mm long, the free portion of the filaments ca. 1.5 mm long, glabrous; anthers 6-7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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ca. 1.5 mm, usually slightly longer in hermaphroditic flowers, tapering, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores directed distally. Ovary densely pubescent with translucent stellate trichomes with 3-5 rays ca. 0.25 mm long; style 12-15 mm long in long-styled flowers, 1-1.5 mm long in short-styled flowers, sparsely pubescent with stellate trichomes like those of the ovary, these denser near the base; stigma expanded, bi-lobed. Fruit a globose berry, 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter, usually only 1 per infructescence, when immature mottled green and whitish green, maturing yellow, the pericarp leathery, ca. 1 mm thick, glabrous when mature; fruiting pedicels 2-2.5 cm long, 2-3 mm in diameter, thick and woody, pendent, pubescent and prickly as in the flowering pedicels; fruiting calyx splitting to the base, the lobes to 1 cm long, the tips usually reflexed at fruit maturity. Seeds> 100 per berry, 3-4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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2.5-3 mm, reniform and slightly ovoid, not thickened at the margins, pale yellow or yellowish tan, the testal cells sinuate in outline. Chromosome number not known.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10851" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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Habit of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the Cape Verde Islands. Photograph courtesy of MC Duarte.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10852" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Figure 2.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">A</emphasis>
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habit with dense prickles and small deeply lobed leaves
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">B</emphasis>
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habit with sparse prickles and larger more shallowly lobed leaves
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
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inflorescence with a single lowermost hermaphroditic long-styled flower at the base
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">D</emphasis>
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inflorescence with distal functionally male short-styled flowers
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">E</emphasis>
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immature fruit and fruiting calyx with attenuate calyx lobe tips
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">F</emphasis>
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seed
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">G</emphasis>
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stellate trichome from the stem
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">H, I</emphasis>
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stellate trichomes from the lower surface of the leaf.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">A</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">G-I</emphasis>
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drawn from
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Martins et al 468</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">B, F</emphasis>
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drawn from
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Barbosa & Silva 14072</emphasis>
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">D, E</emphasis>
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drawn from photographs of MC Duarte. Drawn by Lucy T. Smith.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10853" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Figure 3.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the Cape Verde Islands.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">A</emphasis>
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immature fruit with upturned sepal lobes,
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">B</emphasis>
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functionally staminate flower with copious interpetalar tissue. Photographs courtesy of MC Duarte.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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(
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Distribution map of Solanum rigidum. A global distribution in the Caribbean and the Cape Verdes B distribution on Antigua and Barbados C distribution on the Cape Verde Islands. Prepared by Pawel Ficinski." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10854" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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) Endemic to the Cape Verde Islands, known from seven of the ten islands of the archipelago, on both the windward and leeward arcs; a few old collections from the Caribbean (see Discussion). Like most prickly solanum species,
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a plant of disturbed and open areas and is somewhat weedy; it grows from sea level to 100 m.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10854" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Figure 4.</emphasis>
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Distribution map of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">A</emphasis>
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global distribution in the Caribbean and the Cape Verdes
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">B</emphasis>
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distribution on Antigua and Barbados
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">C</emphasis>
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distribution on the Cape Verde Islands. Prepared by
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Paweł">Pawel</normalizedToken>
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Ficinski.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="common names and uses">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
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Olho de vaca; olho de boi (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="cow’s">cow's</normalizedToken>
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eye,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="bull’s">bull's</normalizedToken>
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eye - perhaps in reference to the globose fruits).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Discussion.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="39" start="start">Solanum</pageBreakToken>
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rigidum
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has long been treated as
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscatum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum fuscatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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L. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refId="B17" refString="Linnaeus, C, 1762. Species Plantarum, edition 2. Stockholm: Salvius." title="Species Plantarum, edition 2. Stockholm: Salvius." year="1762">Linnaeus 1762</bibRefCitation>
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), and as an American introduction to the Cape Verde Islands, rather than the endemic species that it is. Use of the name
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscatum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum fuscatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(proposed for rejection due to its inconsistent and complex usage since its first description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="1782 - 1783" refId="B12" refString="Knapp, S, 2011. (2042, 2043) Proposal to reject the names Solanum ferox L. and S. fuscatum L. (Solanaceae). Taxon 60: 1782 - 1783" title="(2042, 2043) Proposal to reject the names Solanum ferox L. and S. fuscatum L. (Solanaceae)." volume="60" year="2011">Knapp 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; rejection supported by Committee on Vascular Plants [17 for, 0 against, 1 abstention], see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Applequist, WL" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="1108 - 1117" refId="B2" refString="Applequist, WL, 2012. Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 64. Taxon 61: 1108 - 1117" title="Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 64." volume="61" year="2012">Applequist 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) began in the early 20th century with
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chevalier, A" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Botanique Applique et d'Agriculture Tropicale" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="773 - 1090" refId="B4" refString="Chevalier, A, 1935. Les iles du Cap Vert: geographie, biogeographie, agriculture. Revue de Botanique Applique et d'Agriculture Tropicale 15: 773 - 1090" title="Les iles du Cap Vert: geographie, biogeographie, agriculture." volume="15" year="1935">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chevalier’s">Chevalier's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1935: 904)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
treatment of the plants of the Cape Verde archipelago; he assumed that this spiny solanum species was an introduction from the Americas, presumably from
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Linnaeus’">Linnaeus'</normalizedToken>
|
||
indication of origin of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum fuscatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, M-F" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Botanique Applique et d'Agriculture Tropicale" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" refId="B5" refString="Dunal, M-F, 1814. Solanum. In: Poiret JLM (Ed) Encyclopedie Methodique. Botanique, Supplement Vol. 3. Paris: H. Agasse." title="Solanum. In: Poiret JLM (Ed) Encyclopedie Methodique. Botanique, Supplement Vol. 3. Paris: H. Agasse." year="1814">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dunal’s">Dunal's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1814)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggestion that his
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heteracanthum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum heteracanthum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was similar to "
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fuscatum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum fuscatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
", and that assumption has persisted in floristic work since that time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||
We have lectotypifed
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with a sheet in the Lamarck herbarium (P00357615, online at http://tinyurl.com/rigidum-LT) that is annotated with a reference to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“illustr.”">"illustr."</normalizedToken>
|
||
, the original place of publication (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lamarck, JLB" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refId="B15" refString="Lamarck, JLB, 1795. Tableau Encyclopedique et Methodique des trois regnes de la nature. Botanique. Vol. 2. Paris: Pankoucke." title="Tableau Encyclopedique et Methodique des trois regnes de la nature. Botanique. Vol. 2. Paris: Pankoucke." year="1795">Lamarck 1795</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum latifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lamarck, JLB" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refId="B16" refString="Lamarck, JLB, 1797. Encyclopedie Methodique, Botanique. Vol. 4. Paris: H. Agasse." title="Encyclopedie Methodique, Botanique. Vol. 4. Paris: H. Agasse." year="1797">Lamarck (1797)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a few years after
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; he stated "Cette
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="espèce">espece</normalizedToken>
|
||
a de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="très-grandes">tres-grandes</normalizedToken>
|
||
rapports avec le precedente [S. rigidum], dont elle differe por beaucoup moins de roideur, por sa tige droite, beaucoup plus
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="elevée">elevee</normalizedToken>
|
||
, por de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="très">tres</normalizedToken>
|
||
grandes feuilles large, & por ses grappes de fleur
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="disposées">disposees</normalizedToken>
|
||
le long de branches, & moins terminals" [This species has great affinity with the preceding, but differs in that it is less rigid, its straight stem that is much taller, its large leaves and its inflorescences disposed along the branches and less terminal]. We have not found specimens that match the protologue, but have not yet exhaustively searched the herbarium at P, where such a sheet, if it exists, should be found; we therefore include this name in synonymy from the description, and postpone lectotypification until an exhaustive search has been made.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum latifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been attributed to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Abbé">Abbe</normalizedToken>
|
||
Jean Louis Marie Poiret by some authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gooding, EGB" journalOrPublisher="Lisbon and Praia" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refId="B8" refString="Gooding, EGB, Loveless, AR, Proctor, GR, 1965. Flora of Barbados. London: H. M. Stationery Office, 486 pp." title="Flora of Barbados. London: H. M. Stationery Office, 486 pp." year="1965">Gooding 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and many specimens of the Cuban endemic
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Urb" authorityYear="1908" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="gundlachii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum gundlachii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Urb. (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="65 - 84" refId="B11" refString="Knapp, S, 2009. Synopsis and lectotypification of Solanum (Solanaceae) species endemic in the West Indies. Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid 66: 65 - 84" title="Synopsis and lectotypification of Solanum (Solanaceae) species endemic in the West Indies." volume="66" year="2009">Knapp 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were annotated as such. The epithet
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">latifolium</emphasis>
|
||
clearly is attributable to Lamarck; Poiret was responsible for volumes 5-8 of the
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Encyclopedie Methodique</emphasis>
|
||
, not volume 4 in which the epithet appears. A fragment of leaf at F (F-676645) labelled "Solanum latifolium Poir." in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Macbride’s">Macbride's</normalizedToken>
|
||
hand with a stamp indicting it originated from P matches the pubescence and prickliness of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but there are no flowers or fruits or leaf bases to be certain of its identity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||
In describing
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="heteracanthum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum heteracanthum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunal (1814) cited a specimen in the Richard herbarium ("Dunal, in herb. Rich.") now held at P (P00344411). This is likely to be the holotype specimen but we prefer to designate this the lectotype as no specific sheet nor collector were cited in the protologue. This sheet is of a particularly prickly and possibly juvenile plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; it has the characteristic elongate calyx lobes of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
|
||
A few collections from the Caribbean have confused understanding of the origins and distribution of this species; these plants may represent early introductions via the transatlantic routes used to transport the enslaved from Africa to the New World; these routes all passed through the Cape Verde archipelago from about 1560.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gooding, EGB" journalOrPublisher="Lisbon and Praia" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refId="B8" refString="Gooding, EGB, Loveless, AR, Proctor, GR, 1965. Flora of Barbados. London: H. M. Stationery Office, 486 pp." title="Flora of Barbados. London: H. M. Stationery Office, 486 pp." year="1965">Gooding et al. (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
included the species (as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum latifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Poir.) in their
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Flora of Barbados</emphasis>
|
||
, and recorded its presence on Antigua and Barbados. We have seen no material referable to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from later than 1935 nor collections from elsewhere in the West Indies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refId="B13" refString="Knapp, S, 2012. Solanaceae. In: Acevedo-Rodriguez P, Strong MT (Eds) Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 898-913. http://botany.si.edu/Antilles/WestIndies/." title="Solanaceae. In: Acevedo-Rodriguez P, Strong MT (Eds) Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 898 - 913. http: // botany. si. edu / Antilles / WestIndies /" year="2012">Knapp 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); if it were a widespread introduction from the Caribbean we would expect collections from the Windward Islands, as most
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species from that region are found on multiple islands. Some records of "
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="latifolium">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum latifolium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" may be prickly individuals of the cultivated eggplant,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.; careful examination of specimens is necessary to determine the status of these records. Other members of the Eggplant clade are used medicinally in Africa and Asia (Meyer et al. 2011;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vorontsova, MS" editor="Beentje, H" journalOrPublisher="RBG Kew, Richmond, Surrey, 164 - 186, 198 - 215" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="220 - 223" refId="B22" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2012. Solanum sections Oliganthes, Melongena and Monodolichopus. In: Beentje, H, Ed., Flora of Tropical East Africa. RBG Kew, Richmond, Surrey, 164-186, 198-215: 220 - 223" title="Solanum sections Oliganthes, Melongena and Monodolichopus." volumeTitle="Flora of Tropical East Africa." year="2012">Vorontsova and Knapp 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and this may account for the occurrence of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Caribbean.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="40" start="start">Morphologically</pageBreakToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not resemble any American species or species group of solanums, but it is more similar to African species of the Eggplant clade such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cerasiferum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Solanum cerasiferum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunal and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campylacanthum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Solanum campylacanthum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A.Rich. in its greyish green leaves (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Habit of Solanum rigidum on the Cape Verde Islands. Photograph courtesy of MC Duarte." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10851" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), violet flowers and spherical fruits with tough pericarp that is green-striped when immature (see
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Solanum rigidum on the Cape Verde Islands. A immature fruit with upturned sepal lobes, B functionally staminate flower with copious interpetalar tissue. Photographs courtesy of MC Duarte." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10853" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
) and yellow when ripe.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from those species in its densely pubescent ovaries and long acuminate calyx lobes that are upturned in fruit (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Solanum rigidum on the Cape Verde Islands. A immature fruit with upturned sepal lobes, B functionally staminate flower with copious interpetalar tissue. Photographs courtesy of MC Duarte." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10853" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). It shares with those taxa a strongly andromonoecious breeding system, with a single or few hermaphroditic flowers at the base of the inflorescence and the distal flowers with short styles and functioning as males (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Solanum rigidum on the Cape Verde Islands. A immature fruit with upturned sepal lobes, B functionally staminate flower with copious interpetalar tissue. Photographs courtesy of MC Duarte." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10853" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Andromonoecy is common in the spiny solanums (subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Leptostemonum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Leptostemonum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bitter) and is found in both New and Old World species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Two other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Solanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species occur on the Atlantic islands off the African coast (Macronesia):
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verspertilio">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Solanum verspertilio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Aiton and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sunding" authorityYear="1966" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lidii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Solanum lidii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sunding, both from the Canary Islands. Both those species have strongly zygomorphic flowers with strongly unequal anthers while the flowers of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="5" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are actinomorphic with anthers of equal size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="5" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Preliminary DNA sequence data (S. Stern and M.S. Vorontsova pers. comm.) also indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="41" start="start">Solanum</pageBreakToken>
|
||
rigidum
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a member of the Eggplant clade, a large group of mostly East African taxa that includes the cultivated eggplant
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="melongena">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum melongena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be of hybrid origin; in preliminary plastid analyses it is sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campylacanthum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum campylacanthum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
while in trees based on the nuclear ITS region it is sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpon">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum macrocarpon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (the gboma eggplant, a continental African species). The chromosome number of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not known, but
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="campylacanthum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum campylacanthum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is tetraploid in some parts of its range (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" publicationUrl="10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" refId="B14" refString="Knapp, S, Vorontsova, MS, Prohens, J, 2013. Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8(2): e57039., 10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" title="Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8 (2): e 57039." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" year="2013">Knapp et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), while
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="macrocarpon">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum macrocarpon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is diploid. The preliminary relationships based on molecular data may indicate hybrid origin, or introgression; further work on the cyotogenetics of all members of the Eggplant clade is a priority (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Knapp, S" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" publicationUrl="10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" refId="B14" refString="Knapp, S, Vorontsova, MS, Prohens, J, 2013. Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8(2): e57039., 10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" title="Wild relatives of the eggplant (Solanum melongena L.: Solanaceae): new understanding of species names in a complex group. PLoS ONE 8 (2): e 57039." url="10.1371/journal.pone.0057039" year="2013">Knapp et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||
The Cape Verde islands are geologically linked with the Canary Island archipelago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Patriat, M" journalOrPublisher="Marine Geophysical Researches" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" pagination="201 - 215" refId="B20" refString="Patriat, M, Labails, C, 2006. Linking the Canary and Cape-Verde hotspots, Northwest Africa. Marine Geophysical Researches 7: 201 - 215" title="Linking the Canary and Cape-Verde hotspots, Northwest Africa." volume="7" year="2006">Patriat and Labails 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and have similar histories with the main volcanic episodes resulting in island emergence in the Cenozoic, although the basement igneous rocks are much older. The endemic
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species of the Canary Islands,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vespertilio">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum vespertilio</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Aiton and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Sunding" authorityYear="1966" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lidii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum lidii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sunding, are not closely related to the Eggplant clade but to South African taxa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Anderson, GJ" journalOrPublisher="Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid" pageId="7" pageNumber="42" pagination="159 - 167" refId="B1" refString="Anderson, GJ, Bernardello, G, Bohs, L, Weese, T, Santos-Guerra, A, 2006. Phylogeny and biogeography of the Canarian Solanum vespertilio and S. lidii (Solanaceae). Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid 63: 159 - 167" title="Phylogeny and biogeography of the Canarian Solanum vespertilio and S. lidii (Solanaceae)." volume="63" year="2006">Anderson et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="capense">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum capense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. or to the paraphyletic "Anguivi grade" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="RBG Kew, Richmond, Surrey, 164 - 186, 198 - 215" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" publicationUrl="10.1111/boj.12053" refId="B23" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Stern, S, Bohs, L, Knapp, S, 2013. African spiny Solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae): a thorny phylogenetic tangle. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, in press; Early View published online 17 June 2013,., 10.1111/boj.12053" title="African spiny Solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum, Solanaceae): a thorny phylogenetic tangle. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, in press; Early View published online 17 June 2013," url="10.1111/boj.12053" year="2013">Vorontsova et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This supports a scenario where
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the result of dispersal from the African mainland to the Cape Verdes, a distance of only 570 kilometres. Further molecular work, however, will be necessary to understand its origins and detailed relationships.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||
The discovery that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not an introduction from the Americas but instead an endemic species in the Cape Verde islands highlights the need for conservation assessment on the islands in order to determine its range and population sizes.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs on both of the main island groups of the Cape Verdes, on
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Vincente,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Nicolau and Boa Vista of the Ilheus de Barlovento, and on Maio, Santiago, Fogo and Brava of the southern Ilheus de Sotovento (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Distribution map of Solanum rigidum. A global distribution in the Caribbean and the Cape Verdes B distribution on Antigua and Barbados C distribution on the Cape Verde Islands. Prepared by Pawel Ficinski." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10854" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Label data indicate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in disturbed habitats, often at the edges of washes and riverbeds, so it may be a weedy species despite its narrow geographic range and endemic status. Applying the IUCN criteria (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN, Species Survival Commision" journalOrPublisher="Lisbon and Praia" pageId="8" pageNumber="43" refId="B10" refString="IUCN, Species Survival Commision, 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK." title="IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK." year="2001">IUCN 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) results in a preliminary conservation status of Least Concern, given its occurrence on many of the islands of the archipelago, but given the endemic status of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Solanales" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Solanum rigidum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this should be re-assessed in the light of more accurate population and threat status levels with better field data.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="41" type="specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Cape Verde Islands.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="41">Boa Vista</emphasis>
|
||
: sin. loc., 7 July 1934,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="42" start="start">A</pageBreakToken>
|
||
. Chevalier 44897
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(P).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Brava</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cachaço">Cachaco</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Cova do Mar, 200 m, 29 October 1983,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">G. Cardoso de Matos 5434</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC); on the Ponton Road to the Fort, 26 March 1864,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">R.T. Lowe</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
(P);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Fogo</emphasis>
|
||
: entre as
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="povoações">povoacoes</normalizedToken>
|
||
de Lomba e Ribeira Filipe, 900 m, 1 November 1983,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">G. Cardoso de Matos 5505</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC); San Filipe, 18 July 1934,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">A. Chevalier 44800</emphasis>
|
||
(P); Mosteiros, junto a pista de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="aviação">aviacao</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 10 m, 13 October 1991,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Martins 468</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC); Curral da
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chão">Chao</normalizedToken>
|
||
, entre Achada Furna e Miguel
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gonçalves">Goncalves</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 15 October 1991,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Martins 510</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Maio</emphasis>
|
||
: Pedro Vaz, 17 May 1956,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L.A. Grandvaux Barbosa 7437</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC); Calheta, 9 November 1964,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">J. Malato-Beliz 141</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC); Pedro Vaz, 11 November 1964,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">J. Malato-Beliz 244</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC); Vila da Maia, Dunas de Morrinho, 17 November 1964,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">J. Malato-Beliz 360</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Santiago</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Jorge dos
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Orgãos">Orgaos</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ribeirão">Ribeirao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Galinha, 350 m, 22 October 1983,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">G. Cardoso de Matos 5304</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC); Ribeira Grande de Santiago, a longo de leito seco da Ribeira de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fundão">Fundao</normalizedToken>
|
||
depois de passar os regadios que
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="estão">estao</normalizedToken>
|
||
junto as casas, 540 m, 15 July 1993,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">M.C. Duarte 540</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC); estrada Praia-Tarrafal, 1.1 km depois Porto Fundo, 65 m, 9 December 1955,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L.A. Grandvaux Barbosa 5909</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC); Santa Cruz,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="aluviões">aluvioes</normalizedToken>
|
||
do Ribeira da Cruz, 16 November 1982,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L.A. Grandvaux Barbosa 14072</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC); Ribeira de Santa Cruz, 20 March 1983,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">L.A. Grandvaux Barbosa 14486</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC); between S. Domingo and Os
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Orgãos">Orgaos</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 31 January 1866,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">R.T. Lowe</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
(BM, LE); Villa do Praia, January 1861,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">F.M.J. Welwitsch 6086</emphasis>
|
||
(BM); Pedra Badejo, 10 m, 17 October 1992,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">M.C. Duarte 56</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chã">Cha</normalizedToken>
|
||
de Vaca, 277 m, 16 October 1994, M.C. Duarte 701 (LISC); Foz da Ribeira de Mangue, 30 m, 11 July 1993,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">M.C. Duarte 502</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC); Baia de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chão">Chao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Bom, 2 m, 23 October 1994,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">M.C. Duarte 1189a</emphasis>
|
||
(LISC); sin. loc,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">C. Peters</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
(LE).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Nicolau
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: am Weg von Estancia Bras zum Ribeira Quameros, 50 m, 3 January 1986,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">N. Kilian 1014</emphasis>
|
||
(B).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="São">Sao</normalizedToken>
|
||
Vicente
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Monte Verde, September 1934,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">A. Chevalier 45744</emphasis>
|
||
(P); Porto Grande, 22 November 1894,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">E.H.L. Krause 17687</emphasis>
|
||
(B); ascent of Monte Verde, 609 m, 5 January 1866,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">R.T. Lowe</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
(BM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Antigua and Barbuda.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Antigua</emphasis>
|
||
: sin. loc,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Anonymous 16</emphasis>
|
||
(K).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="42">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Barbados.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">Barbados</emphasis>
|
||
: Foster Hall Spring, January 1890,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">H.F.A. Eggers 7226</emphasis>
|
||
(P); near Welches, St. Thomas, June 1935,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">A.C.S. McIntosh 195</emphasis>
|
||
(P); Bathsheba and Hastings, April 1895,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="42">J.F. Waby 53a</emphasis>
|
||
(BM, K).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |