212 lines
26 KiB
XML
212 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="74F1A2E75A771B037ED0450197704010">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="050785C4F3583FC956B08E772EA29D02">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7372C3201584B8CB35D46B2465AE6350">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E2311EDA81D4420977F131BA437FA89C">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="750BE26DC346D7932E539B16CF51FB7B">2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:title id="2598C1386546765165E99BFC10C53202">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FF97205E0D8C1E790EF3F8BC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6707040" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220871" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6707040" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FF97205E0D8C1E790EF3F8BC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FF97205E0D8C1E790EF3F8BC" lastPageNumber="334" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E0D8C1E79093DF588" box="[187,266,2597,2643]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0D8C1E79093DF588" blockId="57.[181,1035,2597,2724]" box="[187,266,2597,2643]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF97205E0D8C1E79093DF588" box="[187,266,2597,2643]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FF97205E0D8C1E79093DF588" box="[187,266,2597,2643]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="50.[118,148,3222,3247]" captionTargetBox="[11,2748,13,3647]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="On following pages: 115. Reed Vole (Alexandromys fortis); 116. Sakhalin Vole (Alexandromys sachalinensis); 117. Mongolian Vole (Alexandromys mongolicus); 118. Middendorff's Vole (Alexandromys middendorffii; 119. Gromov's Vole (Alexandromys gromovi); 120. Lacustrine Vole (Alexandromys limnophilus); 121. Root Vole (Alexandromys oeconomus); 122. Taiwan Vole (Alexandromys kikuchii); 123. Japanese Grass Vole (Alexandromys montebell); 124. Afghan Vole (Microtus afghanus); 125. Bucharian Vole (Microtus bucharensis); 126. Juniper Vole (Microtus juldaschi); 127. Short-tailed Field Vole (Microtus agrestis); 128. Mediterranean Field Vole (Microtus lavernedii): 129. Portuguese Field Vole (Microtus rozianus); 130. Insular Vole (Microtus abbreviatus); 131. Singing Vole (Microtus miurus); 132. Rock Vole (Microtus chrotorrhinus); 133. Zempoaltepec Vole (Microtus umbrosus); 134. Tarabundi Vole (Microtus oaxacensis); 135. Guatemalan Vole (Microtus guatemalensis); 136. Woodland Vole (Microtus pinetorum); 137. Jalapan Vole (Microtus quasiater); 138. California Vole (Microtus californicus): 139. Beach Vole (Microtus brewer); 140. Mexican Vole (Microtus mexicanus); 141. Mogollon Vole (Microtus mogollonensis); 142. Prairie Vole (Microtus ochrogasten; 143. Taiga Vole (Microtus xanthognathus); 144. Cabrera'’s Vole (Microtus cabrerae); 145. North American Water Vole (Microtus richardson); 146. Gray-tailed Vole (Microtus canicaudus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708411/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">131.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E0C2C1E790A16F588" box="[283,545,2597,2643]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0C2C1E790A16F588" blockId="57.[181,1035,2597,2724]" box="[283,545,2597,2643]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF97205E0C2C1E790A16F588" box="[283,545,2597,2643]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF97205E0C2C1E790A16F588" ID-CoL="6RK69" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1901" box="[283,545,2597,2643]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miurus">Singing Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E0F621E790BB9F588" box="[597,910,2597,2643]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0F621E790BB9F588" blockId="57.[181,1035,2597,2724]" box="[597,910,2597,2643]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF97205E0F621E790BB9F588" box="[597,910,2597,2643]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E0F621E790BB9F588" ID-CoL="6RK69" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1901" box="[597,910,2597,2643]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miurus">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E0F621E790BB9F588" box="[597,910,2597,2643]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Microtus miurus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E0D801E390B6FF57A" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0D801E390C3DF5A1" blockId="57.[181,1035,2597,2724]" box="[183,1034,2661,2682]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF97205E0D801E390C3DF5A1" box="[183,1034,2661,2682]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E0D801E390934F5A1" bold="true" box="[183,259,2661,2682]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF97205E0C3C1E3909EDF5A1" ID-CoL="6RK69" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1901" box="[267,474,2661,2682]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miurus">Campagnol chanteur</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E0CD91E390A7FF5A1" bold="true" box="[494,584,2661,2682]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF97205E0F671E390B34F5A1" ID-CoL="6RK69" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1901" box="[592,771,2661,2682]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miurus">Alaska-Wihimaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E0E2F1E390B44F5A1" bold="true" box="[792,883,2661,2682]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF97205E0E4E1E390C3DF5A1" ID-CoL="6RK69" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1901" box="[889,1034,2661,2682]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miurus">Topillo fonador</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0D811ED00B6FF57A" blockId="57.[181,1035,2597,2724]" box="[182,856,2700,2721]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF97205E0D811ED00B6FF57A" box="[182,856,2700,2721]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E0D811ED0099AF57A" bold="true" box="[182,429,2700,2721]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF97205E0C821ED00A5DF57A" ID-CoL="6RK69" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1901" box="[437,618,2700,2721]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miurus">Alaska Haymouse</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF97205E0F411ED00AD0F57A" ID-CoL="6RK69" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1901" box="[630,743,2700,2721]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miurus">Alaska Vole</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF97205E0FC61ED00B6FF57A" ID-CoL="6RK69" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1901" box="[753,856,2700,2721]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miurus">Toklat Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E0E2D1E930BFDF4BD" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0E2D1E930BFDF4BD" blockId="57.[793,1386,2767,3194]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E0E2D1E930B82F52B" bold="true" box="[794,949,2767,2800]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E0EF51E930D55F52B" ID-CoL="6RK69" authority="Osgood, 1901" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1901" box="[962,1378,2767,2800]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miurus">Microtus miurus Osgood, 1901</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FF97205E0E2D1EA70BFDF4BD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818815047" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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head of Bear Creek, in mountains near Hope City, Turnagain Arm, Cook Inlet,
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<collectingRegion id="499D12E7FF97205E0E2E1F190B42F4BD" box="[793,885,2885,2918]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Alaska</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FF97205E0EB21F190BF1F4BD" box="[901,966,2885,2918]" name="United States of America" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E0E2D1F310C60F407" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0E2D1F310C60F407" blockId="57.[793,1386,2767,3194]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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Subspecies paneaki is considered here as a synonym of nominotypical
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E09F31FC80D29F46E" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1901" box="[1220,1310,2964,2997]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="miurus">miurus</taxonomicName>
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. Five subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E0E2D1FBB0B37F2E5" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFF97205E0E2D1FBB0B37F2E5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760557" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760557/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" startId="57.[794,948,3047,3076]" targetBox="[179,770,2775,3189]" targetPageId="57">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0E2D1FBB0C9DF3DF" blockId="57.[793,1386,2767,3194]" box="[794,1194,3047,3076]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E0E2D1FBB0C9DF3DF" bold="true" box="[794,1194,3047,3076]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0E2C184E0C25F389" blockId="57.[793,1386,2767,3194]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E0E2C184E0C25F389" authority="Osgood, 1901" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="miurus" subSpecies="miurus">M.m.miurusOsgood,1901—KenaiPeninsula,Alaska,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0E2C18050BD5F37A" blockId="57.[793,1386,2767,3194]" lastBlockId="57.[182,1385,3200,3469]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E0E2C18050BD5F37A" authority=": Rand, 1945" authorityName=": Rand" authorityYear="1945" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="miurus" subSpecies="anderson">M.m.anderson:Rand,1945—knownonlyfromthetypelocalityinWNorthwestTerritories,Canada.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0D8018F30911F334" blockId="57.[182,1385,3200,3469]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E0D8018F30911F334" authority="R. M. Anderson, 1947" authorityName="R. M. Anderson" authorityYear="1947" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="miurus" subSpecies="cantator">M.m.cantatorR.M.Anderson,1947—WrangellMtsofAlaska,USA,andSWYukon,Canada.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0D8118A20C92F2CC" blockId="57.[182,1385,3200,3469]" box="[182,1189,3326,3351]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E0D8118A20C92F2CC" authority="Nelson, 1931" authorityName="Nelson" authorityYear="1931" box="[182,1189,3326,3351]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="miurus" subSpecies="muriei">M.m.murieiNelson,1931—NAlaska,USA,andmostofYukon,Canada.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0D81197D0B37F2E5" blockId="57.[182,1385,3200,3469]" box="[182,768,3361,3390]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E0D81197D0A23F2E5" authority="Osgood, 1907" authorityName="Osgood" authorityYear="1907" box="[182,532,3361,3390]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="miurus" subSpecies="oreas">M. m. oreas Osgood, 1907</taxonomicName>
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— S Alaska, USA.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E0D8119110250FEBD" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0D8119110250FEBD" blockId="57.[182,1385,3200,3469]" lastBlockId="57.[1457,2668,286,1899]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
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||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E0D8119110986F2BD" bold="true" box="[182,433,3405,3430]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 82-114 mm, tail 19-41 mm, ear 11-13 mm, hindfoot 19-21 mm; weight 22-52 g. Dorsal pelage of the Singing Vole is a mix of buff-tipped to black-tipped guard hairs and varies from pale tawny to pale buffy gray, but it is sometimes pale ocherous. Tail is darker above (dusky) and lighter buffy to ocherous below.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E088315300F53FD7A" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E088315300F53FD7A" blockId="57.[1457,2668,286,1899]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E088315300E14FE56" bold="true" box="[1460,1571,364,397]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Tundra and taiga-tundra ecotonal habitats on well-drained ground. Singing Voles are found most often in willows (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E0ACF15C8000CFE6E" box="[2040,2107,404,437]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" genus="Salix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Salix</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E056615C800D6FE6E" box="[2129,2273,404,437]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Salicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Salicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) along streams or near or above tree line, with their burrows often associated with rocky outcrops and large boulders that provide structural refuge from predators. Differences in microhabitats and social interactions tend to structure ways that Singing Voles use their environment. If an area has multiple microhabitats that are strongly defined, an individual will show stronger habitat affinity, but if habitats vary less and are more uniform, behavior tends to influence how space is used.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E088316F40E43FBF0" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E088316F40E43FBF0" blockId="57.[1457,2668,286,1899]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E088316F40EF4FD12" bold="true" box="[1460,1731,680,713]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Singing Voles are well known for communal hay piles of dried grass, shrubs, and forbs aboveground and cached food such as tubers underground for long winters. Caches are made primarily by immature individuals of the age class that is most likely to survive winter. Diet is primarily herbaceous plants and fungi, with noted affinity for feeding on horsetail (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E051117190087FCBD" box="[2086,2224,837,870]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Equisetaceae" genus="Equisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Equisetales" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Equisetum</taxonomicName>
|
||
arvense,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E041D171901DDFCBD" box="[2346,2538,837,870]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Equisetaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Equisetales" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Equisetaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), cottongrass (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E0B3A172D0E9DFC55" box="[1549,1706,881,910]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Eriophorum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eriophorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
angustifolium,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E0A4F172D0014FC55" box="[1912,2083,881,910]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), coltsfoot (Petasitesfrigidus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E0481172D026FFC55" box="[2486,2648,881,910]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), bearberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E0B6F17C40F25FC6E" box="[1624,1810,920,949]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" genus="Arctostaphylos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Arctostaphylos</taxonomicName>
|
||
rubra,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E0A4B17C4003BFC6E" box="[1916,2060,920,949]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ericaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Ericaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and willows. Because Singing Voles are highly social and tend to congregate at particularsites, they can have an intense localized impact on vegetation through selective feeding and from nutrients deposited in their feces.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E0884106E0195FB12" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0884106E0195FB12" blockId="57.[1457,2668,286,1899]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E0884106E0E0EFB88" bold="true" box="[1459,1593,1074,1107]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeding occurs in June-August, and litters have 4-12 young. Seasonal patterns of spatial overlap of Singing Voles that are of reproductive age suggest promiscuous mating system and some flexibility in territoriality. Males were shown to be territorial earlier in the breeding season; females tended to be territorial later.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E088610930E7AFAE5" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E088610930E7AFAE5" blockId="57.[1457,2668,286,1899]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E088610930EA9FB2B" bold="true" box="[1457,1694,1231,1264]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Singing Voles are active
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF97205E053F10930000FB2B" box="[2056,2103,1231,1264]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
and night and throughout the year. In winter, they are dependent on sites with adequate snow cover to avoid harsh winter conditions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E088411190095F912" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E088411190095F912" blockId="57.[1457,2668,286,1899]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E08841119004FFABD" bold="true" box="[1459,2168,1349,1382]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Home ranges are hypothesized to increase with body size for males and females, with males generally having larger home ranges (average 1250 m* for adult males and 450 m?* for adult females). In a study on the north slope of the Brooks Range, Alaska, population density estimates ranged from a peak of 45 ind/ha to a low of 9 ind/ha, while a different study in the same region reported a range of 50 ind/ha to 5 ind/ ha. Highly social behavior tends to concentrate populations to localized areas and facilitates maintenance of extensive burrow systems under snow. Thought to be semi-colonial, their well-documented singing appears to be a warning signal when predators are nearby. Others have suggested, however, that vocalizations are related to territoriality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E0884128C01FAF92A" box="[1459,2509,1744,1777]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E0884128C01FAF92A" blockId="57.[1457,2668,286,1899]" box="[1459,2509,1744,1777]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E0884128C0F38F92A" bold="true" box="[1459,1807,1744,1777]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF97205E088412A30EF3F8BC" pageId="57" pageNumber="334" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF97205E088412A30EF3F8BC" blockId="57.[1457,2668,286,1899]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF97205E088412A30E7BF8C3" bold="true" box="[1459,1612,1791,1816]" pageId="57" pageNumber="334">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Batzli & Henttonen (1993), Bee & Hall (1956), Douglass (1984), Hall (1981), MacDonald & Cook (2009), Maguire & Rowe (2017), Murie (1961), Musser & Carleton (2005), Rausch (1950, 1953), Wilson & Ruff (1999), Youngman (1975).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |