978 lines
131 KiB
XML
978 lines
131 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="6EC39E34898D483082F48F6899A2808E">Redescription of extinct New Zealand earthworm: (Schmarda, 1861) (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C25B4549CBAFEDFECAC0682FBA463392">Bŀ, Robert J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="70FA5BA6F4D0DD3D21A7F3C66892FAD5">Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum (Natural Science)</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="6D287325DA63ADE583C6DABECFA67ECD">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FC87635D578D6940CF785BDE9D0EC1C1">2019-02-28</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03C98427E154E455FF3AF97B9F75F99B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205448" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11205448" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C98427E154E455FF3AF97B9F75F99B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C98427E154E455FF3AF97B9F75F99B" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
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<subSubSection id="C37A66BAE154E450FF3AF97B9883F911" box="[198,765,1727,1753]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDF3531E154E450FF3AF97B9883F911" blockId="0.[189,775,1690,1889]" box="[198,765,1727,1753]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E154E450FF3AF97B9806F911" authority="(Schmarda, 1861)" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[198,632,1727,1753]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
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<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FF3AF97B9BD0F911" bold="true" box="[198,430,1727,1753]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Tokea orthostichon</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FE41F905980EF911" author="Schmarda, L. K." box="[445,624,1729,1753]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="ref5198" refString="Schmarda, L. K., 1861. Neue Wirbellose Thiere Gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde. Vol. 1 (2). 212 pp. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig." type="book" year="1861">Schmarda, 1861</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="135B29B4E154E450FD7BF905988FF911" box="[647,753,1729,1753]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStartId-0="0.[901,941,1985,2006]" captionStartId-1="1.[193,229,548,569]" captionStartId-2="1.[193,227,1039,1060]" captionStartId-3="1.[193,227,1515,1536]" captionStartId-4="1.[193,227,1998,2019]" captionStartId-5="1.[854,890,546,567]" captionTargetBox-0="[944,1350,1463,1942]" captionTargetBox-1="[193,707,151,537]" captionTargetBox-2="[193,694,642,1019]" captionTargetBox-3="[193,694,1118,1495]" captionTargetBox-4="[193,694,1602,1977]" captionTargetBox-5="[819,1356,151,535]" captionTargetId-0="figure-367@0.[901,1364,1436,1965]" captionTargetId-1="figure-115@1.[193,695,151,528]" captionTargetId-2="figure-129@1.[193,695,642,1019]" captionTargetId-3="figure-137@1.[193,695,1118,1495]" captionTargetId-4="figure-151@1.[193,695,1601,1977]" captionTargetId-5="figure-163@1.[854,1356,151,526]" captionTargetPageId-0="0" captionTargetPageId-2="1" captionTargetPageId-3="1" captionTargetPageId-4="1" captionTargetPageId-5="1" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Schmarda's original figure (from Blakemore 2000b; fig.105; 2012:fig.12)." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Loaned type as received in Japan in 2016 (author's photo)." captionText-2="Fig.3. Prostomium (author's photo 2016)." captionText-3="Fig. 4. Deteriorating clitellum and ventrum pinned at 12–13 (ditto)." captionText-4="Fig.5. Distinctive male pores on 18 (ditto)." captionText-5="Fig. 6. Spermatheca in 8lhs in setal "a" line, with ventral nerve (ditto)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205444" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205446" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205452" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205454" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205456" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205450" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11205444/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11205446/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/11205452/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/11205454/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/11205456/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/11205450/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Figs. 1–6</figureCitation>
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).
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37A66BAE154E451FF41F9209E79FCC0" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BDF3531E154E450FF41F9209F53FC6D" blockId="0.[189,775,1690,1889]" lastBlockId="0.[850,1436,910,1379]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
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<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E154E450FF41F92098BCF933" authority="Schmarda, 1861: 12" authorityName="Schmarda" authorityPageNumber="12" authorityYear="1861" box="[189,706,1764,1787]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Hypogaeon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
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<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FF41F9209BABF933" box="[189,469,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Hypogaeon orthostichon</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FE22F92098BCF933" author="Schmarda, L. K." box="[478,706,1764,1787]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="ref5198" refString="Schmarda, L. K., 1861. Neue Wirbellose Thiere Gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde. Vol. 1 (2). 212 pp. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig." type="book" year="1861">Schmarda, 1861: 12</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(with text-fig. of seta), pl. 18, fig. 159;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FDD3F8C2997DF8D5" author="Beddard, F. E." box="[559,771,1798,1821]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="235 - 290" refId="ref4030" refString="Beddard, F. E., 1891. The classification and distribution of earthworms. Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society Edinburgh, 10: 235 - 290." type="journal article" year="1891">Beddard, 1891: 278</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FF29F8EC9BD6F8F7" author="Benham, W. B." box="[213,424,1832,1855]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="336 - 350" refId="ref4196" refString="Benham, W. B., 1947. A Yard-long Earthworm, Notoscolex hakeaphilus. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 77: 336 - 350." type="journal article" year="1947">Benham, 1947: 350</bibRefCitation>
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||
. [
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BBBAF4BE154E450FE44F8EC9867F8F7" box="[440,537,1832,1855]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">From Mt</collectingMunicipality>
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<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E154E450FDE3F8EC997CF8F7" box="[543,770,1832,1855]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
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<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E154E450FDE3F8EC98EAF8F7" box="[543,660,1832,1855]" country="New Zealand" name="Wellington" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Wellington</collectingRegion>
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<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E154E450FD65F8EC997CF8F7" box="[665,770,1832,1855]" country="New Zealand" name="Auckland" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Auckland</collectingRegion>
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</collectingRegion>
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, not
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||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E154E450FF01F88E9B1CF8A9" box="[253,354,1866,1889]" country="Australia" name="Tasmania" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Tasmania</collectingRegion>
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||
(
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<location id="8EBF63EAE154E450FE8CF88E9B98F8A9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C98427E154E455FF3AF97B9F75F99B:8EBF63EAE154E450FE8CF88E9B98F8A9" box="[368,486,1866,1889]" municipality="From Mt" name="Blakemore" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" stateProvince="Wellington Auckland">Blakemore</location>
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2000, 2012);
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||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E154E450FD80F88E98D7F8A9" box="[636,681,1866,1889]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
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||
listed as in both
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E154E450FC46FC4A9E7BFC6D" box="[954,1029,910,933]" country="Austria" name="Wien" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Vienna</collectingRegion>
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||
and Hamburg (see below)].
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E154E450FCAEFC7499A2FC22" blockId="0.[850,1436,910,1379]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E154E450FCAEFC749E28FC0F" box="[850,1110,944,967]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Lumbricus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
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<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FCAEFC749E28FC0F" box="[850,1110,944,967]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Lumbricus orthostichon</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
:
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FB9AFC749F4FFC0F" author="Hutton, F. W." box="[1126,1329,944,967]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="314 - 327" refId="ref4835" refString="Hutton, F. W., 1878. Catalogue of the hitherto described Worms of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, XI: 314 - 327 (footnote, p. 317)." type="journal article" year="1878">Hutton, 1878: 317</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FAC2FC7499A6FC22" author="Fletcher, J. J." pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="523 - 574" refId="ref4688" refString="Fletcher, J. J., 1886. Notes on Australian Earthworms. Part I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales Second Series, 1: 523 - 574." type="journal article" year="1886">Fletcher, 1886: 534</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E154E450FCAEFC3199A2FB5D" blockId="0.[850,1436,910,1379]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E154E450FCAEFC319E0EFBC4" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[850,1136,1013,1036]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Megascolides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
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<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FCAEFC319E0EFBC4" box="[850,1136,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Megascolides orthostichon</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
:
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FB83FC319F2AFBC4" author="Beddard, F. E." box="[1151,1364,1013,1036]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="113 - 134" refId="ref4060" refString="Beddard, F. E., 1892. The earthworms of the Vienna Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 6, 9: 113 - 134." type="journal article" year="1892">Beddard, 1892: 130</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FA9CFC3199E8FBE6" author="Beddard, F. E." pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="ref4091" refString="Beddard, F. E., 1895. A monograph of the Order Oligochaeta. 769 pp. Clarendon Press, Oxford." type="book" year="1895">1895: 496</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FC58FBD39EDDFBE6" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[932,1187,1047,1070]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="117 - 232" refId="ref5066" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1907. Oligochaeta. In Michaelsen, W. & R. Hartmeyer (eds.), Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens, pp. 117 - 232. Gustav Fischer, Jena." type="book chapter" year="1907">Michaelsen, 1907: 161</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FB4DFBD39F23FBE6" author="Lee, K. E." box="[1201,1373,1047,1070]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 486" refId="ref4911" refString="Lee, K. E., 1959. The earthworm fauna of New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific & Industrial Research Bulletin, 130: 1 - 486." type="journal article" year="1959">Lee, 1959: 349</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; (non
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FC96FBFD9E3BFB98" author="Lee, K. E." box="[874,1093,1081,1104]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="169 - 180" refId="ref4973" refString="Lee, K. E., 1962. New Zealand earthworms in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2: 169 - 180." type="journal article" year="1962">Lee, 1962: 175–176</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs. 11, 12 – see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E154E450FAEAFBFD9FF2FB98" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1905" box="[1302,1420,1081,1104]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="maorica">
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||
<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FAEAFBFD9FF2FB98" box="[1302,1420,1081,1104]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">T. maorica</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FC96FB989E51FBBB" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[874,1071,1116,1139]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="2000" refId="ref4229" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2000 a. The Earthworms of NZ. In Lee, K. E. and R. J., Blakemore (eds.), Noke a Aotearoa. The NZ Inventory of Biodiversity: A Species 2000 Symposium Review. Te Papa Museum, Wellington, NZ (Feb, 2000)." type="proceedings paper" year="2000">Blakemore, 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b: 261–263, fig. 105; 2010; 2011; 2012: 121.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E154E450FCAEFB649FEFFAD7" blockId="0.[850,1436,910,1379]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E154E450FCAEFB649E2BFB7F" box="[850,1109,1184,1207]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Notoscolex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
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||
<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FCAEFB649E2BFB7F" box="[850,1109,1184,1207]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Notoscolex orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FB99FB649F23FB7F" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[1125,1373,1184,1207]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="ref5041" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1900. Das Tierreich, 10: Vermes, Oligochaeta. 575 pp. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin." type="book" year="1900">Michaelsen, 1900: 189</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FA95FB6499B3FB12" author="Ude, H." pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="405 - 501" refId="ref5269" refString="Ude, H., 1905. Terricole Oligochaten von den Inseln der Sudsee und von verschiedenen andern Gebieten der Erde. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie, LXXXIII: 405 - 501." type="book chapter" year="1905">Ude, 1905: 83</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 429;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FBEEFB079F5AFB12" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[1042,1316,1219,1242]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen, 1917: 38–40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Pl. I, figs. 12–14 (but fig. 14, was also ascribed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E154E450FAE0FB229FE2FB35" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[1308,1436,1254,1277]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="esculenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FAE0FB229FE2FB35" box="[1308,1436,1254,1277]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">T. esculenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E154E450FC96FACC99E9FAD7" box="[874,919,1288,1311]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FC43FACC9ED9FAD7" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[959,1191,1288,1311]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen, 1917: 48</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FB46FACC9FF3FAD7" author="Benham, W. B." box="[1210,1421,1288,1311]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="336 - 350" refId="ref4196" refString="Benham, W. B., 1947. A Yard-long Earthworm, Notoscolex hakeaphilus. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 77: 336 - 350." type="journal article" year="1947">Benham, 1947: 350</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E154E450FCAEFAEE9E61FAAB" blockId="0.[850,1436,910,1379]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E154E450FCAEFAEE9EAFFA89" authorityName="Fletcher" authorityYear="1887" box="[850,1233,1322,1345]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Notoscolex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FCAEFAEE99B0FA89" box="[850,974,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Notoscolex</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FC1EFAEE9E5DFA89" box="[994,1059,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Tokea</emphasis>
|
||
?)
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FBBFFAEE9EAFFA89" box="[1091,1233,1322,1345]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FB18FAEE99EBFAAB" author="Benham, W. B." pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="281 - 285" refId="ref4115" refString="Benham, W. B., 1904 a. Some Earthworms from the North Island of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 37: 281 - 285." type="journal article" year="1904">Benham, 1904a: 284</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FC5CFA889E65FAAB" author="Benham, W. B." box="[928,1051,1356,1379]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" pagination="220 - 235" refId="ref4152" refString="Benham, W. B., 1904 b. On some Edible and other New Species of Earthworms from the North Island of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1904 (II): 220 - 235." type="journal article" year="1904">1904b: 255</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<footnote id="E87B293FE154E450FF2EF8749BB1F7E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E154E450FF2EF874984BF80C" blockId="0.[210,696,1968,2093]" box="[210,565,1968,1988]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FF2EF874984BF80C" bold="true" box="[210,565,1968,1988]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<superScript id="7C159879E154E450FF2EF8749AA3F874" attach="left" box="[210,221,1968,1980]" fontSize="5" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">1)</superScript>
|
||
ṜǾLJÃṀ±ĠQAE · ḾḄffi物#
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E154E450FF1DF80E98FEF816" blockId="0.[210,696,1968,2093]" box="[225,640,1994,2014]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FF1DF80E98FEF816" bold="true" box="[225,640,1994,2014]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Ṭ 250-0031 ṜǾLJÃṁRƁfflλ±R 499</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F65B9E154E450FC79F8059F50F83E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205444" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11205444" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11205444/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" startId="0.[901,941,1985,2006]" targetBox="[944,1350,1463,1942]" targetPageId="0" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E154E450FC79F8059F50F83E" blockId="0.[901,1361,1985,2038]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Fig. 1. Schmarda's original figure (from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E154E450FC57F8259E2CF83E" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[939,1106,2017,2038]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" refId="ref4292" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2000 b. Tasmanian Earthworms. CD-ROM Monograph with Review of World Families. VermEcology, Kippax 2615. December, 2000. 800 pp. + 222 figs. Canberra." type="book" year="2000">Blakemore 2000b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; fig. 105; 2012: fig. 12).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E154E450FF1DF82098C6F830" blockId="0.[210,696,1968,2093]" box="[225,696,2020,2040]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FF1DF82098C6F830" bold="true" box="[225,696,2020,2040]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<docPublisher id="295C67FBE154E450FF1DF82098CAF830" box="[225,692,2020,2040]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E154E450FF1DF8209B40F830" box="[225,318,2020,2040]" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Kanagawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
<location id="8EBF63EAE154E450FEB9F82098CAF830" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C98427E154E455FF3AF97B9F75F99B:8EBF63EAE154E450FEB9F82098CAF830" box="[325,692,2020,2040]" name="Prefectural Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="61" stateProvince="Kanagawa">Prefectural Museum of Natural History</location>
|
||
</docPublisher>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E154E450FF1DF83A9BB1F7E5" blockId="0.[210,696,1968,2093]" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E154E450FF1DF83A9BB1F7E5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">
|
||
499 Iryuda, Odawara,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E154E450FE51F83A9874F7DA" box="[429,522,2046,2066]" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Kanagawa</collectingRegion>
|
||
250-0031,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37775A1E154E450FD8BF83A98CEF7DA" box="[631,688,2046,2066]" name="Japan" pageId="0" pageNumber="61">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
rob̍blakemore@gmail̍ com
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F65B9E155E451FF3DFDE09B03FD90" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205446" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11205446" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11205446/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" startId="1.[193,229,548,569]" targetBox="[193,707,151,537]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E155E451FF3DFDE09B03FD90" blockId="1.[193,694,548,600]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 2. Loaned type as received in Japan in 2016 (author's photo).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F65B9E155E451FCAAFDE69E44FD9F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205450" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11205450" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11205450/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" startId="1.[854,890,546,567]" targetBox="[819,1356,151,535]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E155E451FCAAFDE69E44FD9F" blockId="1.[854,1355,546,599]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Fig. 6. Spermatheca in 8lhs in setal "a" line, with ventral nerve (
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E155E451FBFCFD849E52FD9F" box="[1024,1068,576,599]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">ditto</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E155E451FCD0FD419E79FCC0" blockId="1.[812,1399,645,776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E155E451FCD0FD419E79FD54" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[812,1031,645,668]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E155E451FCD0FD419E79FD54" box="[812,1031,645,668]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Tokea orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E155E451FBE6FD419F65FD54" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[1050,1307,645,668]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" pagination="119 - 155" refId="ref4465" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2014. Miscellaneous earthworm types in the Natural History Museum, London (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Octochaetidae). Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 45 (2): 119 - 155." type="journal article" year="2014">Blakemore, 2014: 148</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 13 (of Schmarda’ s text-fig. seta and Michaelsen’ s figs. 12–14 but fig. 14 is likely from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E155E451FB57FD0B9F50FD2E" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[1195,1326,719,742]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="esculenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E155E451FB57FD0B9F50FD2E" box="[1195,1326,719,742]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">T. esculenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E155E451FACBFD0B9F14FD2E" box="[1335,1386,719,742]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E155E451FCB8FD359984FCC0" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[836,1018,753,776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" pagination="103192401" refId="ref4546" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2017. IUCN Tokea orthostichon. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e. T 103192401 A 103193535. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2017 - 2. RLTS. T 103192401 A 103193535. en. (accessed on 31 October 2018)." type="book chapter" year="2017">Blakemore, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37A66BAE155E452FCB8FCFE9BB5FCE3" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E155E452FCB8FCFE9BB5FCE3" blockId="1.[812,1398,826,1161]" lastBlockId="2.[189,776,632,2058]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E155E451FCB8FCFE9ECDFC99" bold="true" box="[836,1203,826,849]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Types and material inspected:</emphasis>
|
||
Vienna Museum specimen, here affirmed as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E155E451FB9CFCA59EC1FCB0" box="[1120,1215,865,888]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
: V.3948 registered as “
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E155E451FCAAFC4299E8FC0F" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E155E451FCAAFC429E99FC68" authority="(Schmar.)" baseAuthorityName="Schmar." box="[854,1255,902,928]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Notoscolex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">Notoscolex orthostichon (Schmar.)</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37775A1E155E451FB0CFC429F0BFC68" box="[1264,1397,902,928]" name="New Zealand" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Neuseeland</collectingCountry>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D66FEB8E155E451FCD0FC6999F0FC0F" box="[812,910,941,967]" count="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="generic">1 Typus</specimenCount>
|
||
!
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
” with Schmarda’s exterior label: “
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E155E451FAD5FC699EF0FBDD" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
K. [?] Universität Zool Vergl. Anat. Inst.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E155E451FB56FC109905FBDD" authorityName="Schmarda" authorityYear="1861" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Hypogaeon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">Hypogaeon orthostichon</taxonomicName>
|
||
S. 37 S[ch.?]
|
||
<collectorName id="269550E7E155E451FBEBFC3F9EF0FBDD" box="[1047,1166,1019,1045]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">N. Seeland</collectorName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”, and two labels inside the jar: “
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E155E451FC71FBE5990EFBAA" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Nr 37
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E155E451FC21FBE59ECEFBF3" box="[989,1200,1057,1083]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Hypogaeon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="ortho">Hypogaeon ortho</taxonomicName>
|
||
. tischon [sic]
|
||
<collectorName id="269550E7E155E451FAA7FBE5990EFBAA" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">N. Seeld.</collectorName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
” and “
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E155E451FC47FB8C99FAFB41" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E155E451FC47FB8C9F08FBAA" authority="(Schmarda)" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[955,1398,1096,1122]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Megascolides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">Megascolides orthostichon (Schmarda)</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Orig.!)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”. A single, previously dissected and somewhat damaged specimen with the cuticle, many internal organs, and the anterior digestive tract removed (by Beddard?) and missing. Specimen collected from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E156E452FDE8FD029808FD15" box="[532,630,710,733]" country="New Zealand" name="Auckland" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Auckland</collectingRegion>
|
||
in 1854 (from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E156E452FF41FD299BACFCCC" author="Glasby, C. J. & G. B. Read" box="[189,466,749,772]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="347 - 374" refId="ref4792" refString="Glasby, C. J. & G. B. Read, 1998. A chronological review of polychaete taxonomy in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 28 (3): 347 - 374." type="journal article" year="1998">Glasby & Read, 1998: 349</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Vienna Museum curator sent original photos (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B29B4E156E452FEA3FCD09BC1FCE3" box="[351,447,788,811]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="1.[844,878,1997,2018]" captionStartId-1="2.[228,262,544,565]" captionTargetBox-0="[844,1356,1209,1977]" captionTargetBox-1="[231,732,153,524]" captionTargetId-0="figure-180@1.[844,1356,1209,1977]" captionTargetId-1="figure-342@2.[231,733,153,524]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionText-0="Fig.7. Vienna type specimen as inspected above (photo: courtesy curator)." captionText-1="Fig.8. Vienna type registration card (ditto)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205458" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205460" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11205458/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11205460/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Figs. 7–8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F65B9E155E451FF3DFBCB983EFBEC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205452" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11205452" box="[193,576,1039,1060]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11205452/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" startId="1.[193,227,1039,1060]" targetBox="[193,694,642,1019]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E155E451FF3DFBCB983EFBEC" blockId="1.[193,576,1039,1060]" box="[193,576,1039,1060]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3. Prostomium (author's photo 2016).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F65B9E155E451FF3DFA2F9B19F9D7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205454" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11205454" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11205454/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" startId="1.[193,227,1515,1536]" targetBox="[193,694,1118,1495]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E155E451FF3DFA2F9B19F9D7" blockId="1.[193,694,1515,1568]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Fig. 4. Deteriorating clitellum and ventrum pinned at 12–13 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E155E451FED1F9CD9B27F9E8" box="[301,345,1545,1568]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">ditto</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F65B9E155E451FF3DF80A9833F82B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205456" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11205456" box="[193,589,1996,2019]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11205456/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" startId="1.[193,227,1998,2019]" targetBox="[193,694,1602,1977]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E155E451FF3DF80A9833F82B" blockId="1.[193,589,1996,2019]" box="[193,589,1996,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Fig. 5. Distinctive male pores on 18 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E155E451FDEFF8089841F82B" box="[531,575,1996,2019]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">ditto</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F65B9E155E451FCB0F8099E6DF7CA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205458" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11205458" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11205458/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" startId="1.[844,878,1997,2018]" targetBox="[844,1356,1209,1977]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E155E451FCB0F8099E6DF7CA" blockId="1.[844,1357,1997,2050]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 7. Vienna type specimen as inspected above (photo: courtesy curator).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F65B9E156E452FF18FDE4980DFDFD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205460" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11205460" box="[228,627,543,566]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11205460/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" startId="2.[228,262,544,565]" targetBox="[231,732,153,524]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E156E452FF18FDE4980DFDFD" blockId="2.[228,627,543,566]" box="[228,627,543,566]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Fig. 8. Vienna type registration card (
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E156E452FDC5FDDB981BFDFE" box="[569,613,543,566]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">ditto</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37A66BAE156E453FF29FCFF9871FB6F" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E156E452FF29FCFF98DBF962" blockId="2.[189,776,632,2058]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E156E452FF29FCFF9B0EFC9A" author="Beddard, F. E." box="[213,368,827,850]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="113 - 134" refId="ref4060" refString="Beddard, F. E., 1892. The earthworms of the Vienna Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 6, 9: 113 - 134." type="journal article" year="1892">Beddard (1892)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had inspected
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E156E452FDFCFCFF9855FC9A" box="[512,555,827,850]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E156E452FD3CFCFF9979FC9A" box="[704,775,827,850]" country="Austria" name="Wien" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Vienna</collectingRegion>
|
||
Museum, dissecting the specimen, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E156E452FDC6FCA69979FCB1" author="Beddard, F. E." box="[570,775,866,889]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" refId="ref4091" refString="Beddard, F. E., 1895. A monograph of the Order Oligochaeta. 769 pp. Clarendon Press, Oxford." type="book" year="1895">Beddard (1895: 496)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later noted “
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E156E452FECBFC439BABFC00" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
..I had only the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E156E452FE1EFC43986EFC69" box="[482,528,903,929]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of Schmarda, which it was necessary to respect.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E156E452FE13FC6B98D5FC0E" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[495,683,943,966]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
said that when he was sent this same
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E156E452FE33FC129B84FC25" box="[463,506,982,1005]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
|
||
it was unfortunately poorly preserved and was bent and damaged at 17/18 with many of the organs removed (likely by Beddard, as he did for some other
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E156E452FEC8FB8F9B17FBAA" box="[308,361,1099,1122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">types</typeStatus>
|
||
– such as for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E156E452FE07FB8D9BFAFB41" authority="Beddard, 1885: 825" authorityName="Beddard" authorityPageNumber="825" authorityYear="1885" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthodrilidae" genus="Acanthodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="dissimilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E156E452FE07FB8D9978FBAB" box="[507,774,1097,1123]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Acanthodrilus dissimilis</emphasis>
|
||
Beddard, 1885: 825
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, fig. 3 – and not by Schmarda who did not describe its internal anatomy). This
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E156E452FDC2FB5D9817FB78" box="[574,617,1177,1200]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
|
||
was kindly sent to me in a plastic container half filled with “Ethylenglykol” by
|
||
<collectorName id="269550E7E156E452FF21FB239BCAFB36" box="[221,436,1255,1278]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Dr. Helmut Sattmann</collectorName>
|
||
head curator of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E156E452FDA6FB2398DFFB36" box="[602,673,1255,1278]" country="Austria" name="Wien" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Vienna</collectingRegion>
|
||
Museum. My inspection (below) of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E156E452FE12FACA9864FAED" box="[494,538,1294,1317]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
|
||
found it to be severely damaged by previous dissection, strangely in the ventrum anterior from 1–17 (by Beddard) and dorsally after 17 thus it is almost broken in two at 17/18, and the posterior was also dissected ventrally (its orientation difficult to determine there as the setae are almost equidistant and dorsal pores absent although the position of the cut ventral nerve cord was a good reference). As the cuticle appeared to have been removed earlier, the clitellum in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E156E452FD9FF98198F0F994" box="[611,654,1605,1628]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
|
||
was almost detached when inspected in October, 2016 and disintegrated further during inspection when in Ethanol (70 %).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F65B9E156E452FC8DFCA39E47FC54" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205462" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11205462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11205462/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" startId="2.[881,916,871,892]" targetBox="[881,1405,151,851]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E156E452FC8DFCA39E47FC54" blockId="2.[881,1406,871,924]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Fig. 9. Hamburg specimen V.8615 (non-type) (photo: courtesy curator).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F65B9E156E452FC8EFA979F36FAA0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205464" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11205464" box="[882,1352,1361,1384]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11205464/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" startId="2.[882,916,1363,1384]" targetBox="[881,1405,950,1342]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E156E452FC8EFA979F36FAA0" blockId="2.[882,1352,1361,1384]" box="[882,1352,1361,1384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Fig. 10. Hamburg museum registration card (
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E156E452FAF2FA959F44FAA0" box="[1294,1338,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">ditto</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E156E453FF29F97E98E5FEE0" blockId="2.[189,776,632,2058]" lastBlockId="3.[151,738,154,1191]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
The type was also listed as Hamburg Museum:V.8615 (e.g., https://wwv.inhs.illinois.edu/people/mjwetzel/nomenoligo/ nomenclatorspecierum/nomspec-o/ accessed 13th December, 2018) but their registration card says collector/donor were Deutsche Südpolarexpedion of 1901–1903 which cannot be correct as, from my information,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37775A1E156E452FDD6F8B998CFF85C" box="[554,689,1917,1940]" name="New Zealand" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
was not visited (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B29B4E156E452FEF7F8609B09F873" box="[267,375,1956,1979]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="2.[881,916,871,892]" captionStartId-1="2.[882,916,1363,1384]" captionStartId-2="2.[879,911,1905,1926]" captionTargetBox-0="[881,1405,151,851]" captionTargetBox-1="[881,1405,950,1342]" captionTargetBox-2="[998,1328,1444,1867]" captionTargetId-0="figure-353@2.[881,1405,151,851]" captionTargetId-1="figure-364@2.[881,1405,950,1342]" captionTargetId-2="figure-375@2.[879,1407,1436,1885]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="2" captionTargetPageId-2="2" captionText-0="Fig. 9. Hamburg specimen V.8615 (non-type) (photo: courtesy curator)." captionText-1="Fig.10. Hamburg museum registration card (ditto)." captionText-2="Fig.11.German South-polarexpeditionroute(not toNZ)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205462" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205464" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205466" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11205462/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11205464/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/11205466/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Figs. 9–11</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is now certain that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E156E452FD7EF86098A6F873" box="[642,728,1956,1979]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was actually returned to Vienna so the specimen in Hamburg is either a
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E156E452FEF2F8369B25F7C1" box="[270,347,2034,2057]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
(unlikely) or possibly a species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E156E453FD0DF8349A84FF7C" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="64" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="esculenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E156E453FD0DF8349A84FF7C" italics="true" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">T. esculenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E157E453FEE9FF5E9BEFFF7C" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1906" box="[277,401,154,180]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="decipiens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FEE9FF5E9BEFFF7C" box="[277,401,154,180]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">T. decipiens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
types of which were also described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FF4BFF079B13FF12" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[183,365,195,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FE5DFF0798D3FF12" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[417,685,195,218]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="119 - 155" refId="ref4465" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2014. Miscellaneous earthworm types in the Natural History Museum, London (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Octochaetidae). Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 45 (2): 119 - 155." type="journal article" year="2014">Blakemore, 2014: 146–149</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs. 12–13). However, it is possible that the Vienna type’s missing organs are in vials seen inside the Hamburg sample jar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F65B9E156E452FC93F8B59F16F84E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205466" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11205466" box="[879,1384,1905,1926]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11205466/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" startId="2.[879,911,1905,1926]" targetBox="[998,1328,1444,1867]" targetPageId="2" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E156E452FC93F8B59F16F84E" blockId="2.[879,1384,1905,1926]" box="[879,1384,1905,1926]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Fig. 11. German South-polar expedition route (not to NZ).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E157E453FF53FEF39871FB6F" blockId="3.[151,738,154,1191]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
Regarding types,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FE93FEF39B82FE86" author="Coles, J. W." box="[367,508,311,334]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="273 - 315" refId="ref4644" refString="Coles, J. W., 1981. Bibliography on the contributions to the study of the Annelida by Frank Evers Beddard with details of the material reported. Archives of Natural History, 10 (2): 273 - 315." type="journal article" year="1981">Coles (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had reported, firstly, that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FF3AFE9A9B10FEBD" author="Beddard, F. E." box="[198,366,350,373]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="113 - 134" refId="ref4060" refString="Beddard, F. E., 1892. The earthworms of the Vienna Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 6, 9: 113 - 134." type="journal article" year="1892">Beddard (1892)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
re-inspected Vienna Museum type specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E157E453FED6FE419851FE54" authorityName="Schmarda" authorityYear="1861" box="[298,559,389,412]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Hypogaeon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FED6FE419851FE54" box="[298,559,389,412]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Hypogaeon orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[Coles said
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D66FEB8E157E453FD49FE419B78FE0B" count="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
but this probably a mistake for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E157E453FD9AFE689B5CFE22" authorityName="Schmarda" authorityYear="1861" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Hypogaeon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="heterostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FD9AFE689B5CFE22" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Hypogaeon heterostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FE64FE17980DFE22" author="Beddard, F. E." box="[408,627,467,490]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="113 - 134" refId="ref4060" refString="Beddard, F. E., 1892. The earthworms of the Vienna Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 6, 9: 113 - 134." type="journal article" year="1892">Beddard (1892: 119)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
said three or
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D66FEB8E157E453FF4AFE3E9B24FDD9" box="[182,346,506,529]" count="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
were in the Vienna collection]; and secondly, that
|
||
<location id="8EBF63EAE157E453FED1FDE59BFAFDF0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C98427E154E455FF3AF97B9F75F99B:8EBF63EAE157E453FED1FDE59BFAFDF0" box="[301,388,545,568]" country="Fiji" municipality="Vienna" name="Beddard" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Beddard</location>
|
||
found
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E157E453FE2DFDE5989FFDF0" authority="Beddard, 1892" authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1892" box="[465,737,545,568]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species" species="vitiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FE2DFDE5983EFDF0" box="[465,576,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">P. vitiensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FDBBFDE5989FFDF0" author="Beddard, F. E." box="[583,737,545,568]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="113 - 134" refId="ref4060" refString="Beddard, F. E., 1892. The earthworms of the Vienna Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 6, 9: 113 - 134." type="journal article" year="1892">Beddard, 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E157E453FF49FD8C98E5FD97" authority="Kinberg, 1867" authorityName="Kinberg" authorityYear="1867" box="[181,667,584,607]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Pheretima" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="montana" subGenus="Pheretima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FF49FD8C9B63FD97" box="[181,285,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pheretima</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FED1FD8C9BEBFD97" box="[301,405,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Pheretima</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FE59FD8C9B80FD97" box="[421,510,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">montana</emphasis>
|
||
Kinberg, 1867
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] had a specimen mislabeled as “
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FE5FFDAB9A98FD65" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E157E453FE5FFDAB989FFD4E" authority="Schm." authorityName="Schm." box="[419,737,623,646]" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Hypogeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">Hypogeon orthostichon Schm.</taxonomicName>
|
||
Viti Ins.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
[=
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37775A1E157E453FEF7FD529B4AFD65" box="[267,308,662,685]" name="Fiji" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
].” Interestingly, this species was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FF40FD799BD5FD1C" author="Beddard, F. E." box="[188,427,701,724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="113 - 134" refId="ref4060" refString="Beddard, F. E., 1892. The earthworms of the Vienna Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 6, 9: 113 - 134." type="journal article" year="1892">Beddard (1892: 131)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
immediately following
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E157E453FD3FFD799B6CFD33" class="Clitellata" family="Lumbricidae" genus="Hypogeon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FD3FFD799B6CFD33" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">M. orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, perhaps accounting for the mislabelling. Since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FF6BFCCF9B17FCEA" author="Beddard, F. E." box="[151,361,779,802]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref4091" refString="Beddard, F. E., 1895. A monograph of the Order Oligochaeta. 769 pp. Clarendon Press, Oxford." type="book" year="1895">Beddard (1895: 496)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentions “
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FE22FCCF98ABFCEA" box="[478,725,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">the type of SCHMARDA</emphasis>
|
||
” it may be taken that he designated the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BBBAF4BE157E453FDE5FCF6981EFC81" box="[537,608,818,841]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Vienna</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
specimen as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E157E453FF6BFC9D9A8DFCB8" box="[151,243,857,880]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
should there be any other
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E157E453FDF4FC9D981DFCB8" box="[520,611,857,880]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
, which now seems doubtful.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FEC1FCBB9BD0FC5E" author="Lee, K. E." box="[317,430,895,918]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="169 - 180" refId="ref4973" refString="Lee, K. E., 1962. New Zealand earthworms in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2: 169 - 180." type="journal article" year="1962">Lee (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, while apparently overlooking the key reference of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FE95FC629856FC75" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[361,552,934,957]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, described several specimens in NHM, London as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E157E453FE29FC09989EFC2C" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[469,736,973,996]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Megascolides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FE29FC09989EFC2C" box="[469,736,973,996]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Megascolides orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but this in error as noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FE38FC3098CCFBC3" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[452,690,1012,1035]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="119 - 155" refId="ref4465" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2014. Miscellaneous earthworm types in the Natural History Museum, London (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Octochaetidae). Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 45 (2): 119 - 155." type="journal article" year="2014">Blakemore (2014: 146</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 12) who attributed them more properly to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E157E453FDB5FBDF9B53FB91" authority="Benham, 1905" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1905" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="maorica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FDB5FBDF989EFBFA" box="[585,736,1051,1074]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Tokea maorica</emphasis>
|
||
Benham, 1905
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the author’s research is ongoing whether these are part of its missing Otego type-series - Anusha Beer pers. comm.18th January, 2017).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37A66BAE157E454FF53FB1A9819FDF0" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E157E453FF53FB1A99E6FB48" blockId="3.[150,738,1246,2086]" lastBlockId="3.[812,1399,156,1152]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FF53FB1A9B49FB3D" bold="true" box="[175,311,1246,1269]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
(From Schmarda, Beddard, Michaelsen,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FF6BFAC19B3EFAD4" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[151,320,1285,1308]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref4413" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2012. On Schmarda's lost earthworm and some newly found New Zealand species (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Lumbricidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae, & Megascolecidae s. stricto). Journal of Species Research, 1 (2): 105 - 132." type="journal article" year="2012">Blakemore 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FEB6FAC19B03FAD4" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[330,381,1285,1308]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="119 - 155" refId="ref4465" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2014. Miscellaneous earthworm types in the Natural History Museum, London (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Octochaetidae). Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 45 (2): 119 - 155." type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and pers. obs. of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E157E453FDD2FAC1980BFAD4" box="[558,629,1285,1308]" country="Austria" name="Wien" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Vienna</collectingRegion>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E157E453FD87FAC198A9FAD4" box="[635,727,1285,1308]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
). Colour dark red in life; greyed in storage. Length
|
||
<quantity id="4C9898D4E157E453FD6BFAE8989FFA8B" box="[663,737,1324,1347]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="80.0">80 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Schmarda, Michaelsen;
|
||
<quantity id="4C9898D4E157E453FE71FA979B9FFAA2" box="[397,481,1363,1386]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="180.0">180 mm</quantity>
|
||
was a lapsus by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FD7AFA979AB1FA59" author="Beddard, F. E." pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref4091" refString="Beddard, F. E., 1895. A monograph of the Order Oligochaeta. 769 pp. Clarendon Press, Oxford." type="book" year="1895">Beddard, 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) by 2.5–
|
||
<quantity id="4C9898D4E157E453FEC8FABE9B09FA59" box="[308,375,1402,1425]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; the type is coiled but measures about
|
||
<quantity id="4C9898D4E157E453FF25FA659B5AFA70" box="[217,292,1441,1464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
|
||
unstretched and it further appears to be a posterior amputee as the last segments are blunt rather than tapered so the species may have been slightly longer (albeit Michaelsen recognized maganephridia in the last eleven segments as found in other congeners such as the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E157E453FF6AF9A59B64F9B3" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[150,282,1633,1659]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="esculenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FF6AF9A59B64F9B3" box="[150,282,1633,1659]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">T. esculenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
type where they are in the last 20 segments). Segments
|
||
<quantity id="4C9898D4E157E453FEFAF94E9B40F969" box="[262,318,1674,1697]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6509999999999998" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="65.0">65 in</quantity>
|
||
type (agreeing with Schmarda’s figure and according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FEB8F9759BA6F900" author="Beddard, F. E." box="[324,472,1713,1736]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref4091" refString="Beddard, F. E., 1895. A monograph of the Order Oligochaeta. 769 pp. Clarendon Press, Oxford." type="book" year="1895">Beddard, 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FDF4F97598C5F900" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[520,699,1713,1736]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen, 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
but Schmarda originally stated between 60–65). Prostomium “pointed” actually small, epilobous in type. Dorsal pores absent but possibly vestigial in a few posterior segments (pers. obs. from type). Setae
|
||
<quantity id="4C9898D4E157E453FE26F8899878F8AC" box="[474,518,1869,1892]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
|
||
equidistant rows in the anterior (Schmarda and as alluded to in the species’ name; Beddard) which
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FE76F85F98FFF87A" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[394,641,1947,1970]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" refId="ref5041" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1900. Das Tierreich, 10: Vermes, Oligochaeta. 575 pp. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin." type="book" year="1900">Michaelsen (1900: 189)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assumed as a ratio of ab = bc = cd but later
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FDE4F806989EF811" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[536,736,1986,2009]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
said posterior differed and was actually aa:ab:bc:cd:dd = 5:3:4:4:6. Moreover, in my inspection the type had ventral setae of at least 19–20 slightly off-line. Spermathecae contained in segment 8 & 9 [this according to Beddard but details of where they exited were omitted and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FAFEFF2E990EFEE0" author="Michaelsen, W." pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
made no comment whereas
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FB63FED59F36FEE0" author="Lee, K. E." box="[1183,1352,273,296]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 486" refId="ref4911" refString="Lee, K. E., 1959. The earthworm fauna of New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific & Industrial Research Bulletin, 130: 1 - 486." type="journal article" year="1959">Lee (1959: 349)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had “7/8/9” but this I think must have been his speculation]; my inspection of type shows them to be minute in 7/8/9 approximately in setal a lines. Clitellum annular ½13,14–17 rather than just 14–17 as Beddard says (but now mostly detached in type). Female pores seem to have not been noted by any author, nor could they be found on the type’s disintegrated clitellum, possibly due to previous ventral dissection although its setae on 13–17 were mostly visible (i.e., midventral?). Male pores minute on 18 on small, darkened and flat circular pads each within a paler encompassing porophore only approximately in line with missing setae a since the setae in 19–20 seem to be offset slightly returning to series in 21 onwards (note that male pores were located by Beddard in the position of the ventralmost setae and by Michaelsen in the site of missing setae a). One porophore has a slight posterior extension exactly as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FC60FC629E1EFC75" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[924,1120,934,957]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described (due to a small, possibly parasitic, papilla – pers. obs.) thereby further confirming this specimen as the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E157E453FB76FC309EAAFBC3" box="[1162,1236,1012,1035]" country="Austria" name="Wien" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Vienna</collectingRegion>
|
||
type. No GMs were found (but Michaelsen said damage to immediately posterior of segment 17 made its determination there uncertain).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E157E454FCB8FB739819FDF0" blockId="3.[812,1399,1207,2086]" lastBlockId="4.[189,775,156,568]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="65" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E157E453FCB8FB739E6DFB06" bold="true" box="[836,1043,1207,1230]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Internal Anatomy:</emphasis>
|
||
Pharyngeal salivary gland masses were noted in anterior but none of the septa remaining were particularly thickened (pers. obs. of type). The anterior digestive tract to segment 14 had been removed from the type but a gizzard was stated to be in 5 (by Beddard, the person likely responsible for removing most missing organs); no information is available on the calciferous glands, but they are absent from 14 and segments 15–16 are valvular to a wider, thin-walled intestine apparent in 17 (pers. obs.). Nephridia meroic with meganephridia in the last eleven segments (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FBC3F9F89E87F99B" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[1087,1273,1596,1619]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Remnants of vascular system in anterior comprise a single dorsalblood-vessel in fragments and just one heart in 12 (thus not known if hearts in 13 were present or not). Testis and funnels are free and iridescent in 10 and 11 (pers. obs.). Seminal vesicles given as in 10–12 by Beddard but in the type I found remnants in 9rhs (small) and in parts in 10–12, thus in 9–12. Ovaries in 13 (still present as elongated sets of egg-strings); ovisacs in 14 (no longer clearly present) and oviducts not noted. Prostates no longer remain in type but are here classified as flattened quasi-tubular due to sketch and detailed description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E157E453FB75F82D9F3CF7C8" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[1161,1346,2025,2048]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen (1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs. 12 and maybe 13) who found it with significant multiple and minute side branches to the lumen, more so than in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FF1DFF059B1AFF13" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[225,356,193,219]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="esculenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FF1DFF059B1AFF13" box="[225,356,193,219]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. esculenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
type he also inspected. No trace of penial setae found. Neither a mid-ventral cushion internally in 18 (as in both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FE89FECB9B8DFEE1" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1905" box="[373,499,271,297]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="maorica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FE89FECB9B8DFEE1" box="[373,499,271,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. maorica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FDD5FECB98ACFEE1" baseAuthorityName="Ude" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[553,722,271,297]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="unipapillata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FDD5FECB98ACFEE1" box="[553,722,271,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. unipapillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) nor paired glandular pads as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FE0AFEF29802FE98" baseAuthorityName="Cognetti" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[502,636,310,336]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neglecta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FE0AFEF29802FE98" box="[502,636,310,336]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. neglecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are present. Of the two pairs of spermathecae in 8 & 9, just one in 8lhs remains; each had a small, pyriform diverticulum with misdescription by Beddard noted and corrected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FF41FE179B09FE22" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[189,375,467,490]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen (1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 13) and also as photographed and sketched by current author again confirming Michaelsen’s specimen as the selfsame
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E150E454FE40FDE5987DFDF0" box="[444,515,545,568]" country="Austria" name="Wien" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Vienna</collectingRegion>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E150E454FDF4FDE5981DFDF0" box="[520,611,545,568]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37A66BAE150E454FF29FDAB9B3AFB91" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E150E454FF29FDAB9B3AFB91" blockId="4.[189,776,623,1113]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FF29FDAB9BB5FD4E" bold="true" box="[213,459,623,646]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Ecology and Habitat:</emphasis>
|
||
Schmarda found it in “black earth” and gut contents (pers. obs.) included charcoal grits (from a Maori midden or perhaps earlier burnt forestland?) and red-clay organic soil which combined with dark pigmentation suggests a topsoil habitat. Nothing else of its ecology is known.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FE86FCF69831FC81" author="Benham, W. B." box="[378,591,818,841]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="281 - 285" refId="ref4115" refString="Benham, W. B., 1904 a. Some Earthworms from the North Island of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 37: 281 - 285." type="journal article" year="1904">Benham (1904a: 284</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b: 256) said Prof. Kirk informed him that “Mount
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E150E454FDF1FC9D9803FCB8" box="[525,637,857,880]" country="New Zealand" name="Wellington" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Wellington</collectingRegion>
|
||
is one of the small volcanic cones just out of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E150E454FE05FCBB9820FC5E" box="[505,606,895,918]" country="New Zealand" name="Auckland" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Auckland</collectingRegion>
|
||
. It is, now, under grass, and is in a fully cultivated district” (as it still is today being grazed by cattle) whereas in Schmarda’s time (only 20 years after
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E150E454FEADFC309BCBFBC3" box="[337,437,1012,1035]" country="New Zealand" name="Auckland" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Auckland</collectingRegion>
|
||
was established) there would as yet have been little cultivation since its use as a Maori pa (hill fortress).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37A66BAE150E454FF29FB549847FA8B" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E150E454FF29FB549847FA8B" blockId="4.[189,775,1168,1347]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FF29FB549B1EFB6F" bold="true" box="[213,352,1168,1191]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Maungarei / Mount
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E150E454FDC4FB5498D6FB6F" box="[568,680,1168,1191]" country="New Zealand" name="Wellington" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Wellington</collectingRegion>
|
||
which is youngest and largest volcanic scoria cone of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E150E454FD58FB739978FB06" box="[676,774,1207,1230]" country="New Zealand" name="Auckland" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Auckland</collectingRegion>
|
||
volcanic field, having been formed by an eruption around 10,000 years ago. The species is seemingly now extinct (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FF3FFAE89B0CFA8B" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[195,370,1324,1347]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="23 - 46" refId="ref4388" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2011. Further records on non-cryptic New Zealand earthworms. Zookeys, 160: 23 - 46." type="journal article" year="2011">Blakemore, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FE87FAE89BCEFA8B" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[379,432,1324,1347]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref4413" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2012. On Schmarda's lost earthworm and some newly found New Zealand species (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Lumbricidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae, & Megascolecidae s. stricto). Journal of Species Research, 1 (2): 105 - 132." type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FE45FAE89B90FA8B" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[441,494,1324,1347]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="119 - 155" refId="ref4465" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2014. Miscellaneous earthworm types in the Natural History Museum, London (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Octochaetidae). Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 45 (2): 119 - 155." type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FE0BFAE89853FA8B" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[503,557,1324,1347]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="103192401" refId="ref4546" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2017. IUCN Tokea orthostichon. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e. T 103192401 A 103193535. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2017 - 2. RLTS. T 103192401 A 103193535. en. (accessed on 31 October 2018)." type="book chapter" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37A66BAE150E455FF29FABE9F75F99B" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E150E454FF29FABE9802F969" blockId="4.[189,776,1400,2086]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FF29FABE9B39FA59" bold="true" box="[213,327,1402,1425]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FEACFABC9978FA59" authority="(Schmarda, 1861)" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[336,774,1400,1426]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FEACFABC9846FA5A" box="[336,568,1400,1426]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Tokea orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FDB5FABE9883FA59" author="Schmarda, L. K." box="[585,765,1402,1425]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" refId="ref5198" refString="Schmarda, L. K., 1861. Neue Wirbellose Thiere Gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde. Vol. 1 (2). 212 pp. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig." type="book" year="1861">Schmarda, 1861</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
synonymy as given above details available information with its similarities pondered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FDE1FA039978FA16" author="Benham, W. B." box="[541,774,1479,1502]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="220 - 235" refId="ref4152" refString="Benham, W. B., 1904 b. On some Edible and other New Species of Earthworms from the North Island of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1904 (II): 220 - 235." type="journal article" year="1904">Benham (1904b: 256)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and partly by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FEB3FA2A9B88F9CD" author="Lee, K. E." box="[335,502,1518,1541]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="169 - 180" refId="ref4973" refString="Lee, K. E., 1962. New Zealand earthworms in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2: 169 - 180." type="journal article" year="1962">Lee (1962: 176)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who inexplicably thought his non-type specimens resembled
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FDD9F9D098E2F9E6" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[549,668,1556,1582]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kirk">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FDD9F9D098E2F9E6" box="[549,668,1556,1582]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Tokea kirk</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
i Benham, 1904 although these were more properly attributed to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FD0DF9FE9B60F9B3" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1905" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="maorica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FD0DF9FE9B60F9B3" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. maorica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FEB6F9A79873F9B2" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[330,525,1635,1658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="119 - 155" refId="ref4465" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2014. Miscellaneous earthworm types in the Natural History Museum, London (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Octochaetidae). Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 45 (2): 119 - 155." type="journal article" year="2014">Blakemore (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and as here confirmed from its
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E150E454FEECF94E9B42F969" box="[272,316,1674,1697]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
|
||
thus invalidating Lee’s account.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E150E454FF29F9759EA6FDD9" blockId="4.[189,776,1400,2086]" lastBlockId="4.[850,1438,156,2086]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
The male pores of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FE58F975980FF900" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[420,625,1713,1736]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FE58F975980FF900" box="[420,625,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Tokea orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E150E454FD85F97598D9F900" box="[633,679,1713,1736]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
|
||
are now unequivocally shown to be separate and paired within two circular porophores, each surrounded by a lighter rim half a segment wide, looking exactly as interpreted from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FF41F8899BDAF8AC" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[189,420,1869,1892]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen (1917: 39)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and almost as figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FD4DF8899B76F843" author="Benham, W. B." pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="220 - 235" refId="ref4152" refString="Benham, W. B., 1904 b. On some Edible and other New Species of Earthworms from the North Island of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1904 (II): 220 - 235." type="journal article" year="1904">Benham (1904b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 62–63) in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FE39F8B0987FF843" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[453,513,1908,1931]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FE39F8B0987FF843" box="[453,513,1908,1931]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Tokea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E150E454FDFBF8B09848F843" box="[519,566,1908,1931]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FDC3F8B098C8F843" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[575,694,1908,1931]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="esculenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FDC3F8B098C8F843" box="[575,694,1908,1931]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. esculenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This is a different configuration to the male field for either of the two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FF17F8069B05F811" box="[235,379,1986,2009]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FF17F8069B59F811" box="[235,295,1986,2009]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Tokea</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FE7AF8069BB0F811" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[390,462,1986,2009]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kirki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FE7AF8069BB0F811" box="[390,462,1986,2009]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. kirki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(paired in square porophores) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FF1AF82D9B2FF7C8" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1905" box="[230,337,2025,2048]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="maorica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FF1AF82D9B2FF7C8" box="[230,337,2025,2048]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. maorica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in common field), alluded to by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FD65F82D9978F7C8" author="Lee, K. E." box="[665,774,2025,2048]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="169 - 180" refId="ref4973" refString="Lee, K. E., 1962. New Zealand earthworms in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2: 169 - 180." type="journal article" year="1962">Lee (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and revised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FEA0F7CB986AF7EE" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[348,532,2063,2086]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="119 - 155" refId="ref4465" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2014. Miscellaneous earthworm types in the Natural History Museum, London (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Octochaetidae). Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 45 (2): 119 - 155." type="journal article" year="2014">Blakemore (2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs. 11 vs. 12), and is different to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FC2CFF589E14FF7B" baseAuthorityName="Ude" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[976,1130,156,179]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="unipapillata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FC2CFF589E14FF7B" box="[976,1130,156,179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. unipapillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
arrangement too. Previously unrecorded position of spermathecae was found in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E150E454FA8CFF079FE2FF12" box="[1392,1436,195,218]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
|
||
by the author (Oct., 2016) to be intersegmental in 7/8/
|
||
<quantity id="4C9898D4E150E454FA89FF2E9FE2FEC9" box="[1397,1436,234,257]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" unit="in" value="9.0">9 in</quantity>
|
||
setal a lines, clearly differentiating this taxon from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FAA9FED59FE2FEE0" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[1365,1436,273,296]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kirki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FAA9FED59FE2FEE0" box="[1365,1436,273,296]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. kirki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FC83FEF399ABFE86" baseAuthorityName="Lee" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[895,981,311,334]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FC83FEF399ABFE86" box="[895,981,311,334]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. rubra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in 7/8/
|
||
<quantity id="4C9898D4E150E454FBD5FEF39E2FFE86" box="[1065,1105,311,334]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" unit="in" value="9.0">9 in</quantity>
|
||
b),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FB80FEF39E93FE86" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1905" box="[1148,1261,311,334]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="maorica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FB80FEF39E93FE86" box="[1148,1261,311,334]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. maorica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(posteriorly in 7 & 8) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FC45FE9A9E4AFEBD" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[953,1076,350,373]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="esculenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FC45FE9A9E4AFEBD" box="[953,1076,350,373]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. esculenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(posteriorly in 6, 7 & 8). It seems
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FCAEFE419991FE54" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[850,1007,389,412]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FCAEFE419991FE54" box="[850,1007,389,412]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
further lacks GMs often associated with internal glands as found in these other three species and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FC93FE179E75FE22" baseAuthorityName="Ude" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[879,1035,467,490]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="unipapillata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FC93FE179E75FE22" box="[879,1035,467,490]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. unipapillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FBBEFE179EC9FE22" baseAuthorityName="Cognetti" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1090,1207,467,490]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neglecta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FBBEFE179EC9FE22" box="[1090,1207,467,490]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. neglecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
corresponding to the midventral or paired pads, respectively.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E150E454FC96FDE59E25FD33" blockId="4.[850,1438,156,2086]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FC96FDE59986FDF0" author="Lee, K. E." box="[874,1016,545,568]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="23 - 45" refId="ref4876" refString="Lee, K. E., 1952. Studies on the earthworm fauna of New Zealand - III. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 80: 23 - 45." type="journal article" year="1952">Lee’s (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FBFDFDE59E22FDF0" baseAuthorityName="Lee" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[1025,1116,545,568]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FBFDFDE59E22FDF0" box="[1025,1116,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. rubra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is superficially similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FA74FDE599AFFD97" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FA74FDE599AFFD97" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in its male pores and lacking GMs and thus GM glands, but it has spermathecal pores in 7/8/
|
||
<quantity id="4C9898D4E150E454FAC4FDAB9F20FD4E" box="[1336,1374,623,646]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" unit="in" value="9.0">9 in</quantity>
|
||
b; the spermathecal diverticulum is much smaller and it possibly also differs in its seminal vesicles in just 11 & 12 and intestine from segment 16.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E150E454FC96FCCF9E4FFB91" blockId="4.[850,1438,156,2086]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
Another species newly transferred to genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FAB4FCCF9FF8FCEA" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[1352,1414,779,802]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FAB4FCCF9FF8FCEA" box="[1352,1414,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Tokea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– as was intimated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FBD6FCF69E9FFC81" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[1066,1249,818,841]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref4413" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2012. On Schmarda's lost earthworm and some newly found New Zealand species (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Lumbricidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae, & Megascolecidae s. stricto). Journal of Species Research, 1 (2): 105 - 132." type="journal article" year="2012">Blakemore (2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FB11FCF69F5CFC81" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[1261,1314,818,841]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="119 - 155" refId="ref4465" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2014. Miscellaneous earthworm types in the Natural History Museum, London (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Octochaetidae). Opuscula Zoologica, Budapest, 45 (2): 119 - 155." type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) – is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FAA3FCF69E58FCB8" authority="(Lee, 1952)" authorityName="Bŀ" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Lee" baseAuthorityYear="1952" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="raglani" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FAA3FCF699DEFCB8" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Tokea raglani</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FC4CFC9D9E61FCB8" author="Lee, K. E." box="[944,1055,857,880]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="23 - 45" refId="ref4876" refString="Lee, K. E., 1952. Studies on the earthworm fauna of New Zealand - III. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 80: 23 - 45." type="journal article" year="1952">Lee, 1952</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FBD3FC9D9ED5FCB8" bold="true" box="[1071,1195,857,880]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2275458E150E454FBD3FC9D9ED5FCB8" box="[1071,1195,857,880]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species">comb. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
that has spermathecal pores in 7/8/
|
||
<quantity id="4C9898D4E150E454FC24FCBB9E7FFC5E" box="[984,1025,895,918]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" unit="in" value="9.0">9 in</quantity>
|
||
ab and GMs as mid-ventral, lenticular pads in 17/18 & 18/19. Note that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FB57FC629F65FC75" author="Lee, K. E." box="[1195,1307,934,957]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="23 - 45" refId="ref4876" refString="Lee, K. E., 1952. Studies on the earthworm fauna of New Zealand - III. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 80: 23 - 45." type="journal article" year="1952">Lee (1952)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
thought that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FCAEFC099E47FC2C" baseAuthorityName="Baird" baseAuthorityYear="1873" box="[850,1081,973,996]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Anisochaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FCAEFC099E47FC2C" box="[850,1081,973,996]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Anisochaeta antarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
synonym
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FB5EFC099FE2FC2C" box="[1186,1436,973,996]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Spenceriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="shakespeari">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FB5EFC099FE2FC2C" box="[1186,1436,973,996]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Spenceriella shakespeari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that is superficially similar except for perichaetine setae was locally derived from this species he had described as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FCAEFB869E54FB91" authorityName="Lee" authorityYear="1952" box="[850,1066,1090,1113]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Megascolides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="raglani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FCAEFB869E54FB91" box="[850,1066,1090,1113]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Megascolides raglani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E150E454FC96FBAD9F3AF9E4" blockId="4.[850,1438,156,2086]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FC96FBAD9E41FB48" author="Benham, W. B." box="[874,1087,1129,1152]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="281 - 285" refId="ref4115" refString="Benham, W. B., 1904 a. Some Earthworms from the North Island of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 37: 281 - 285." type="journal article" year="1904">Benham (1904a: 255</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FBB5FBAD9EC2FB48" author="Benham, W. B." box="[1097,1212,1129,1152]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="220 - 235" refId="ref4152" refString="Benham, W. B., 1904 b. On some Edible and other New Species of Earthworms from the North Island of New Zealand. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1904 (II): 220 - 235." type="journal article" year="1904">1904b: 284</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) had earlier suggested Schmarda’s worm belongs in his genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FAFDFB549F41FB6F" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[1281,1343,1168,1191]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FAFDFB549F41FB6F" box="[1281,1343,1168,1191]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Tokea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and this genus reallocation is now fully endorsed. Past uncertainty of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FC88FB1A9E2EFB3D" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[884,1104,1246,1269]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FC88FB1A9E2EFB3D" box="[884,1104,1246,1269]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Tokea orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
generic placement is due to confusion with prostate categorization allowing default to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FC92FAE89985FA8B" authorityName="McCoy" authorityYear="1878" box="[878,1019,1324,1347]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Megascolides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FC92FAE89985FA8B" box="[878,1019,1324,1347]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Megascolides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with tubular prostates) or less likely to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FCAEFA9799B7FAA2" authorityName="Fletcher" authorityYear="1887" box="[850,969,1363,1386]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Notoscolex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FCAEFA9799B7FAA2" box="[850,969,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Notoscolex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(with tubuloracemose-racemose prostates) rather than my current interpretation mainly from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FABBFABE99E0FA70" author="Benham, W. B." pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="281 - 285" refId="ref4115" refString="Benham, W. B., 1904 a. Some Earthworms from the North Island of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 37: 281 - 285." type="journal article" year="1904">Benham (1904a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FC05FA659EBDFA70" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[1017,1219,1441,1464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as a ‘quasi-tubular’ derivation from strict tubular glands. Lack of information on absence of dorsal pores as prerequisite for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FAC9FA2A9F0CF9CD" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[1333,1394,1518,1541]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FAC9FA2A9F0CF9CD" box="[1333,1394,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Tokea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has compounded this confusion until now (pers. obs.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E150E454FC96F9F89F6BF8DE" blockId="4.[850,1438,156,2086]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54DB8B93E150E454FC60F9F899B4F99B" box="[924,970,1596,1619]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FC0DF9F89EC0F99B" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[1009,1214,1596,1619]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FC0DF9F89EC0F99B" box="[1009,1214,1596,1619]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Tokea orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FA74F9F899D8F9B2" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1905" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="maorica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FA74F9F899D8F9B2" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. maorica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FC29F9A79E19F9B2" baseAuthorityName="Ude" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[981,1127,1635,1658]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="unipapillata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FC29F9A79E19F9B2" box="[981,1127,1635,1658]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. unipapillata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in terms of spermathecal pores and male fields, but is comparable to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FB2EF94E9F67F969" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[1234,1305,1674,1697]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kirki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FB2EF94E9F67F969" box="[1234,1305,1674,1697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. kirki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FADBF94E9FEBF969" baseAuthorityName="Cognetti" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[1319,1429,1674,1697]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neglecta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FADBF94E9FEBF969" box="[1319,1429,1674,1697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. neglecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FCAEF97599CAF900" authorityName="Lee" authorityYear="1952" box="[850,948,1713,1736]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Megascolides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="raglani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FCAEF97599CAF900" box="[850,948,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. raglani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FC3DF9759E5AF900" baseAuthorityName="Ude" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[961,1060,1713,1736]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reptans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FC3DF9759E5AF900" box="[961,1060,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. reptans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FBAAF9759ED0F900" baseAuthorityName="Lee" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[1110,1198,1713,1736]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="viridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FBAAF9759ED0F900" box="[1110,1198,1713,1736]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. viridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
especially with regards nature of spermathecal, male pores and genital markings as differentiated in the following table (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E2008AE150E454FB40F93B9F78F8DE" box="[1212,1286,1791,1814]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[152,203,160,181]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Characters Based on Original Descriptions and Inspections of Types (2016)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F65B9E151E455FF64FF6499EBFF7D" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" tableUuid="DF1F65B9E151E455FF64FF6499EBFF7D">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E150E455FC96F8E29B00FA70" blockId="4.[850,1438,156,2086]" lastBlockId="5.[151,737,1441,1736]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
From the monotypic descriptions it seems that distinctive characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E150E454FBA1F8899E81F8AC" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[1117,1279,1869,1892]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E150E454FBA1F8899E81F8AC" box="[1117,1279,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">T. orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are its unique combination of features in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E2008AE150E454FBA1F8B09ED9F843" box="[1117,1191,1908,1931]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[152,203,160,181]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Characters Based on Original Descriptions and Inspections of Types (2016)" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F65B9E151E455FF64FF6499EBFF7D" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" tableUuid="DF1F65B9E151E455FF64FF6499EBFF7D">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
plus its biometry of 80+ mm, 65+ segments and dark red colour; its spermathecae with spermathecal ampulla distinct from duct (rather than tapering) and with a short diverticulum and (from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E150E454FCAEF7CB9E6FF7EE" author="Michaelsen, W." box="[850,1041,2063,2086]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref5104" refString="Michaelsen, W., 1917. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910 - 1913. XIII. Oligochaten. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar, Stockholm, 52 (13): 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1917">Michaelsen, 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 12) possibly shorter ducts on its quasi-tubular prostates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F65B9E151E455FF64FF6499EBFF7D" ID-Table-UUID="DF1F65B9E151E455FF64FF6499EBFF7D" box="[152,917,160,181]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF1F65B9E151E455FF64FF6499EBFF7D" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" startId="5.[152,203,160,181]" targetBox="[152,1380,208,533]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E151E455FF64FF6499EBFF7D" blockId="5.[152,917,160,181]" box="[152,917,160,181]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Table 1. Characters Based on Original Descriptions and Inspections of Types (2016)</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E151E455FF65FF149F3FFDDD" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<table id="F960C791E1511BAFFF64FF149F1AFDDD" box="[152,1380,208,533]" gridcols="8" gridrows="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<tr id="35503773E1511BAFFF64FF149F1AFF2F" box="[152,1380,208,231]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFF64FF149B21FF2F" box="[152,351,208,231]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Spp</th>
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE80FF149BA4FF2F" box="[380,474,208,231]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Sp pores</th>
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE0AFF149810FF2F" box="[502,622,208,231]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Clitellum</th>
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD77FF1498A6FF2F" box="[651,728,208,231]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Gizzard</th>
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD04FF149935FF2F" box="[760,843,208,231]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Ca glds</th>
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFC9EFF149E7BFF2F" box="[866,1029,208,231]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Seminal Vesicles</th>
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFBDCFF149EB4FF2F" box="[1056,1226,208,231]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Genital Markings</th>
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFB15FF149F1AFF2F" box="[1257,1380,208,231]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Dorsal pores</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35503773E1511BAFFF64FF379F1AFEC5" box="[152,1380,243,269]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFF64FF379B21FEC5" box="[152,351,243,269]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E151E455FF64FF379B21FEC3" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[152,351,243,267]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FF64FF379B21FEC3" box="[152,351,243,267]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Tokea orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE80FF379BA4FEC5" box="[380,474,243,269]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">7/8/9 in a</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE0AFF379810FEC5" box="[502,622,243,269]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">½13,14–17</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD77FF3798A6FEC5" box="[651,728,243,269]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">5</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD04FF379935FEC5" box="[760,843,243,269]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">(Not 14)</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFC9EFF379E7BFEC5" box="[866,1029,243,269]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">9,10–12</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFBDCFF379EB4FEC5" box="[1056,1226,243,269]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FBC4FF379E0DFEC3" bold="true" box="[1080,1139,243,267]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">None</emphasis>
|
||
found
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFB15FF379F1AFEC5" box="[1257,1380,243,269]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">None</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35503773E1511BAFFF64FEDD9F1AFEFB" box="[152,1380,281,307]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFF64FEDD9B21FEFB" box="[152,351,281,307]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E151E455FF64FEDE9B6AFEF9" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[152,276,281,305]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="esculenta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FF64FEDE9B6AFEF9" box="[152,276,281,305]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">T. esculenta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE80FEDD9BA4FEFB" box="[380,474,281,307]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">7,8,9 in a</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE0AFEDD9810FEFB" box="[502,622,281,307]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">½13–½18</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD77FEDD98A6FEFB" box="[651,728,281,307]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">5</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD04FEDD9935FEFB" box="[760,843,281,307]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">No</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFC9EFEDD9E7BFEFB" box="[866,1029,281,307]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">9 & 12</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFBDCFEDD9EB4FEFB" box="[1056,1226,281,307]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">16 & 17 pair</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFB15FEDD9F1AFEFB" box="[1257,1380,281,307]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">None?</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35503773E1511BAFFF64FEFB9F1AFE90" box="[152,1380,319,344]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFF64FEFB9B21FE90" box="[152,351,319,344]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E151E455FF64FE849A9FFE9F" authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1904" box="[152,225,319,343]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="kirki">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FF64FE849A9FFE9F" box="[152,225,319,343]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">T. kirki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE80FEFB9BA4FE90" box="[380,474,319,344]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
7/8/9 in
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FE37FEFB9BA4FE9F" bold="true" box="[459,474,319,343]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE0AFEFB9810FE90" box="[502,622,319,344]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">13–17</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD77FEFB98A6FE90" box="[651,728,319,344]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">5</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD04FEFB9935FE90" box="[760,843,319,344]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FCE8FEFB9951FE9F" bold="true" box="[788,815,319,343]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">14</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFC9EFEFB9E7BFE90" box="[866,1029,319,344]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">11–12</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFBDCFEFB9EB4FE90" box="[1056,1226,319,344]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">18 pair</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFB15FEFB9F1AFE90" box="[1257,1380,319,344]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">None?</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35503773E1511BAFFF64FEA19F1AFEB6" box="[152,1380,357,382]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFF64FEA19B21FEB6" box="[152,351,357,382]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E151E455FF64FEA29B74FEB5" baseAuthorityName="Cognetti" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[152,266,357,381]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neglecta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FF64FEA29B74FEB5" box="[152,266,357,381]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">T. neglecta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE80FEA19BA4FEB6" box="[380,474,357,382]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">7/8/9 in a</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE0AFEA19810FEB6" box="[502,622,357,382]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">13,14–17,18</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD77FEA198A6FEB6" box="[651,728,357,382]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FD56FEA198C6FEB5" bold="true" box="[682,696,357,381]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">6</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD04FEA19935FEB6" box="[760,843,357,382]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">No</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFC9EFEA19E7BFEB6" box="[866,1029,357,382]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">9 & 12</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFBDCFEA19EB4FEB6" box="[1056,1226,357,382]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">18 pair</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFB15FEA19F1AFEB6" box="[1257,1380,357,382]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">None</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35503773E1511BAFFF64FE4E9F1AFE6C" box="[152,1380,394,420]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFF64FE4E9B21FE6C" box="[152,351,394,420]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E151E455FF64FE4F9A80FE6A" authorityName="Lee" authorityYear="1952" box="[152,254,394,418]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Megascolides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="raglani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FF64FE4F9A80FE6A" box="[152,254,394,418]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">T. raglani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE80FE4E9BA4FE6C" box="[380,474,394,420]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
7/8/9
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FE48FE4F9BA6FE6B" bold="true" box="[436,472,395,419]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">a/b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE0AFE4E9810FE6C" box="[502,622,394,420]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">13–18</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD77FE4E98A6FE6C" box="[651,728,394,420]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">5</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD04FE4E9935FE6C" box="[760,843,394,420]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">No</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFC9EFE4E9E7BFE6C" box="[866,1029,394,420]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">9, 11 & 12</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFBDCFE4E9EB4FE6C" box="[1056,1226,394,420]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">17/18, 18/19</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFB15FE4E9F1AFE6C" box="[1257,1380,394,420]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">None?</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35503773E1511BAFFF64FE749F1AFE02" box="[152,1380,432,458]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFF64FE749B21FE02" box="[152,351,432,458]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E151E455FF64FE759A81FE00" baseAuthorityName="Ude" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[152,255,433,456]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="reptans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FF64FE759A81FE00" box="[152,255,433,456]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">T. reptans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE80FE749BA4FE02" box="[380,474,432,458]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">7/8/9 in a</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE0AFE749810FE02" box="[502,622,432,458]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">14–17</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD77FE7498A6FE02" box="[651,728,432,458]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FD56FE7498C6FE00" bold="true" box="[682,696,432,456]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">6</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD04FE749935FE02" box="[760,843,432,458]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
10–
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FCDAFE75993FFE01" bold="true" box="[806,833,433,457]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">14</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFC9EFE749E7BFE02" box="[866,1029,432,458]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">9–12</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFBDCFE749EB4FE02" box="[1056,1226,432,458]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">18/19</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFB15FE749F1AFE02" box="[1257,1380,432,458]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">None</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35503773E1511BAFFF64FE129F1AFE38" box="[152,1380,470,496]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFF64FE129B21FE38" box="[152,351,470,496]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E151E455FF64FE139A93FE26" baseAuthorityName="Lee" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[152,237,470,494]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="rubra">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FF64FE139A93FE26" box="[152,237,470,494]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">T. rubra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE80FE129BA4FE38" box="[380,474,470,496]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
7/8/9 in
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FE37FE139BA4FE27" bold="true" box="[459,474,471,495]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">b</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE0AFE129810FE38" box="[502,622,470,496]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">14–18</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD77FE1298A6FE38" box="[651,728,470,496]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">5</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD04FE129935FE38" box="[760,843,470,496]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">12–13</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFC9EFE129E7BFE38" box="[866,1029,470,496]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">11 & 12</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFBDCFE129EB4FE38" box="[1056,1226,470,496]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FBABFE129EECFE26" bold="true" box="[1111,1170,470,494]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">None</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFB15FE129F1AFE38" box="[1257,1380,470,496]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">None?</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="35503773E1511BAFFF64FE389F1AFDDD" box="[152,1380,508,533]" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<th id="76815E0FE1511BAFFF64FE389B21FDDD" box="[152,351,508,533]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E151E455FF64FE399A8DFDDC" baseAuthorityName="Lee" baseAuthorityYear="1952" box="[152,243,508,532]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="viridis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FF64FE399A8DFDDC" box="[152,243,508,532]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">T. viridis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE80FE389BA4FDDD" box="[380,474,508,533]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">7/8/9 in a</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFE0AFE389810FDDD" box="[502,622,508,533]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">14–17</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD77FE3898A6FDDD" box="[651,728,508,533]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">5</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFD04FE389935FDDD" box="[760,843,508,533]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">No</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFC9EFE389E7BFDDD" box="[866,1029,508,533]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">9–12</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFBDCFE389EB4FDDD" box="[1056,1226,508,533]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">13/14, 18/19</td>
|
||
<td id="76815E0FE1511BAFFB15FE389F1AFDDD" box="[1257,1380,508,533]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">None</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<tableNote id="768634BFE151E455FF65FDE59BA6FD9E" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[152,1380,208,533]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E151E455FF65FDE599A4FDFE" blockId="5.[153,986,545,598]" box="[153,986,545,566]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Sp pores = spermathecal pores; Ca glds = Calciferous glands or oesophageal modifications.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E151E455FF65FD859BA6FD9E" blockId="5.[153,986,545,598]" box="[153,472,577,598]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Bolded characters distinguish taxa.</paragraph>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
<caption id="DF1F65B9E151E455FF6BFA8999A7FAAA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205468" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11205468" box="[151,985,1357,1378]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11205468/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" startId="5.[151,185,1357,1378]" targetBox="[156,1357,641,1324]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E151E455FF6BFA8999A7FAAA" blockId="5.[151,985,1357,1378]" box="[151,985,1357,1378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Fig. 12. Uncitable molecular survey with random names (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E151E455FD3DFA899923FAAA" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[705,861,1357,1378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" refId="ref4331" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2010. New zeal for new New Zealand earthworms (Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae, Megascolecidae, Lumbricidae: Oligochaeta: Annelida). 55 pp. + 14 figs. VermEcology, Yokohama. [https: // archive. org / details / Blakemo re 2010 CopyOfNewZealwithFiguresIncluded]." type="book" year="2010">Blakemore 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E151E455FC98FA8999EAFAAA" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[868,916,1357,1378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" pagination="23 - 46" refId="ref4388" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2011. Further records on non-cryptic New Zealand earthworms. Zookeys, 160: 23 - 46." type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E151E455FC60FA8999B0FAAA" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[924,974,1357,1378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref4413" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2012. On Schmarda's lost earthworm and some newly found New Zealand species (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Lumbricidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae, & Megascolecidae s. stricto). Journal of Species Research, 1 (2): 105 - 132." type="journal article" year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E151E455FF53FA0C982AF900" blockId="5.[151,737,1441,1736]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E151E455FF53FA0C9857FA17" authority="(Schmarda, 1861)" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[175,553,1480,1503]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FF53FA0C9B11FA17" box="[175,367,1480,1503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Tokea orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E151E455FE80FA0C985DFA17" author="Schmarda, L. K." box="[380,547,1480,1503]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" refId="ref5198" refString="Schmarda, L. K., 1861. Neue Wirbellose Thiere Gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde. Vol. 1 (2). 212 pp. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig." type="book" year="1861">Schmarda, 1861</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not relocated at its type-locality during this author’s survey in 2011, and neither is it known to have been reported on site or elsewhere for 150 years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E151E455FE5EF9F89871F99B" author="Lee, K. E." box="[418,527,1596,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" pagination="1 - 486" refId="ref4911" refString="Lee, K. E., 1959. The earthworm fauna of New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific & Industrial Research Bulletin, 130: 1 - 486." type="journal article" year="1959">Lee, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E151E455FDE7F9F8982FF99B" author="Lee, K. E." box="[539,593,1596,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" pagination="169 - 180" refId="ref4973" refString="Lee, K. E., 1962. New Zealand earthworms in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 2: 169 - 180." type="journal article" year="1962">1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E151E455FDA2F9F898E8F99B" author="Lee, K. E." box="[606,662,1596,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" refId="ref5012" refString="Lee, K. E., 1985. Earthworms - Their Ecology and Relationships with Soils and Land Use. 411 pp. Academic Press, Sydney." type="book" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); some subsequent
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37775A1E151E455FEE9F9A79B46F9B2" box="[277,312,1635,1658]" name="New Zealand" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">NZ</collectingCountry>
|
||
earthworm surveys by novices did not consult proper taxonomic advice so are unhelpful as all their identities seem highly suspect (
|
||
<figureCitation id="135B29B4E151E455FE02F9759836F900" box="[510,584,1713,1736]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[151,185,1357,1378]" captionTargetBox="[156,1357,641,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-237@5.[151,1399,636,1336]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig.12. Uncitable molecular survey with random names (cf.Blakemore 2010, 2011, 2012)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11205468" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11205468/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF3531E151E455FF53F93B9F75F99B" blockId="5.[151,737,1791,2087]" lastBlockId="5.[812,1398,1441,1619]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Schmarda’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C604EB2E151E455FED4F93B9B9BF8DE" baseAuthorityName="Schmarda" baseAuthorityYear="1861" box="[296,485,1791,1814]" class="Clitellata" family="Megascolecidae" genus="Tokea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="orthostichon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FED4F93B9B9BF8DE" box="[296,485,1791,1814]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Tokea orthostichon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
thus qualifies under DoC NZTCS (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E151E455FF0BF8E29BC7F8F5" author="Molloy, J. & Bell, M. & Clout" box="[247,441,1830,1853]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" refId="ref5147" refString="Molloy, J., B., Bell, M., Clout et al., 2002. Classifying species according to threat of extinction. A system for New Zealand. Threatened Species Occasional Publication 22. 26 pp. Department of Conservation. Wellington, NZ." type="book" year="2002">
|
||
Molloy
|
||
<emphasis id="B914E923E151E455FEB6F8E29B01F8F5" box="[330,383,1830,1853]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) classification as ‘Nationally Critical’ or Extinct, and may now be tagged ‘Extinct’ under IUCN Red List Categories (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E151E455FE40F8B09811F843" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[444,623,1908,1931]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" pagination="103192401" refId="ref4546" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2017. IUCN Tokea orthostichon. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e. T 103192401 A 103193535. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2017 - 2. RLTS. T 103192401 A 103193535. en. (accessed on 31 October 2018)." type="book chapter" year="2017">Blakemore 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although an abundant and diverse fauna was at Mt
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A4FBD3E151E455FD95F85F98A1F87A" box="[617,735,1947,1970]" country="New Zealand" name="Wellington" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Wellington</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E151E455FF62F8069B2BF811" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[158,341,1986,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" pagination="105 - 132" refId="ref4413" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2012. On Schmarda's lost earthworm and some newly found New Zealand species (Oligochaeta: Megadrilacea: Lumbricidae, Acanthodrilidae, Octochaetidae, & Megascolecidae s. stricto). Journal of Species Research, 1 (2): 105 - 132." type="journal article" year="2012">Blakemore 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), no native earthworms were located there thus it seems pastoral cultivation and agrichemical intensification particularly favours certain exotics and may account for overwhelming competitive exclusion and eventual extinction of native earthworms. Indeed, this rapid earthworm extinction was first noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E151E455FB11FA2B9F0CF9CE" author="Smith, W. W." box="[1261,1394,1519,1542]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" pagination="155 - 175" refId="ref5235" refString="Smith, W. W., 1894. Further notes on New Zealand earthworms. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand Institute, 26: 155 - 175." type="journal article" year="1894">Smith (1894)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E151E455FCB7F9D299C7F9E5" author="Lee, K. E." box="[843,953,1558,1581]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" pagination="60 - 62" refId="ref4943" refString="Lee, K. E., 1961. Interactions between native and introduced earthworms. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society, 8: 60 - 62." type="journal article" year="1961">Lee (1961)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and was confirmed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF148C0E151E455FB5CF9D29F29F9E5" author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[1184,1367,1558,1581]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" pagination="33" refId="ref4611" refString="Blakemore, R. J., 2018. Critical Decline of Earthworms from Organic Origins under Intensive, Humic SOM-Depleting Agriculture. Soil Systems, 2 (2): 33." type="journal article" year="2018">Blakemore (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on a broader scale under all but organic production.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |