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<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739808" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b7e93c79-44a6-4d9c-8b78-dcb62033fb0d" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3739808" approvalRequired="13" approvalRequired_for_treatments="13" checkinTime="1585778501182" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03BD87A2C67CA20FF899F1F9FC2A4A21" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Hipposideridae_210.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Hipposideros armiger Hodgson 1835" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="238" masterDocId="FF84FFDAC676A204FFF8FF9AFFEF4346" masterDocTitle="Hipposideridae" masterLastPageNumber="258" masterPageNumber="227" pageNumber="237" updateTime="1658319070246" updateUser="diego">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Hipposideridae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:originInfo>
<mods:dateIssued>2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place>
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>227</mods:start>
<mods:end>258</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739808</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">b7e93c79-44a6-4d9c-8b78-dcb62033fb0d</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3739808</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3810986" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163433740" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3810986" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BD87A2C67CA20FF899F1F9FC2A4A21" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BD87A2C67CA20FF899F1F9FC2A4A21" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="238" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<heading pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<subSubSection box="[1889,1966,3683,3744]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" type="multiple">
<paragraph blockId="10.[1885,3505,3682,3843]" box="[1889,1966,3683,3744]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<figureCitation box="[1889,1966,3683,3744]" captionStart="Plate 17: Hipposideridae" captionStartId="10.[179,222,4387,4416]" captionTargetBox="[0,3699,0,4866]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="24. Large-eared Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros megalotis), 25. Boeadi’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros boeadii), 26. Ha Long Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros alongensis), 27. Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros armiger), 28. Griffin’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros griffoni), 29. Pendlebury’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros pendleburyi), 30. Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros turpis), 31. Grand Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros grandis), 32. Horsfield’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros larvatus), 33. Maduran Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros madurae), 34. Sorensen’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros sorenseni), 35. Sumban Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros sumbae), 36. Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros lylei), 37. Pratt’s Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros pratti), 38. Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros scutinares), 39. Makira Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros demissus), 40. Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros diadema), 41. Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros dinops), 42. Crested Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros inexpectatus), 43. Amhem Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros inomatus), 44. Indian Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros lankadiva), 45. Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros lekaguli), 46. Peleng Leaf-nosed Bat (Hipposideros pelingensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739812" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3739812/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">27.</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1989,2901,3683,3744]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="10.[1885,3505,3682,3843]" box="[1989,2901,3683,3744]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<vernacularName box="[1989,2901,3683,3744]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[2966,3505,3683,3744]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph blockId="10.[1885,3505,3682,3843]" box="[2966,3505,3683,3744]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1835" box="[2966,3505,3683,3744]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="armiger">
<emphasis box="[2966,3505,3683,3744]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Hipposideros armiger</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="237" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph blockId="10.[1885,3505,3682,3843]" box="[1887,3418,3762,3789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1887,1989,3764,3789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[2001,2356,3762,3789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Phyllorhine de I'Himalaya I</vernacularName>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2363,2486,3764,3789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[2496,2912,3762,3789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Grosse Himalaya-Rundblattnase</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2940,3064,3764,3789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[3075,3418,3762,3789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Hiposidérido de Himalaya</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[1885,3505,3682,3843]" box="[1886,2807,3814,3841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1886,2218,3816,3841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName box="[2230,2518,3814,3841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Great Leaf-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
,
<vernacularName box="[2534,2807,3814,3841]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Great Roundleaf Bat</vernacularName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</heading>
<subSubSection box="[1885,2851,3912,3951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" type="reference_group">
<paragraph blockId="10.[1885,3503,3911,4266]" box="[1885,2851,3912,3951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1885,2096,3912,3951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authority="Hodgson, 1835" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1835" box="[2110,2844,3912,3951]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Rhinolphus" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="armiger">Rhinolphus [sic] armiger Hodgson, 1835</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[2865,3209,3912,3951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="10.[1885,3503,3911,4266]" box="[2865,3209,3912,3951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3753598350" box="[2865,3209,3912,3951]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
“Nipal [=
<collectingCountry box="[3049,3176,3912,3951]" name="Nepal" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Nepal</collectingCountry>
].”
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[1887,3363,3964,4003]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="10.[1885,3503,3911,4266]" box="[1887,3363,3964,4003]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1835" box="[1887,2248,3964,4003]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="armiger">Hipposideros armiger</taxonomicName>
is in the
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1835" box="[2416,2549,3964,4003]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="armiger">armiger</taxonomicName>
species group. Four subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="238" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" type="distribution">
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6470379" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6470379" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6470379/files/figure.png" inLine="true" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="238" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" startId="10.[1886,2093,4017,4056]" targetBox="[196,995,349,910]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph blockId="10.[1885,3503,3911,4266]" box="[1886,2421,4017,4056]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1886,2421,4017,4056]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[1885,3503,3911,4266]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<taxonomicName authority="Hodgson, 1835" authorityName="Hodgson" authorityYear="1835" box="[1887,2408,4069,4108]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="armiger" subSpecies="armiger">H. a. armiger Hodgson, 1835</taxonomicName>
-N
<collectingCountry box="[2494,2596,4069,4108]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[2614,2730,4069,4108]" name="Nepal" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Nepal</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry box="[2749,2928,4069,4108]" name="Myanmar" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
, C &amp; S
<collectingCountry box="[3060,3174,4069,4108]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">China</collectingCountry>
(including
<collectingRegion country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Hainan</collectingRegion>
I), and mainland SE Asia except
<collectingCountry box="[2560,2726,4122,4161]" name="Vietnam" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[1885,3503,3911,4266]" box="[1887,2795,4174,4214]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<taxonomicName authority="Zhen, 1987" authorityName="Zhen" authorityYear="1987" box="[1887,2408,4174,4213]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="armiger" subSpecies="fujianensis">H. a. fujianensis Zhen, 1987</taxonomicName>
-SE
<collectingCountry box="[2504,2619,4174,4213]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion box="[2647,2777,4174,4213]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Fujian</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[1885,3503,3911,4266]" box="[1886,2622,4227,4266]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
<taxonomicName authority="Kishida, 1924" authorityName="Kishida" authorityYear="1924" box="[1886,2411,4227,4266]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="armiger" subSpecies="terasensis">H. a. terasensis Kishida, 1924</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingCountry box="[2454,2587,4227,4266]" name="Taiwan" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
I.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3739812" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3739812" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3739812/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" startId="10.[179,222,4387,4416]" targetBox="[0,3699,0,4866]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph blockId="10.[176,3502,4357,4636]" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">
On following pages: 28. Griffin's Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="ZyfetThomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[901,1093,4387,4416]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hipposideros</taxonomicName>
griffin/}; 29. Pendlebury's Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="G. M. Allen" authorityYear="1936" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grandis">Hipposideros grandis</taxonomicName>
}; 32. Horsfield's Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Horsfield" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[777,1089,4439,4468]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="larvatus">Hipposideros larvatus</taxonomicName>
}; 33. Maduran Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kitchener &amp; Maryanto" authorityYear="1993" box="[1559,1887,4439,4468]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="madurae">Hipposideros madurae</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Oey" authorityYear="1960" box="[179,293,4491,4520]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sumbae">sumbae</taxonomicName>
}; 36. Shield-faced Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[814,1070,4491,4520]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lylei">Hipposideros lylei</taxonomicName>
}; 37. Pratt's Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1891" box="[1491,1765,4491,4520]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pratti">Hipposideros pratti</taxonomicName>
}; 38. 40. Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1813" box="[602,925,4544,4573]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diadema">Hipposideros diadema</taxonomicName>
}; 41. Fierce Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="K Andersen" authorityYear="1905" box="[1350,1645,4544,4573]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dinops">Hipposideros dinops</taxonomicName>
}; 42. Crested Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kelaart" authorityYear="1850" box="[423,755,4597,4626]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lankadiva">Hipposideros lankadiva</taxonomicName>
}; 45. Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thonglongya &amp; Hill" authorityYear="1974" box="[1266,1574,4597,4626]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lekaguli">Hipposideros lekaguli</taxonomicName>
}; 46. Peleng Leaf-nosed
<taxonomicName authorityName="Chasen" authorityYear="1936" box="[1919,2090,4387,4416]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pendleburyi">pendleburyi</taxonomicName>
); 30. Lesser Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1901" box="[2528,2807,4387,4416]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="turpis">Hipposideros turpis</taxonomicName>
}; 31. Grand Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="ZyfetThomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[3232,3426,4387,4416]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hipposideros</taxonomicName>
}; 34. Sorensen's Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="ZyfetThomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[2388,2582,4439,4468]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hipposideros</taxonomicName>
sorensenl); 35. Sumban Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="ZyfetThomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[3192,3384,4439,4468]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hipposideros</taxonomicName>
Shield-nosed Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName box="[2293,2641,4491,4520]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutinares">Hipposideros scutinares</taxonomicName>
}; 39.
<collectingRegion box="[2732,2829,4491,4520]" country="Solomon Islands" name="Makira" pageId="10" pageNumber="237">Makira</collectingRegion>
Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1909" box="[3083,3420,4491,4520]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="demissus">Hipposideros demissus</taxonomicName>
}; Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Laurie &amp; Hill" authorityYear="1954" box="[2102,2485,4544,4573]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inexpectatus">Hipposideros inexpectatus</taxonomicName>
}; 43. Arnhem Leaf-nosed Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="McKean" authorityYear="1970" box="[2945,3279,4544,4573]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inornatus">Hipposideros inornatus</taxonomicName>
}; 44. Indian Bat (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shamel" authorityYear="1940" box="[2013,2378,4597,4626]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="237" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pelingensis">Hipposideros pelingensis</taxonomicName>
}.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph blockId="11.[1024,1826,350,922]" box="[1028,1825,350,389]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">
<taxonomicName authority="Bourret, 1942" authorityName="Bourret" authorityYear="1942" box="[1028,1620,350,389]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="armiger" subSpecies="traninhensis">H. a. traninhensis Bourret, 1942</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingCountry box="[1651,1819,350,389]" name="Vietnam" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="238" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="11.[1024,1826,350,922]" lastBlockId="11.[196,1825,934,2407]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1026,1414,403,442]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head—body
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="95.0" valueMax="110.0" valueMin="80.0">80— 110 mm</quantity>
, tail 48-70 mm, ear 30-35 mm, hindfoot 13-17 mm, forearm
<quantity box="[1592,1817,508,547]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.4" metricValueMax="10.3" metricValueMin="8.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="238" unit="mm" value="94.0" valueMax="103.0" valueMin="85.0">85—103 mm</quantity>
; weight 44-67 g. Males are usually larger than females. Ears of the Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat are large and have a pointed tip. Hair is long and soft, and dark brown. Tail is long, with tip free from interfemoral membrane. Noseleaf is rather small and does not cover muzzle. There are four supplementary leaflets, outer one being very small. Intermediate leaf is thick and swollen. Posterior leaf is thick but narrower than anterior leaf. Adult males have a thick, swollen structure behind posterior leaf. Skull is large with well-developed sagittal crest. Rostrum and supraorbital region are gready inflated. C1 and j are heavily built. P2 is small and extruded from tooth row, so that C1 and P4 are in contact. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 32 and FN = 60.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="238" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="11.[196,1825,934,2407]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[198,348,1254,1293]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">Habitat.</emphasis>
The Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat forages in primary and disturbed forests, seeking its food in the forest itself or in other vegetation near caves. It is also recorded in orchards and rubber plantations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="238" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph blockId="11.[196,1825,934,2407]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[198,554,1415,1454]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
The Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat feeds on insects, mostly o leoptera and Hymenoptera, in forest understory and around trees. It sometimes flies high and fast in open spaces, perhaps while commuting to and from foraging sites.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="238" type="breeding">
<paragraph blockId="11.[196,1825,934,2407]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[198,383,1574,1613]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">Breeding.</emphasis>
Females were found pregnant from January to early May. Young Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bats were seen attached to females in the roost from February to June.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="238" type="activity">
<paragraph blockId="11.[196,1825,934,2407]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[196,516,1734,1773]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
The Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat often roosts in large numbers in caves. Its echolocation calls are typical F components terminating with a FM tail, with the frequency of the F part of 65—75 kHz.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="238" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="11.[196,1825,934,2407]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[198,1161,1894,1933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
The Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat forms small to very large colonies in caves. Each individual usually has a roosting space of c. 10-20 cm from other individuals. It is often found in mixed colonies with other large
<taxonomicName box="[424,790,2053,2092]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">Hipposideros species</taxonomicName>
, such as Diadem Leaf-nosed Bats (
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" baseAuthorityYear="1813" box="[1461,1675,2053,2092]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diadema">H. diadema</taxonomicName>
), Large Asian Leaf-nosed Bats (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thonglongya &amp; Hill" authorityYear="1974" box="[641,842,2106,2145]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lekaguli">H. lekaguli</taxonomicName>
), or Shield-feced Leaf-nosed Bats (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1913" box="[1501,1634,2106,2145]" class="Mammalia" family="Hipposideridae" genus="Hipposideros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="238" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lylei">H. lylei</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="238" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="11.[196,1825,934,2407]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,670,2160,2199]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Bat is widespread and rather common in cave habitats. It has been recorded from several protected areas throughout its range.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="238" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph blockId="11.[196,1825,934,2407]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,406,2325,2354]" pageId="11" pageNumber="238">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Bates, Bumrungsri, Francis &amp; Csorba (2008), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Hughes eta/. (2010), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1988), Simmons (2005).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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