1542 lines
224 KiB
XML
1542 lines
224 KiB
XML
<document id="E9CDF2280F5EB2D6E0D1EA996C09FF67" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3699429" ID-GBIF-Dataset="36cde03c-58c3-4695-971e-9d6037837a14" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699429" ID-ZooBank="E5B66FF9-6680-47C6-9047-B76F492B1520" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1583499856226" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Constantino, Luis Miguel, Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Granda, Juan Manuel Cardona, Machado, Pablo Benavides & Botero, Carmenza Góngora" docDate="2018" docId="D2661776FFFA4555FF76FCC607EEFDE9" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.0621.1-25.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 621" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC.3:InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleId="6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus Cadena-Castaneda, Cardona and Constantino 2018, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="2E5F6F0EFFFD4542FFB6FFB80637FFCE" masterDocTitle="A new Colombian pest species of the genus Poecilocloeus Bruner (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Proctolabinae) on coffee, with a key to the Neotropical species" masterLastPageNumber="25" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698725633021" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
|
||
<mods:mods id="7C1A152F9070223DC49480FA890E015B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="7C4197364A783D3F7CE1CF69516DDFD4">
|
||
<mods:title id="778550A6FD14A7572DC46DE929522F66">A new Colombian pest species of the genus Poecilocloeus Bruner (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Proctolabinae) on coffee, with a key to the Neotropical species</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="1A1424AFA928A073578720BFD7C1F6C5" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="542C88543F6A0A6B4C9F1F05192C7950">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="C5956E5443CC601AB118463CF65C660A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="DB8F61CD66F43FDCC84480E87A7F35F7">Constantino, Luis Miguel</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="A8A633BF444FEF5F64BEA47924864CD1" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="411341D408694AF9060490F61918FF72">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="51990708C085E6EC0E3D6B39ABC4FB8B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="B9FC591779BDC55E01E460BD4F45AC6E">Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="2F8C6FD32315E7E0727482345DF3210A" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="4F6195C85B3B2FCA8C52E87774BAA75B">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="13342BC2F00274CF3F8985884C37C9F1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="4F0E7B29DAB27585A213B9AA14CA9C53">Granda, Juan Manuel Cardona</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="B91BAD48F1C449CA79D102D15BC34B5A" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="00631FEB5DB64B45D35DE2F168F9B6CA">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="A25139E51BEFFC632A6467E3D57071CA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="821BD47D7FF75296EF2B95EBD4DDE7FF">Machado, Pablo Benavides</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="C09848C1B075ECB9246E54244D2A8D66" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="F60F323C92AC2ACB67C460476054EF36">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="BAFD02AB747AD087F62B3D967E333469">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="5FEF94840A0CD86B257408FA6D131CAE">Botero, Carmenza Góngora</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="CFE7048501BE613B5AA19A76F932D4E2">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="DBE83CA685E82C29BC7D6297247D0862" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="999CC5068193F609C1000087C1236EB7">
|
||
<mods:title id="123FA1C66247125D3B36A3CE5AE0B58C">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="3A343EE95E74130ABEC7EB0634100EE3">
|
||
<mods:date id="0CEAAD99FD29F40405611704E4F1DBEB">2018</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="B40BC081B9223658818E1833DCA0E507" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="D40DE7081E4E923D71BB32219CB14FCE">2018-04-27</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="739A01A9AE616C35958DAF8E09800C2E" type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number id="7677CBB42E1B05531EB3676F9293C1E1">621</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="4FCFE124BA43733395D5A1AF479B5FE6" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="6312D9692890C843336040AE28064FC0">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="85D16A51C602795B9B3AF2C41C23F68D">25</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="383E08627950F9CC01A9953F10469E4F">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="753D0455AD7EBB617EF6E0B19B7619EF" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3699429</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="6E2CB7882DC13BFFBE9AEC78748C76D5" type="GBIF-Dataset">36cde03c-58c3-4695-971e-9d6037837a14</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="21D5EB9A493B8ED545FA15D9B9D2D720" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="81254B7E2A3BDB5645FA5D1FB8891FD7" type="Zenodo-Dep">3699429</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="BFA356BA4A04A05E49FB598972DC7E9C" type="ZooBank">E5B66FF9-6680-47C6-9047-B76F492B1520</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="D2661776FFFA4555FF76FCC607EEFDE9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3704546" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162463047" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3704546" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D2661776FFFA4555FF76FCC607EEFDE9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D2661776FFFA4555FF76FCC607EEFDE9" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<subSubSection id="12D5F5EBFFFA4545FF76FCC602C5FC58" box="[192,1266,894,918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFFA4545FF76FCC602C5FC58" blockId="7.[192,1266,894,918]" box="[192,1266,894,918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<heading id="0138110CFFFA4545FF76FCC602C5FC58" bold="true" box="[192,1266,894,918]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFFA4545FF76FCC602C5FC58" bold="true" box="[192,1266,894,918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFFA4545FF76FCC60294FC58" authority="Cadena-Castaneda, Cardona and Constantino" authorityName="Cadena-Castaneda, Cardona and Constantino" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,1187,894,918]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFFA4545FF76FCC60410FC58" bold="true" box="[192,551,894,918]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
Cadena-Castañeda, Cardona and Constantino
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7388C709FFFA4545FB1DFCC602C5FC58" box="[1195,1266,894,918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="12D5F5EBFFFA4545FF76FC1602B8FC08" box="[192,1167,942,966]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFFA4545FF76FC1602B8FC08" blockId="7.[192,1167,942,966]" box="[192,1167,942,966]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFFA4545FDF9FC1604EEFC08" box="[591,729,942,966]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:496772
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="12D5F5EBFFFA4545FF76FC66078EFBD9" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFFA4545FF76FC66078EFBD9" blockId="7.[192,1440,990,1047]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFFA4545FF76FC660796FC38" bold="true" box="[192,417,990,1014]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Common names.</emphasis>
|
||
Masked coffee grasshopper, Coffee grasshopper and “grillo del café” or “saltamontes del café” in Spanish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="12D5F5EBFFFA4545FF76FB970451FB38" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFFA4545FF76FB9704F2FB49" blockId="7.[192,1440,1071,1159]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="EAA7AC3DFFFA4545FF76FB9704F2FB49" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2574928392" collectingDate="2016-04-12" collectionCode="MEMB" collectorName="Finca El Guanabano & Luis M. Constantino" country="Colombia" county="Municipality of Concordia" elevation="1700" location="Rumbadero" municipality="Vereda" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="MEMB 20291" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Antioquia" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFFA4545FF76FB970772FB89" bold="true" box="[192,325,1071,1095]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<typeStatus id="857418C2FFFA4545FF76FB970708FB89" box="[192,319,1071,1095]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="4CC96DE9FFFA4545FEFDFB970742FB88" box="[331,373,1071,1095]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="male">1 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFFA4545FE36FB97042BFB89" box="[384,540,1071,1095]" name="Colombia" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">COLOMBIA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="980B6882FFFA4545FD90FB970495FB89" box="[550,674,1071,1095]" country="Colombia" name="Antioquia" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Antioquia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="B311DEECFFFA4545FD1AFB9705DDFB89" box="[684,1002,1071,1095]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Municipality of Concordia</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="BA143C1AFFFA4545FC45FB97027DFB89" box="[1011,1098,1071,1095]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Vereda</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
(district)
|
||
<location id="5F10F0BBFFFA4545FB76FB970366FB89" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D2661776FFFA4555FF76FCC607EEFDE9:5F10F0BBFFFA4545FB76FB970366FB89" box="[1216,1361,1071,1095]" country="Colombia" county="Municipality of Concordia" municipality="Vereda" name="Rumbadero" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" stateProvince="Antioquia">Rumbadero</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="F73AC3B6FFFA4545FAEDFB970742FBA9" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<location id="5F10F0BBFFFA4545FAEDFB970742FBA9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D2661776FFFA4555FF76FCC607EEFDE9:5F10F0BBFFFA4545FAEDFB970742FBA9" country="Colombia" county="Municipality of Concordia" municipality="Vereda" name="Finca El Guanabano" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" stateProvince="Antioquia">Finca El Guanábano</location>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFFA4545FE35FBF707D6FBA8" box="[387,481,1103,1127]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="1700.0">
|
||
<elevation id="D1E24153FFFA4545FE35FBF707D6FBA8" box="[387,481,1103,1127]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="m" value="1700.0">1700 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="2E7180A0FFFA4545FE59FBF704ADFBA9" box="[495,666,1103,1127]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2016-04-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="3E357948FFFA4545FE59FBF704ADFBA9" box="[495,666,1103,1127]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" value="2016-04-12">12-April-2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="F73AC3B6FFFA4545FD1EFBF7059FFBA9" box="[680,936,1103,1127]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Luis M. Constantino</collectorName>
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFFA4545FC07FBF605E3FBA8" box="[945,980,1102,1126]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">leg</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<specimenCode id="0A690E1BFFFA4545FC5AFBF702AEFBA9" box="[1004,1177,1103,1127]" collectionCode="MEMB" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<collectionCode id="3CDE3EA5FFFA4545FC5AFBF70271FBA9" box="[1004,1094,1103,1127]" collectionName="MEMB" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">MEMB</collectionCode>
|
||
20291
|
||
</specimenCode>
|
||
Museo Entomológico Marcial Benavides, Chinchiná, Colombia).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFFA4545FF76FB270451FB38" blockId="7.[192,1440,1182,1271]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="EAA7AC3DFFFA4545FF76FB270451FB38" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2574928391" collectionCode="CAUD" location="Bogota" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" specimenCode="MEMB 20292, MEMB 20294, MEMB 20306" specimenCount="31" specimenCount-female="12" specimenCount-male="19" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFFA4545FF76FB270763FB79" bold="true" box="[192,340,1183,1207]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<typeStatus id="857418C2FFFA4545FF76FB270779FB79" box="[192,334,1183,1207]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCount id="4CC96DE9FFFA4545FEEBFB2707AFFB78" box="[349,408,1183,1207]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="male">12 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="4CC96DE9FFFA4545FE6CFB27043FFB78" box="[474,520,1183,1207]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="female">3 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, same locality and date, Luis M. Constantino
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFFA4545FBFBFB260247FB78" box="[1101,1136,1182,1206]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">leg</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<specimenCode id="0A690E1BFFFA4545FB3FFB27030DFB79" box="[1161,1338,1183,1207]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">MEMB 20292</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="0A690E1BFFFA4545FAF1FB27073DFB19" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">MEMB 20294</specimenCode>
|
||
to
|
||
<specimenCode id="0A690E1BFFFA4545FE9AFB0707E0FB19" box="[300,471,1215,1239]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">MEMB 20306</specimenCode>
|
||
),
|
||
<specimenCount id="4CC96DE9FFFA4545FE5FFB070426FB18" box="[489,529,1215,1238]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="male">7 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="4CC96DE9FFFA4545FDFCFB070445FB18" box="[586,626,1215,1239]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="female">9 ♀</specimenCount>
|
||
deposited in
|
||
<collectionCode id="3CDE3EA5FFFA4545FCB9FB070557FB19" box="[783,864,1215,1239]" collectionName="CAUD" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">CAUD</collectionCode>
|
||
(Colección de Artrópodos, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas,
|
||
<location id="5F10F0BBFFFA4545FDB7FB670460FB39" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D2661776FFFA4555FF76FCC607EEFDE9:5F10F0BBFFFA4545FDB7FB670460FB39" box="[513,599,1247,1271]" name="Bogota" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Bogotá</location>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="12D5F5EBFFFA4548FF76FAB7030EF846" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFFA4545FF76FAB705B9F847" blockId="7.[192,1441,1295,1929]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFFA4545FF76FAB70783FAE9" bold="true" box="[192,436,1295,1319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Description. Male.</emphasis>
|
||
Mid-sized, slender insects.
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFFA4545FD41FAB70569FAE9" box="[759,862,1295,1319]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2199999999999998" pageId="7" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="22.2">22.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFFA4545FC12FAB7021EFAE9" box="[932,1065,1295,1319]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2A, 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Surface of the head, pronotum and thorax moderately rugose.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFFA4545FD8AFA9704BBFA89" bold="true" box="[572,652,1327,1351]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Head.</emphasis>
|
||
Fastigium longer than wide with frons margin slightly truncate, curving progressively towards the rostrum. Clypeus rectangular, labrum subcircular and antennae with 18 segments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFFA4545FE10FAD70435FA49" box="[422,514,1391,1415]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFFA4545FDA3FAD704B6FA49" bold="true" box="[533,641,1391,1415]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Thorax.</emphasis>
|
||
Pronotum with fore margin rounded, hind margin subtriangular, mid longitudinal carina lengthwise on the pronotal disc, crossed by four transverse sulci; lateral lobes of pronotum square-shaped with a wavy lower margin; prosternal spine rounded and short (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFFA4545FA80FA1703A4FA06" box="[1334,1427,1455,1480]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tegmina straight, anal and costal margin parallel with the rounded tip, which slightly surpasses the abdominal tip. Wings cycloid, light blue (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFFA4545FD79FA480507F9C6" box="[719,816,1520,1544]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[191,273,1447,1469]" captionTargetBox="[317,1317,218,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[311,1319,213,1413]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Adult male, lateral view. B) Dorsal view with right wing spread." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699437/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFFA4545FCFEFA5705E5F9C9" bold="true" box="[840,978,1519,1543]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Abdomen.</emphasis>
|
||
Abdominal segments with a medial carina extending dorsally from the first terguite towards the eighth. Furcula with two small sclerotized protuberances, distinctly separated from each other; epiproctus ovoid, with distal half melanized and tip with three prongs, two small, lateral and a longer central one; cerci rectangular, highly modified, with a robust protuberance projecting moderately upward and with a small antero-apical projection on the ventral side (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFFA4545FE01F9280442F966" box="[439,629,1680,1704]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2C and 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorso-internal margin aserrate/sawed. The cerci are moderately concave on the latero-internal margin. Subgenital plate cupuliform, pallium projecting weakly from the upper margin of subgenital plate, not exceeding the tip of the cerci (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFFA4545FC4FF9680262F926" box="[1017,1109,1744,1768]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFFA4545FBDFF968037AF926" bold="true" box="[1129,1357,1744,1768]" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Phallic complex.</emphasis>
|
||
Shape is typical of the genus. Epiphallus rectangular with latero-inferior margin twice as long as the superointernal margins; lophi conical, elongated and curving upwards; ancorae thin and reduced (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFFA4545FAA3F8A806D1F886" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2F and 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Upper valves of the aedeagus wide, curving upwards. Lower valves ribbon-shaped, 1.5 times longer than the first pair of valves, moderately thick, wavy and divergent in dorsal view; triangular apophysis present in the external side of each valve (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFFA4545FD70F8C805B6F847" box="[710,897,1904,1929]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2F and 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0EB0F6E8FFF5454AFF76F98E0764F96D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" startId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" targetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF5454AFF76F98E0764F96D" blockId="8.[192,1440,1590,1699]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF5454AFF76F98E071BF985" bold="true" box="[192,300,1590,1612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF5454AFE84F98E047CF985" authority="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero, 2018" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[306,587,1590,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF5454AFE84F98E047CF985" box="[306,587,1590,1611]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF5454AFDE6F98E04B9F985" bold="true" box="[592,654,1590,1611]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7388C709FFF5454AFDE6F98E04B9F985" box="[592,654,1590,1611]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(male).
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF5454AFD50F98E0535F982" bold="true" box="[742,770,1590,1612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">A)</emphasis>
|
||
Frons.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF5454AFCE5F98E0559F982" bold="true" box="[851,878,1590,1612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">B)</emphasis>
|
||
Head and pronotum in lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF5454AFB4BF98E032EF982" bold="true" box="[1277,1305,1590,1612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">C)</emphasis>
|
||
Terminalia, dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF5454AFEF1F9EB0753F9A7" bold="true" box="[327,356,1619,1641]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">D)</emphasis>
|
||
Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF5454AFC50F9EB0236F9A7" bold="true" box="[998,1025,1619,1641]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">E)</emphasis>
|
||
Terminalia, lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF5454AFAAEF9EB0379F9A7" bold="true" box="[1304,1358,1619,1641]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">F-G)</emphasis>
|
||
Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF5454AFB64F9D702DBF94B" bold="true" box="[1234,1260,1647,1669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">F)</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF5454AFA35F9D70397F94B" bold="true" box="[1411,1440,1647,1669]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">G)</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF5454AFF76F9480411F847" blockId="8.[192,1440,1776,1929]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF5454AFF76F948071BF8C6" bold="true" box="[192,300,1776,1800]" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Female.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF5454AFE82F9490783F8C6" box="[308,436,1777,1801]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="8" pageNumber="7" unit="mm" value="29.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="28.0">28–30 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. General body shape similar to male, but heavier (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF5454AFBE8F9480295F8C7" box="[1118,1186,1776,1801]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[193,276,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[194,1431,213,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,213,1845]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (female). A) Habitus in lateral view. B) Frons. C) Head and pronotum in lateral view. D–F) Terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699435/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A–3C). Cerci simple, thin and conical and does not exceed the length of the epiproctus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF5454AFC78F8A8021EF8E7" box="[974,1065,1808,1833]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[193,276,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[194,1431,213,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,213,1845]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (female). A) Habitus in lateral view. B) Frons. C) Head and pronotum in lateral view. D–F) Terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699435/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Subgenital plate rectangular, longer than wide and with a trilobate tip. Lateral lobes rounded, central lobe quadrangular and with a slightly truncated tip. Lateral lobes separated by a conspicuous, oblong incision (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF5454AFB06F8E8033CF8A7" box="[1200,1291,1872,1897]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[193,276,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[194,1431,213,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,213,1845]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (female). A) Habitus in lateral view. B) Frons. C) Head and pronotum in lateral view. D–F) Terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699435/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ovipositor typical of the genus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF5454AFE09F8C8042EF847" box="[447,537,1904,1929]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[193,276,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[194,1431,213,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,213,1845]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (female). A) Habitus in lateral view. B) Frons. C) Head and pronotum in lateral view. D–F) Terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699435/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0EB0F6E8FFF4454BFF77F8ED020EF846" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699435" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699435/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" startId="9.[193,276,1877,1899]" targetBox="[194,1431,213,1845]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF4454BFF77F8ED020EF846" blockId="9.[193,1440,1877,1928]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF4454BFF77F8ED0718F8A4" bold="true" box="[193,303,1877,1899]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF4454BFE80F8ED0478F8A4" authority="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero, 2018" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[310,591,1877,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF4454BFE80F8ED0478F8A4" box="[310,591,1877,1898]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF4454BFDE3F8ED04A2F8A4" bold="true" box="[597,661,1877,1898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7388C709FFF4454BFDE3F8ED04A2F8A4" box="[597,661,1877,1898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(female).
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF4454BFCB5F8ED0528F8A5" bold="true" box="[771,799,1877,1899]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">A)</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus in lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF4454BFB86F8ED027BF8A5" bold="true" box="[1072,1100,1877,1899]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">B)</emphasis>
|
||
Frons.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF4454BFB16F8ED028BF8A5" bold="true" box="[1184,1212,1877,1899]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">C)</emphasis>
|
||
Head and pronotum in lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF4454BFEDBF8CA0790F846" bold="true" box="[365,423,1906,1928]" pageId="9" pageNumber="8">D–F)</emphasis>
|
||
Terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="0EB0F6E8FFF74548FF09FA1F03A8FA73" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699437" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699437" box="[191,1439,1447,1469]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699437/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" startId="10.[191,273,1447,1469]" targetBox="[317,1317,218,1409]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF74548FF09FA1F03A8FA73" blockId="10.[191,1439,1447,1469]" box="[191,1439,1447,1469]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF74548FF09FA1F071EFA72" bold="true" box="[191,297,1447,1469]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF74548FE98FA1F0477FA72" authority="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero, 2018" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[302,576,1447,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF74548FE98FA1F0477FA72" box="[302,576,1447,1468]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF74548FDF3FA1F04B5FA72" bold="true" box="[581,642,1447,1468]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7388C709FFF74548FDF3FA1F04B5FA72" box="[581,642,1447,1468]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(male).
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF74548FD61FA1F04C6FA73" bold="true" box="[727,753,1447,1469]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">A)</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male, lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF74548FBB4FA1F022AFA73" bold="true" box="[1026,1053,1447,1469]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">B)</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view with right wing spread.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF74548FF76FA48030EF846" blockId="10.[192,1441,1520,1929]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF74548FF76FA48076BF9C6" bold="true" box="[192,348,1520,1544]" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
In vivo, specimens are mostly dark and lime green with color distributed as follows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF74548FAC6FA4806D2F9E7" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[191,273,1447,1469]" captionTargetBox="[317,1317,218,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[311,1319,213,1413]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Adult male, lateral view. B) Dorsal view with right wing spread." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699437/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF74548FF47F9A8074CF9E6" box="[241,379,1552,1576]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[191,274,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[191,1439,214,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[191,1439,213,1850]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Different stages of development of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) First instar. B) Second instar. C) Third instar. D) Fourth instar. E) Fifth instar. F) Sixth instar. G) Adult male. H) Adult female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699439/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">5G and 5H</figureCitation>
|
||
): Antennae pink-dark brown with the distal segments light-green. Eyes gray-purplish with some scattered dark spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF74548FDFAF988049FF987" box="[588,680,1584,1609]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
); head, lateral lobes of pronotum, thorax pleura and abdomen, genicular lobes of hind femora, costal margin and subcostal vein of tegmina black; tip of vertex, antennae sockets, clypeus, ventral part of thorax and dorsal part of the abdominal tergites bluish-green; tegmina, hind tibia, fore and middle legs, hind femora and pronotal disk stripe lime-green; lateral margins of hind tibiae and hind tarsi magenta-pink (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF74548FDC1F90804F8F907" box="[631,719,1712,1737]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[193,276,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[194,1431,213,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,213,1845]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (female). A) Habitus in lateral view. B) Frons. C) Head and pronotum in lateral view. D–F) Terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699435/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF74548FCBFF9090518F907" box="[777,815,1713,1737]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[191,273,1447,1469]" captionTargetBox="[317,1317,218,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[311,1319,213,1413]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Adult male, lateral view. B) Dorsal view with right wing spread." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699437/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pronotal disk longitudinal stripe tends to be wider in the metazona and tapers toward the prozona, but in some specimens this strip tapers towards the middle of the pronotal disc (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF74548FDB9F9480451F8C7" box="[527,614,1776,1801]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF74548FD16F94904F3F8C7" box="[672,708,1777,1801]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[193,276,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[194,1431,213,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,213,1845]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (female). A) Habitus in lateral view. B) Frons. C) Head and pronotum in lateral view. D–F) Terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699435/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">3C</figureCitation>
|
||
). It was also observed that a pre-genicular yellow ring on the hind femora is present in most specimens. Some specimens, when having the wings closed seem to have the distal half black with green venation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF74548FD0FF8880524F887" box="[697,787,1840,1865]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[193,276,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[194,1431,213,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,213,1845]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (female). A) Habitus in lateral view. B) Frons. C) Head and pronotum in lateral view. D–F) Terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699435/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
), but when the tegmina are spread, this is revealed as being only an optical effect caused by refraction, and tegmina are actually green (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF74548FB26F8E802DCF8A7" box="[1168,1259,1872,1897]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[191,273,1447,1469]" captionTargetBox="[317,1317,218,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[311,1319,213,1413]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Adult male, lateral view. B) Dorsal view with right wing spread." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699437/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Occasionally, hind tibiae are also almost completely black, with a thin magenta line on the lateral margins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="12D5F5EBFFF6454EFF76FF610320F9A9" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF64549FF76FF6107C6FEDF" blockId="11.[192,1440,217,274]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FF76FF61076CFF3F" bold="true" box="[192,347,217,241]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The name refers to the fact that this species feeds on the foliage of coffee plants (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FAE5FF6107D2FEDF" authority="Linnaeus, 1753" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coffea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arabica">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FAE5FF61072AFEDF" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Coffea arabica</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus, 1753
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF64549FF76FE910402FD6A" blockId="11.[192,1440,297,676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FF76FE9104B6FE8F" bold="true" box="[192,641,297,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Comparison with similar species.</emphasis>
|
||
This particular species can be differentiated from all others known of the fruticolus group by the atypical coloration of the completely black genicular lobe and hind tibiae (with only a small hint of magenta), structures which are reddish in the rest of the group (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF64549FAA7FED2035DFE4C" box="[1297,1386,362,386]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[193,276,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[194,1431,213,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,213,1845]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (female). A) Habitus in lateral view. B) Frons. C) Head and pronotum in lateral view. D–F) Terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699435/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF64549FF76FE3206D1FE6C" box="[192,230,394,418]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[191,273,1447,1469]" captionTargetBox="[317,1317,218,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[311,1319,213,1413]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Adult male, lateral view. B) Dorsal view with right wing spread." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699437/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal stripe of the pronotal disc, so typical of the group, is reduced towards the prozona (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF64549FAC6FE3206D5FE0C" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF64549FEABFE120776FE0C" box="[285,321,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[193,276,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[194,1431,213,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,213,1845]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (female). A) Habitus in lateral view. B) Frons. C) Head and pronotum in lateral view. D–F) Terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699435/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">3C</figureCitation>
|
||
), a feature shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FDD5FE130536FE0C" authorityName="Descamps" authorityYear="1980" box="[611,769,426,450]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cochleatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FDD5FE130536FE0C" box="[611,769,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">P. cochleatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although in the new species it is more reduced than in any other species. As for the male terminalia, this species has short and moderately stout cerci, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FF56FE530794FDCC" authorityName="Descamps" authorityYear="1980" box="[224,419,491,514]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="equatoriensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FF56FE530794FDCC" box="[224,419,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">P. equatoriensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a not so big dorsal protuberance and a mid-sized preapical prolongation on the lower margin, although in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FDB1FDB3048CFDEC" authority="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero, 2018" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[519,699,522,546]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FDB1FDB3048CFDEC" box="[519,699,522,546]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">P. coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FD74FDB3053EFDED" bold="true" box="[706,777,523,547]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7388C709FFF64549FD74FDB3053EFDED" box="[706,777,523,547]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
cerci are not as stout and the pallium is reduced (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF64549FAC6FDB306D2FD8D" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Regarding the phallic complex, this new species has the smaller ancorae of all known species of the genus, in which this structure is usually spine-shaped and well developed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF64549FB26FDF30379FDAD" box="[1168,1358,587,611]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2F and 2G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Also, both pairs of valves are very characteristic in this new species, with very little resemblance to the other species of the fruticolus group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF64549FF76FD030567FCFA" blockId="11.[192,1440,699,820]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FF76FD030420FD1D" bold="true" box="[192,535,699,723]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The masked coffee grasshopper,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FC07FD0302DBFD1D" authority="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero, 2018" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[945,1260,699,723]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FC07FD0302DBFD1D" box="[945,1260,699,723]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7388C709FFF64549FB42FD040301FD1D" box="[1268,1334,700,723]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
appears to be endemic to southwest
|
||
<collectingRegion id="980B6882FFF64549FDAAFD6404A2FD3A" box="[540,661,732,756]" country="Colombia" name="Antioquia" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Antioquia</collectingRegion>
|
||
in the municipalities of Concordia, Salgar and Betulia, on the Eastern slope of the Western Cordillera of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFF64549FD6EFD44057CFCDA" box="[728,843,764,788]" name="Colombia" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="980B6882FFF64549FC1EFD4405C2FCDA" box="[936,1013,764,788]" country="Colombia" name="Cauca" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Cauca</collectingRegion>
|
||
River canyon (Map 1), where it is found in middle-elevation forests at
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF64549FDCDFCA40528FCFD" box="[635,799,796,820]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="1700.0" valueMax="1800.0" valueMin="1600.0">1600–1800 m</quantity>
|
||
asl.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF64549FF76FCF40397FB08" blockId="11.[192,1441,844,1222]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FF76FCF407C4FCAA" bold="true" box="[192,499,844,868]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Habitat and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
According to the coffee farmer
|
||
<collectingRegion id="980B6882FFF64549FCCBFCF405EFFCAA" box="[893,984,844,868]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Alberto</collectingRegion>
|
||
Posada of Concordia,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="980B6882FFF64549FB58FCF4035DFCAA" box="[1262,1386,844,868]" country="Colombia" name="Antioquia" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Antioquia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the first reports of attacks by the masked grasshopper were in 1961. In the region it is known as the coffee grasshopper (“grillo del café”). Although its presence has been known locally for over 55 years, no records or information has ever been published by any researcher about the biology, habits and management of this insect as a pest of coffee; it was not even described. This grasshopper, as many of its group (subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FF76FC55075EFBCB" authorityName="Amedegnato" authorityYear="1974" box="[192,361,1005,1029]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proctolabinae">Proctolabinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) inhabits trees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFF64549FD82FC5504C0FBCB" author="Descamps, M." box="[564,759,1005,1029]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="62 - 167" refId="ref14004" refString="Descamps, M. 1976. La faune dendrophile neotropicale. I. Revue des Proctolabinae (Orth. Acrididae). Acrida 5 (2): 62 - 167." type="journal article" year="1976">Descamps 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFF64549FCB5FC5505ABFBCB" author="Rowell, C. H. F." box="[771,924,1005,1029]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" refId="ref15222" refString="Rowell, C. H. F. 2013. The Grasshoppers (Caelifera) of Costa Rica and Panama. The Orthopterists' Society; San Martin de los Andes, Argentina. 611 p." type="book" year="2013">Rowell 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Cadena-Castañeda and Cardona-Granda 2015). This species moves from surrounding forest areas to coffee plantations and back, but only during certain seasons, having been observed in the months of March through August. As most grasshoppers, it is active during the day and its flight activity is from 10:00 AM to 3:00 PM on sunny days. It has been observed feeding on leaves of plantain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FD27FBD60237FB4B" authorityName="Linneo" authorityYear="1753" box="[657,1024,1133,1157]" class="Liliopsida" family="Musaceae" genus="Musa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paradisiaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FD27FBD6055BFB4B" box="[657,876,1133,1157]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Musa paradisiaca</emphasis>
|
||
(Musaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, citrics
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FBEDFBD5029FFB4A" box="[1115,1192,1133,1156]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FBEDFBD5029FFB4A" box="[1115,1192,1133,1156]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Citrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FB69FBD50363FB4B" box="[1247,1364,1133,1157]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rutaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FAD1FBD60781FB6B" class="Insecta" family="Oecophoridae" genus="Inga" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edulis">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FAD1FBD6073FFB6B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Inga edulis</emphasis>
|
||
(Mimosaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FE76FB36051FFB6B" authorityName="Cuatrec" authorityYear="1945" box="[448,808,1165,1189]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" genus="Cecropia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="telealba">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FE76FB3604BAFB6B" box="[448,653,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Cecropia telealba</emphasis>
|
||
(Urticaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, soursop
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FC22FB350324FB68" box="[916,1299,1165,1190]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Annona" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="muricata">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FC22FB350251FB6B" box="[916,1126,1165,1189]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Annona muricata</emphasis>
|
||
(Annonaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FAABFB3607C1FB08" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Oreopanax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floribundum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FAABFB36076EFB0B" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Oreopanax floribundum</emphasis>
|
||
(Araliaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FDB4FB1505FEFB08" authorityName="L. Andersson" authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Humb. ex Mutis" box="[514,969,1197,1222]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ladenbergia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oblongifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FDB4FB150505FB0B" box="[514,818,1197,1221]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Ladenbergia oblongifolia</emphasis>
|
||
(Rubiaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and coffee
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FBE7FB1503ABFB08" box="[1105,1436,1197,1222]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Coffea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arabica">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FBE7FB150335FB0B" box="[1105,1282,1197,1221]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Coffea arabica</emphasis>
|
||
(Rubiaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF64549FF76FB6605E4FA58" blockId="11.[192,1440,1246,1430]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Infestation of the coffee crops starts in plots near forest fragments, in the form of aggregations of the first instar nymphs, which emerge at the onset of the rainy season in March. As is the case with many species of grasshoppers in early stages, the nymphs are gregarious. In bands of hundreds of individuals they move onto the trees, with numbers ranging from 30–60 nymphs and 15–
|
||
<specimenCount id="4CC96DE9FFF64549FB34FA8602C0FA98" box="[1154,1271,1342,1366]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="adult">20 adults</specimenCount>
|
||
per tree, and cause the total or partial defoliation of the affected trees. They feed also on the outer pulp of coffee fruits, rendering the grains useless, as the affected fruit stops growing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF64549FF76FA17059DF9E9" blockId="11.[192,1440,1454,1575]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FF76FA170455FA09" bold="true" box="[192,610,1454,1479]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Natural history and life cycle.</emphasis>
|
||
This paper presents and describes for the first time the immature stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FE85FA76045AFA28" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[307,621,1486,1510]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FE85FA76045AFA28" box="[307,621,1486,1510]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with new data on natural history and behavior. It is worth noting that the nymphal instars closely resemble the same stages of other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FB27FA57030EF9C9" authorityName="Amedegnato" authorityYear="1974" box="[1169,1337,1519,1543]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proctolabinae">Proctolabinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FF76F9B70772F9E8" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1873" box="[192,325,1551,1574]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Coscineuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FF76F9B70772F9E8" box="[192,325,1551,1574]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Coscineuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. in color pattern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFF64549FDE5F9B704D4F9E9" author="Popov, G. B. & L. D. McComie & M. H. Launois-Luong" box="[595,739,1551,1575]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" pagination="49 - 60" refId="ref15109" refString="Popov, G. B., L. D. McComie, and M. H. Launois-Luong. 1994. The moruga grasshopper in Trinidad Coscineuta virens (Acrididae: Proctolabinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 2: 49 - 60." type="journal article" year="1994">Popov 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFF64549FD58F9B705A9F9E9" author="Cardona, J. M." box="[750,926,1551,1575]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" refId="ref13376" refString="Cardona, J. M. 2012. Grasshoppers of Northwest South America-A photo Guide, Vol. 1. The Western Fauna. Blurb. com; Medellin, Colombia. 124 p. [Spanish version titled as " Saltamontes de Colombia Vol. 1 "]" type="book" year="2012">Cardona 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF64549FF76F9870431F936" blockId="11.[192,1440,1599,1784]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FF76F98707CAF999" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,509,1599,1623]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FF76F98707CAF999" box="[192,509,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presents an egg diapause, the eggs remain in the ground for six months until environmental conditions favor hatching, usually with the onset of the first (heavy) rains of the year during March–April. Once the eggs hatch, nymphs go through six instars before they become adults (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF64549FEA8F9180750F976" box="[286,359,1696,1720]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[191,273,1447,1469]" captionTargetBox="[317,1317,218,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[311,1319,213,1413]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Adult male, lateral view. B) Dorsal view with right wing spread." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699437/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF64549FE40F918049DF979" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[502,682,1695,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FE40F918049DF979" box="[502,682,1695,1719]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">P. coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can live for three months after fledging. After they mate and are fertilized, the females lay eggs in the ground and die. The entire grasshopper development takes approximately six months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF64549FF76F8A80483F846" blockId="11.[192,1440,1808,1929]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF64549FF76F8A8073DF8E6" bold="true" box="[192,266,1808,1832]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10">Eggs.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult females oviposit in the soil at a depth of
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF64549FCE2F8A805A6F8E6" box="[852,913,1808,1832]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
, six to eight masses of eggs covered with a grayish membranous foam which coalesces into an ootheca. Each ootheca contains from 15 to
|
||
<specimenCount id="4CC96DE9FFF64549FAF2F8880397F887" box="[1348,1440,1840,1865]" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" type="egg">30 eggs</specimenCount>
|
||
glued together vertically. Oothecae are
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF64549FD1CF8E804CCF8A6" box="[682,763,1872,1896]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF64549FCCFF8E805FEF8A6" box="[889,969,1872,1896]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" unit="cm" value="0.6">0.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide, long and oval-shaped. Eggs are oval-shaped, light brown and
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF64549FD9DF8C90447F846" box="[555,624,1905,1929]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF1454EFF76FF610401FEBC" blockId="12.[192,1440,217,371]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF1454EFF76FF61075FFF3F" bold="true" box="[192,360,217,241]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">First instar.</emphasis>
|
||
Body length:
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF1454EFDAFFF61044EFF3F" box="[537,633,217,241]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="0.35">0.35 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFD3AFF6104DCFF3F" box="[652,747,217,241]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[191,274,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[191,1439,214,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[191,1439,213,1850]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Different stages of development of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) First instar. B) Second instar. C) Third instar. D) Fourth instar. E) Fifth instar. F) Sixth instar. G) Adult male. H) Adult female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699439/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head is light orange in color, with a dark side stripe; antennae with 12 segments, eyes yellow with black “pupil”. Prothorax yellow, with six black stripes running length-wise. Hind legs with enlarged femora, black in color with a yellow vertical stripe in the basal area and orange tip. Tibiae also orange, armed with small spines on the side. Hind tarsi pink. This stage takes 10 ± 0.5 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF1454EFF76FE32053BFDCD" blockId="12.[192,1440,394,515]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF1454EFF76FE3207B3FE6C" bold="true" box="[192,388,394,418]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Second instar.</emphasis>
|
||
Body length:
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF1454EFD9CFE3204B1FE6C" box="[554,646,394,418]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="0.55">0.55 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFD23FE3204D8FE6C" box="[661,751,394,418]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[191,274,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[191,1439,214,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[191,1439,213,1850]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Different stages of development of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) First instar. B) Second instar. C) Third instar. D) Fourth instar. E) Fifth instar. F) Sixth instar. G) Adult male. H) Adult female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699439/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similar to the first instar, but body colors more intense, head is orange, formerly dark stripes are now mostly black and better defined. Hind femora black, with yellow vertical stripe in the basal area. Nymphs still do not have the slightest trace of wings and are incapable of flight. This stage last 13 ± 1.4 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF1454EFF76FDA205A3FDBD" blockId="12.[192,1441,538,628]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF1454EFF76FDA20746FDFC" bold="true" box="[192,369,538,562]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Third instar.</emphasis>
|
||
Body length:
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF1454EFDADFDA3044EFDFC" box="[539,633,539,563]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="0.92">0.92 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFD3CFDA304D1FDFD" box="[650,742,539,563]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[191,274,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[191,1439,214,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[191,1439,213,1850]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Different stages of development of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) First instar. B) Second instar. C) Third instar. D) Fourth instar. E) Fifth instar. F) Sixth instar. G) Adult male. H) Adult female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699439/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similar to the second instar, but orange head of a more striking color, with two black, well defined side strips. Hind femora black, with yellow vertical stripe in the middle. Hind tarsi pink. This stage takes 14 ± 1.6 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF1454EFF76FD3307CEFCEA" blockId="12.[192,1440,651,804]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF1454EFF76FD3307B5FD6D" bold="true" box="[192,386,651,675]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fourth instar.</emphasis>
|
||
Body length:
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF1454EFD9CFD3304B0FD6D" box="[554,647,651,675]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.12" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="1.12">1.12 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFD21FD3304C3FD6D" box="[663,756,651,675]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[191,274,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[191,1439,214,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[191,1439,213,1850]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Different stages of development of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) First instar. B) Second instar. C) Third instar. D) Fourth instar. E) Fifth instar. F) Sixth instar. G) Adult male. H) Adult female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699439/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similar to the third instar, but body noticeably stouter and bigger. Wing buds now clearly visible, orange in color, dark base and rimmed with black. Fore- and mid-femora are light green with black tarsi. Hind femora larger, black with a yellow stripe in the basal part and another in the middle. Hind femora tips orange, hind tibiae yellow and hind tarsi pink. This stage takes 14 ± 1.4 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF1454EFF76FC84032DFC7A" blockId="12.[192,1440,828,949]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF1454EFF76FC840751FC9A" bold="true" box="[192,358,828,852]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fifth instar.</emphasis>
|
||
Body length:
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF1454EFDB9FC840469FC9D" box="[527,606,828,852]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFDD8FC8404FDFC9A" box="[622,714,828,852]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[191,274,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[191,1439,214,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[191,1439,213,1850]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Different stages of development of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) First instar. B) Second instar. C) Third instar. D) Fourth instar. E) Fifth instar. F) Sixth instar. G) Adult male. H) Adult female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699439/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Orange head. The two black stripes merge into one. Black antennae with 14 segments. Body yellow with the black stripes wider and starting to merge more into each other. Wing buds longer but still non-functional, orange rimmed with black. Hind femora black, yellow stripe much reduced and yellow tips Hind tarsi pink. This stage takes 15 ± 2.1 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF1454EFF76FC740397FBEB" blockId="12.[192,1441,972,1061]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF1454EFF76FC74075DFC2A" bold="true" box="[192,362,972,996]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Sixth instar.</emphasis>
|
||
Body length:
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF1454EFDA4FC750456FC2A" box="[530,609,973,997]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="1.8">1.8 cm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFDC7FC7404FDFC2A" box="[625,714,972,996]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[191,274,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[191,1439,214,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[191,1439,213,1850]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Different stages of development of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) First instar. B) Second instar. C) Third instar. D) Fourth instar. E) Fifth instar. F) Sixth instar. G) Adult male. H) Adult female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699439/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Similar to the fifth instar with the same color pattern, but with wider prothorax and bigger head. Hind tarsi become of a showy magenta-pink color. Wing buds bigger but nonfunctional. This final molt takes 16 ± 1.5 days. The total juvenile cycle lasts 82 ± 4.3 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF1454EFF76FB8504CDFA98" blockId="12.[192,1441,1085,1366]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF1454EFF76FB850769FB9B" bold="true" box="[192,350,1085,1109]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Adult male.</emphasis>
|
||
Body length:
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF1454EFDB1FB850461FB9A" box="[519,598,1085,1109]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="2.2">2.2 cm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFD14FB8504CAFB9B" box="[674,765,1085,1109]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFCBFFB85051CFB9B" box="[777,811,1085,1109]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[191,273,1447,1469]" captionTargetBox="[317,1317,218,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[311,1319,213,1413]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Adult male, lateral view. B) Dorsal view with right wing spread." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699437/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">4A</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFCDEFB8505B9FB9B" box="[872,910,1085,1109]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[191,274,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[191,1439,214,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[191,1439,213,1850]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Different stages of development of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) First instar. B) Second instar. C) Third instar. D) Fourth instar. E) Fifth instar. F) Sixth instar. G) Adult male. H) Adult female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699439/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">5G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sexual dimorphism occurs in this species, as the male is noticeably smaller than the female. Adults have fully functional wings with which they can fly across long distances. Eyes are prominent related to the head, which is triangular in shape; eyes are translucent gray with scattered blackish dots. Head is black with a corrugated frons. Vertex and clypeus white (yellowish in the female) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFD00FB060522FB18" box="[694,789,1214,1238]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="8.[192,275,1590,1612]" captionTargetBox="[200,1424,235,1545]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[192,1441,235,1556]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 2. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Frons. B) Head and pronotum in lateral view. C) Terminalia, dorsal view. D) Rinsed with KOH, showing the divergent aedeagus valves. E) Terminalia, lateral view. F-G) Phallic complex showing the different positions of the epiphallus and the convergent aedeagus valves. F) Dorsal view. G) Lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699433" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699433/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Labrus black with maxillar and labial palpi white. Filiform antennae with 18 segments, dark-pink. Prothorax black on the sides, light green on the dorsum. Mesothorax black; abdomen glossy-black with a bluish tint in the dorsal area. Lateral and basal area in abdomen with black spots. Tegmina light green and wings light blue (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFB9FFAA602B3FAF8" box="[1065,1156,1310,1334]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="10.[191,273,1447,1469]" captionTargetBox="[317,1317,218,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[311,1319,213,1413]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Figure 4. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (male). A) Adult male, lateral view. B) Dorsal view with right wing spread." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699437" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699437/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Legs light green, pink tarsi only in hind legs. Hind femora tips black.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF1454EFF76FAD60320F9A9" blockId="12.[192,1441,1390,1639]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF1454EFF76FAD6074FFA48" bold="true" box="[192,376,1390,1414]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Adult female.</emphasis>
|
||
Body length:
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFF1454EFD95FAD60444FA48" box="[547,627,1390,1414]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="2.8">2.8 cm</quantity>
|
||
long. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFD71FAD60517FA48" box="[711,800,1390,1414]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[193,276,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[194,1431,213,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,213,1845]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (female). A) Habitus in lateral view. B) Frons. C) Head and pronotum in lateral view. D–F) Terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699435/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFCEBFAD605B2FA48" box="[861,901,1390,1414]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[191,274,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[191,1439,214,1850]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[191,1439,213,1850]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Different stages of development of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) First instar. B) Second instar. C) Third instar. D) Fourth instar. E) Fifth instar. F) Sixth instar. G) Adult male. H) Adult female." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699439/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">5H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Females can be told apart even from some distance by their greater size and heavier build, most especially in the torso, which is noticeably wider. Head color is also slightly different. Head is wider than long, with shorter antennae and smaller eyes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFF7FFA770712FA29" box="[201,293,1487,1511]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[193,276,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[194,1431,213,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,213,1845]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (female). A) Habitus in lateral view. B) Frons. C) Head and pronotum in lateral view. D–F) Terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699435/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, body color is identical to the male. Other differences are in the head, with vertex, clypeus and labial palpi yellow (in the male they are all white). As expected, external genitalia are different, as in the female adult subgenital plate is different, as are the small conical cerci (as opposed to the highly-modified cerci of the male) and the presence of a serrulated ovipositor, adapted for excavating the ground (unlike some species of proctolabines which oviposit in epiphytes) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFBCBF9F702F6F9A9" box="[1149,1217,1615,1639]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[193,276,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[194,1431,213,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[192,1440,213,1845]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. (female). A) Habitus in lateral view. B) Frons. C) Head and pronotum in lateral view. D–F) Terminalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699435/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D–3F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="12D5F5EBFFF14555FF76F9C707EEFDE9" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF1454EFF76F9C7025FF976" blockId="12.[192,1440,1663,1720]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF1454EFF76F9C7029EF959" bold="true" box="[192,1193,1663,1687]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Description of the damage caused by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF1454EFD09F9C70212F959" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[703,1061,1663,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF1454EFD09F9C70212F959" bold="true" box="[703,1061,1663,1687]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in coffee.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Nymphs and adults feed differently and cause two different
|
||
<typeStatus id="857418C2FFF1454EFD1EF91804DEF976" box="[680,745,1696,1720]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of damage, as described below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF1454EFF76F9680472F847" blockId="12.[192,1440,1744,1929]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF1454EFF76F968040CF926" bold="true" box="[192,571,1744,1768]" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Damage caused by nymphs.</emphasis>
|
||
Damage caused by nymphs is mostly on the foliage. Nymphs chew and scrape the dermis of leaf blades, sparing the veins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFCF6F94805AAF8C6" box="[832,925,1776,1800]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[192,275,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[192,1440,213,1760]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. Damage caused by nymphs of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. in the foliage of coffee trees. A-C, E, F) Scrapings on the leaf blade. D) Chewed-on and wilted apical shoots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699441/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
). These wounds then dry out and cause a “burned out” appearance on the leaves, which eventually fall off prematurely, defoliating the tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFAC6F8A8076FF886" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[192,275,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[192,1440,213,1760]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. Damage caused by nymphs of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. in the foliage of coffee trees. A-C, E, F) Scrapings on the leaf blade. D) Chewed-on and wilted apical shoots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699441/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6A, B and D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Nymphs also scrape and chew on tender, younger shoots, causing them to wilt (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFA80F88803A4F886" box="[1334,1427,1840,1864]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[192,275,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[192,1440,213,1760]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. Damage caused by nymphs of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. in the foliage of coffee trees. A-C, E, F) Scrapings on the leaf blade. D) Chewed-on and wilted apical shoots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699441/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
). When damage is done in the leader shoot, the tree suffers a setback in growth and starts producing lateral shoots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFF1454EFEC0F8C8040FF847" box="[374,568,1904,1929]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[192,275,1877,1899]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[192,1440,213,1760]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. Damage caused by nymphs of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. in the foliage of coffee trees. A-C, E, F) Scrapings on the leaf blade. D) Chewed-on and wilted apical shoots." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699441/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="11">Fig. 6D and 6 F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0EB0F6E8FFF0454FFF09F8E402D5F841" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699439" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699439/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" startId="13.[191,274,1884,1906]" targetBox="[191,1439,214,1850]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF0454FFF09F8E402D5F841" blockId="13.[191,1439,1884,1935]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF0454FFF09F8E4071AF8BF" bold="true" box="[191,301,1884,1906]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Different stages of development of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF0454FFD18F8E405F0F8BF" authority="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero, 2018" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[686,967,1884,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF0454FFD18F8E405F0F8BF" box="[686,967,1884,1905]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF0454FFC7BF8E40219F8BC" bold="true" box="[973,1070,1884,1906]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7388C709FFF0454FFC7BF8E4023BF8BF" box="[973,1036,1884,1905]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
A)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
First instar.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF0454FFB09F8E402EDF8BC" bold="true" box="[1215,1242,1884,1906]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">B)</emphasis>
|
||
Second instar.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF0454FFA35F8E403A8F8BC" bold="true" box="[1411,1439,1884,1906]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">C)</emphasis>
|
||
Third instar.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF0454FFEE5F8C00747F840" bold="true" box="[339,368,1912,1934]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">D)</emphasis>
|
||
Fourth instar.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF0454FFDACF8C00402F840" bold="true" box="[538,565,1912,1934]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">E)</emphasis>
|
||
Fifth instar.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF0454FFD7FF8C004D4F840" bold="true" box="[713,739,1912,1934]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">F)</emphasis>
|
||
Sixth instar.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF0454FFCCAF8C005AEF840" bold="true" box="[892,921,1912,1934]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">G)</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF0454FFB91F8C00271F840" bold="true" box="[1063,1094,1912,1934]" pageId="13" pageNumber="12">H)</emphasis>
|
||
Adult female.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="0EB0F6E8FFF3454CFF76F8ED059AF846" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699441" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699441" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699441/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" startId="14.[192,275,1877,1899]" targetBox="[192,1440,213,1760]" targetPageId="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF3454CFF76F8ED059AF846" blockId="14.[192,1440,1877,1928]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF3454CFF76F8ED0718F8A4" bold="true" box="[192,303,1877,1899]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Damage caused by nymphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF3454CFD31F8ED0595F8A4" authority="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero, 2018" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[647,930,1877,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF3454CFD31F8ED0595F8A4" box="[647,930,1877,1898]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7388C709FFF3454CFC1FF8EE05D2F8A5" box="[937,997,1878,1899]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in the foliage of coffee trees.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF3454CFA9CF8ED0397F8A5" bold="true" box="[1322,1440,1877,1899]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">A-C, E, F)</emphasis>
|
||
Scrapings on the leaf blade.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF3454CFE41F8CA0423F846" bold="true" box="[503,532,1906,1928]" pageId="14" pageNumber="13">D)</emphasis>
|
||
Chewed-on and wilted apical shoots.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="0EB0F6E8FFF2454DFF76F89D075CF85C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699443" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699443/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" startId="15.[192,275,1829,1851]" targetBox="[192,1440,213,1794]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFF2454DFF76F89D075CF85C" blockId="15.[192,1440,1829,1938]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF2454DFF76F89D071BF8F5" bold="true" box="[192,300,1829,1851]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Damage caused by adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFF2454DFDD0F89D0549F8F4" authority="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero, 2018" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[614,894,1829,1850]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF2454DFDD0F89D0549F8F4" box="[614,894,1829,1850]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7388C709FFF2454DFC35F89E058AF8F5" box="[899,957,1830,1851]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
on coffee plants.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF2454DFBC0F89D02A5F8F5" bold="true" box="[1142,1170,1829,1851]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">A)</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of leaf damage.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF2454DFF76F8FA06ECF896" bold="true" box="[192,219,1858,1880]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">B)</emphasis>
|
||
Scrapings on the bark of stems and branches.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF2454DFD51F8FA0534F896" bold="true" box="[743,771,1858,1880]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">C)</emphasis>
|
||
Damage of ripe fruit.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF2454DFC4AF8FA0204F896" bold="true" box="[1020,1075,1858,1880]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">D-E)</emphasis>
|
||
Damage of unripe and near ripe fruits.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF2454DFEBCF8E70712F8BB" bold="true" box="[266,293,1887,1909]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">F)</emphasis>
|
||
Fruits with the pulp consumed.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFF2454DFD38F8E7049CF8BB" bold="true" box="[654,683,1887,1909]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">G)</emphasis>
|
||
Coffee fruits with the exocarp and pulp completely eaten off and the grains exposed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFED4552FF76FF610397FE1B" blockId="16.[192,1441,217,1929]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FF76FF610429FF3F" bold="true" box="[192,542,217,241]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Damage caused by adults.</emphasis>
|
||
This is mostly present in the upper and lower third of productive branches. Adult grasshoppers chew and consume both young and mature leaf blades sparing only the central vein (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFED4552FF7FFEA20715FEFD" box="[201,290,282,307]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[192,275,1829,1851]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1794]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[192,1440,210,1794]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Damage caused by adults of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. on coffee plants. A) Close-up of leaf damage. B) Scrapings on the bark of stems and branches. C) Damage of ripe fruit. D-E) Damage of unripe and near ripe fruits. F) Fruits with the pulp consumed. G) Coffee fruits with the exocarp and pulp completely eaten off and the grains exposed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699443/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The leaf is cut irregularly from the leaf margin towards the center. They also gnaw on stems and branches, eating the bark and leaving a trail of masticated shoots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFED4552FC6BFE830200FE9D" box="[989,1079,315,339]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[192,275,1829,1851]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1794]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[192,1440,210,1794]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Damage caused by adults of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. on coffee plants. A) Close-up of leaf damage. B) Scrapings on the bark of stems and branches. C) Damage of ripe fruit. D-E) Damage of unripe and near ripe fruits. F) Fruits with the pulp consumed. G) Coffee fruits with the exocarp and pulp completely eaten off and the grains exposed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699443/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Fortunately, this gnawing is superficial and it does not impede sap flow or cause ringing on the stem. Consumption of the exocarp in mature and unripe fruits was also confirmed. These injuries, if not complete, cicatrize with a brownish scar. When the insects chew on the cotyledons themselves, the small holes made by the grasshoppers become an entrance for saprophytic fungi that damage the coffee beans in formation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFED4552FB7EFE0503A4FE1B" box="[1224,1427,445,469]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[192,275,1829,1851]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1794]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[192,1440,210,1794]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Damage caused by adults of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. on coffee plants. A) Close-up of leaf damage. B) Scrapings on the bark of stems and branches. C) Damage of ripe fruit. D-E) Damage of unripe and near ripe fruits. F) Fruits with the pulp consumed. G) Coffee fruits with the exocarp and pulp completely eaten off and the grains exposed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699443/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7C, D and E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFED4552FF5EFE6504ACFCF7" blockId="16.[192,1441,217,1929]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Adults also chew on the exocarp and pulp of ripe fruits, peeling the grains completely, leaving both endosperms fused together in adjacent fruits on attacked branches (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFED4552FBBDFE4502FDFDD8" box="[1035,1226,509,534]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[192,275,1829,1851]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,213,1794]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[192,1440,210,1794]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Damage caused by adults of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. on coffee plants. A) Close-up of leaf damage. B) Scrapings on the bark of stems and branches. C) Damage of ripe fruit. D-E) Damage of unripe and near ripe fruits. F) Fruits with the pulp consumed. G) Coffee fruits with the exocarp and pulp completely eaten off and the grains exposed." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699443" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699443/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 7F and 7G</figureCitation>
|
||
). This insect also eats flowering shoots and buds. If the attack occurs during the formation of flowers, damage can be significant because of the reduction in number of fruit formed per branch and in the formation of fruit if they do develop. According to what was observed in the field, damage to coffee fruits was low (an average of 10 and maximum 30 fruit per tree) in patches and not in the entire plot. On the other hand, attacks on the foliage have a direct impact by reducing leaf area, which in turn causes a diminished photosynthetic capacity to ultimately form flowers, fruits, and negatively affecting overall growth and development of the coffee tree. However, the actual economical damage caused by grasshoppers in coffee fields is yet to be determined, as most attacked trees seemed to have normal or close to normal fruit production despite the damage caused.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFED4552FF5EFCFA04B2FB50" blockId="16.[192,1441,217,1929]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||
Usually most grasshopper damage is done to foliage. In other crops such as maize, damage caused by the grasshopper
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FE76FCDA05FEFCB4" authority="(Thomas, 1865)" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[448,969,866,890]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Melanoplus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="differentialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FE76FCDA04CDFCB4" box="[448,762,866,890]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Melanoplus differentialis</emphasis>
|
||
(Thomas, 1865)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FC6AFCDA026FFCB4" box="[988,1112,866,890]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acrididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FBDEFCDA0325FCB4" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1897" box="[1128,1298,866,890]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Melanoplinae">Melanoplinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFED4552FAFFFCDA0397FCB4" box="[1353,1440,866,890]" name="Mexico" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
occurs when insects feed on the stigma when it is forming, thus impeding formation of the corn grain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FF7EFC1B0746FC75" author="Tamayo, F." box="[200,369,931,955]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="85 - 90" refId="ref15363" refString="Tamayo, F. 2009. Control biologico de Sphenarium purpurascens (Charpentier) and Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) con Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, en Guanajuato, Mexico. Vedalia 13 (2): 85 - 90." type="journal article" year="2009">Tamayo 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Lockwood et al. (1993) report that when a dense population of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FB36FC1C0372FC75" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1152,1349,931,955]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Melanoplus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="differentialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FB36FC1C0372FC75" box="[1152,1349,931,955]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">M. differentialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs, a complete crop of young maize plants can be completely destroyed in three to four days. On the other hand,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FEBAFC5C0426FC32" author="Belovsky, G. E. & A. Joern & J. A. Lockwood" box="[268,529,996,1020]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="1809" refId="ref12888" refString="Belovsky, G. E., A. Joern, and J. A. Lockwood. 2000. Grasshoppers-plus and minus: the grasshopper problem on a regional basis and a look at beneficial effects of grasshoppers. p. VII- 16.1 - VII- 16.5. In: G. L. Cunningham and M. W. Sampson (eds.). Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management User Handbook, USDA-APHIS Tech Bull No 1809. USDA; Washington, DC." type="book chapter" year="2000">Belovsky et al. (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mention that in some cases even low densities of grasshoppers (8 individuals/m²) can cause a great deal of damage in cattle pastures (over 70%). It is of course widely known that damage caused by outbreaks of swarming locusts can also devastate large regions; the damage caused in Africa by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FEE2FBFD0525FB93" authority="Forsskal, 1775" authorityName="Forsskal" authorityYear="1775" box="[340,786,1093,1117]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Schistocerca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gregaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FEE2FBFD046FFB93" box="[340,600,1093,1117]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Schistocerca gregaria</emphasis>
|
||
Forsskal, 1775
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been documented from antiquity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FB53FBFE06CCFBB0" author="Duranton, J. F. & M. Launois & M. H. Launois-Luong & M. Lecoq" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" refId="ref14178" refString="Duranton, J. F., M. Launois, M. H. Launois-Luong, and M. Lecoq. 1987. Guia Pratico de Luta contra os Gafanhotos Devastadores no Brazil. FAO-ROME, CIRAD-PRIFAS; Montpellier, France. 161 p." type="book" year="1987">Duranton et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in Central America by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FDF0FBDD023FFBB0" authority="(Thunberg, 1815)" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[582,1032,1125,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Schistocerca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pallens">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FDF0FBDD0502FBB3" box="[582,821,1125,1149]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Schistocerca pallens</emphasis>
|
||
(Thunberg, 1815)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FBA0FBDE02B9FBB0" box="[1046,1166,1126,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acrididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FB20FBDE03A4FBB0" box="[1174,1427,1126,1150]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyrtacanthacridinae">Cyrtacanthacridinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FF7EFB3E07E3FB50" author="Barrientos, L. & O. Astacio & O. Poot & F. Alvarez" box="[200,468,1158,1182]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" refId="ref12834" refString="Barrientos, L., O. Astacio, O. Poot, and F. Alvarez. 1992. Manual Tecnico Sobre la Langosta Voladora (Schistocerca piceifrons Walker, 1870) y otros acridoideos de Centro America y Sureste de Mexico. FAO / OIRSA; El Salvador. 212 p." type="book" year="1992">Barrientos et al. 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) for centuries.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFED4552FF5EFB1F0784F96B" blockId="16.[192,1441,217,1929]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||
In South America grasshopper attacks also have a long history, where damage is done by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FA93FB1E07E9FB11" baseAuthorityName="Rehn" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Rhammatocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schistocercoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FA93FB1E07E9FB11" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Rhammatocerus schistocercoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FE58FB7F045FFB11" box="[494,616,1223,1247]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acrididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FDC2FB7F0502FB11" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1853" box="[628,821,1223,1247]" class="Insecta" family="Gomphocerinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gomphocerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to cattle pastures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FB9CFB7F02C9FB11" author="Lecoq, M. & I. Pierozzi" box="[1066,1278,1223,1247]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" refId="ref14802" refString="Lecoq, M., and I. Pierozzi. 1994. Rhammatocerus schistocercoides (Rehn, 1906), criquet ravageur de l'etat du Mato Grosso (Bresil): essai de synthese bibliographique. Montpellier, France, CIRAD; Campinas, Brasil EMBRAPA. 89 p." type="book" year="1994">Lecoq et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with recent damage done in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFED4552FE3DFB5007E1FACE" box="[395,470,1256,1280]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
being well documented (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FCBFFB5005E7FB31" author="Barrientos, L." box="[777,976,1255,1280]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="61 - 64" refId="ref12806" refString="Barrientos, L. 1995. The present state of the locust and grasshopper problem in Brazil. Journal of Orthoptera Research 4: 61 - 64." type="journal article" year="1995">Barrientos 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FB8BFB5F02E3FB31" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1873" box="[1085,1236,1255,1279]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Schistocerca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FB8BFB5F02E3FB31" box="[1085,1236,1255,1279]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Schistocerca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. to pastures and crops (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FEFBFAB0042DFAEE" author="Guagliumi, P." box="[333,538,1288,1312]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="115 - 124" refId="ref14314" refString="Guagliumi, P. 1960. La langosta palida o americana (Schistocerca pallens Thunbg.) en Venezuela. Agronomia Tropical 10 (3): 115 - 124." type="journal article" year="1960">Guagliumi 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In South America, grasshopper (other than swarming locusts such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FF76FA900760FA8E" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1873" box="[192,343,1320,1344]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Schistocerca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FF76FA900760FA8E" box="[192,343,1320,1344]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Schistocerca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FE79FA9004A1FA8E" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1861" box="[463,662,1320,1344]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Rhammatocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FE79FA9004A1FA8E" box="[463,662,1320,1344]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Rhammatocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp) species known to cause extensive damage to crops are not unheard of (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FEE7FAF10414FAAF" author="Lange, C. E. & M. M. Cigliano & M. L. De Wysiecki" box="[337,547,1353,1377]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="93 - 135" refId="ref14506" refString="Lange, C. E., M. M. Cigliano, and M. L. De Wysiecki. 2005. Los acridoideos (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) de importancia economica en la Argentina, p. 93 - 135. In: L. Barrientos-Lozano and P. Almaguer Sierra (eds.). Manejo integrado de la langosta centroamericana (Schistocerca piceifrons piceifrons, Walker) y acridoideos plaga en America Latina. Instituto Tecnologico de Ciudad Victoria; Tamaulipas, Mexico. 135 p." type="book chapter" year="2005">Lange et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFED4552FDE2FAF104E7FAAF" box="[596,720,1353,1377]" name="Argentina" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFED4552FCBCFAF10562FAAF" box="[778,853,1353,1377]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
periodic outbreaks of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FBEBFAF102D4FAAF" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1873" box="[1117,1251,1353,1377]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Dichroplus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FBEBFAF102D4FAAF" box="[1117,1251,1353,1377]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Dichroplus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FA94FAF103ABFAAF" box="[1314,1436,1353,1377]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acrididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FF76FAD1075FFA4F" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1897" box="[192,360,1385,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Melanoplinae">Melanoplinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FEC8FAD10459FA4C" author="Cigliano, M. M. & M. L. de Wysiecki & C. E. Lange" box="[382,622,1385,1410]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="81 - 91" refId="ref13583" refString="Cigliano, M. M., M. L. de Wysiecki, and C. E. Lange. 2000. Grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae) species diversity in the pampas, Argentina. Diversity and Distributions 6 (2): 81 - 91." type="journal article" year="2000">Cigliano et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FDCFFAD105ADFA4C" author="Dias-Guerra, W. & P. C. de Oliveira & L. Barrientos-Lozano" box="[633,922,1385,1410]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="333 - 340" refId="ref14120" refString="Dias-Guerra, W., P. C. de Oliveira, and L. Barrientos-Lozano. 2010. Life history and population dynamics of Baeacris punctulatus (Thunberg 1824) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Orthoptera Research 19 (2): 333 - 340." type="journal article" year="2010">Dias-Guerra et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FC13FAD102A3FA4C" author="Cigliano, M. M. & M. E. Pocco & C. E. Lange" box="[933,1172,1385,1410]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="11 - 36" refId="ref13632" refString="Cigliano, M. M., M. E. Pocco, and C. E. Lange. 2014. Acridoideos (Orthoptera) de importancia agroeconomica. p. 11 - 36. In: S. Roig-Junent, L. E. Claps, and J. J. Morrone (eds.). Biodiversidad de Artropodos Argentinos volumen 3, Editorial INSUE-UNT. San Miguel de Tucuman, Argentina. 546 p." type="book chapter" year="2014">Cigliano et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FB1EFAD20326FA4F" authorityName="Fraser Rowell & Carbonell" authorityYear="1977" box="[1192,1297,1386,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Baeacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FB1EFAD20326FA4F" box="[1192,1297,1386,1409]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Baeacris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FAEFFAD1071DFA6C" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Melanoplinae">Melanoplinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FEDBFA3104E6FA6C" authority="(Rehn, 1906)" baseAuthorityName="Rehn" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[365,721,1417,1442]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Borellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bruneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FEDBFA310407FA6F" box="[365,560,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Borellia bruneri</emphasis>
|
||
(Rehn, 1906)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FD56FA32056DFA6C" box="[736,858,1418,1442]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acrididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FCD2FA320212FA6C" authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1853" box="[868,1061,1418,1442]" class="Insecta" family="Gomphocerinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gomphocerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) cause damage to pastures and soy bean crops; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFED4552FE2FFA1207D3FA0C" box="[409,484,1450,1474]" name="Brazil" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FE5FFA1205DBFA0C" authority="Giglio-Tos, 1987" authorityName="Giglio-Tos" authorityYear="1987" box="[489,1004,1450,1474]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Staurorhectus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FE5FFA120515FA0C" box="[489,802,1450,1474]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Staurorhectus longicornis</emphasis>
|
||
Giglio-Tos, 1987
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
outbreaks have also caused damage to pastures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FEEAFA730411FA2D" author="Barrientos, L." box="[348,550,1483,1507]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="61 - 64" refId="ref12806" refString="Barrientos, L. 1995. The present state of the locust and grasshopper problem in Brazil. Journal of Orthoptera Research 4: 61 - 64." type="journal article" year="1995">Barrientos 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FD85FA7304DCFA2D" author="Wilhelmi, F." box="[563,747,1483,1507]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="253 - 254" refId="ref15507" refString="Wilhelmi, F. 1997. Staurorhectus longicornis (Giglio Tos), a recently appearing pest species on pastures in the dry Chaco of Paraguay and semi-field tests for its control. p. 253 - 254. In: R. Krall, R. Peveling and B. A. Diallo (eds.). New strategies in Locust control. Birkhauser Verlag; Basel, Switzerland. 522 p." type="book chapter" year="1997">Wilhelmi 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FC8EFA720397FA2D" authority="Mello-Leitao, 1939" authorityName="Mello-Leitao" authorityYear="1939" box="[824,1440,1482,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Proscopiidae" genus="Stiphra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FC8EFA7205CCFA2C" box="[824,1019,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Stiphra robusta</emphasis>
|
||
Mello-Leitao, 1939 (Proscopiidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FF7EFA5307A5F9CD" author="Barrientos, L." box="[200,402,1515,1539]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="61 - 64" refId="ref12806" refString="Barrientos, L. 1995. The present state of the locust and grasshopper problem in Brazil. Journal of Orthoptera Research 4: 61 - 64." type="journal article" year="1995">Barrientos 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FE28FA5304B4F9CD" author="Chagas, M. C. M. & M. A. B. Moreira & M. F. P. Barreto" box="[414,643,1515,1539]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="83 - 88" refId="ref13525" refString="Chagas, M. C. M., M. A. B. Moreira, and M. F. P. Barreto. 1995. Biological aspects of Schistocerca pallens, Stiphra robusta and Tropidacris collaris grasshoppers species at Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. Acta Horticulturae 370: 83 - 88." type="journal article" year="1995">Chagas et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) has caused damage to cashew (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FBA3FA530309F9CD" box="[1045,1342,1515,1539]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Anacardium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="occidentale">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FBA3FA530309F9CD" box="[1045,1342,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Anacardium occidentale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), guava (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FF7FF9B307AFF9ED" box="[201,408,1547,1571]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Psidium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guajava">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FF7FF9B307AFF9ED" box="[201,408,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Psidium guajava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and algarrobo (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FDD6F9B40506F9ED" box="[608,817,1547,1571]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Prosopis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juliflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FDD6F9B40506F9ED" box="[608,817,1547,1571]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Prosopis juliflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Attacks by the giant grasshopper
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FB56F9B307A6F98A" authority="(Stoll, 1813)" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1813" class="Insecta" family="Romaleidae" genus="Tropidacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="collaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FB56F9B306CFF98A" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Tropidacris collaris</emphasis>
|
||
(Stoll, 1813)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FE16F9940403F98A" box="[416,564,1580,1604]" class="Insecta" family="Romaleidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Romaleidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FD88F99404E7F98A" box="[574,720,1580,1604]" class="Insecta" family="Romaleidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Romaleinae">Romaleinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have also been recorded on sugarcane (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FB05F99406C9F9AA" author="Box, H. & P. Guagliumi" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="553 - 559" refId="ref12973" refString="Box, H., and P. Guagliumi. 1953. The insects affecting sugarcane in Venezuela. p. 553 - 559. In: Proceedings of the Eighth Congress of the lnternational Society of Sugar Cane Technologists (ISSCT), Kingston, Jamaica, 13 th April to 3 May, 1953." type="book chapter" year="1953">Box and Guagliumi 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), coconut palm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FE76F9F5047BF9AA" author="Lever, R. J." box="[448,588,1612,1637]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" refId="ref14852" refString="Lever, R. J. 1969. Pests of the Coconut Palm. FAO agricultural studies. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 190 p." type="book" year="1969">Lever 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), mango (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FD76F9F40595F9AA" author="Chagas, M. C. M. & M. A. B. Moreira & M. F. P. Barreto" box="[704,930,1612,1636]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="83 - 88" refId="ref13525" refString="Chagas, M. C. M., M. A. B. Moreira, and M. F. P. Barreto. 1995. Biological aspects of Schistocerca pallens, Stiphra robusta and Tropidacris collaris grasshoppers species at Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil. Acta Horticulturae 370: 83 - 88." type="journal article" year="1995">Chagas et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FC00F9F503ACF9AB" authority="(Poderoso et al. 2013)" baseAuthorityName="Poderoso" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[950,1435,1612,1637]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Casuarinaceae" genus="Casuarina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glauca">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FC00F9F502B8F9AA" box="[950,1167,1612,1636]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Casuarina glauca</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FB2BF9F403A4F9AB" author="Poderoso, J. C. M. & M. K. M. Da Costa & M. E. Correia-Oliveira & P. C. Dantas & J. C. Zanuncio & G. T. Ribeiro" box="[1181,1427,1612,1637]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="268 - 269" refId="ref15026" refString="Poderoso, J. C. M., M. K. M. Da Costa, M. E. Correia-Oliveira, P. C. Dantas, J. C. Zanuncio, and G. T. Ribeiro. 2013. Occurrence of Tropidacris collaris (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Romaleidae) damaging Casuarina glauca (Casuarinaceae) plants in the municipality of central Bahia, Brazil. Florida Entomologist 96 (1): 268 - 269." type="journal article" year="2013">Poderoso et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FF76F9D507FEF94B" box="[192,457,1645,1669]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="urophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FF76F9D507FEF94B" box="[192,457,1645,1669]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Eucalyptus urophylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FE6CF9D504F3F94B" author="Zanetti, R. & A. Souza-Silva & M. A. Moura & J. C. Zanuncio" box="[474,708,1645,1669]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="105 - 107" refId="ref15679" refString="Zanetti, R., A. Souza-Silva, M. A. Moura, and J. C. Zanuncio. 2003. Ocorrencia do gafanhoto-docoqueiro Eutropidacris cristata (Orthoptera: Acrididae) atacando plantas de eucalipto em Minas Gerais. Revista Arvore 27 (1): 105 - 107." type="journal article" year="2003">Zanetti et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, mistakenly identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FBB0F9D502B1F94A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1030,1158,1645,1668]" class="Insecta" family="Romaleidae" genus="Tropidacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FBB0F9D502B1F94A" box="[1030,1158,1645,1668]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">T. cristata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FB79F9D50798F96B" authority="(Afonso et al. 2014)" baseAuthorityName="Afonso" baseAuthorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mangium">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FB79F9D50397F94A" box="[1231,1440,1645,1668]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Acacia mangium</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FF71F9350790F96B" author="Afonso, R. & P. G. Lemes & R. A. Sarmento & P. J. B. Leite & M. P. Neto & N. dos Anjos" box="[199,423,1677,1701]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="102 - 105" refId="ref12656" refString="Afonso, R., P. G. Lemes, R. A. Sarmento, P. J. B. Leite, M. P. Neto, and N. dos Anjos. 2014. First report of giant grasshopper Tropidacris collaris (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Romaleidae) attacking plantations of Acacia mangium (Fabaceae) in Brazil. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 87 (1): 102 - 105." type="journal article" year="2014">Afonso et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFED4553FF5EF9150277FEDF" blockId="16.[192,1441,217,1929]" lastBlockId="17.[192,1440,217,1215]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FF5EF9150499F908" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[232,686,1709,1734]" class="Insecta" family="Romaleidae" genus="Tropidacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FF5EF91507EDF90B" box="[232,474,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Tropidacris cristata</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus, 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the other hand has also been verified to sometimes become a pest on coconut palms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FE5AF97604E5F928" author="Howard, F. W. & R. Giblin-Davis & D. Moore & R. Abad" box="[492,722,1742,1766]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" refId="ref14397" refString="Howard, F. W., R. Giblin-Davis, D. Moore, and R. Abad. 2001. Insects on Palms. CABI; Wallingford, UK. 414 p." type="book" year="2001">Howard et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and even on Central American pines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FB10F9760314F928" author="Nair, K. S. S." box="[1190,1315,1742,1766]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" refId="ref14995" refString="Nair, K. S. S. 2007. Tropical Forest Insect Pests: Ecology, Impact, and Management. Cambridge University Press; UK. 424 p." type="book" year="2007">Nair 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FA80F97703A8F928" authorityName="Fraser Rowell & Carbonell" authorityYear="1977" box="[1334,1439,1743,1766]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Baeacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FA80F97703A8F928" box="[1334,1439,1743,1766]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Baeacris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. has also been reported (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FDA7F957050EF8C9" author="Wylie, F. R. & M. R. Speight" box="[529,825,1775,1799]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" refId="ref15647" refString="Wylie, F. R., and M. R. Speight. 2012. Insect pests in tropical forestry. CABI International; Wallingford, UK. 409 p." type="book" year="2012">Wylie and Speight 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as causing severe damage to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FB07F9560397F8C8" box="[1201,1440,1774,1798]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FB07F9560397F8C8" box="[1201,1440,1774,1798]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Eucalyptus grandis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seedlings by feeding on the bark close to ground level. Outbreaks of a relative of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FB05F8A8035FF8E9" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[1203,1384,1807,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FB05F8A8035FF8E9" box="[1203,1384,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">P. coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the moruga grasshopper
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FE0FF8880201F886" authority="(Thunberg, 1815) (Popov et al. 1994)" authorityName="Popov et al." authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[441,1078,1839,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Coscineuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virens">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FE0FF88804BEF889" box="[441,649,1840,1863]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Coscineuta virens</emphasis>
|
||
(Thunberg, 1815) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFED4552FCD1F8880219F886" author="Popov, G. B. & L. D. McComie & M. H. Launois-Luong" box="[871,1070,1840,1864]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" pagination="49 - 60" refId="ref15109" refString="Popov, G. B., L. D. McComie, and M. H. Launois-Luong. 1994. The moruga grasshopper in Trinidad Coscineuta virens (Acrididae: Proctolabinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 2: 49 - 60." type="journal article" year="1994">Popov et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FBF5F888028DF886" box="[1091,1210,1840,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acrididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FB75F888035FF886" authorityName="Amedegnato" authorityYear="1974" box="[1219,1384,1840,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Proctolabinae">Proctolabinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) has also been recorded in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFED4552FE74F8E80407F8A6" box="[450,560,1872,1896]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, attacking
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FD03F8E80535F8A9" box="[693,770,1872,1895]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4552FD03F8E80535F8A9" box="[693,770,1872,1895]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Citrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., coffee, bananas and plantain, cassava, mango and many vegetables such as peas, peppers, etc. Another species seen to feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4552FBEAF8C80294F846" box="[1116,1187,1904,1928]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="16" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">citrus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFED4553FB73F8C804DEFF3F" authority="Cadena-Castaneda and Cardona, 2015" authorityName="Cadena-Castaneda and Cardona" authorityYear="2015" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Balachowskyacris" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="16" order="Orthoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="songi">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFED4553FB73F8C80737FF3F" italics="true" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Balachowskyacris songi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEC4553FEBFFF6104DEFF3F" author="Cadena-Castaneda, O. J. & J. M. Cardona" box="[265,745,217,241]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" refId="ref13061" refString="Cadena-Castaneda, O. J., and J. M. Cardona. 2015. Introduccion a los Saltamontes de Colombia (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Acrididea: Acridomorpha, Tetrigoidea & Tridactyloidea). Lulu - Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 534 p." type="book" year="2015">Cadena-Castañeda and Cardona, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which was seen in large numbers feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FA91FF620343FF3F" box="[1319,1396,218,241]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rutaceae" genus="Citrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FA91FF620343FF3F" box="[1319,1396,218,241]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Citrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. foliage in Betulia,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="980B6882FFEC4553FE17FF420412FEDC" box="[417,549,250,274]" country="Colombia" name="Santander" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Santander</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFEC4553FD87FF420493FEDC" box="[561,676,250,274]" name="Colombia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
by the third author of this paper.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEC4553FF5EFEA207AEFD59" blockId="17.[192,1440,217,1215]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
|
||
All these species or at least the genera, except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FC95FEA205B3FEFC" box="[803,900,282,306]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Borellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FC95FEA205B3FEFC" box="[803,900,282,306]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Borellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FC77FEA20229FEFC" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1890" box="[961,1054,282,306]" class="Insecta" family="Proscopiidae" genus="Stiphra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FC77FEA20229FEFC" box="[961,1054,282,306]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Stiphra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have been recorded for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFEC4553FAFCFEA206D2FE9D" name="Colombia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEC4553FF4EFE8304E6FE9D" author="Cadena-Castaneda, O. J. & J. M. Cardona" box="[248,721,315,339]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" refId="ref13061" refString="Cadena-Castaneda, O. J., and J. M. Cardona. 2015. Introduccion a los Saltamontes de Colombia (Orthoptera: Caelifera: Acrididea: Acridomorpha, Tetrigoidea & Tridactyloidea). Lulu - Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, 534 p." type="book" year="2015">Cadena-Castañeda and Cardona 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but no published records of pest activity in this country involving them exist, which does not mean that it does not occur; after all neotropical grasshoppers, at least in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFEC4553FE97FEC407A1FE5A" box="[289,406,380,404]" name="Colombia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, have long been regarded by researchers and field workers as difficult to identify and any damage done by them is likely under-reported. The only swarm-forming grasshopper from South America to have been documented to damage crops in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFEC4553FC8AFE050599FE1B" box="[828,942,445,469]" name="Colombia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FC7AFE040734FE3B" authority="(Rehn 1906)" baseAuthorityName="Rehn" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Rhammatocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schistocercoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FC7AFE040365FE1A" box="[972,1362,444,468]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Rhammatocerus schistocercoides</emphasis>
|
||
(Rehn 1906)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known locally as “langosta llanera” (Ebratt et al. 1989), a problem that has been more prevalent since the 1990s as enormous swarms appear every few years, damaging cattle pastures, sugarcane and sorghum; in any case the swarms are not new, but increased agricultural activity in the natural range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FF76FD870796FD98" baseAuthorityName="Rehn" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[192,417,574,598]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Rhammatocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="schistocercoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FF76FD870796FD98" box="[192,417,574,598]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">R. schistocercoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has increased reports causing severe damages to rice crops, soybeans, maize, sugar cane and native pastures in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFEC4553FDA8FDE7045FFDB9" box="[542,616,607,631]" name="Brazil" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="980B6882FFEC4553FDCFFDE70520FDB9" box="[633,791,607,631]" country="Brazil" name="Mato Grosso" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Mato Grosso</collectingRegion>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFEC4553FC9AFDE705A9FDB9" box="[812,926,607,631]" name="Colombia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFEC4553FC68FDE7026BFDB9" box="[990,1116,607,631]" name="Venezuela" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Llanos areas) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEC4553FA94FDE707BBFD59" author="Lecoq, M. & C. V. Assis-Pujol" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="13 - 23" refId="ref14668" refString="Lecoq, M., and C. V. Assis-Pujol. 1998. Identity of Rhammatocerus schistocercoides (Rehn, 1906) forms south and north of the Amazonian rain forest and new hypotheses on the outbreaks determinism and dynamics. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 124 (1) 13 - 23." type="journal article" year="1998">Lecoq and Assis-Pujol 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEC4553FF5EFD18041EFCF7" blockId="17.[192,1440,217,1215]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">The above list (not comprehensive, including only cases in the neotropics and adjacent areas in South America) is provided as proof that grasshoppers can and do become pests of agricultural and forestry crops under certain environmental conditions, of which the original habitat loss and degradation instigated by the ever encroaching human agricultural activities is bound to be the main cause of the resurgence of these pests.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEC4553FF5EFCFA074AFB71" blockId="17.[192,1440,217,1215]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
|
||
The process by which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FE47FCFA0494FC94" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[497,675,834,858]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FE47FCFA0494FC94" box="[497,675,834,858]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">P. coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
started feeding on coffee is unknown, as in its natural environment the species feeds on several tree species, including
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FC37FCDA028CFCB4" box="[897,1211,866,890]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FC37FCDA0280FCB4" authorityName="L. Andersson" authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Humb. ex Mutis" box="[897,1207,866,890]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ladenbergia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oblongifolia">Ladenbergia oblongifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
which, like coffee, belongs to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FE7BFC3B0478FC55" baseAuthorityName="Rowell" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[461,591,899,923]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Because of this it can be suspected that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FBF9FC3B0336FC55" authorityName="L. Andersson" authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Humb. ex Mutis" box="[1103,1281,899,923]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ladenbergia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oblongifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FBF9FC3B0336FC55" box="[1103,1281,899,923]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">L. oblongifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be the main host plant; it is worth mentioning that not many neotropical grasshoppers species have been documented to feed on plants of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FD6FFC7C023CFC12" authority="(Rowell 1978)" baseAuthorityName="Rowell" baseAuthorityYear="1978" box="[729,1035,964,988]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
|
||
Rubiaceae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEC4553FCDEFC7C0235FC12" author="Rowell, C. H. F." box="[872,1026,964,988]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="651 - 662" refId="ref15154" refString="Rowell, C. H. F. 1978. Food plant specificity in neotropical rain forest acridids. Entomologia experi- mentalis et applicata 24 (3): 651 - 662." type="journal article" year="1978">Rowell 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with few exceptions such as the generalist species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FE28FC5C0555FC32" authority="(De Geer, 1773)" baseAuthorityName="De Geer" baseAuthorityYear="1773" box="[414,866,996,1020]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Abracris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavolineata">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FE28FC5C04A9FC32" box="[414,670,996,1020]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Abracris flavolineata</emphasis>
|
||
(De Geer, 1773)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FCC7FC5C05DCFC32" box="[881,1003,996,1020]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acrididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FC40FC5C02DCFC32" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1893" box="[1014,1259,996,1020]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ommatolampidinae">Ommatolampidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEC4553FAB7FC5C03AFFC32" author="Rowell, C. H. F." box="[1281,1432,996,1020]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="651 - 662" refId="ref15154" refString="Rowell, C. H. F. 1978. Food plant specificity in neotropical rain forest acridids. Entomologia experi- mentalis et applicata 24 (3): 651 - 662." type="journal article" year="1978">Rowell 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) which in any case prefers Compositae as its main food source. Other grasshoppers that feed on plants of this family are some species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FD52FB9D02DFFBF3" authority="(Ommatolampidinae)" authorityName="Rehn" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="Ommatolampidinae" box="[740,1256,1061,1085]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Leptomerinthoprora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FD52FB9D05EEFBF3" box="[740,985,1061,1085]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Leptomerinthoprora</emphasis>
|
||
(Ommatolampidinae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEC4553FB4EFB9D03A4FBF3" author="Rowell, C. H. F." box="[1272,1427,1061,1085]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="651 - 662" refId="ref15154" refString="Rowell, C. H. F. 1978. Food plant specificity in neotropical rain forest acridids. Entomologia experi- mentalis et applicata 24 (3): 651 - 662." type="journal article" year="1978">Rowell 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FF76FBFE0568FB90" authority="Descamps and Amedegnato, 1972" authorityName="Descamps and Amedegnato" authorityYear="1972" box="[192,863,1093,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Liparacris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anchicaya">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FF76FBFE07F5FB93" box="[192,450,1093,1117]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Liparacris anchicaya</emphasis>
|
||
Descamps and Amédégnato, 1972
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FCDBFBFE05D0FB90" box="[877,999,1094,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acrididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FC47FBFE02F1FB90" authorityName="Brunner von Wattenwyl" authorityYear="1893" box="[1009,1222,1094,1118]" class="Insecta" family="Acrididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Rhytidochrotinae">Rhytidochrotinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) feeds exclusively on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FF55FBDE0753FBB0" box="[227,356,1126,1150]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Psychotria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FF55FBDE0753FBB0" box="[227,356,1126,1150]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Psychotria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFEC4553FE19FBDE0415FBB0" box="[431,546,1126,1150]" name="Colombia" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Cardona, pers. obs) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FCE7FBDE0212FBB3" authorityName="Popov et al." authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1815" box="[849,1061,1126,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Coscineuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="virens">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FCE7FBDE0212FBB3" box="[849,1061,1126,1149]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Coscineuta virens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFEC4553FBFFFBDE0280FBB0" box="[1097,1207,1126,1150]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which incidentally is related to
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FEE9FB3F042CFB50" box="[351,539,1158,1182]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FEE9FB3F0420FB50" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[351,535,1158,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">P. coffeaphilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has also been documented to feed on coffee plants specifically, although not exclusively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEC4553FF76FB6F033FFA9E" blockId="17.[192,1440,1239,1718]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FF76FB6F0771FB21" bold="true" box="[192,326,1239,1263]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Initial damage by nymphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FD73FB60054BFB21" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[709,892,1239,1263]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FD73FB60054BFB21" box="[709,892,1239,1263]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">P. coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in coffee plots occurs in patches due to the gregarious habit of the juvenile insects, which disperse slowly after hatching. They move in small bands jumping from branch to branch (over a maximum span of
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFEC4553FCCEFAA00589FAFE" box="[888,958,1304,1328]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" unit="cm" value="40.0">40 cm</quantity>
|
||
when they are in the first instar). Their movements from one location to the next is slow once they need to move to adjacent trees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEC4553FF5EFAE10767F978" blockId="17.[192,1440,1239,1718]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Adults, on the other hand, are fully winged and can fly over
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFEC4553FC0EFAE105C3FABF" box="[952,1012,1369,1393]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
|
||
at each flight, more if there is some wind, and they can easily cover the entire plot from the initial invasion focus. As mentioned before, this genus’ natural habitat is the forest canopy. Because the agricultural frontier keeps advancing and their natural forest haunts are becoming smaller, less diverse and more fragmented, many species of forest insects, grasshoppers included, have no choice but to adapt their diet to nearby available sources such as crops, or disappear. As a matter of fact, less polyphagous species of grasshoppers can and do disappear if their preferred (often the only one they readily accept) food source disappears, and unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FF76F9850744F99A" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,371,1596,1620]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FF76F9850744F99A" box="[192,371,1596,1620]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">P. coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, many species of neotropical grasshoppers are narrow specialists when it comes to their choice foodplants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEC4553FE29F9E5040EF9BB" author="Rowell, C. H. F." box="[415,569,1629,1653]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="651 - 662" refId="ref15154" refString="Rowell, C. H. F. 1978. Food plant specificity in neotropical rain forest acridids. Entomologia experi- mentalis et applicata 24 (3): 651 - 662." type="journal article" year="1978">Rowell 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The more polyphagous species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FB93F9E502EFF9BA" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[1061,1240,1628,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FB93F9E502EFF9BA" box="[1061,1240,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">P. coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
probably have a detoxification mechanism for dealing with the chemical defenses of their host plants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEC4553FB70F9C50367F95B" author="Joern, A." box="[1222,1360,1661,1685]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="325 - 347" refId="ref14475" refString="Joern, A. 1979. Feeding patterns in grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): factors influencing diet specialization. Oecologia 38 (3): 325 - 347." type="journal article" year="1979">Joern 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEC4553FAEDF9C60773F978" author="Terra, B. R. & F. D. Gatti & M. A. A. Carneiro & M. K. M. da Costa" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="20 - 52" refId="ref15439" refString="Terra, B. R., F. D. Gatti, M. A. A. Carneiro, and M. K. M. da Costa. 2017. The grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Caelifera) of the grasslands in the southern portion of the Espinhaco Range, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Check List 13 (1): 20 - 52." type="journal article" year="2017">Terra et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEC4553FF76F9760397F846" blockId="17.[192,1441,1742,1928]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FF76F9760408F928" bold="true" box="[192,575,1742,1766]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Search for natural enemies.</emphasis>
|
||
Field samples turned up several natural enemies of the masked coffee grasshopper, of which the most prominent is the nematode
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEC4553FC32F9570236F8C8" box="[900,1025,1775,1798]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FC32F95705D6F8C8" box="[900,993,1775,1798]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" genus="Mermis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Mermis</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEC4553FBA0F957028DF8C9" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1883" box="[1046,1210,1775,1799]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" phylum="Nematoda" rank="family">Mermithidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which parasitizes grasshoppers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFEC4553FEC4F8B707FAF8E9" box="[370,461,1807,1831]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[192,275,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[194,1440,334,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[194,1443,334,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Natural enemies of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) Leaf mantis Acanthops centralis. B) Leaf mantis Acontista cordillerae. C) Nematode Mermis sp., parasite of P. coffeaphilus adults. D) Assassin bug Zelus vespiformis. E) Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana on adult of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus. F) Beauveria bassiana on P. coffeaphilus nymph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699445/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="16">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
|
||
). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEC4553FD37F8B705A3F8E9" author="De Doucet, A. M. M. & M. A. Bertolotti & S. Cagnolo & M. E. Doucet & A. L. Giayetto" box="[641,916,1807,1831]" pageId="17" pageNumber="16" pagination="75 - 85" refId="ref13881" refString="De Doucet, A. M. M., M. A. Bertolotti, S. Cagnolo, M. E. Doucet, and A. L. Giayetto. 2001. Consideraciones acerca de nematodos entomofagos (Mermithidae, Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae) de la provincia de Cordoba, Argentina. Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias 66: 75 - 85." type="journal article" year="2001">de Doucet et al. (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, these nematodes require two to four years to develop each generation; with the advent of rains the insects consume vegetation contaminated with the eggs and nematodes hatch in the digestive tract. These remain in the grasshoppers for 4–10 weeks, and when mature, the larva exits the host, killing it. It then drops to the ground where it enters diapause
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0EB0F6E8FFEF4550FF76F8A3078BF846" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699445" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699445/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" startId="18.[192,275,1819,1841]" targetBox="[194,1440,334,1721]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEF4550FF76F8A3078BF846" blockId="18.[192,1440,1819,1928]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FF76F8A30719F8FE" bold="true" box="[192,302,1819,1841]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Figure 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Natural enemies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEF4550FDBAF8A30513F8FE" authority="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero, 2018" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[524,804,1819,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FDBAF8A30513F8FE" box="[524,804,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7388C709FFEF4550FC9CF8A40552F8FF" box="[810,869,1820,1841]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FCDDF8A305B0F8FF" bold="true" box="[875,903,1819,1841]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">A)</emphasis>
|
||
Leaf mantis
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEF4550FBA0F8A302D9F8FE" authorityName="Lombardo and Ippolito" authorityYear="2004" box="[1046,1262,1819,1840]" class="Insecta" family="Acanthopidae" genus="Acanthops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FBA0F8A302D9F8FE" box="[1046,1262,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Acanthops centralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FB4CF8A30321F8FF" bold="true" box="[1274,1302,1819,1841]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">B)</emphasis>
|
||
Leaf mantis
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FF76F8800791F883" box="[192,422,1848,1869]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEF4550FF76F8800795F883" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1869" box="[192,418,1848,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Acanthopidae" genus="Acontista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordillerae">Acontista cordillerae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FE1CF88007F2F880" bold="true" box="[426,453,1848,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">C)</emphasis>
|
||
Nematode
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEF4550FD89F88104A5F880" box="[575,658,1849,1870]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" genus="Mermis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FD89F88104A5F880" box="[575,658,1849,1870]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Mermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., parasite of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEF4550FC81F88105E1F883" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[823,982,1848,1870]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FC81F88105E1F883" box="[823,982,1848,1870]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">P. coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FB9CF8800270F880" bold="true" box="[1066,1095,1848,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">D)</emphasis>
|
||
Assassin bug
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEF4550FB6BF88003AEF883" authorityName="Hart" authorityYear="1987" box="[1245,1433,1848,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FB6BF88003AEF883" box="[1245,1433,1848,1869]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Zelus vespiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FF76F8ED06ECF8A5" bold="true" box="[192,219,1877,1899]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">E)</emphasis>
|
||
Entomopathogenic fungi
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEF4550FE4CF8EE04E4F8A4" box="[506,723,1877,1899]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Beauveria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="bassiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FE4CF8EE04E4F8A4" box="[506,723,1877,1899]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Beauveria bassiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEF4550FCECF8ED0242F8A4" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[858,1141,1877,1898]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FCECF8ED0242F8A4" box="[858,1141,1877,1898]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FB35F8ED02AAF8A5" bold="true" box="[1155,1181,1877,1899]" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">F)</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEF4550FB13F8EE0349F8A4" box="[1189,1406,1877,1899]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Beauveria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="bassiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FB13F8EE0349F8A4" box="[1189,1406,1877,1899]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">Beauveria bassiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEF4550FF76F8CA0756F849" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[192,353,1906,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="17" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEF4550FF76F8CA0756F849" box="[192,353,1906,1927]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="17">P. coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymph.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEE4551FD5FFD720540FD28" blockId="19.[745,887,714,742]" box="[745,887,714,742]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FD5FFD720540FD28" bold="true" box="[745,887,714,742]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Time (days)</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0EB0F6E8FFEE4551FF76FD420497FC84" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699447" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699447/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" startId="19.[192,275,762,784]" targetBox="[347,1285,213,699]" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEE4551FF76FD420497FC84" blockId="19.[192,1440,762,842]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FF76FD420718FCC1" bold="true" box="[192,303,762,784]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Accumulated mortality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FDEEFD420545FCC1" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[600,882,762,783]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FDEEFD420545FCC1" box="[600,882,762,783]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymphs with a strain of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FB3DFD420349FCC1" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[1163,1406,762,783]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FB3DFD420349FCC1" box="[1163,1406,762,783]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Metarhizium acridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the immersion method (T1) and spraying (T2), spraying with a commercial formulation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FB2CFCAF0397FCE2" authorityName="Sorokin" authorityYear="1883" baseAuthorityName="Metchnikoff" box="[1178,1440,791,812]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="anisopliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FB2CFCAF0397FCE2" box="[1178,1440,791,812]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Metarhizium anisopliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(T3) and control treatment with water (T4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEE4551FF76FC3C02B2FC52" blockId="19.[192,1440,900,1217]" box="[192,1157,900,925]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">until the next year when it will parasitize the next generation of grasshoppers.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEE4551FF5EFC1D05A1FBF1" blockId="19.[192,1440,900,1217]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Other natural predators found (besides birds) were three species of mantises: the leaf mantis
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FAEFFC1D04EDFC10" authority="Lombardo and Ippolito, 2004" authorityName="Lombardo and Ippolito" authorityYear="2004" class="Insecta" family="Acanthopidae" genus="Acanthops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="centralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FAEFFC1D0745FC13" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Acanthops centralis</emphasis>
|
||
Lombardo and Ippolito, 2004
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FD5CFC7D055EFC13" box="[746,873,965,989]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FCC2FC7D022AFC13" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[884,1053,965,989]" class="Insecta" family="Acanthopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acanthopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFEE4551FB83FC7D02A7FC10" box="[1077,1168,965,990]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[192,275,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[194,1440,334,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[194,1443,334,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Natural enemies of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) Leaf mantis Acanthops centralis. B) Leaf mantis Acontista cordillerae. C) Nematode Mermis sp., parasite of P. coffeaphilus adults. D) Assassin bug Zelus vespiformis. E) Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana on adult of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus. F) Beauveria bassiana on P. coffeaphilus nymph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699445/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FB13FC7D0749FC30" authority="Saussure, 1869" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1869" class="Insecta" family="Acanthopidae" genus="Acontista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cordillerae">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FB13FC7D0397FC13" box="[1189,1440,965,989]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Acontista cordillerae</emphasis>
|
||
Saussure, 1869
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFEE4551FE26FC5E07DCFC30" box="[400,491,998,1022]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[192,275,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[194,1440,334,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[194,1443,334,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Natural enemies of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) Leaf mantis Acanthops centralis. B) Leaf mantis Acontista cordillerae. C) Nematode Mermis sp., parasite of P. coffeaphilus adults. D) Assassin bug Zelus vespiformis. E) Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana on adult of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus. F) Beauveria bassiana on P. coffeaphilus nymph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699445/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FD80FC5E05C0FC30" authority="Saussure, 1870" authorityName="Saussure" authorityYear="1870" box="[566,1015,998,1022]" class="Insecta" family="Acanthopidae" genus="Acontista" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multicolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FD80FC5E0507FC30" box="[566,816,998,1022]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Acontista multicolor</emphasis>
|
||
Saussure, 1870
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FBBFFC5E02BFFC30" box="[1033,1160,998,1022]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Mantodea</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FB23FC5E0375FC30" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1838" box="[1173,1346,998,1022]" class="Insecta" family="Acanthopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acanthopidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). These were witnessed preying on nymphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FD27FBBF0573FBD0" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[657,836,1030,1054]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FD27FBBF0573FBD0" box="[657,836,1030,1054]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">P. coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. An assassin bug species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FB34FBBE06CCFBF1" authority="Hart, 1987" authorityName="Hart" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Zelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vespiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FB34FBBE0361FBD0" box="[1154,1366,1030,1054]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Zelus vespiformis</emphasis>
|
||
Hart, 1987
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FEBDFB9F07A3FBF1" box="[267,404,1063,1087]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FE28FB9F041EFBF1" box="[414,553,1063,1087]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Reduviidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFEE4551FDF7FB9F04A9FBF1" box="[577,670,1063,1087]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[192,275,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[194,1440,334,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[194,1443,334,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Natural enemies of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) Leaf mantis Acanthops centralis. B) Leaf mantis Acontista cordillerae. C) Nematode Mermis sp., parasite of P. coffeaphilus adults. D) Assassin bug Zelus vespiformis. E) Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana on adult of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus. F) Beauveria bassiana on P. coffeaphilus nymph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699445/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8D</figureCitation>
|
||
), was also observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEE4551FF5EFBF0076EFB0F" blockId="19.[192,1440,900,1217]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Regarding entomopathogenic fungi, an adult and also a nymph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FBBDFBF00289FBAE" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[1035,1214,1096,1120]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FBBDFBF00289FBAE" box="[1035,1214,1096,1120]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">P. coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
parasitized by the fungus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FEABFBD10438FB4E" box="[285,527,1128,1152]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Beauveria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="bassiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FEABFBD10438FB4E" box="[285,527,1128,1152]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Beauveria bassiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FD97FBD1048BFB4F" authorityName="Lindau" authorityYear="1897" box="[545,700,1129,1153]" class="Sordariomycetes" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="order">Hypocreales</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FD7EFBD105B4FB4F" box="[712,899,1129,1153]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="family">Clavicipitaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFEE4551FC28FBD1026DFB4F" box="[926,1114,1129,1153]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="18.[192,275,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[194,1440,334,1721]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[194,1443,334,1721]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 8. Natural enemies of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) Leaf mantis Acanthops centralis. B) Leaf mantis Acontista cordillerae. C) Nematode Mermis sp., parasite of P. coffeaphilus adults. D) Assassin bug Zelus vespiformis. E) Entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana on adult of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus. F) Beauveria bassiana on P. coffeaphilus nymph." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699445" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699445/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Fig. 8E and 8F</figureCitation>
|
||
) were found. This specific strain of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FE99FB320788FB6F" box="[303,447,1161,1185]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Beauveria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="bassiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FE99FB320788FB6F" box="[303,447,1161,1185]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">B. bassiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was collected, isolated and deposited in the entomopathogenic fungi ceparium of CENICAFÉ.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEE4551FF76FB62042BFA9A" blockId="19.[192,1440,1242,1365]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FF76FB6202BFFB3C" bold="true" box="[192,1160,1242,1266]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Pathogenicity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FE06FB6204D7FB3C" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[432,736,1242,1266]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FE06FB6204D7FB3C" bold="true" box="[432,736,1242,1266]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Metarhizium acridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FCA1FB6202BFFB3C" bold="true" box="[791,1160,1242,1266]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FCA1FB6202B4FB3C" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[791,1155,1242,1266]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFEE4551FB24FB6202CBFB3D" box="[1170,1276,1242,1267]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="19.[192,275,762,784]" captionTargetBox="[347,1285,213,699]" captionTargetId="graphics@19.[455,1178,223,654]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figure 9. Accumulated mortality of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus nymphs with a strain of Metarhizium acridum by the immersion method (T1) and spraying (T2), spraying with a commercial formulation of Metarhizium anisopliae (T3) and control treatment with water (T4)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699447" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699447/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Figure 9</figureCitation>
|
||
presents the cumulative mortalities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FDB7FB4304A5FADD" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[513,658,1275,1299]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FDB7FB4304A5FADD" box="[513,658,1275,1299]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">M. acridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FD64FB43054EFADD" authorityName="Sorokin" authorityYear="1883" baseAuthorityName="Metchnikoff" box="[722,889,1275,1299]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="anisopliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FD64FB43054EFADD" box="[722,889,1275,1299]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">M. anisopliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
isolates with the control, and the statistical analysis (ANOVA test) that establishes a significant difference of means (F = 3, 78; df = 1; P <0.0001) among treatments (
|
||
<tableCitation id="174D93DBFFEE4551FE07FA84043CFA9A" box="[433,523,1340,1364]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="19.[192,261,1417,1438]" captionTargetId="graphics@19.[192,1440,1511,1708]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Table 1. Mortality and values of statistical significance in nymphs of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus, on the tenth day after inoculation with Metarhizium acridum and Metarhizium anisopliae isolates. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at a 5% level t-test. (im): by the immersion method; (as): by the spray method." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0EB0F6E8FFEE4551FF76FA310396FA17" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="0EB0F6E8FFEE4551FF76FA310396FA17">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0EB0F6E8FFEE4551FF76FA310396FA17" ID-Table-UUID="0EB0F6E8FFEE4551FF76FA310396FA17" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0EB0F6E8FFEE4551FF76FA310396FA17" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[203,1313,1526,1705]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="19">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEE4551FF76FA310396FA17" blockId="19.[192,1441,1416,1498]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FF76FA310717FA53" bold="true" box="[192,288,1416,1438]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Mortality and values of statistical significance in nymphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FC75FA3002EBFA53" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[963,1244,1416,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FC75FA3002EBFA53" box="[963,1244,1416,1437]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, on the tenth day after inoculation with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FE0AFA1E0486FA75" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[444,689,1446,1467]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FE0AFA1E0486FA75" box="[444,689,1446,1467]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Metarhizium acridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FD5BFA1E05C1FA75" authorityName="Sorokin" authorityYear="1883" baseAuthorityName="Metchnikoff" box="[749,1014,1446,1467]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="anisopliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FD5BFA1E05C1FA75" box="[749,1014,1446,1467]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Metarhizium anisopliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
isolates. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at a 5% level t-test. (im): by the immersion method; (as): by the spray method.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEE4551FF7DFA4F02DDF966" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<table id="28CF54C0FFEEBABDFF7DFA4E0316F967" box="[203,1313,1526,1705]" gridcols="3" gridrows="5" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<tr id="E4FFA422FFEEBABDFF7DFA4E0316F9C2" box="[203,1313,1526,1548]" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFF7DFA4E07DDF9C2" box="[203,490,1526,1548]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FF7DFA4F0779F9C2" bold="true" box="[203,334,1527,1548]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Treatment</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFD27FA4E05F8F9C2" box="[657,975,1526,1548]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FD27FA4E05F8F9C2" bold="true" box="[657,975,1526,1548]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Conidia concentration/ml</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFBC8FA4E0316F9C2" box="[1150,1313,1526,1548]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FBC8FA4E0316F9C2" bold="true" box="[1150,1313,1526,1548]" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Mortality (%)</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E4FFA422FFEEBABDFF7DF9A40316F9FA" box="[203,1313,1564,1588]" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFF7DF9A407DDF9FA" box="[203,490,1564,1588]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
T1
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FF40F9A60740F9FC" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[246,375,1565,1587]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FF40F9A60740F9FC" box="[246,375,1565,1587]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">M. acridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(im)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFD27F9A405F8F9FA" box="[657,975,1564,1588]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">1 × 107</td>
|
||
<td id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFBC8F9A40316F9FA" box="[1150,1313,1564,1588]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">100.0 b</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E4FFA422FFEEBABDFF7DF9FB0316F995" box="[203,1313,1603,1627]" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFF7DF9FB07DDF995" box="[203,490,1603,1627]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
T2
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FF40F9FD0740F997" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[246,375,1604,1626]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FF40F9FD0740F997" box="[246,375,1604,1626]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">M. acridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFD27F9FB05F8F995" box="[657,975,1603,1627]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">1 × 107</td>
|
||
<td id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFBC8F9FB0316F995" box="[1150,1313,1603,1627]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">100.0 b</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E4FFA422FFEEBABDFF7DF9D20316F94C" box="[203,1313,1642,1666]" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFF7DF9D207DDF94C" box="[203,490,1642,1666]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
T3
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FF40F9D407BCF94E" authorityName="Sorokin" authorityYear="1883" baseAuthorityName="Metchnikoff" box="[246,395,1643,1665]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="anisopliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FF40F9D407BCF94E" box="[246,395,1643,1665]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">M. anisopliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. c.f. (im)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFD27F9D205F8F94C" box="[657,975,1642,1666]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">1 × 107</td>
|
||
<td id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFBC8F9D20316F94C" box="[1150,1313,1642,1666]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">5.0 a</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="E4FFA422FFEEBABDFF7DF92B0316F967" box="[203,1313,1683,1705]" gridrow="4" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFF7DF92B07DDF967" box="[203,490,1683,1705]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">T4 (control)</th>
|
||
<td id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFD27F92B05F8F967" box="[657,975,1683,1705]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">0</td>
|
||
<td id="A72ECD5EFFEEBABDFBC8F92B0316F967" box="[1150,1313,1683,1705]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">0.0 a</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEE4557FF76F9560250FF3F" blockId="19.[192,1440,1774,1929]" lastBlockId="21.[192,1440,217,627]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Results show that all treatments had significant differences of mortality compared with the control treatment. The mortality curve at a concentration of 1 ×
|
||
<superScript id="ADBA0B28FFEE4551FCD3F8B705BCF8D4" attach="left" box="[869,907,1804,1831]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">107</superScript>
|
||
conidia/ml presented 100% mortality with a strain of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FE9AF897040EF889" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[300,569,1839,1863]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FE9AF897040EF889" box="[300,569,1839,1863]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">Metarhizium acridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by day three of the inoculation with the immersion treatment and 100% at day 5 with the spraying treatment. On the other hand, the commercial formulation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEE4551FB4DF8E80397F8A9" authorityName="Sorokin" authorityYear="1883" baseAuthorityName="Metchnikoff" box="[1275,1440,1871,1895]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="19" pageNumber="18" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="anisopliae">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEE4551FB4DF8E80397F8A9" box="[1275,1440,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">M. anisopliae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Bioprotección
|
||
<superScript id="ADBA0B28FFEE4551FED9F8D5074DF8B2" attach="left" box="[367,378,1901,1916]" fontSize="6" pageId="19" pageNumber="18">®</superScript>
|
||
) at the same concentrations showed no mortality whatsoever for the duration of the test (until day 10), which shows that this strain is not specific for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FC1BFF620257FF3F" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[941,1120,217,241]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FC1BFF620257FF3F" box="[941,1120,217,241]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">P. coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0EB0F6E8FFE94556FF76F880055CF849" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699449" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699449/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" startId="20.[192,275,1848,1870]" targetBox="[193,1440,213,1795]" targetPageId="20">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFE94556FF76F880055CF849" blockId="20.[192,1440,1848,1928]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE94556FF76F8800700F883" bold="true" box="[192,311,1848,1870]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Figure 10</emphasis>
|
||
. Laboratory pathogenicity tests with entomopathogenic fungi on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE94556FBACF8800302F883" authority="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero, 2018" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[1050,1333,1848,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE94556FBACF8800302F883" box="[1050,1333,1848,1869]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7388C709FFE94556FA88F881034BF880" box="[1342,1404,1849,1870]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE94556FA33F8800397F880" bold="true" box="[1413,1440,1848,1870]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">A)</emphasis>
|
||
Nymphs in muslin cages.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE94556FE79F8ED07DDF8A5" bold="true" box="[463,490,1877,1899]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">B)</emphasis>
|
||
Strain of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE94556FDE6F8ED050BF8A4" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[592,828,1877,1898]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE94556FDE6F8ED050BF8A4" box="[592,828,1877,1898]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Metarhizium acridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a PDA growing medium.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE94556FBD2F8ED02A0F8A5" bold="true" box="[1124,1175,1877,1899]" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">C-F)</emphasis>
|
||
Nymphs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE94556FAA2F8ED0773F849" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE94556FAA2F8ED0773F849" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="19">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dead and parasitized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE94556FDC6F8CA0550F849" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[624,871,1906,1927]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="20" pageNumber="19" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">Metarhizium acridum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFE84557FF5EFF4204C5FEBC" blockId="21.[192,1440,217,627]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
As for the virulent strain of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FD84FF420489FEDF" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[562,702,249,273]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FD84FF420489FEDF" box="[562,702,249,273]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">M. acridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the first symptoms in the population were apparent 48 hours after inoculation, when a noticeable lessening in the activity of the insect was observed. Five days after death, structures of the fungus were visible on the insect bodies, confirming that mortality was caused by the fungus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FED9FEE207C9FEBC" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[367,510,346,370]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FED9FEE207C9FEBC" box="[367,510,346,370]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">M. acridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFE84557FDB8FEE204D2FEBC" box="[526,741,346,370]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="20.[192,275,1848,1870]" captionTargetBox="[193,1440,213,1795]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[193,1440,213,1795]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="Figure 10. Laboratory pathogenicity tests with entomopathogenic fungi on Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. A) Nymphs in muslin cages. B) Strain of Metarhizium acridum in a PDA growing medium. C-F) Nymphs of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus dead and parasitized with Metarhizium acridum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699449/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 10E and 10F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFE84557FF5EFEC207B9FDBD" blockId="21.[192,1440,217,627]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
These results demonstrate the effectivity of the fungus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FC24FEC30215FE5C" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[914,1058,378,402]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FC24FEC30215FE5C" box="[914,1058,378,402]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">M. acridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on this species of grasshopper. The virulent strain of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FE65FE230454FE7C" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[467,611,410,434]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FE65FE230454FE7C" box="[467,611,410,434]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">M. acridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was selected for field applications using a concentration of 2 ×
|
||
<superScript id="ADBA0B28FFE84557FAC7FE220397FE68" attach="right" box="[1393,1440,408,434]" fontSize="6" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">1010</superScript>
|
||
conidia/L of water spraying a volume of 50 cc of the solution per tree. Due to the fact that grasshoppers die in the forest, it was not possible to account for mortality in the field; however the application of the fungus decreased grasshopper populations in the coffee plantation by 58% compared to abundance assessments one week before the applications. Also the level of damage in the coffee plantation decreased considerably, being very low compared to the previous year (<4% of foliage damage), so the coffee harvest was not affected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFE84557FF76FD330366FC6A" blockId="21.[192,1441,651,1029]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FF76FD3305F9FD6D" bold="true" box="[192,974,651,675]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Parasitism by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FE3BFD3307C5FD6D" box="[397,498,651,675]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" genus="Mermis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FE3BFD3307C5FD6D" bold="true" box="[397,498,651,675]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Mermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FDEAFD3305F0FD6D" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[604,967,651,675]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FDEAFD3305F0FD6D" bold="true" box="[604,967,651,675]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Daily accumulated mortality for the populations of grasshoppers by the nematomorph
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FCA0FD140545FD0D" box="[790,882,684,707]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" genus="Mermis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FCA0FD140545FD0D" box="[790,882,684,707]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Mermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FC1EFD13027EFD0D" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1883" box="[936,1097,683,707]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Nematoda" rank="family">Mermithidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was of 85% at the end of the tenth day of the experiment (
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFE84557FDA8FD740444FD2A" box="[542,627,716,740]" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="22.[192,275,725,747]" captionTargetBox="[193,1440,213,691]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[193,1440,213,691]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 11. Evaluation of the mortality percentage in adults of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. by the nematode Mermis sp. A) Adults in growing cages. B) Mortality of adults. C) Adults of Mermis sp. emerged from the grasshoppers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699451/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mortality by nematodes was only observed in adult grasshoppers; once the nematodes emerged from the grasshopper body, the insect died. No emergence or death was observed in nymphs because the life cycle of the nematode takes almost as long as the life cycle of the insect. The juvenile stages of the nematode are spent in the digestive tract of the nymphal grasshopper throughout all instars and continue after the final molt. The collected nematodes were kept in sterile water for a month in order to study their behavior. On average, one or two individuals emerged from each grasshopper carcass; they were preserved in 95% alcohol vials for their taxonomical study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFE84557FF5EFC1502A8FBCB" blockId="21.[192,1441,651,1029]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">This species of nematode can lower the population of the grasshopper, but does not control it completely, as the grasshopper can live throughout the infestation, mate and even lay eggs, which also guarantees the survival of the nematode for the next generation of grasshoppers.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFE84557FF76FBA504B1FB18" blockId="21.[192,1441,1053,1238]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FF76FBA502A0FBFB" bold="true" box="[192,1175,1053,1077]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Recommendations for management of the masked coffee grasshopper.</emphasis>
|
||
Management of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FADAFBA507E3FB9B" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FADAFBA507E3FB9B" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must contemplate an integrated approach that involves cultural, biological, ethological and chemical control practices, with chemical control as a last resort. Chemically synthesized insecticides are usually helpful in quickly controlling insect populations, but have inherent risks of undesirable secondary effects, i.e. pollution, ecological imbalance and resistance of the subsequent generation of the insect to pesticides.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFE84557FF76FB5504C1F9C9" blockId="21.[192,1440,1261,1543]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FF76FB55079FFAC8" bold="true" box="[192,424,1261,1286]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Cultural control.</emphasis>
|
||
Selective management of weeds on the streets and edges of the coffee plantation is important to maintain the beneficial insects that help regulate the populations of pest insects. Use of and fostering of plants that grasshoppers use in their natural environment can help contain the populations of grasshoppers living in forest and scrub near the crops. This can help keep the grasshoppers on their natural vegetation without the need to move onto the crops for further sustenance. The “cascarillo” tree
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FF76FA3604BFFA68" authorityName="L. Andersson" authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Humb. ex Mutis" box="[192,648,1422,1446]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ladenbergia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oblongifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FF76FA3607C6FA68" box="[192,497,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Ladenbergia oblongifolia</emphasis>
|
||
(Rubiaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the forest species most used by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FBFEFA3702CBFA68" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[1096,1276,1422,1446]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FBFEFA3702CBFA68" box="[1096,1276,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">P. coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This rapidly growing tree is common in secondary formations and it is easily propagated by seed. Another species preferred by the grasshoppers was
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FDD7FA77022DFA29" box="[609,1050,1486,1511]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Oreopanax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floribundum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FDD7FA7705B5FA28" box="[609,898,1486,1510]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Oreopanax floribundum</emphasis>
|
||
(Araliaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which is usually called “pategallina” and “mano de oso” in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="980B6882FFE84557FDBEFA5704B6F9C9" box="[520,641,1519,1543]" country="Colombia" name="Antioquia" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Antioquia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="C2F4BAE5FFE84557FD24FA5704DEF9C9" box="[658,745,1519,1543]" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="22.[192,275,1278,1300]" captionTargetBox="[193,1440,816,1244]" captionTargetId="figure@22.[193,1440,814,1244]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 12. Main hosts of Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus n. sp. Left: “Cascarillo” Ladenbergia oblongifolia (Rubiaceae). Right: Pat’egallina Oreopanax floribundum (Araliaceae) defoliated by grasshoppers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699453" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699453/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFE84557FF76F9A707E5F959" blockId="21.[192,1440,1567,1687]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FF76F9A707AAF9F9" bold="true" box="[192,413,1567,1591]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Manual control.</emphasis>
|
||
Flightless nymphs are gregarious and groups of up to 60 individuals can be found in a single tree, which makes them easy to collect with entomological nets or similar tools. Two field workers with nets were able to collect 3000 individuals in one hour going back and forth in the rows of an infested coffee plot.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFE84557FF76F9170465F8C9" blockId="21.[192,1440,1711,1928]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FF76F9170789F906" bold="true" box="[192,446,1711,1736]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Biological control.</emphasis>
|
||
Grasshoppers have a multitude of natural enemies, of which birds are one of the most important control factors of wild grasshopper populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFE84557FC0CF9680273F926" author="Wilps, H." box="[954,1092,1744,1768]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" pagination="9 - 17" refId="ref15582" refString="Wilps, H. 1997. Ecology of Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) - Observations in west Africa from 1990 to 1994. p. 9 - 17. In: R. Krall, R. Peveling and B. A. Diallo (eds.). New strategies in Locust control. Birkhauser Verlag; Basel, Switzerland. 522 p." type="book chapter" year="1997">Wilps 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other important organisms used for grasshopper control are:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFE84554FF5EF8A80407FA0C" blockId="21.[192,1440,1711,1928]" lastBlockId="22.[192,1440,1385,1929]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">
|
||
a)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFE84557FEBCF8A80438F8E6" box="[266,527,1808,1832]" class="Microsporea" family="Nosematidae" genus="Paranosema" kingdom="Protozoa" order="Dissociodihaplophasida" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" phylum="Microsporidia" rank="species" species="locustae">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFE84557FEBCF8A80438F8E6" box="[266,527,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Paranosema locustae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is used to fight population outbreaks of grasshoppers in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFE84557FAF5F8A803ABF8E6" box="[1347,1436,1808,1832]" name="Mexico" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="22D8E6F0FFE84557FF76F888075DF886" box="[192,362,1840,1864]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="20">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
and several Asian countries. It is used to control crickets, katydids and grasshoppers in pastures in the long term (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFE84557FDB2F8E80514F8A6" author="Tanada, Y. & H. K. Kaya" box="[516,803,1872,1897]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" refId="ref15411" refString="Tanada, Y., and H. K. Kaya. 1992. Insect Pathology. Academic Press; New York, USA. 408 p." type="book" year="1992">Tanada and Kaya 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFE84557FC99F8E905FAF8A6" author="Huerta, A. J. & F. Espinoza & A. Tellez & A. Maqueda & A. Arana" box="[815,973,1872,1896]" pageId="21" pageNumber="20" pagination="28 - 49" refId="ref14432" refString="Huerta, A. J., F. Espinoza, A. Tellez, A. Maqueda, and A. Arana. 2014. Control biologico del chapulin en Mexico. Biotecnologia 18 (1): 28 - 49." type="journal article" year="2014">Huerta 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This microsporidian is most effective if it is applied at the start on the rainy season when the first nymphs are detected. The bait is placed in the detected eclosion sites, using
|
||
<quantity id="9D370B85FFEB4554FDCCFAD104C6FA4C" box="[634,753,1385,1410]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" unit="g" value="400.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="300.0">300-500 g</quantity>
|
||
per hectare. Grasshoppers and locusts die after feeding on wheat bran pellets mixed with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FDE8FA320488FA6F" box="[606,703,1418,1441]" class="Microsporea" family="Nosematidae" genus="Nosema" kingdom="Plantae" order="Dissociodihaplophasida" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Microsporidia" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FDE8FA320488FA6F" box="[606,703,1418,1441]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Nosema</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spores as bait. As an added benefit, infected females pass on the infection to their offspring
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0EB0F6E8FFEB4554FF76FD6D0397FCC6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699451" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699451" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699451/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" startId="22.[192,275,725,747]" targetBox="[193,1440,213,691]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEB4554FF76FD6D0397FCC6" blockId="22.[192,1440,725,776]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FF76FD6D070BFD24" bold="true" box="[192,316,725,747]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Figure 11.</emphasis>
|
||
Evaluation of the mortality percentage in adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FC34FD6D02ABFD24" authority="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero, 2018" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[898,1180,725,746]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FC34FD6D02ABFD24" box="[898,1180,725,746]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7388C709FFEB4554FB12FD6D02D7FD24" box="[1188,1248,725,746]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
by the nematode
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FF76FD4A0725FCC9" box="[192,274,754,775]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" genus="Mermis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FF76FD4A0725FCC9" box="[192,274,754,775]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Mermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FE8FFD490763FCC9" bold="true" box="[313,340,753,775]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">A)</emphasis>
|
||
Adults in growing cages.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FDE9FD49044DFCC9" bold="true" box="[607,634,753,775]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">B)</emphasis>
|
||
Mortality of adults.
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FCF9FD49055CFCC9" bold="true" box="[847,875,753,775]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">C)</emphasis>
|
||
Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FC65FD4A0212FCC9" box="[979,1061,754,775]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" genus="Mermis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FC65FD4A0212FCC9" box="[979,1061,754,775]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Mermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. emerged from the grasshoppers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="0EB0F6E8FFEB4554FF76FB46026BFAFF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3699453" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3699453" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3699453/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" startId="22.[192,275,1278,1300]" targetBox="[193,1440,816,1244]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEB4554FF76FB46026BFAFF" blockId="22.[192,1441,1278,1329]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FF76FB46070CFADD" bold="true" box="[192,315,1278,1300]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
Main hosts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FE6BFB4604C1FADD" authority="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero, 2018" authorityName="Constantino & Cadena-Castañeda & Granda & Machado & Botero" authorityYear="2018" box="[477,758,1278,1299]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Poecilocloeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffeaphilus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FE6BFB4604C1FADD" box="[477,758,1278,1299]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Poecilocloeus coffeaphilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7388C709FFEB4554FD4AFB46050FFADD" box="[764,824,1278,1299]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Left: “Cascarillo”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FC49FB4603ABFADA" authorityName="L. Andersson" authorityYear="1994" baseAuthorityName="Humb. ex Mutis" box="[1023,1436,1278,1300]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ladenbergia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="oblongifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FC49FB460325FADD" box="[1023,1298,1278,1299]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Ladenbergia oblongifolia</emphasis>
|
||
(Rubiaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Right: Pat’egallina
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FE23FAA3051FFAFF" box="[405,808,1306,1329]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Araliaceae" genus="Oreopanax" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floribundum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FE23FAA304AAFAE1" box="[405,669,1306,1328]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Oreopanax floribundum</emphasis>
|
||
(Araliaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
defoliated by grasshoppers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEB4554FF5EFA730379F908" blockId="22.[192,1440,1385,1929]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
b) Strains of the entomopathogenic fungi
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FD6AFA72054CFA2C" box="[732,891,1482,1506]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FD6AFA72054CFA2C" box="[732,891,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Metarhizium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FC58FA7302EAFA2C" box="[1006,1245,1482,1506]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Cordycipitaceae" genus="Beauveria" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="bassiana">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FC58FA7302EAFA2C" box="[1006,1245,1482,1506]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Beauveria bassiana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be obtained from locusts and grasshoppers with a high degree of pathogenicity and virulence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEB4554FB7BFA5306C9F9EA" author="Hernandez, V. V. & A. M. Berlanga & L. Barrientos" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="223 - 227" refId="ref14345" refString="Hernandez, V. V., A. M. Berlanga, and L. Barrientos. 2000. Vegetable and mineral oil formulations of Metarhizium flavoviride to control de Central American locust Schistocerca piceifrons (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 9: 223 - 227." type="journal article" year="2000">Hernández et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEB4554FEBDF9B407A9F9EA" author="Garza, E." box="[267,414,1548,1572]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" refId="ref14279" refString="Garza, E. 2005. La langosta Schistocerca piceifrons y su manejo en la planicie Huasteca. Folleto Tecnico No. 12. INIFAP; San Luis Potosi, Mexico. 25 p." type="book" year="2005">Garza 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These fungi are widely known to attack those insects in natural conditions. Currently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FEAFF9940410F98A" authorityName="J. F. Bisch., Rehner and Humber" authorityYear="2009" baseAuthorityName="Driver and Milner" box="[281,551,1580,1604]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="acridum">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FEAFF9940410F98A" box="[281,551,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Metarhizium acridum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(previously known as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FC8CF99505D3F98A" authorityName="W. Gams & Rozsypal" authorityYear="1973" box="[826,996,1580,1604]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Clavicipitaceae" genus="Metarhizium" kingdom="Fungi" order="Hypocreales" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="flavoviride">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FC8CF99505D3F98A" box="[826,996,1580,1604]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">M. flavoviride</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is the most important isolate being formulated for control of grasshoppers and locusts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEB4554FC82F9F4021FF9AA" author="Miranda, E. E. & M. Lecoq & I. Pierozzi, Jr. & J. F. Duranton & M. Batistella" box="[820,1064,1612,1636]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" refId="ref14929" refString="Miranda, E. E., M. Lecoq, I. Pierozzi, Jr., J. F. Duranton., and M. Batistella. 1996. O gafanhoto do Mato Grosso. Balanco e perspectivas de 4 anos de pesquisas. 1992 - 1996. EMBRAPA-NMA, Campinas, Brasil / CIRAD-GERDAT-PRIFAS; Montpellier, France. 146 p." type="book" year="1996">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="980B6882FFEB4554FC82F9F405A8F9AA" box="[820,927,1612,1636]" country="Venezuela" name="Miranda" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Miranda</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEB4554FB82F9F40372F9AB" author="Langewald, J. & C. Kooyman & O. Douro-Kpindou & J. C. Lomer & A. O. Dahmoud & H. O. Mohamed" box="[1076,1349,1612,1637]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="603 - 612" refId="ref14597" refString="Langewald, J., C. Kooyman, O. Douro-Kpindou, J. C. Lomer, A. O. Dahmoud, and H. O. Mohamed. 1997. Field treatment of Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forskal) hoppers in Mauritania using an oil formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium flavoviride. Biocontrol Science and Technology 7 (4): 603 - 612." type="journal article" year="1997">Langewald et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEB4554FAE6F9F50775F94B" author="Lomer, C. J. & R. P. Bateman & D. L. Johnson & J. Langewald & M. Thomas" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="667 - 701" refId="ref14882" refString="Lomer, C. J., R. P. Bateman, D. L. Johnson, J. Langewald, and M. Thomas. 2001. Biological control of locusts and grasshoppers. Annual Review of Entomology 46: 667 - 701." type="journal article" year="2001">Lomer et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEB4554FEFBF9D50442F94B" author="Zhang, L. & D. M. Hunter" box="[333,629,1645,1669]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="27 - 30" refId="ref15732" refString="Zhang, L., and D. M. Hunter. 2005. Laboratory and field trials of Green GuardTM Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) against the oriental migratory locust (Locusta migratoria manilensis) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in China. Journal of Orthoptera Research. 14: 27 - 30." type="journal article" year="2005">Zhang and Hunter 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEB4554FD36F9D505FCF94B" author="Lecoq, M. & B. P. Magalhaes" box="[640,971,1645,1669]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" pagination="23 - 37" refId="ref14724" refString="Lecoq, M., and B. P. Magalhaes. 2006. Gafanhotos no Brasil. p. 23 - 37. In: B. P. Magalhaes and M. Lecoq (eds.). Bioinseticida e gafanhotos-praga: relatorio final do projeto Desenvolvimento de bioin- seticidas para controle de gafanhotos-praga no Brasil. Brasilia, DF: Embrapa Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia. CIRAD; Montpellier, France. 123 p." type="book chapter" year="2006">Lecoq and Magalhães 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For instance, for control of the locust
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FF76F93507E2F96B" baseAuthorityName="F. Walker" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[192,469,1677,1701]" class="Insecta" family="Baissogryllidae" genus="Schistocerca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="piceifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FF76F93507E2F96B" box="[192,469,1677,1701]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Schistocerca piceifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the best results with this fungus have been obtained in concentrations of 1.2 ×
|
||
<superScript id="ADBA0B28FFEB4554FF76F91606D8F977" attach="left" box="[192,239,1707,1734]" fontSize="6" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">1012</superScript>
|
||
conidia per hectare, with mortalities up to 100% 10 days after its application (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEB4554FB06F9160376F908" author="Garza, E." box="[1200,1345,1710,1734]" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" refId="ref14279" refString="Garza, E. 2005. La langosta Schistocerca piceifrons y su manejo en la planicie Huasteca. Folleto Tecnico No. 12. INIFAP; San Luis Potosi, Mexico. 25 p." type="book" year="2005">Garza 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEB4555FF5EF9760522FEDC" blockId="22.[192,1440,1385,1929]" lastBlockId="23.[192,1440,217,274]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">
|
||
c) Nematomorphs of the families
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FD34F9760515F928" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1883" box="[642,802,1742,1766]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Nematoda" rank="family">Mermithidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Gordiaceae are also known to parasitize grasshoppers. Of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FE39F9570405F8C9" authorityName="Braun" authorityYear="1883" box="[399,562,1775,1799]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Nematoda" rank="family">Mermithidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FD61F95703ACF8C9" authority="Cobb, Steiner and Christie, 1923" authorityName="Cobb, Steiner and Christie" authorityYear="1923" box="[727,1435,1774,1799]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" genus="Agamermis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="decaudata">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FD61F95705DAF8C8" box="[727,1005,1774,1798]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Agamermis decaudata</emphasis>
|
||
Cobb, Steiner and Christie, 1923
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FF76F8B704F3F8E9" authority="(Christie, 1928)" baseAuthorityName="Christie" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[192,708,1807,1831]" class="Chromadorea" family="Acuariidae" genus="Agamospirura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="melanopli">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FF76F8B707C3F8E9" box="[192,500,1807,1831]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Agamospirura melanopli</emphasis>
|
||
(Christie, 1928)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FD65F8B70248F8E9" authority="Dujardin, 1842" authorityName="Dujardin" authorityYear="1842" box="[723,1151,1807,1831]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" genus="Mermis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FD65F8B7058FF8E8" box="[723,952,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Mermis nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
Dujardin, 1842
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DCFDDE3FFEB4554FB74F8B7036BF8E8" authorityName="Steiner" authorityYear="1924" box="[1218,1372,1807,1830]" class="Adenophorea" family="Mermithidae" genus="Hexamermis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mermithida" pageId="22" pageNumber="21" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEB4554FB74F8B7036BF8E8" box="[1218,1372,1807,1830]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="21">Hexamermis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., have been collected from grasshoppers. These nematodes require 2–4 years for each generation. With the rains, fertilized females emerge from the ground and oviposit on the vegetation. Grasshoppers then consume the infected vegetation and the eggs hatch in their digestive tube. The nematodes develop in the digestive track for 4-10 weeks. When mature, they exit the insect, killing it in the process, and then drop to the ground to hibernate (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3E5EDB91FFEA4555FDE6FF42053EFEDC" author="Capinera, J. L." box="[592,777,250,274]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22" pagination="159 - 162" refId="ref13258" refString="Capinera, J. L. 1987. Observations on natural and experimental parasitism of insects by Mermis nigrescens Dujardin (Nematoda: Mermithidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 60: 159 - 162." type="journal article" year="1987">Capinera 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEA4555FF76FE920397FE4A" blockId="23.[192,1440,298,551]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<emphasis id="68BB7A72FFEA4555FF76FE92079AFE8D" bold="true" box="[192,429,298,323]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Chemical control.</emphasis>
|
||
To avoid ecological imbalances and resurgence of the grasshopper populations, chemical insecticides should only be used as a last control measure and as a shock plan to lower populations with contact products of low residuality such as organophosphates of the toxicological category III group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5A70A660FFEA4555FF5EFE3407EEFDE9" blockId="23.[192,1440,298,551]" pageId="23" pageNumber="22">Integrated management of this species of grasshopper with a biological and agroecological approach is the best option for management of this insect. Due to the various natural enemies occurring in the region where this grasshopper is native, the greatest priority must be given to the use of biological insecticides specific to the insect, in order not to negatively impact the beneficial fauna, such as pol- linators and predators.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |