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Suborder
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF9FFC8DD7DF9F9721B494F" authority="Kuhn, 1913" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1913" box="[277,521,1618,1644]" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Filifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">
Filifera
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF9FFC8DD11F9F9721B494F" author="Kuhn, A." box="[377,521,1618,1644]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 284" refId="ref59332" refString="Kuhn, A. (1913) Entwicklungsgeschichte und Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Hydrozoen. I. Teil: Die Hydroiden. Ergebnisse und Fortschritte der Zoologie, 4, 1 - 284." type="journal article" year="1913">Kühn, 1913</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AEAE822FFF9FFC8DCFFF93671B14997" author="Kuhn, A." box="[151,419,1693,1716]" page="227" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" year="1913">
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF9FFC8DCFFF93671B14997" authority="Kuhn, 1913: 227" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityPageNumber="227" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,419,1693,1716]" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Filifera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">
Filifera
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF9FFC8DC84F93671B14997" author="Kuhn, A." box="[236,419,1693,1716]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 284" refId="ref59332" refString="Kuhn, A. (1913) Entwicklungsgeschichte und Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Hydrozoen. I. Teil: Die Hydroiden. Ergebnisse und Fortschritte der Zoologie, 4, 1 - 284." type="journal article" year="1913">Kühn, 1913: 227</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFF9FFC8DCFFF94E74C44804" blockId="7.[151,1436,1765,1991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF9FFC8DCFFF94E710549DC" bold="true" box="[151,279,1765,1791]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Anthoathecate hydroids with hydranth tentacles filiform, not capitate or moniliform (an exception is
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF9FFC8DCDAF8A671EE4804" authority="Coward, 1909" authorityName="Coward" authorityYear="1909" box="[178,508,1805,1831]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptilocodiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Ptilocodiidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF9FFC8DD3BF8A671EE4804" author="Coward, W. E." box="[339,508,1805,1831]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="729 - 735" refId="ref54439" refString="Coward, W. E. (1909) On Ptilocodium repens a new gymnoblastic hydroid epizoic on a pennatulid. Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Verslag van de Gewone Vergaderingen der Wis-en Natuurkundige Afdeeling, 17, 729 - 735." type="journal article" year="1909">Coward, 1909</bibRefCitation>
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, having dactylozooids with or usually with capitate tentacles).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFF9FFC8DCAEF89E739F48BC" blockId="7.[151,1436,1765,1991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Gonophores fixed sporosacs, eumedusoids, or medusae. Medusae, when present, with mouth surrounded by four lips or, if mouth is round and lacks lips, with oral tentacles on or above rim; gonads on manubrium, usually subdivided into perradial, interradial, or adradial masses.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFF9FFC8DCAEF806743048E4" blockId="7.[151,1436,1765,1991]" box="[198,1058,1965,1991]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Cnidome usually including desmonemes and euryteles; stenoteles absent.</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF6FFC7DCAEFF3C712D4F92" bold="true" box="[198,319,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Remarks.</emphasis>
Representatives of the suborder
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Filifera
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DF74FF3373B44F91" author="Kuhn, A." box="[796,934,152,178]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 284" refId="ref59332" refString="Kuhn, A. (1913) Entwicklungsgeschichte und Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen der Hydrozoen. I. Teil: Die Hydroiden. Ergebnisse und Fortschritte der Zoologie, 4, 1 - 284." type="journal article" year="1913">Kühn, 1913</bibRefCitation>
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are distinguished by having filiform tentacles and a cnidome usually including desmonemes and euryteles, but lacking stenoteles. The group is apparently not monophyletic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DDD5FF4372954E21" author="Daly, M. &amp; Brugler, M. R. &amp; Cartwright, P. &amp; Collins, A. G. &amp; Dawson, M. N. &amp; Fautin, D. G. &amp; France, S. C. &amp; McFadden, C. S. &amp; Opresko, D. M. &amp; Rodriguez, E. &amp; Romano, S. L. &amp; Stake, J. L." box="[445,647,232,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="127 - 182" refId="ref54522" refString="Daly, M., Brugler, M. R., Cartwright, P., Collins, A. G., Dawson, M. N., Fautin, D. G., France, S. C., McFadden, C. S., Opresko, D. M., Rodriguez, E., Romano, S. L. &amp; Stake, J. L. (2007) The phylum Cnidaria: a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa, 1668, 127 - 182." type="journal article" year="2007">
Daly
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF6FFC7DE6AFF4372254E22" box="[514,567,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DEFDFF4373B64E21" author="Cartwright, P. &amp; Evans, N. M. &amp; Dunn, C. W. &amp; Marques, A. C. &amp; Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Schuchert, P. &amp; Collins, A. G." box="[661,932,232,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1663 - 1672" refId="ref53582" refString="Cartwright, P., Evans, N. M., Dunn, C. W., Marques, A. C., Miglietta, M. P., Schuchert, P. &amp; Collins, A. G. (2008) Phylogenetics of Hydroidolina (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 88, 1663 - 1672." type="journal article" year="2008">
Cartwright
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF6FFC7DF76FF4373464E22" box="[798,852,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
). It was assigned to the rank of order and subdivided into two suborders (Margelina
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DEE5FEBB73244E09" author="Haeckel, E." box="[653,822,272,298]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref57418" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 1, 360 pp." type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
and Pandeida
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DF8DFEBB74834E09" author="Haeckel, E." box="[997,1169,272,298]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref57418" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 1, 360 pp." type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7D8AFFEBB70F74E71" author="Bouillon, J. &amp; Boero, F." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="47 - 296" refId="ref51181" refString="Bouillon, J. &amp; Boero, F. (2000) Synopsis of the families and genera of the hydromedusae of the world, with a list of the worldwide species. Thalassia Salentina, 24, 47 - 296." type="journal article" year="2000">Bouillon &amp; Boero (2000)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DD4AFE9372344E71" author="Bouillon, J. &amp; Gravili, C. &amp; Pages, F. &amp; Gili, J. - M. &amp; Boero, F." box="[290,550,312,338]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref51270" refString="Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J. - M. &amp; Boero, F. (2006) An introduction to Hydrozoa. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 194, 591 pp." type="book" year="2006">
Bouillon
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF6FFC7DDFAFE9371D54E72" box="[402,455,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. (2006)
</bibRefCitation>
based on differences in attributes of the medusa stage. That classification has not been followed in revisions of European
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7DE89FECB73254E59" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1913" box="[737,823,352,378]" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Filifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Filifera</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DF02FECB74234E59" author="Schuchert, P." box="[874,1073,352,378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="315 - 369" refId="ref64494" refString="Schuchert, P. (2004) Revision of the European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): families Oceanidae and Pachycordylidae. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 111, 315 - 369." type="journal article" year="2004">Schuchert (2004</bibRefCitation>
, 2007, 2008a, b). Meanwhile, ideas about phylogeny of the group continue to evolve, and classification will gradually follow. For example,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DCFFFE1B71AA4EE9" author="Cartwright, P. &amp; Evans, N. M. &amp; Dunn, C. W. &amp; Marques, A. C. &amp; Miglietta, M. P. &amp; Schuchert, P. &amp; Collins, A. G." box="[151,440,432,458]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1663 - 1672" refId="ref53582" refString="Cartwright, P., Evans, N. M., Dunn, C. W., Marques, A. C., Miglietta, M. P., Schuchert, P. &amp; Collins, A. G. (2008) Phylogenetics of Hydroidolina (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 88, 1663 - 1672." type="journal article" year="2008">
Cartwright
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF6FFC7DD49FE1B714A4EEA" box="[289,344,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. (2008)
</bibRefCitation>
recognized four separate clades in
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7DF04FE1B73D54EE9" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1913" box="[876,967,432,458]" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Filifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Filifera</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7DFBEFE1B743E4EE9" authorityName="Kuhn" authorityYear="1913" box="[982,1068,432,458]" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Filifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Filifera</taxonomicName>
I comprising
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7D8B3FE1B71514ED1" authority="L. Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" class="Hydrozoa" family="Eudendriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Eudendriidae L.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DCFFFE7371514ED1" author="Agassiz, L." box="[151,323,472,498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref49388" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV. Little, Brown, Boston, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7DD3AFE7371D74ED1" authority="II" authorityName="II" box="[338,453,472,498]" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Filifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Filifera II</taxonomicName>
comprising the genera
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7DE8BFE7374334ED1" authority="Schuchert, 1996" authorityName="Schuchert" authorityYear="1996" box="[739,1057,472,498]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Magapiidae" genus="Fabienna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF6FFC7DE8BFE7373414ED2" box="[739,851,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fabienna</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DF35FE7374334ED1" author="Schuchert, P." box="[861,1057,472,498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 159" refId="ref64339" refString="Schuchert, P. (1996) The marine fauna of New Zealand: athecate hydroids and their medusae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 106, 1 - 159." type="journal article" year="1996">Schuchert, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7D858FE7375854ED1" authority="Brandt, 1835" authorityName="Brandt" authorityYear="1835" box="[1072,1431,472,498]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Proboscidactylidae" genus="Proboscidactyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF6FFC7D858FE7374FD4ED2" box="[1072,1263,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Proboscidactyla</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7D891FE7375854ED1" author="Brandt, J. F." box="[1273,1431,472,498]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref51572" refString="Brandt, J. F. (1835) Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio in orbis terrarum circumnavigatione observatorum. Fascicule I. Polypos, Acalephas Discophoras et Siphonophoras, nec non Echinodermata continens. Sumptibus Academiae, Petropoli, 75 pp." type="book" year="1835">Brandt, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7DCFFFDAB72994D39" authority="Schuchert &amp; Reiswig, 2006" authorityName="Schuchert &amp; Reiswig" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,651,512,538]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bythotiaridae" genus="Brinckmannia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF6FFC7DCFFFDAB712F4D3A" box="[151,317,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brinckmannia</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DD2CFDAB72994D39" author="Schuchert, P. &amp; Reiswig, H. M." box="[324,651,512,538]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="564 - 572" refId="ref64741" refString="Schuchert, P. &amp; Reiswig, H. M. (2006) Brinckmannia hexactinellidophila, n. gen., n. sp.: a hydroid living in tissues of glass sponges of the reefs, fjords, and seamounts of Pacific Canada and Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 84, 564 - 572." type="journal article" year="2006">Schuchert &amp; Reiswig, 2006</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7DEA1FDAB74304D39" authority="Stechow, 1909" authorityName="Stechow" authorityYear="1909" box="[713,1058,512,538]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Ptilocodiidae" genus="Hydrichthella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF6FFC7DEA1FDAB737E4D3A" box="[713,876,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hydrichthella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DF1BFDAB74304D39" author="Stechow, E." box="[883,1058,512,538]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 111" refId="ref65195" refString="Stechow, E. (1909) Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte Ostasiens. Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Doflein. Hydroidpolypen der japanischen Ostkuste. I. Teil: Athecata und Plumularidae. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Koniglichen Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Supplement-Band 1 (6), 1 - 111." type="journal article" year="1909">Stechow, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7D846FDAB74BB4D39" authority="III" authorityName="III" box="[1070,1193,512,538]" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Filifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Filifera III</taxonomicName>
comprising
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7D954FDAB71AC4D61" authority="L. Agassiz, 1862" authorityName="L. Agassiz" authorityYear="1862" class="Hydrozoa" family="Hydractiniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Hydractiniidae L.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DD70FD8371AC4D61" author="Agassiz, L." box="[280,446,552,578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref49388" refString="Agassiz, L. (1862) Contributions to the natural history of the United States of America. Vol. IV. Little, Brown, Boston, 380 pp." type="book" year="1862">Agassiz, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7DD90FD83730F4D61" authority="Gray, 1847" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1847" box="[504,797,552,578]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Stylasteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Stylasteridae
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DEFFFD83730F4D61" author="Gray, J. E." box="[663,797,552,578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="120 - 128" refId="ref57097" refString="Gray, J. E. (1847) An outline of an arrangement of stony corals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 19, 120 - 128." type="journal article" year="1847">Gray, 1847</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; and
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7DF34FD8373CB4D61" authority="IV" authorityName="IV" box="[860,985,552,578]" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Filifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Filifera IV</taxonomicName>
comprising
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7D805FD8375914D61" authority="Allman, 1859" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1859" box="[1133,1411,552,578]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" genus="Dicoryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF6FFC7D805FD8374C84D62" box="[1133,1242,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Dicoryne</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7D889FD8375914D61" author="Allman, G. J." box="[1249,1411,552,578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="367 - 370" refId="ref49548" refString="Allman, G. J. (1859) Notes on the hydroid zoophytes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 3, 4, 367 - 370." type="journal article" year="1859">Allman, 1859</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7DCFFFDFB72144D49" authority="Lutken, 1850" authorityName="Lutken" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,518,592,618]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Bougainvilliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Bougainvilliidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DD0EFDFB72144D49" author="Lutken, C." box="[358,518,592,618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="15 - 35" refId="ref59921" refString="Lutken, C. (1850) Nogle Bemaerkninger om Medusernes systematiske Inddeling, navnlig med Hensyn til Forbes's History of Brittish naked-eyed medusae. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhavn, 1850, 15 - 35." type="journal article" year="1850">Lütken, 1850</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7DE46FDFB73854D49" authority="Eschscholtz, 1829" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1829" box="[558,919,592,618]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Oceaniidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DED5FDFB73854D49" author="Eschscholtz, F." box="[701,919,592,618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref55393" refString="Eschscholtz, F. (1829) System der Acalephen. Eine ausfurliche Beschreibung aller medusenartigen Strahltiere. Ferdinand Dummler, Berlin, 190 pp." type="book" year="1829">Eschscholtz, 1829</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7DFD7FDFB74E24D49" authority="Haeckel, 1879" authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" box="[959,1264,592,618]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Pandeidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7D82BFDFB74E24D49" author="Haeckel, E." box="[1091,1264,592,618]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref57418" refString="Haeckel, E. (1879) Das System der Medusen. Erster Theil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 1, 360 pp." type="book" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
+
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7D970FDFB71284DB1" authority="Russell, 1953" authorityName="Russell" authorityYear="1953" class="Hydrozoa" family="Rathkeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">
Rathkeidae
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DCFFFDD371284DB1" author="Russell, F. S." box="[151,314,632,658]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref64047" refString="Russell, F. S. (1953) The medusae of the British Isles. Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae, Limnomedusae, Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 530 pp." type="book" year="1953">Russell, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(with the four included families forming a group termed “Gonoproxima,” all having gonophores on hydrocauli, pedicels, or stolons rather than on the hydranth body column).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF4CE33FFF6FFC7DCAEFD6374AE4DC1" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,738]" box="[198,1212,712,738]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Currently included in
<taxonomicName id="4C4BB5B0FFF6FFC7DDA0FD63720C4DC1" box="[456,542,712,738]" class="Demospongiae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Filifera" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Porifera" rank="order">Filifera</taxonomicName>
are 22 families and about 765 species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDAB3C2FFF6FFC7DF84FD6374A24DC1" author="Daly, M. &amp; Brugler, M. R. &amp; Cartwright, P. &amp; Collins, A. G. &amp; Dawson, M. N. &amp; Fautin, D. G. &amp; France, S. C. &amp; McFadden, C. S. &amp; Opresko, D. M. &amp; Rodriguez, E. &amp; Romano, S. L. &amp; Stake, J. L." box="[1004,1200,712,738]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="127 - 182" refId="ref54522" refString="Daly, M., Brugler, M. R., Cartwright, P., Collins, A. G., Dawson, M. N., Fautin, D. G., France, S. C., McFadden, C. S., Opresko, D. M., Rodriguez, E., Romano, S. L. &amp; Stake, J. L. (2007) The phylum Cnidaria: a review of phylogenetic patterns and diversity 300 years after Linnaeus. Zootaxa, 1668, 127 - 182." type="journal article" year="2007">
Daly
<emphasis id="B93F1221FFF6FFC7D846FD6374704DC2" box="[1070,1122,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>