296 lines
37 KiB
XML
296 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="69459C28FB24A322B0BBB17E81DBE948">Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="214A762B5614DC0BB5CC2B564E01B429">Johnson, Kenneth G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="A35A7B7BB01A34CE243BFBA891549D9E">2015</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFDAF62CFEF0FE2D7EC8FDA9" blockId="53.[272,670,509,531]" box="[272,670,509,531]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">
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<heading id="D0F52715FFDAF62CFEF0FE2D7EC8FDA9" box="[272,670,509,531]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFDAF62CFEF0FE2D7EC8FDA9" ID-CoL="9P7M" authority="WELLS, 1954" authorityName="WELLS" authorityYear="1954" box="[272,670,509,531]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vaughani">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFDAF62CFEF0FE2D7E56FDAB" box="[272,512,509,530]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">ACROPORA VAUGHANI</emphasis>
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WELLS, 1954
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C318C3F2FFDAF62CFE7BFDF47E45FD83" box="[411,531,547,569]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFDAF62CFE7BFDF47E45FD83" blockId="53.[411,531,547,569]" box="[411,531,547,569]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">
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<figureCitation id="13398CFCFFDAF62CFE7BFDF47E45FD83" box="[411,531,547,569]" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="53.[164,243,1765,1784]" captionTargetBox="[181,1424,709,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-171@53.[634,961,1221,1736]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 26. Acropora vaughani. A–C, RGM 3998, Sonde, Java, Pleistocene (0.8–2.6 Ma). A, whole specimen. B, detail of branch showing irregular distribution of radial corallites. C, detail of radial corallites showing thickened walls. D and E, RGM 167823, Fatu Lulih, Timor, Pliocene to Early Pleistocene (1.8–5.3): D, three fragments showing mid branch and branch tip (up right); E, detail of radial corallites with round calices and thickened walls. F, RGM 125829, Nalawo Valley, Nias, Sumatra, Pleistocene (0.8–2.6 Ma), whole specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339618/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">FIGURE 26</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C318C3F2FFDAF62CFF44FD9A7E48FDC4" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFDAF62CFF44FD9A7E48FDC4" blockId="53.[164,779,586,639]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA3B668FFDAF62CFF44FD9A7E36FDDA" author="Wells JW" box="[164,608,586,608]" page="416" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" year="1954">
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFDAF62CFF44FD9A7E36FDDA" ID-CoL="9P7M" authority="Wells, 1954 b: 416" authorityName="WELLS" authorityPageNumber="416" authorityYear="1954" box="[164,608,586,608]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vaughani">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFDAF62CFF44FD9A7DD4FDE5" box="[164,386,586,607]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">Acropora vaughani</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFDAF62CFE6DFD9A7E36FDDA" author="Wells JW" box="[397,608,586,608]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" pagination="385 - 486" refId="ref54333" refString="Wells JW. 1954 b. Recent corals of the Marshall Islands. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 260 - I: 385 - 486, pl. 94 - 185." type="journal article" year="1954">Wells, 1954b: 416</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 105 fig. 1, pl. 106 figs 1–8, pl. 107 figs 2–6.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C318C3F2FFDAF62FFCDAFF167F28FCB8" lastPageId="54" lastPageNumber="731" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFDAF62CFCDAFF167FFCFF61" blockId="53.[826,1442,198,434]" box="[826,938,198,219]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFDAF62CFCDAFF167FFCFF61" box="[826,938,198,219]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFDAF62CFCDAFF3478B4FE08" blockId="53.[826,1442,198,434]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">
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Colonies arborescent with indeterminate growth, composed of irregular, slender branches. Branch structure 50:50 axial/radial. Radial corallites, tubular to subimmersed, irregularly distributed, and thickened walls. Coenosteum composed of short elaborated spinules that can become costate on corallite walls (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFDAF62CFACBFEAD7872FE0B" author="Wallace CC & Wolstenholme JK" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" pagination="199 - 384" refId="ref54270" refString="Wallace CC, Wolstenholme JK. 1998. Revision of the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniina: Acroporidae) in Indonesia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 199 - 384." type="journal article" year="1998">Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFDAF62CFBD3FE4C7880FE08" author="Wallace CC" box="[1075,1238,412,434]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" refId="ref53823" refString="Wallace CC. 1999. Staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral Genus Acropora (Scleractinia; Astrocoeniina; Acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing." type="book" year="1999">Wallace, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFDAF62CFCDAFE3E7FAFFDB9" blockId="53.[826,1441,494,638]" box="[826,1017,494,515]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFDAF62CFCDAFE3E7FAFFDB9" box="[826,1017,494,515]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">Material studied</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFDAF62CFCDAFDDD7908FDFB" blockId="53.[826,1441,494,638]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFDAF62CFCDAFDDD78D1FD99" box="[826,1159,525,547]" collectionCode="RGM" location="Java" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" specimenCode="RGM 3998" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Jawa Timur">
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<collectingRegion id="49C65E9BFFDAF62CFCDAFDDD7F25FD98" box="[826,883,525,546]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">Java</collectingRegion>
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||
:
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||
<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFDAF62CFC9EFDDD7FADFD98" box="[894,1019,525,546]" collectionCode="RGM" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/47nz-wbm0" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" type="Museum">RGM 3998</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D045BF0FFDAF62CFBE7FDDD78D1FD99" box="[1031,1159,525,547]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFDAF62CFB74FDDD7F9CFDFB" collectionCode="RGM" location="Sumatra" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" specimenCode="RGM 125829" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara">
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<collectingRegion id="49C65E9BFFDAF62CFB74FDDD78ACFD98" box="[1172,1274,525,546]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
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:
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<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFDAF62CFAE5FDDD79CBFD99" box="[1285,1437,525,547]" collectionCode="RGM" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/47nz-wbm0" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" type="Museum">RGM 125829</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D045BF0FFDAF62CFCDAFDFB7F9CFDFB" box="[826,970,555,577]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
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</materialsCitation>
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; Timor:
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<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFDAF62CFBCDFDFB790CFDFB" box="[1069,1370,555,577]" collectionCode="RGM" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" specimenCode="RGM 167823" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sumatra">
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<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFDAF62CFBCDFDFB789EFDFB" box="[1069,1224,555,577]" collectionCode="RGM" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/47nz-wbm0" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" type="Museum">RGM 167823</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D045BF0FFDAF62CFB36FDFB790CFDFB" box="[1238,1370,555,577]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFDAF62CFCB3FD9A79F7FDC4" blockId="53.[826,1441,494,638]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFDAF62CFCB3FD9A78C6FDE5" box="[851,1168,586,608]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">Modern comparative material</emphasis>
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:
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<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFDAF62CFB7BFD9A79F7FDC4" collectionCode="USNM, RMNH" collectorName="SW Salayer" country="Marshall Islands" location="Marshall Islands" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" specimenCode="USNM 44452, RMNH 20979" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54B92EDBFFDAF62CFB7BFD9A78A9FDDA" box="[1179,1279,586,608]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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,
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<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFDAF62CFAE8FD9A79CBFDDA" box="[1288,1437,586,608]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" type="Museum">USNM 44452</specimenCode>
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, Bikini Atoll,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFDAF62CFC5FFDB87821FDC4" box="[959,1143,616,638]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
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;
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||
<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFDAF62CFB9FFDB97941FDC4" box="[1151,1303,617,638]" collectionCode="RMNH" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" type="Museum">RMNH 20979</specimenCode>
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,
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||
<collectorName id="26F7F5AFFFDAF62CFAFFFDB979CBFDC4" box="[1311,1437,616,638]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">SW Salayer</collectorName>
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,
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7DC0F1FFDAF62CFF44F9357F47F8D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339618" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5339618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339618/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" startId="53.[164,243,1765,1784]" targetBox="[181,1424,709,1736]" targetPageId="53">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFDAF62CFF44F9357F47F8D4" blockId="53.[164,1442,1765,1902]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFDAF62CFF44F9357D4FF942" bold="true" box="[164,281,1765,1784]" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">Figure 26.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFDAF62CFEC4F9367DB8F942" authorityName="WELLS" authorityYear="1954" box="[292,494,1765,1785]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="53" pageNumber="730" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vaughani">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFDAF62CFEC4F9367DB8F942" box="[292,494,1765,1785]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="730">Acropora vaughani</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. A–C, RGM 3998, Sonde, Java, Pleistocene (0.8–2.6 Ma). A, whole specimen. B, detail of branch showing irregular distribution of radial corallites. C, detail of radial corallites showing thickened walls. D and E, RGM 167823, Fatu Lulih, Timor, Pliocene to Early Pleistocene (1.8–5.3): D, three fragments showing mid branch and branch tip (up right); E, detail of radial corallites with round calices and thickened walls. F, RGM 125829, Nalawo Valley, Nias, Sumatra, Pleistocene (0.8–2.6 Ma), whole specimen.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD9F62FFF70FF167E31FF40" blockId="54.[144,759,198,250]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">
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||
reef edge, SW Pulau Bahuluang,
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<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD9F62FFE0CFF167E0EFF66" box="[492,600,198,220]" name="Indonesia" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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||
; MTQ G48344, Nain Island,
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||
<collectingRegion id="49C65E9BFFD9F62FFECBFF347DB7FF40" box="[299,481,228,250]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">North Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD9F62FFE10FF347E35FF40" box="[496,611,228,250]" name="Indonesia" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD9F62FFF70FECA7DC1FE95" blockId="54.[144,759,282,1008]" box="[144,407,282,303]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">
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||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFF70FECA7DC1FE95" box="[144,407,282,303]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Skeletal characteristics</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD9F62FFF70FEE97E57FE52" blockId="54.[144,759,282,1008]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFF70FEE97D55FEF4" box="[144,259,313,334]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD9F62FFF70FEE97D56FEF4" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1834" box="[144,256,313,334]" genus="Corallum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Corallum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Branches straight or slightly bent, round in transverse section, length 24.29–34.02–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD9F62FFD9FFE877EA4FED7" box="[639,754,343,365]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.022" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" unit="mm" value="40.22">40.22 mm</quantity>
|
||
, mid branch diameter 6.48–7.78–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD9F62FFE18FEA67E0CFE31" box="[504,602,374,396]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.97" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" unit="mm" value="9.97">9.97 mm</quantity>
|
||
; a single fragment of a branch tip, diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD9F62FFE08FE447E6AFE10" box="[488,572,404,426]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; only one branch with scar of a broken branch, angle 75.51° (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13398CFCFFD9F62FFD66FE637EBDFE73" box="[646,747,435,457]" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="53.[164,243,1765,1784]" captionTargetBox="[181,1424,709,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-171@53.[634,961,1221,1736]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 26. Acropora vaughani. A–C, RGM 3998, Sonde, Java, Pleistocene (0.8–2.6 Ma). A, whole specimen. B, detail of branch showing irregular distribution of radial corallites. C, detail of radial corallites showing thickened walls. D and E, RGM 167823, Fatu Lulih, Timor, Pliocene to Early Pleistocene (1.8–5.3): D, three fragments showing mid branch and branch tip (up right); E, detail of radial corallites with round calices and thickened walls. F, RGM 125829, Nalawo Valley, Nias, Sumatra, Pleistocene (0.8–2.6 Ma), whole specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339618/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Fig. 26D</figureCitation>
|
||
); growth probably indeterminate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD9F62FFF48FE207D1EFC29" blockId="54.[144,759,282,1008]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFF48FE207D4AFDBF" box="[168,284,496,517]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Corallites.</emphasis>
|
||
Axial corallite visible in cross section and one branch tip,
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD9F62FFEA6FDDF7DFEFD9E" box="[326,424,527,548]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.04" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" unit="mm" value="1.04">1.04 mm</quantity>
|
||
exsert, outer diameter 1.42– 1.95–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD9F62FFF2DFDFD7D62FDF9" box="[205,308,557,579]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.47" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" unit="mm" value="2.47">2.47 mm</quantity>
|
||
, inner diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD9F62FFDE1FDFD7E31FDF9" box="[513,615,557,579]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" unit="mm" value="0.81">0.81 mm</quantity>
|
||
, wall thickness
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD9F62FFF31FD9C7D6DFDDB" box="[209,315,588,609]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" unit="mm" value="0.34">0.34 mm</quantity>
|
||
, primary septa up to two-thirds R, secondary septa up to one-quarter R; radial corallites (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13398CFCFFD9F62FFF77FD597CB7FD25" box="[151,225,649,671]" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="53.[164,243,1765,1784]" captionTargetBox="[181,1424,709,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-171@53.[634,961,1221,1736]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 26. Acropora vaughani. A–C, RGM 3998, Sonde, Java, Pleistocene (0.8–2.6 Ma). A, whole specimen. B, detail of branch showing irregular distribution of radial corallites. C, detail of radial corallites showing thickened walls. D and E, RGM 167823, Fatu Lulih, Timor, Pliocene to Early Pleistocene (1.8–5.3): D, three fragments showing mid branch and branch tip (up right); E, detail of radial corallites with round calices and thickened walls. F, RGM 125829, Nalawo Valley, Nias, Sumatra, Pleistocene (0.8–2.6 Ma), whole specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339618/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
B-C) evenly sized, irregularly distributed, mostly tubular to subimmersed, not touching, round calices, profile length 0.45–0.77–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD9F62FFE4DFD167E59FD66" box="[429,527,710,732]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" unit="mm" value="1.27">1.27 mm</quantity>
|
||
, angle 29.21–64.39– 89.28°, outer diameter 1.18–1.60–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD9F62FFDFDFD357ED7FD40" box="[541,641,741,763]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" unit="mm" value="1.95">1.95 mm</quantity>
|
||
, inner diameter 0.65–0.74–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD9F62FFE82FCD37D90FCA3" box="[354,454,771,793]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.9" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" unit="mm" value="0.89">0.89 mm</quantity>
|
||
, wall thickness 0.29–0.40–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD9F62FFF70FCF27CA4FC82" box="[144,242,802,824]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" unit="mm" value="0.55">0.55 mm</quantity>
|
||
, distance between centres 1.85–2.62–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD9F62FFD71FCF27EA5FC82" box="[657,755,802,824]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.57" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" unit="mm" value="3.57">3.57 mm</quantity>
|
||
, primary septa up to one-third R, secondary septa up to one-quarter R. Corallite arrangement sequence 1–4–?–6–8–up to 10.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD9F62FFF48FC4D7DB9FC4A" blockId="54.[144,759,282,1008]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFF48FC4D7D64FC08" box="[168,306,925,946]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Coenosteum.</emphasis>
|
||
Elaborated spinules throughout that can be aligned on some corallite walls, coenosteum amount 0.44–1.02–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD9F62FFEEBFC0A7D38FC55" box="[267,366,986,1008]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" unit="mm" value="2.75">2.75 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13398CFCFFD9F62FFE9FFC0A7DB5FC4A" box="[383,483,986,1008]" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="53.[164,243,1765,1784]" captionTargetBox="[181,1424,709,1736]" captionTargetId="figure-171@53.[634,961,1221,1736]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 26. Acropora vaughani. A–C, RGM 3998, Sonde, Java, Pleistocene (0.8–2.6 Ma). A, whole specimen. B, detail of branch showing irregular distribution of radial corallites. C, detail of radial corallites showing thickened walls. D and E, RGM 167823, Fatu Lulih, Timor, Pliocene to Early Pleistocene (1.8–5.3): D, three fragments showing mid branch and branch tip (up right); E, detail of radial corallites with round calices and thickened walls. F, RGM 125829, Nalawo Valley, Nias, Sumatra, Pleistocene (0.8–2.6 Ma), whole specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339618/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Fig. 26C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD9F62FFF70FBC07D58FB9F" blockId="54.[144,759,1040,1459]" box="[144,270,1040,1061]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFF70FBC07D58FB9F" box="[144,270,1040,1061]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Occurrence</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD9F62FFF70FBFE7E9DFA09" blockId="54.[144,759,1040,1459]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">
|
||
Pliocene to Recent. The earliest occurrence is from Fatu Lulih, Timor Leste, of Pliocene age,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE36F6BEFFD9F62FFDD8FB9C7E22FBD8" box="[568,628,1100,1122]" degrees="1.806" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" precision="55" value="1.806">1.806</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE36F6BEFFD9F62FFD94FB9C7E97FBD8" box="[628,705,1100,1122]" degrees="5.332" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" precision="55" value="-5.332">–5.332</geoCoordinate>
|
||
Ma. Other specimens are from the Pleistocene localities Sonde in Java and Nalawo Valley in Sumatra of Calabrian to Gelasian age,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE36F6BEFFD9F62FFE2EFB787E5DFB04" box="[462,523,1192,1214]" degrees="0.781" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" precision="55" value="0.781">0.781</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE36F6BEFFD9F62FFDEAFB787E01FB04" box="[522,599,1192,1214]" degrees="2.588" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" precision="55" value="-2.588">–2.588</geoCoordinate>
|
||
Ma. The previously known fossil record includes specimens of Pliocene and Pleistocene age from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD9F62FFE00FB357E43FB41" box="[480,533,1253,1275]" name="Niue" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Niue</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the Pacific Ocean (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD9F62FFF77FAD47D6AFAA0" author="Wallace CC" box="[151,316,1284,1306]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" refId="ref53823" refString="Wallace CC. 1999. Staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral Genus Acropora (Scleractinia; Astrocoeniina; Acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing." type="book" year="1999">Wallace, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In modern reefs this species occurs in the entire Indo-Pacific and Red Sea, although is less abundant and does not form monospecific stands (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD9F62FFF77FAB07D61FACC" author="Wallace CC" box="[151,311,1376,1398]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" refId="ref53823" refString="Wallace CC. 1999. Staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral Genus Acropora (Scleractinia; Astrocoeniina; Acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing." type="book" year="1999">Wallace, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); recent records from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD9F62FFDCFFAB07ECBFACC" box="[559,669,1376,1398]" name="Indonesia" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
include a wide distribution in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C65E9BFFD9F62FFE6CFAAF7D92FA2E" box="[396,452,1407,1428]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Java</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C65E9BFFD9F62FFE30FAAE7E6EFA2E" box="[464,568,1406,1428]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD9F62FFDA4FAAF7E01FA08" authority="Tenggara, Banda Sea, Halmahera and Irian Jaya" authorityName="Tenggara, Banda Sea, Halmahera and Irian Jaya" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Nusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nusa Tenggara, Banda Sea, Halmahera and Irian Jaya</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C680A5C2FFD9F62FFD89FA4D7EE9FA09" box="[617,703,1437,1459]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="17.[116,180,384,405]" captionText="Table 4. Present distribution of Acropora and Isopora species in Indonesia and surrounding seas (Malaysia and Philippines) in comparison with the fossil records of this study" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD9F62FFF70FA037D3CFA52" blockId="54.[144,759,1491,1788]" box="[144,362,1491,1512]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFF70FA037D3CFA52" box="[144,362,1491,1512]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Palaeoenvironment</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD9F62FFF70FA217D26F946" blockId="54.[144,759,1491,1788]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">
|
||
This species has a few specimens in the fossil record and as part of heterogeneous faunas, e.g. with azooxanthellate corals in Sonde (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD9F62FFDF5F9FE7EF7F9FE" author="Gerth H" box="[533,673,1582,1604]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" pagination="387 - 445" refId="ref50255" refString="Gerth H. 1921. Coelenterata. Anthozoa. In: Martin K., ed. Die Fossilien von Java auf Grund einer Sammlung von Dr. R. D. M. Verbeek und von anderen. Sammlungen des geologischen Reichs-Museums in Leiden. Neue Folge 1: 387 - 445, plates 55 - 57." type="journal article" year="1921">Gerth, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and a diverse reefal fauna from Nias (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD9F62FFDEEF99D7EC8F9D9" author="Gerth H" box="[526,670,1613,1635]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" pagination="22 - 82" refId="ref50353" refString="Gerth H. 1925. Jungtertiare Korallen von Nias, Java und Borneo, nebst einer Uebersicht uber die aus dem Kanozoikum des indischen Archipels bekannten Arten. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 1: 22 - 82." type="journal article" year="1925">Gerth, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Interpretations of a palaeoenvironment would be a matter of speculation. In modern reefs, this species is restrict- ed to protected subtidal habitats such as lagoons, sandy slopes or turbid waters around fringing reefs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD9F62FFD78F9177C9FF941" author="Wallace CC" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" refId="ref53823" refString="Wallace CC. 1999. Staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral Genus Acropora (Scleractinia; Astrocoeniina; Acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing." type="book" year="1999">Wallace, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD9F62FFF37F9367D33F946" author="Veron JEN" box="[215,357,1766,1788]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" refId="ref53488" refString="Veron JEN. 2000. Corals of the world. Townsville: Australian Institute of Marine Science." type="book" year="2000">Veron, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD9F62FFF70F8CB7CA3F88A" blockId="54.[144,759,1819,1903]" box="[144,245,1819,1840]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFF70F8CB7CA3F88A" box="[144,245,1819,1840]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD9F62FFF70F8EA7F28FCB8" blockId="54.[144,759,1819,1903]" lastBlockId="54.[806,1422,198,770]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">
|
||
The fossil specimen RGM 3998 was previously identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD9F62FFF10F8897ED7F8D5" authority="(Felix, 1913)" baseAuthorityName="Felix" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[240,641,1881,1903]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="trinilsecunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFF10F8897DB8F8D4" box="[240,494,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Acropora trinilsecunda</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD9F62FFE1DF8897E2FF8D5" author="Felix J" box="[509,633,1881,1903]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" pagination="311 - 371" refId="ref50039" refString="Felix J. 1913. Die fossilen Anthozoen aus der Umgegend von Trinil. Palaeontographica 60: 311 - 371." type="journal article" year="1913">Felix, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the col- lections of the Naturalis museum. This particular specimen has not been reported in the literature. As explained in the discussion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD9F62FFB60FED37976FEA2" authorityName="Felix" authorityYear="1921" box="[1152,1312,259,280]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="borneoensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFB60FED37976FEA2" box="[1152,1312,259,280]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">A. borneoensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B92EDBFFD9F62FFABCFED379DBFEA2" box="[1372,1421,259,280]" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material of Felix’s species was not located despite our efforts. Therefore, our knowledge about the three species from the Trinil outcrops,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD9F62FFBDAFE8F7887FECE" box="[1082,1233,351,372]" class="Anthozoa" family="Oculinidae" genus="Madrepora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="trinilprima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFBDAFE8F7887FECE" box="[1082,1233,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">A. trinilprima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD9F62FFB3FFE8F79DBFECE" baseAuthorityName="Felix" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[1247,1421,351,372]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="trinilsecunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFB3FFE8F79DBFECE" box="[1247,1421,351,372]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">A. trinilsecunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD9F62FFCBCFEAE7FA2FE28" baseAuthorityName="Felix" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[860,1012,381,403]" class="Anthozoa" family="Oculinidae" genus="Madrepora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="triniltertia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFCBCFEAE7FA2FE28" box="[860,1012,381,403]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">A. triniltertia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is restricted to our interpretation from his descriptions. Although some of the morphological traits of our material could match the description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD9F62FFC9CFE097864FE54" baseAuthorityName="Felix" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[892,1074,473,494]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="trinilsecunda">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFC9CFE097864FE54" box="[892,1074,473,494]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">A. trinilsecunda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the presence of a columellalike structure was not observed. The fossils included here are more similar to the extant species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD9F62FFAE8FDC779DBFD91" authorityName="WELLS" authorityYear="1954" box="[1288,1421,534,556]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vaughani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFAE8FDC779DBFD91" box="[1288,1421,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">A. vaughani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with radial corallites that exhibit the characteristic thickened walls. They compare well with the specimens RGM 20979 from Pulau Bahuluang and MTQ G48344 from Nain Island,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C65E9BFFD9F62FFC26FD417867FD1D" box="[966,1073,657,679]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Other fossil specimens from distant localities in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C65E9BFFD9F62FFBE0FD7F7837FD7E" box="[1024,1121,687,708]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Timor Leste were also interpreted within the variation range of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD9F62FFAEBFD1E79D8FD59" authorityName="WELLS" authorityYear="1954" box="[1291,1422,718,739]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="54" pageNumber="731" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vaughani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD9F62FFAEBFD1E79D8FD59" box="[1291,1422,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="731">A. vaughani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |