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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.815.27335" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2a9cf674-3e7d-4f74-b4e3-e10af294b53f" ID-PMC="PMC6336762" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-815-1" ID-PubMed="30670925" ID-ZBK="9458FA1D06B74DCD9C53182CD8CE6F7D" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-815-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 815" ModsDocTitle="Reclassification of the Sack-bearer Moths (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae)" checkinTime="1547128932053" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Laurent, Ryan A. St &amp; Kawahara, Akito Y." docDate="2019" docId="5D5572E0326D26EFEFBD4898EE1601B2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 815: 1-114" docOrigin="ZooKeys 815" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.815.27335" docTitle="Lepismalla St Laurent &amp; Kawahara, gen. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="17A09A1B-0CEC-4FBA-904C-C826A5136BA8" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="26" masterDocId="ED67460EFFBFFF9FD70EFF863414FFC2" masterDocTitle="Reclassification of the Sack-bearer Moths (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="114" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="23" updateTime="1668166732337" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Reclassification of the Sack-bearer Moths (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Laurent, Ryan A. St</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Kawahara, Akito Y.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>815</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.815.27335</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.815.27335</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154126414" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:17A09A1B-0CEC-4FBA-904C-C826A5136BA8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5D5572E0326D26EFEFBD4898EE1601B2" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="23" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/17A09A1B-0CEC-4FBA-904C-C826A5136BA8" authority="St Laurent &amp; Kawahara" class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Lepismalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepismalla" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lepismalla St Laurent &amp; Kawahara</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="22" pageNumber="23">gen. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 131, 132
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<pageBreakToken pageId="23" pageNumber="24" start="start">Type</pageBreakToken>
species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Cicinnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cicinnus montagnaniae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montagnaniae">Cicinnus montagnaniae</taxonomicName>
Herbin, 2012: 14, by present designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The name for this new genus is derived from the small, silvery coloration of the sole
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Lepismalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepismalla" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lepismalla</taxonomicName>
species, reminiscent of silvery
<taxonomicName lsidName="Mimallonoidea" order="Zygentoma" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="order">Zygentoma</taxonomicName>
in the genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lepismatidae" genus="Lepisma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepisma" order="Zygentoma" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lepisma</taxonomicName>
Linneaus. The ending -alla/-allo has been commonly applied in
<taxonomicName family="Mimallonidae" lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="family">Mimallonidae</taxonomicName>
. The genus name is feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
The single species of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Lepismalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepismalla" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lepismalla</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. montagnaniae" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="species" species="montagnaniae">L. montagnaniae</taxonomicName>
comb. n., is recognizable by the almost complete lack of markings (except for faint irregular postmedial lines and heavy black discal marking) on the dorsal surface of the wings, which combined with the small size and falcate wing shape is unique in the family
<taxonomicName family="Mimallonidae" lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="family">Mimallonidae</taxonomicName>
. Genitalia are robust structures, with prominent gnathos arms that extend distally below the saccular margin of the valvae. In this way the gnathos arms are somewhat similar to those of related genera
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Procinnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procinnus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Procinnus</taxonomicName>
Herbin and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Micrallo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Micrallo" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Micrallo</taxonomicName>
St Laurent and C. Mielke, but extend much farther ventrally relative to the valvae. The basal valva arms typical of
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="tribe" tribe="Druenticini">Druenticini</taxonomicName>
are present, but highly reduced, and are flanked by setae covered regions of the sacculus. This genus lacks the claw-like sternite VIII extensions in the male genitalia which are typical of the related genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Procinnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procinnus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Procinnus</taxonomicName>
, and has much shorter valvae tusks than either
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Procinnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procinnus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Procinnus</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Micrallo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Micrallo" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Micrallo</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="apomorphies">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Apomorphies.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
(1) Large gnathos arms extend ventrally below saccular edge of valvae such that valvae appear dorsally to gnathos (Fig. 131I); (2) Base of valvae with tiny tusk-like arms (smaller than in any other
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" rank="tribe" tribe="Druenticini">Druenticini</taxonomicName>
) (Fig. 131II).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
Male.Head: Light brown, eyes very large, occupying more than two-thirds area of head; antenna coloration light tan, antenna entirely bipectinate, distalmost quarter length of antennae with pectinations markedly shorter; labial palpus apparently two segmented, though a third segment may be present but small. Thorax: Light brown, lightly speckled with darker petiolate scales. Legs: Coloration as for thorax, vestiture thick, long. Tibial spurs elongate. Forewing dorsum: Forewing length: 14.5-16.0 mm, avg.: 14.6 mm, wingspan: 28-35 mm, n = 6. Triangular, margin concave mesally forming falcate apex. Ground color silvery gray and light brown, overall lightly flecked with dark brown petiolate scales. Antemedial line absent; preapical postmedial line faint, outwardly convex, consisting of numerous barely distinguishable individual dark brown petiolate scales. Discal mark present as irregular black splotch heavily contrasting against light ground color and otherwise largely unmarked surface. Fringe light brown, lightening to cream near tornus. Forewing ventrum: As for fore
<pageBreakToken pageId="24" pageNumber="25" start="start">wing</pageBreakToken>
dorsum, but more brown than gray, anal region light tan, apex lighter gray than surrounding brown area; postmedial line slightly more well-defined; discal mark fainter than for dorsum. Hindwing dorsum: Coloration, patterning as for forewing dorsum, but discal mark much fainter to nearly absent. Fringe nearly white along most of wing margin. Hindwing ventrum: Following same pattern as forewing ventrum, but lighter overall, more of a continuation of light tan of anal area of forewing ventrum. Frenulum as single bristle, though difficult to see. Venation: Typical of
<taxonomicName family="Mimallonidae" lsidName="" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="family">Mimallonidae</taxonomicName>
. Abdomen: Dorsal coloration as for thorax, ventrally lighter gray. Vestiture appearing thinner in comparison with thorax. Sternite of VIII with narrow pair of sclerotizations. Genitalia: (Fig. 131) n = 2. Vinculum ovoid, ventrally slightly pointed. Uncus simple, broad, triangular, distally narrowed to thin point. Gnathos massive, the most distinct aspect of the genitalia, gnathos heavily sclerotized with paired mesal arms which extend beyond and below saccular edge of valvae, gnathos arms distally and inwardly membranous, small tooth present at apex of each arm, gnathos arms fused mesally at base by narrow sclerotized band. Valvae small relative to gnathos, somewhat rectangular in shape, terminally with slight saccular lobe. Pair of small (length less than one third length of valvae), tusk-like curled sclerotized arms extend outward from saccular edge of valvae, tusk-like arms inwardly flanked by protruding setae covered sacculus. Juxta as thin sclerotization ventral to phallus forming connection with vinculum. Phallus curved when viewed laterally, viewed dorsally/ventrally phallus flattened distally with membranous opening such that phallus appears spade-like with sclerotized ring forming margins of spade shape, basal half of phallus as membranous sack. Female. Unknown
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Lepismalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepismalla" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lepismalla</taxonomicName>
is described for the unique Amazonian taxon
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. montagnaniae" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="montagnaniae">L. montagnaniae</taxonomicName>
, which is so far outwardly and by male genitalia, unlike any other
<taxonomicName family="Mimallonidae" lsidName="" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="family">Mimallonidae</taxonomicName>
, though is most similar to related genera
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Procinnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procinnus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Procinnus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Micrallo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Micrallo" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Micrallo</taxonomicName>
. In the original description, it was suggested that &quot;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Cicinnus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cicinnus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cicinnus</taxonomicName>
&quot;
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Liviidae" genus="Mimallonoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mimallonoidea montagnaniae" order="Hemiptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montagnaniae">montagnaniae</taxonomicName>
might be more properly placed in a new genus (
<bibRefCitation author="Herbin, D" journalOrPublisher="The European Entomologist" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 31" title="Descriptions of a new genus and ten new species of Mimallonidae (Lepidoptera: Mimallonoidea)." volume="4" year="2012">Herbin 2012</bibRefCitation>
). After examining genitalia of all genera in prior to and in preparation of the present work, it is clear the genitalia of
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. montagnaniae" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="montagnaniae">L. montagnaniae</taxonomicName>
do not conform to any other generic concept of
<taxonomicName family="Mimallonidae" lsidName="" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="family">Mimallonidae</taxonomicName>
, and certainly this species is unique externally as well. However, the subfamily and tribal apomorphies provided by
<bibRefCitation author="St Laurent, RA" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="729 - 761" title="Museum specimens provide phylogenomic data to resolve relationships of sack-bearer moths (Lepidoptera, Mimallonoidea, Mimallonidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12301" volume="43" year="2018 a">St Laurent et al. (2018a)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="tribe" tribe="Druenticini">Druenticini</taxonomicName>
are consistent with the general male genitalia characters seen in
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. montagnaniae" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="montagnaniae">L. montagnaniae</taxonomicName>
. Our morphological and ongoing molecular phylogenetic analyses also consistently place this taxon as sister to the druenticine genus
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Procinnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procinnus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Procinnus</taxonomicName>
, within a robustly supported
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="tribe" tribe="Druenticini">Druenticini</taxonomicName>
clade (St Laurent et al. in prep.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
The shape of the phallus of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Lepismalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepismalla" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lepismalla</taxonomicName>
is very similar to that of other druenticine genera
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Micrallo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Micrallo" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Micrallo</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Procinnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procinnus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Procinnus</taxonomicName>
. The phallus in all three genera is flattened with a unsclerotized central region in the distal half, which is clearly visible from the dorsal or ventral aspect. These genera also display a membranous sack-like region along the basal dorsal half of the phallus, though the size of this structure differs between the genera. Paired sclerotizations of the VIII sternite typical of
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Druenticinae">Druenticinae</taxonomicName>
, including
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Micrallo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Micrallo" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Micrallo</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Procinnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procinnus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Procinnus</taxonomicName>
, are present in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Lepismalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepismalla" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lepismalla</taxonomicName>
, but are reduced to narrow sclerotized strips in the otherwise membranous intersegmental region. The silvery gray coloration of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Lepismalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepismalla" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lepismalla</taxonomicName>
is a coloration scheme seen in almost all
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" rank="tribe" tribe="Druenticini">Druenticini</taxonomicName>
genera (except the darkly colored
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Ulaluma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ulaluma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ulaluma</taxonomicName>
and some
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Procinnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procinnus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Procinnus</taxonomicName>
), and the gnathos configuration is not unlike
<pageBreakToken pageId="25" pageNumber="26" start="start">that</pageBreakToken>
of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Procinnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Procinnus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Procinnus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Micrallo" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Micrallo" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Micrallo</taxonomicName>
, but simply more robust and ventrally farther reaching, such that in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Lepismalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepismalla" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lepismalla</taxonomicName>
the gnathos arms actually reach below the saccular edge of the valvae. The basal valvae arms typical of
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="tribe" tribe="Druenticini">Druenticini</taxonomicName>
are present in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Lepismalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepismalla" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lepismalla</taxonomicName>
, albeit greatly reduced.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Lepismalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepismalla montagnaniae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montagnaniae">Lepismalla montagnaniae</taxonomicName>
is rare in collections, with only a handful of specimens known to us in global collections. Almost all examined material comes from the Amazon Rainforest, although one specimen, unfortunately destroyed in the fire at the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was from Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in quite a different habitat on the border of Cerrado and Pantanal. An additional specimen in CPAC is from Distrito Federal in the Brazilian Cerrado. Future, finer scale, examinations of all known
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Mimallonidae" genus="Lepismalla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lepismalla" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lepismalla</taxonomicName>
specimens may eventually reveal that this is not a monotypic genus, though it is certainly not diverse.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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