233 lines
31 KiB
XML
233 lines
31 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="0686A1D6833417011E11E576B85D5B97">A new fossil species of Largusoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae) and its evolutionary implications</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="C30E653EE55DFF91FF5C85C5FE4956F5" box="[151,429,1720,1746]" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BAB36B5E55DFF91FF5C85C5FE4956F5" blockId="3.[151,429,1720,1746]" box="[151,429,1720,1746]" pageId="3" pageNumber="575">
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<heading id="D0E381D9E55DFF91FF5C85C5FE4956F5" bold="true" box="[151,429,1720,1746]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55DFF91FF5C85C5FE4956F5" bold="true" box="[151,429,1720,1746]" pageId="3" pageNumber="575">
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Notes on
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55DFF91FEC185C5FE4956F5" ID-CoL="8MSKW" authorityName="Chen, Wang & Du" authorityYear="2018" box="[266,429,1720,1746]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Largusoperla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55DFF91FEC185C5FE4956F5" bold="true" box="[266,429,1720,1746]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="575">Largusoperla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30E653EE55DFF96FF5C8582FDAC531F" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="576" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BAB36B5E55DFF91FF5C8582FD6657C8" blockId="3.[151,1436,1790,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="575">
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Asymmetry of genitalia is commonly found in insects, which may be related with mating positions and seXual selection (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55DFF91FEC7845FFE04571C" box="[268,480,1826,1851]" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" refId="ref2412" refString="Huber, B. A., Sinclair, B. J. & Schmitt, M. (2007) The evolution of aSymmetric genitalia in SpiderS and inSectS. Biological Reviews, 82 (4), 647 - 698." type="journal article">
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Huber
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<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55DFF91FE95845EFE76571C" box="[350,402,1827,1851]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="575">et al</emphasis>
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. 2007
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</bibRefCitation>
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). In the supposed sister order to the
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55DFF91FC47845FFBE6571C" authorityName="Burmeister" authorityYear="1839" box="[908,1026,1826,1851]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Plecoptera</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55DFF91FBD8845EFB2E571C" box="[1043,1226,1827,1851]" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" refId="ref2256" refString="Crampton, G. C. (1938) The interrelationShipS and lineS of deScent of living inSectS. Psyche, 45 (4), 165 - 181." type="journal article">Crampton 1938</bibRefCitation>
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, BoudreauX 1979,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55DFF91FF5C843BFEC65778" box="[151,290,1862,1887]" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" refId="ref3430" refString="Zwick, P. (2009) The Plecoptera-who are they? The problematic placement of StoneflieS in the phylogenetic SyStem of inSectS. Aquatic Insects, 31 (Supplement), 181 - 194." type="journal article">Zwick 2009</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55DFF91FEE4843AFDF65778" box="[303,530,1863,1887]" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" refId="ref2474" refString="Komoto, N., Yukuhiro, K. & Tomita, S. (2012) Novel gene rearrangementS in the mitochondrial genome of a webSpinner, Aposthonia japonica (InSecta: Embioptera). Genome, 55 (3), 222 - 233." type="journal article">
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Kômoto
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<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55DFF91FE5F8435FE235778" box="[404,455,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="575">et al</emphasis>
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. 2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55DFF91FDD4843BFCFB5778" box="[543,799,1862,1887]" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" refId="ref2580" refString="LetSch, H. & Simon, S. (2013) InSect phylogenomicS: new inSightS on the relationShipS of lower neopteran orderS (Polyneoptera). Systematic Entomology, 38 (4), 783 - 793." type="journal article">Letsch & Simon 2013</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55DFF91FCFE843BFC5F5778" box="[821,955,1862,1887]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Embioptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Embioptera</taxonomicName>
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, males have asymmetric genitalia, usually involving the structures near the ejaculatory duct, the cerci and even the abdominal tergites and sternites (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55DFF91FAAF8416FF305780" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" refId="ref2813" refString="RoSS, E. S. (2000) Origin, relationShipS and integumental anatomy of the inSect order Embiidina. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 149 (1), 1 - 53." type="journal article">Ross 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). The correlation between male asymmetry in
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55DFF91FD3B84F3FC975780" box="[752,883,1934,1959]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Embioptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Embioptera</taxonomicName>
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and mode of copulation has been assumed: the male lies either on top or on the right side of the female and directs his terminalia beneath the female’s abdomen (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55DFF91FF5584ABFEB157C8" box="[158,341,2006,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" refId="ref3274" refString="SnodgraSS, R. E. (1937) The male genitalia of orthopteroid inSectS. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 96, 1 - 107." type="journal article">Snodgrass 1937</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55DFF91FEAB84ABFE1557C8" box="[352,497,2006,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" refId="ref3233" refString="Stefani, R. (1953) Un particolare modo di accoppiamento negli InSetti Embioterri. Rendiconti dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali), Serie 8, 14, 544 - 549." type="journal article">Stefani 1953</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55DFF91FE3784A5FD9257C8" box="[508,630,2007,2031]" pageId="3" pageNumber="575" refId="ref2774" refString="RoSS, E. S. (1970) BioSyStematicS of the Embioptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 15, 157 - 172." type="journal article">Ross 1970</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAB36B5E55AFF96FF0C83E5FD2C5167" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">
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Most adult stoneflies have symmetrical genitalia. Whereas in the superfamily Nemouroidea, some males of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FF5C83C1FEB550F2" authorityName="Zwick" authorityYear="1973" box="[151,337,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Taeniopterygidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brachypterainae">Brachypterainae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FE9683C1FE0F50F2" box="[349,491,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemouridae</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FDE383C1FD7E50F2" box="[552,666,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Capniidae</taxonomicName>
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possess asymmetrical paraprocts and epiprocts (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FB0983C1FA7550F3" box="[1218,1425,188,213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref2412" refString="Huber, B. A., Sinclair, B. J. & Schmitt, M. (2007) The evolution of aSymmetric genitalia in SpiderS and inSectS. Biological Reviews, 82 (4), 647 - 698." type="journal article">
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Huber
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<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55AFF96FAD983C0FAA050F3" box="[1298,1348,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2007
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
). In addition, some species from
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FDC283A2FD7950DF" authorityName="" authorityYear="1931" box="[521,669,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Peltoperlidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Peltoperlidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FD1083A2FCB750DF" box="[731,851,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
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have also shown asymmetrical aedeagi (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FAF983A2FE97513A" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref3392" refString="Zwick, P. & Surenkhorloo, P. (2005) The Mongolian SpecieS of ISoperlinae (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 51 (3), 253 - 276." type="journal article">Zwick & Surenkhorloo 2005</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FEB48279FD80513B" box="[383,612,260,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref2852" refString="Stark, B. P. & Sivec, I. (2007) New SpecieS and recordS of ASian Peltoperlidae (InSecta: Plecoptera). Illiesia, 3 (12), 104 - 126." type="journal article">Stark & Sivec 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). These phenomena have suggested the eXistence of several independent origins of asymmetry in
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FE61825AFD205167" authority="(Zwick 2000)" authorityName="Zwick" authorityYear="2000" baseAuthorityName="Zwick" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[426,708,295,320]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">
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Plecoptera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FDE4825AFD585167" box="[559,700,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref3352" refString="Zwick, P. (2000) Phylogenetic SyStem and Zoogeography of the Plecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 45, 709 - 746." type="journal article">Zwick 2000</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAB36B5E55AFF96FF0C8231FCF85247" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">
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When mating, a stonefly male usually takes an oblique position dorsally on the back of a female or sits beside the female, then curves his abdomen to the left or right side of the female, probes for the subgenital plate of the female with the paraprocts or epiproct, and finally achieves genital contact (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FC2082E9FB6E518B" box="[1003,1162,404,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref2683" refString="Moreira, G. R. P. (1998) Reproductive morphology and copulatory mechaniSm of the Stonefly Agnetina capitata (Pictet) (Plecoptera, Perlidae). Revista Brasileira da Entomologia, 41, 267 - 283." type="journal article">Moreira 1998</bibRefCitation>
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||
). The mating position in stoneflies with symmetrical genitalia is random-sided, either left or right (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FC2482CAFB6651F7" box="[1007,1154,439,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref2233" refString="Brinck, P. (1956) Reproductive SyStem and mating in Plecoptera. Opuscula Entomologica, 21, 57 - 127." type="journal article">Brinck 1956</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FB5B82C5FA7451F7" box="[1168,1424,439,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref3126" refString="Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (1977) Reproductive SyStem and mating of Hydroperla crosbyi: a newly diScovered method of Sperm tranSfer in InSecta. Oikos, 28, 84 - 89." type="journal article">Stewart & Stark 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FED982A1FE0D51D3" box="[274,489,476,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref2127" refString="Berthelemy, C. (1979) Accouplement, periode d'incubation et premierS StadeS larvaireS de Brachyptera braueri et de Perlodes microcephalus (Plecoptera). Annales de Limnologie, 15 (3), 317 - 335." type="journal article">Berthélemy (1979)</bibRefCitation>
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||
indicated that in the males of some
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FC5D82A1FBA951D2" authorityName="Zwick" authorityYear="1973" box="[918,1101,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Taeniopterygidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Brachypterainae">Brachypterainae</taxonomicName>
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with asymmetrical genitalia, mating is random-sided. However, this report should be treated with caution because of contradictions with the correlation between morphological asymmetry and one-sided mating position/twisting, and random-sided positions correlated with symmetrical genitalia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FD8C813AFCF45247" box="[583,784,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref2412" refString="Huber, B. A., Sinclair, B. J. & Schmitt, M. (2007) The evolution of aSymmetric genitalia in SpiderS and inSectS. Biological Reviews, 82 (4), 647 - 698." type="journal article">Huber et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BAB36B5E55AFF96FF0C8110FDAC531F" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">
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In the new species of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FE0B8111FDB352A3" authorityName="Chen, Wang & Du" authorityYear="2018" box="[448,599,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Largusoperla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55AFF96FE0B8111FDB352A3" box="[448,599,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">Largusoperla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the asymmetrical paraprocts may suggest a one-sided mating position of this species. The preference of a fiXed mating position may reduce the time of probing for the subgenital plate of the female, which could increase the mating efficiency. Meanwhile, the enlarged paraprocts of
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FB0481C9FA8252EB" authorityName="Chen, Wang & Du" authorityYear="2018" box="[1231,1382,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Largusoperla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55AFF96FB0481C9FA8252EB" box="[1231,1382,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">Largusoperla</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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also assist to rapidly touch and firmly connect with the subgenital plate. Accordingly, females of
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<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FB1C81A5FA8B52D7" authorityName="Chen, Wang & Du" authorityYear="2018" box="[1239,1391,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Largusoperla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55AFF96FB1C81A5FA8B52D7" box="[1239,1391,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">Largusoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are eXpected to have elongated and modified subgenital plates to match the male’s paraprocts, although no females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FF5C805DFECB531F" authorityName="Chen, Wang & Du" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,303,800,824]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Largusoperla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55AFF96FF5C805DFECB531F" box="[151,303,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">Largusoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been found to date.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30E653EE55AFF97FF0C8039FD70523F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="577" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36B5E55AFF96FF0C8039FE39545A" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">
|
||
Since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FED88039FE4E537B" ID-CoL="8MSKW" authorityName="Chen, Wang & Du" authorityYear="2018" box="[275,426,836,860]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Largusoperla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55AFF96FED88039FE4E537B" box="[275,426,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">Largusoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be the oldest known genus of subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FBFE8039FB31537A" ID-CoL="8MPL5" box="[1077,1237,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acroneuriinae">Acroneuriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is the only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FF5C801AFED353A7" ID-CoL="8MPL5" box="[151,311,871,896]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acroneuriinae">Acroneuriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus found in amber with the male described, the eXact evolutionary events from mid-Cretaceous to today is unknown. But based on available evidence, ancients of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FC4C80F1FBC35382" ID-CoL="8MPL5" box="[903,1063,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acroneuriinae">Acroneuriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have evolved characters for the particular environment eXisting before the mid-Cretaceous. These ancient
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FBDA80D2FB5553EF" ID-CoL="8MPL5" box="[1041,1201,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acroneuriinae">Acroneuriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
stoneflies may have preferred encounter sites on plants than on the eXposed instream or streamside stones or on the ground for the following reasons: 1) a presence of a hammer on male sternum indicating mate finding by drumming (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FA8E8085FF365413" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref3071" refString="Stewart, K. W. (2001) Vibrational communication (drumming) and mate-Searching behavior of StoneflieS (Plecoptera); evolutionary conSiderationS. In: DomingueZ, E. (Ed.), Trends in Research in Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Springer, BoSton, pp. 217 - 225." type="book chapter">Stewart 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FF158761FDE45413" box="[222,512,1052,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref3178" refString="Stewart, K. W. & Maketon, M. (1991) StructureS uSed by Nearctic StoneflieS (Plecoptera) for drumming, and their relationShip to behavioral pattern diverSity. Aquatic Insects, 13 (1), 33 - 53." type="journal article">Stewart & Maketon 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FDC58761FCE35413" box="[526,775,1052,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref3126" refString="Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (1977) Reproductive SyStem and mating of Hydroperla crosbyi: a newly diScovered method of Sperm tranSfer in InSecta. Oikos, 28, 84 - 89." type="journal article">Stewart & Stark 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FCDF8761FBDC5413" box="[788,1080,1052,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref2724" refString="Maketon, M. & Stewart, K. W. (1988) PatternS and evolution of drumming behavior in the Stonefly familieS Perlidae and Peltoperlidae. Aquatic Insects, 10 (2), 77 - 98." type="journal article">Maketon & Stewart 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 2) phenomenon necessary for the formation of amber also suggest well-developed riparian zones, habitats for the adults of these stoneflies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55AFF96FF558719FE35545A" box="[158,465,1124,1149]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" refId="ref2058" refString="AleXander, K. D. & Stewart, K. W. (1996) DeScription and theoretical conSiderationS of mate finding and other adult behaviorS in a Colorado population of Claassenia sabulosa (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 89 (2), 290 - 296." type="journal article">AleXander & Stewart 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6B663DE55AFF96FF5C84D2FA7C57E2" box="[151,1432,1967,1989]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1304894/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" startId="4.[151,250,1967,1989]" targetBox="[151,1417,1191,1956]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36B5E55AFF96FF5C84D2FA7C57E2" blockId="4.[151,1432,1967,1989]" box="[151,1432,1967,1989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55AFF96FF5C84D2FEC857E3" bold="true" box="[151,300,1967,1989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">FIGURE 7–8.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55AFF96FEF984D2FDAF57E2" ID-CoL="8NGVM" authority="Chen, 2018" authorityName="Chen" authorityYear="2018" box="[306,587,1967,1989]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Largusoperla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="difformitatem" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55AFF96FEF984D2FDAF57E2" box="[306,587,1967,1989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">Largusoperla difformitatem</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A25357DCE55AFF96FD9384D2FD4C57E3" box="[600,680,1967,1988]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55AFF96FD9384D2FD4C57E3" bold="true" box="[600,680,1967,1988]" pageId="4" pageNumber="576">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
7, Terminalia, ventral view; 8, ReconStruction of terminalia, ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BAB36B5E55BFF97FF0C83E5FD70523F" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,536]" pageId="5" pageNumber="577">
|
||
Gymnosperms formed dominant floral communities during the Cretaceous (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55BFF97FBDF83EAFB025097" box="[1044,1254,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="577" refId="ref3300" refString="Sahney, S., Benton, M. J. & Falcon-Lang, H. J. (2010) RainforeSt collapSe triggered CarboniferouS tetrapod diverSification in Euramerica. Geology, 38 (12), 1079 - 1082." type="journal article">
|
||
Sahney
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55BFF97FBA583E4FB425097" box="[1134,1190,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="577">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the usually slender leaves of these plants may have not provided an adequate surface for the mating stoneflies. Additionally, the uncovered seeds of the gymnosperms may have attracted potential natural enemies, such as the ancient seedfeeding birds to prey on stonefly adults (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55BFF97FDBC8279FD1D513B" box="[631,761,260,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="577" refId="ref3476" refString="Zhou, Z. (2004) The origin and early evolution of birdS: diScoverieS, diSputeS, and perSpectiveS from foSSil evidence. Naturwissenschaften, 91 (10), 455 - 471." type="journal article">Zhou 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55BFF97FCC38279FC1A513B" box="[776,1022,260,285]" pageId="5" pageNumber="577" refId="ref3529" refString="Zhou, Z. & Zhang, F. (2002) A long-tailed, Seed-eating bird from the Early CretaceouS of China. Nature, 418 (6896), 405." type="journal article">Zhou & Zhang 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is suggested that the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55BFF97FF5C8255FECB5167" ID-CoL="8MSKW" authorityName="Chen, Wang & Du" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,303,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Largusoperla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55BFF97FF5C8255FECB5167" box="[151,303,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="577">Largusoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
evolved larger paraprocts or robust cerci (Chen 2018) to enhance successful mating. Some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55BFF97FF5C8231FED35142" ID-CoL="8MPL5" box="[151,311,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acroneuriinae">Acroneuriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups, such as some species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55BFF97FD638231FCDB5143" ID-CoL="8MSKW" authorityName="Chen, Wang & Du" authorityYear="2018" box="[680,831,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Largusoperla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55BFF97FD638231FCDB5143" box="[680,831,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="577">Largusoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have utilized a fiXed mating position to decrease mating time, which might be the reason of the asymmetric paraprocts. After mid-Cretaceous, angiosperms began to flourish (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF854B44E55BFF97FF3782E9FE3E518B" box="[252,474,404,428]" pageId="5" pageNumber="577" refId="ref2976" refString="Sauquet, H., von BalthaZar, M., Magallon, S., Doyle, J. A., EndreSS, P. K., BaileS, E. J., de MoraiS, E. B., Bull-Herenu, K., Carrive, L., Chartier, M. & Chomicki, G. (2017) The anceStral flower of angioSpermS and itS early diverSification. Nature Communications, 8, 16047." type="journal article">
|
||
Sauquet
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55BFF97FE9582E8FE6B518B" box="[350,399,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="577">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The wider leaves of the angiosperm plants may have offered stoneflies more suitable mating sites. The paraprocts of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55BFF97FDED82CAFD2251F7" ID-CoL="8MPL5" box="[550,710,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acroneuriinae">Acroneuriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
apparently gradually decreased in size and became symmetrical in eXtant species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55BFF97FE5B82A1FDD051D2" ID-CoL="8MPL5" box="[400,564,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Acroneuriinae">Acroneuriinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The discovery of adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C144D36E55BFF97FCAF82A1FC1F51D3" ID-CoL="8MSKW" authorityName="Chen, Wang & Du" authorityYear="2018" box="[868,1019,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Perlidae" genus="Largusoperla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="577" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B960EAA7E55BFF97FCAF82A1FC1F51D3" box="[868,1019,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="577">Largusoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
females may contribute additional information to support the above speculation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |