treatments-xml/data/03/D0/39/03D03943FFFFFFA6FEF4BBB2FBD7FB7B.xml

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<mods:title id="8DF61C132F832884F617C47E59F823CE">Revision of the South American Ceratognathini (Coleoptera: Lucanidae: Aesalinae) with the description of a new genus and a new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EF2D649A04D149C44BE9871BA7CA6C5C">Paulsen, M. J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1F124C133361CA497FD2A2926383FC35">Division of Entomology, University of Nebraska State Museum, W 436 Nebraska Hall, Lincoln, NE, USA,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="32FF155EFE01222A45EB2795FB54CB20">Mondaca, José</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="9EC16D0399A626B8CF2467D83BBDB6A3">2006</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C363DBDEFFFFFFA5FEF4BBB2FCCCFD74" box="[264,841,657,683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC68855FFFFFFA5FEF4BBB2FCCCFD74" blockId="5.[264,841,657,683]" box="[264,841,657,683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<heading id="D08E3F39FFFFFFA5FEF4BBB2FCCCFD74" bold="true" box="[264,841,657,683]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFFFFA5FEF4BBB2FCCCFD74" bold="true" box="[264,841,657,683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<taxonomicName id="4C79F3D6FFFFFFA5FEF4BBB2FD31FD74" ID-CoL="63768" authority="Paulsen and Mondaca" authorityName="Paulsen and Mondaca" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,692,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Hilophyllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFFFFA5FEF4BBB2FE10FD74" bold="true" box="[264,405,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Hilophyllus</emphasis>
Paulsen and Mondaca
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23EE93CFFFFFFA5FD3CBBB2FCC1FD74" box="[704,836,657,683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C363DBDEFFFFFFA5FEF4BBEDFAAEFA06" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC68855FFFFFFA5FEF4BBEDFB9FFD3A" blockId="5.[264,1050,718,742]" box="[264,1050,718,742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<typeStatus id="54C236F7FFFFFFA5FEF4BBEDFEB8FD3A" box="[264,317,718,741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Type</typeStatus>
species: 
<taxonomicName id="4C79F3D6FFFFFFA5FE63BBECFCE4FD3A" authority="Martinez, 1976: 101" authorityName="Martinez" authorityPageNumber="101" authorityYear="1976" box="[415,865,718,742]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Ceratognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penai">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFFFFA5FE63BBECFDFAFD39" box="[415,639,719,742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ceratognathus penai</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE8F5A4FFFFFFA5FD7ABBEDFCE4FD3A" author="Martinez, A." box="[646,865,718,741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="100 - 106" refId="ref8147" refString="Martinez, A. (1976) Un interesante Aesalinae neotropical (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Entomologischen Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey, 27, 100 - 106." type="journal article" year="1976">Martínez, 1976: 101</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, here designated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC68855FFFFFFA5FEF4BA34FE17FCEF" blockId="5.[264,1324,791,1900]" box="[264,402,791,816]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFFFFA5FEF4BA34FE17FCEF" box="[264,402,791,816]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC68855FFFFFFA5FEC4BA1DFAAEFA06" blockId="5.[264,1324,791,1900]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFFFFA5FEC4BA1DFE12FC87" bold="true" box="[312,407,830,856]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Length:</emphasis>
<quantity id="4C8125B0FFFFFFA5FE5EBA1CFD9BFC86" box="[418,542,831,857]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="9.5" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" unit="mm" value="8.75" valueMax="9.5" valueMin="8.0">8–9.5 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFFFFA5FDCABA1DFD6EFC87" bold="true" box="[566,747,830,856]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Color/Surface:</emphasis>
Reddish­brown to dark brown, weakly shining. Dorsum covered with large punctures (integumental pits 
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFFFFA5FC39BA44FB83FC5F" box="[965,1030,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">sensu</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE8F5A4FFFFFFA5FBEEBA44FB55FC5E" author="Holloway, B. A." box="[1042,1232,871,897]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="641 - 656" refId="ref8031" refString="Holloway, B. A. (1998) A re-evaluation of the genera of New Zealand aesaline stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Journal of The Royal Society of New Zealand, 28 (4), 641 - 656." type="journal article" year="1998">Holloway 1998</bibRefCitation>
), many with a single, elongate, apically acute scale arising at center (
<figureCitation id="134294D0FFFFFFA5FBD2BAACFB43FC76" box="[1070,1222,911,937]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–18" captionStartId="13.[264,383,1475,1499]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,567,1451]" captionTargetId="figure-216@13.[264,1323,555,1451]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 13–18. 13, detail of elytral surface of H. argentinensis showing scale, puncture, and smooth surface structure. Scale bar = 100 m. 14, detail of elytral surface of H. martinezi showing scale, puncture, and minutely­wrinkled surface structure. Scale bar = 100 m. 15, right antenna of male H. argentinensis. Scale bar = 200 m. 16, right antenna of male H. martinezi. Scale bar = 200 m. 17, scape of right antenna of male H. martinezi. Scale bar = 50 m. 18, external surface of apex of right paramere of male H. martinezi showing two minute teeth. Scale bar = 50 m." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 13–14</figureCitation>
); scales longitudinally ribbed, lacking anastomosing cross­bars. Ventral surface coarsely punctate, setose. 
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFFFFA5FE84BAFDFE46FC27" bold="true" box="[376,451,990,1016]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Head:</emphasis>
Frons lacking tubercles. Eyes lacking canthus, enlarged in males. Mandibles small in both sexes, interlocking when closed, not longer than 1/2 length of head, tridentate (larger acute apical tooth with dorsal and ventral teeth); apical tooth strongly curved inward at middle in male, gradually curved in female; dorsal tooth broader in male; ventral tooth of right mandible generally strong, occasionally reduced to barely indicated angulation. Antennae 10­segmented, non­geniculate. Scape (
<figureCitation id="134294D0FFFFFFA5FBACBD84FB20FB1E" box="[1104,1189,1191,1217]" captionStart="FIGURES 13–18" captionStartId="13.[264,383,1475,1499]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,567,1451]" captionTargetId="figure-216@13.[264,1323,555,1451]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 13–18. 13, detail of elytral surface of H. argentinensis showing scale, puncture, and smooth surface structure. Scale bar = 100 m. 14, detail of elytral surface of H. martinezi showing scale, puncture, and minutely­wrinkled surface structure. Scale bar = 100 m. 15, right antenna of male H. argentinensis. Scale bar = 200 m. 16, right antenna of male H. martinezi. Scale bar = 200 m. 17, scape of right antenna of male H. martinezi. Scale bar = 50 m. 18, external surface of apex of right paramere of male H. martinezi showing two minute teeth. Scale bar = 50 m." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
) more than 3x longer than second segment, curved, with dorsal carina dividing the anterior and posterior faces (less noticeable on female); anterior face of scape alutaceous with several stout, erect bristles; posterodorsal face glabrous, shining, lacking longitudinal groove. Club three­segmented, sexually dimorphic (male club segments elongate, slender, as long as or longer than length of head, female club segments subequal in length to 1/2 length of head, 
<figureCitation id="134294D0FFFFFFA5FEB2BCB4FE3AFA6E" box="[334,447,1431,1457]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="8.[264,382,1611,1635]" captionTargetBox="[272,1285,617,1590]" captionTargetId="figure-176@8.[264,1323,609,1604]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. 1, dorsal habitus of male Hilophyllus penai. 2, dorsal habitus of male H. argentinensis. 3, dorsal habitus of male holotype H. martinezi, n.sp. 4, dorsal view of head of female H. penai showing smaller antennal club, eyes, and mandibles. 5, dorsal view of head of male H. penai showing eyes and mandibles. 6, dorsal view of head of male H. argentinensis showing large eyes and bent, interlocking mandibles. Scale bar = 2 mm (Figs. 1–3) or 1 mm (Figs. 4–6)." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 1–4</figureCitation>
), segments subcylindrical, slightly increasing in diameter distally, densely pubescent except at base; pubescence long, golden, longer in male than in female.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C363DBDEFFFFFFA6FEF4BCC5FBD7FB7B" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC68855FFFFFFA6FEF4BCC5FE0DFDDB" blockId="5.[264,1324,791,1900]" lastBlockId="6.[264,1323,284,516]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFFFFA5FEF4BCC5FE0EF9DF" bold="true" box="[264,395,1510,1536]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pronotum:</emphasis>
Sides explanate to strongly explanate, more strongly explanate in males. Anterior angle produced or truncate, converging strongly to head in female. Lateral margin broadly rounded, widest at middle. 
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFFFFA5FD38BF15FC9DF98F" bold="true" box="[708,792,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Elytra:</emphasis>
Shape elongate, slightly broader in female, widest at basal third. 
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFFFFA5FDE8BF7DFDD2F9A7" bold="true" box="[532,599,1630,1656]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Legs:</emphasis>
Anterior tibiae with apical tooth and one prominent median tooth (teeth stronger in females), remaining teeth smaller and uniform (more or less serrate, 
<figureCitation id="134294D0FFFFFFA5FE97BF8CFE67F916" box="[363,482,1711,1737]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–12" captionStartId="9.[264,382,1737,1761]" captionTargetBox="[295,1303,331,1716]" captionTargetId="figure-74@9.[295,1303,326,1716]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 7–12. 7, right protibiae of Hilophyllus penai, female (a) and male (b). 8, right protibiae of H. argentinensis female (a) and male (b). 9, right protibia of H. martinezi holotype male. 10, right protibia of Mitophyllus irroratus male. 11, right protibia of Ceratognathus niger female. 12, right protibia of Holloceratognathus helotoides male." pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 7–9</figureCitation>
). Mesotibiae with or without external tooth. Metatibiae elongate, cylindrical in cross­section, lacking larger teeth or spines, with regular, longitudinal rows of setae. 
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFFFFA5FE7ABE22FD86F8C4" bold="true" box="[390,515,1793,1819]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Abdomen:</emphasis>
Apex of 5 
<superScript id="7C0C251DFFFFFFA5FD71BFDDFD1CF8D3" attach="left" box="[653,665,1790,1804]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">th</superScript>
ventrite truncate in males, convex in females. 
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFFFFA5FB10BE22FEFEF89C" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Male genitalia:</emphasis>
Internal sac eversible. Basal piece large, median lobe bulbous basally and narrowing to apex, contiguous with parameres, sclerotized dorsally, undivided ventrally. Parameres symmetrical and elongate, lacking longitudinal ribbing, apex simple, bidentate, or hooked. Paired plates on dorsum of 9 
<superScript id="7C0C251DFFFCFFA6FD1BB867FD76FE8D" attach="left" box="[743,755,324,338]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">th</superScript>
abdominal segment (genital capsule) triangular. 
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFCFFA6FEF4B84CFE6DFE56" bold="true" box="[264,488,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Female genitalia:</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="134294D0FFFCFFA6FDFEB84CFDE6FE56" box="[514,611,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–24" captionStartId="14.[264,383,1638,1662]" captionTargetBox="[300,1293,973,1617]" captionTargetId="figure-317@14.[300,1293,967,1617]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 19–24. 19, ventral view of male genitalia, H. penai. 20, ventral view of male genitalia, H. argentinensis. 21, ventral view of male genitalia, H. martinezi. 22, female genitalia of H. penai. Terminology as in Holloway (1998): BC = bursa copulatrix, H = hemisternite, H9 = ninth hemisternite, SD = spermathecal duct, SG? = spermathecal gland (not seen), SP = spermatheca, ST = stylus. 23, outline of anterior portion of pronotum of H. argentinensis, showing lack of produced anterior angles. 24, outline of anterior portion of pronotum of H. martinezi, showing produced anterior angles." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C79F3D6FFFCFFA6FD85B84CFD6DFE57" authorityName="Martinez" authorityYear="1976" box="[633,744,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Ceratognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="penai">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFCFFA6FD85B84CFD6DFE57" box="[633,744,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">H. penai</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined) Hemisternite laterally emarginate, emargination receiving apex of 9 
<superScript id="7C0C251DFFFCFFA6FD6CB8B4FD19FE7A" attach="left" box="[656,668,407,421]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">th</superScript>
hemisternite. Bursa copulatrix bilobed. Spermathecal duct much shorter than spermatheca (spermathecal gland not located on dissected specimen).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC68855FFFCFFA6FEF4BB19FB92FDA3" blockId="6.[264,1047,570,636]" box="[264,1047,570,636]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFCFFA6FEF4BB19FE12FD8C" box="[264,407,570,595]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distribution</emphasis>
South America: Central 
<collectingCountry id="F36EC8C5FFFCFFA6FDA9BB41FD10FDA3" box="[597,661,610,636]" name="Chile" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Chile</collectingCountry>
and adjacent areas of 
<collectingCountry id="F36EC8C5FFFCFFA6FC66BB41FB97FDA3" box="[922,1042,610,636]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC68855FFFCFFA6FEF4BB91FE00FD14" blockId="6.[264,1323,690,913]" box="[264,389,690,715]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFCFFA6FEF4BB91FE00FD14" box="[264,389,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC68855FFFCFFA6FEC4BBF4FD23FC4E" blockId="6.[264,1323,690,913]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The name 
<taxonomicName id="4C79F3D6FFFCFFA6FE46BBFBFDC7FD2E" authorityName="Paulsen and Mondaca" authorityYear="2006" box="[442,578,728,753]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Hilophyllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFCFFA6FE46BBFBFDC7FD2E" box="[442,578,728,753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hilophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is created from the Spanish 
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFCFFA6FC58BBFBFC54FD2E" box="[932,977,728,753]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">hilo</emphasis>
(thread) and Greek (
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFCFFA6FEEEBA23FEEFFCC6" box="[274,362,768,793]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">phyllon</emphasis>
), latinized 
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFCFFA6FE08BA23FDCCFCC6" box="[500,585,768,793]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">phyllus</emphasis>
(leaves), in reference to the long, threadlike segments of the antennal club. The name is constructed to be similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C79F3D6FFFCFFA6FC6ABA0BFBA7FC9E" authorityName="Parry" authorityYear="1843" box="[918,1058,808,833]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Mitophyllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFCFFA6FC6ABA0BFBA7FC9E" box="[918,1058,808,833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mitophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Greek 
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFCFFA6FB7EBA0BFB4CFC9E" box="[1154,1225,808,833]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">mitos,</emphasis>
thread), to indicate a closer affinity between the two genera than of either with 
<taxonomicName id="4C79F3D6FFFCFFA6FB89BA73FAA6FCB6" baseAuthorityName="sensu Holloway" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1141,1315,848,873]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Ceratognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFCFFA6FB89BA73FAA6FCB6" box="[1141,1315,848,873]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Ceratognathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C79F3D6FFFCFFA6FEF4BA5BFE14FC4E" authorityName="Paulsen and Mondaca" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,401,888,913]" class="Insecta" family="Lucanidae" genus="Hilophyllus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFCFFA6FEF4BA5BFE14FC4E" box="[264,401,888,913]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hilophyllus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is masculine in gender.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC68855FFFCFFA6FEF4BAE1FEFAFC04" blockId="6.[264,1323,962,1188]" box="[264,383,962,987]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="B90D5447FFFCFFA6FEF4BAE1FEFAFC04" box="[264,383,962,987]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC68855FFFCFFA6FEC4BAC9FBD7FB7B" blockId="6.[264,1323,962,1188]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Head unarmed, lacking tubercles on frons. Antennal scape with anterior face alutaceous, posterodorsal face shining, without longitudinal groove. Hind tibiae of male with regular longitudinal rows of setae, lacking setiferous patch. Male mandibles small, similar in shape and size to female mandibles, not highly sexually dimorphic. Elytral scales elongate, apically acute. Female genitalia with short, broad styli.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>