290 lines
35 KiB
XML
290 lines
35 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="CABDFBF2D6527B135A75078516EE802A">Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CC31AF433497C9ABF34A22CF88BEC6E1">Santodomingo, Nadiezhda</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="54E874648F2B69DEC071DC1D13C8D10D">Wallace, Carden C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="59DEE571332D97BB739C4E250F2D49DC">Johnson, Kenneth G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="88246799CACE81B5A85E319A09F09B26">2015</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FF0EFC517E13FC0C" blockId="56.[238,664,897,950]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
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<heading id="D0F52715FFD7F621FF0EFC517E13FC0C" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FF0EFC517E13FC0C" ID-CoL="9P22" authority="WALLACE & WOLSTENHOLME, 1998" authorityName="WALLACE & WOLSTENHOLME" authorityYear="1998" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="halmaherae">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FF0EFC517E53FC2E" box="[238,517,897,918]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">ACROPORA HALMAHERAE</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD7F621FDEEFC517E13FC0C" author="Wallace CC & Wolstenholme JK" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" pagination="199 - 384" refId="ref54270" refString="Wallace CC, Wolstenholme JK. 1998. Revision of the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniina: Acroporidae) in Indonesia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 199 - 384." type="journal article" year="1998">WALLACE & WOLSTENHOLME, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C318C3F2FFD7F621FE67FC177DA9FC66" box="[391,511,967,988]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FE67FC177DA9FC66" blockId="56.[391,511,967,988]" box="[391,511,967,988]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
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<figureCitation id="13398CFCFFD7F621FE67FC177DA9FC66" box="[391,511,967,988]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="57.[164,243,1462,1481]" captionTargetBox="[181,1425,196,1433]" captionTargetId="graphics-96@57.[175,1439,183,1452]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 28. Acropora halmaherae, RGM125830, Gawo Valley, Nias, Sumatra, Pleistocene (0.8–2.6 Ma). A and B, RGM 125830a: A, whole specimen showing degraded tubular radial corallites; B, upper view showing the axial corallite. C and D, RGM125830b: C, whole specimen showing broken branches, probably hispidose; D, detail showing the axial corallite. E and F, RGM125830c: E, whole specimen showing tubular exsert and nariform radial corallites; F, detail of radial corallite and reticulate coenosteum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339622/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">FIGURE 28</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C318C3F2FFD7F621FF70FC3E7D58FB98" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" type="reference_group">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA3B668FFD7F621FF70FC3E7CEAFB98" author="Wallace CC & Wolstenholme JK" page="258" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" year="1998">
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FF70FC3E7CEAFB98" ID-CoL="9P22" authority="Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998: 258" authorityName="WALLACE & WOLSTENHOLME" authorityPageNumber="258" authorityYear="1998" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="halmaherae">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FF70FC3E7DD0FBB9" box="[144,390,1006,1027]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Acropora halmaherae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD7F621FE6EFC3E7CEAFB98" author="Wallace CC & Wolstenholme JK" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" pagination="199 - 384" refId="ref54270" refString="Wallace CC, Wolstenholme JK. 1998. Revision of the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniina: Acroporidae) in Indonesia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 199 - 384." type="journal article" year="1998">Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998: 258</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 54
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C318C3F2FFD7F620FF70FB807D7DF8D5" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="734" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FF70FB807D56FBDF" blockId="56.[144,759,1104,1309]" box="[144,256,1104,1125]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FF70FB807D56FBDF" box="[144,256,1104,1125]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FF70FBBE7E61FAA7" blockId="56.[144,759,1104,1309]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
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Colonies arborescent to hispidose with indeterminate growth, composed of slender branches. Radial and axial corallites contribute equally to branch structure. Radial corallites tubular exsert, regularly distributed. Coenosteum reticulate, elaborated spinules (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD7F621FD63FB387D2CFAA6" author="Wallace CC & Wolstenholme JK" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" pagination="199 - 384" refId="ref54270" refString="Wallace CC, Wolstenholme JK. 1998. Revision of the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniina: Acroporidae) in Indonesia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 199 - 384." type="journal article" year="1998">Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD7F621FE68FAD77E7DFAA7" author="Wallace CC" box="[392,555,1287,1309]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" refId="ref53823" refString="Wallace CC. 1999. Staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral Genus Acropora (Scleractinia; Astrocoeniina; Acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing." type="book" year="1999">Wallace, 1999</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FF70FA9A7D18FAE5" blockId="56.[144,759,1354,1529]" box="[144,334,1354,1375]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FF70FA9A7D18FAE5" box="[144,334,1354,1375]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Material studied</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FF70FAB97D4EFA06" blockId="56.[144,759,1354,1529]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFD7F621FF70FAB97E61FAC5" box="[144,567,1385,1407]" collectionCode="RGM" location="Sumatra" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" specimenCode="RGM 125830" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Sumatera Utara">
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<collectingRegion id="49C65E9BFFD7F621FF70FAB97CAEFAC4" box="[144,248,1385,1406]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
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:
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<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFD7F621FEE3FAB97DCBFAC5" box="[259,413,1385,1407]" collectionCode="RGM" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/47nz-wbm0" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" type="Museum">RGM 125830</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D045BF0FFD7F621FE49FAB97E61FAC5" box="[425,567,1385,1407]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFD7F621FDA3FAB97CAAFA24" collectionCode="RGM" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" specimenCode="RGM 791828" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sumatra">
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<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFD7F621FDA3FAB97E8AFAC4" box="[579,732,1385,1406]" collectionCode="RGM" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/47nz-wbm0" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" type="Museum">RGM 791828</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D045BF0FFD7F621FD09FAB97CAAFA24" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFD7F621FEEBFA587E11FA24" box="[267,583,1415,1438]" collectionCode="RGM" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" specimenCode="RGM 125828" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Sumatra">
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<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFD7F621FEEBFA587DF1FA27" box="[267,423,1415,1437]" collectionCode="RGM" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/47nz-wbm0" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" type="Museum">RGM 125828</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D045BF0FFD7F621FE56FA587E11FA24" box="[438,583,1416,1438]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFD7F621FDB6FA587D42FA06" collectionCode="RGM" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" specimenCode="RGM 791813" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sumatra">
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<specimenCode id="DBA43802FFD7F621FDB6FA587EA4FA27" box="[598,754,1416,1437]" collectionCode="RGM" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/47nz-wbm0" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" type="Museum">RGM 791813</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D045BF0FFD7F621FF70FA767D42FA06" box="[144,276,1446,1468]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FF48FA157DCFFA43" blockId="56.[144,759,1354,1529]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FF48FA157DB2FA60" box="[168,484,1477,1498]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Modern comparative material</emphasis>
|
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:
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B6A9A24FFD7F621FE12FA157DCFFA43" accessionNumber="G51513" country="Indonesia" location="Indonesia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<typeStatus id="54B92EDBFFD7F621FE12FA157E02FA61" box="[498,596,1477,1499]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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, MTQ G51513,
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FF70FA337D42FA43" box="[144,276,1507,1529]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Halmahera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Halmahera</taxonomicName>
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,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD7F621FEC2FA337DC3FA43" box="[290,405,1507,1529]" name="Indonesia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FF70F9F77DC1F986" blockId="56.[144,759,1575,1903]" box="[144,407,1575,1596]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FF70F9F77DC1F986" box="[144,407,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Skeletal characteristics</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FF70F9957EE7F94E" blockId="56.[144,759,1575,1903]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FF70F9957CAAF9E0" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1834" box="[144,252,1605,1626]" genus="Corallum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FF70F9957CAAF9E0" box="[144,252,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Corallum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
. Specimens show evidence of arborescent to hispidose colony form, branch length 13.48–19.01–
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<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD7F621FF70F9527CABF922" box="[144,253,1666,1688]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6149999999999998" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" unit="mm" value="36.15">36.15 mm</quantity>
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||
, branch angle 54.21–59.01–64.97°, mid branch diameter 3.25–5.00–
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||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD7F621FE64F9717DBDF90D" box="[388,491,1697,1719]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.24" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" unit="mm" value="6.24">6.24 mm</quantity>
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, round on transverse section, minimum distance between branches 7.80– 8.84–
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<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD7F621FF2EF90E7D64F94E" box="[206,306,1758,1780]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.88" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" unit="mm" value="9.88">9.88 mm</quantity>
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; growth probably indeterminate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FF48F92D7FE2FD96" blockId="56.[144,759,1575,1903]" lastBlockId="56.[806,1422,198,648]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
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<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FF48F92D7D4FF8A8" box="[168,281,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Corallites.</emphasis>
|
||
Axial corallite visible in incipient branches and transverse sections, outer diameter 1.55–1.90–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD7F621FF70F8EA7CA6F8EA" box="[144,240,1850,1872]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.26" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" unit="mm" value="2.26">2.26 mm</quantity>
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, inner diameter 0.80–0.99–
|
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<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD7F621FDFAF8EA7E2EF8EA" box="[538,632,1850,1872]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" unit="mm" value="1.42">1.42 mm</quantity>
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, wall thickness 0.31–0.39–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD7F621FEBFF8897D98F8D4" box="[351,462,1881,1903]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" unit="mm" value="0.46">0.46 mm</quantity>
|
||
, primary septa up to two-thirds R, secondary septa up to one-quarter R; radial corallites evenly sized, irregularly dispersed on the branches, not touching, mostly tubular exsert, round to nariform calices, projected almost perpendicular from the branch in angles of 37.09–53.68–71.62°, profile length 0.59–1.57–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD7F621FC0CFE8F7819FECE" box="[1004,1103,351,373]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.39" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" unit="mm" value="2.39">2.39 mm</quantity>
|
||
, angle, outer diameter 0.93– 1.25–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD7F621FC82FEAD7F92FE29" box="[866,964,381,403]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" unit="mm" value="1.52">1.52 mm</quantity>
|
||
, inner diameter 0.45–0.60–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD7F621FB12FEAD7902FE29" box="[1266,1364,381,403]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" unit="mm" value="0.77">0.77 mm</quantity>
|
||
, wall thickness 0.19–0.25–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD7F621FBECFE4C783BFE0B" box="[1036,1133,412,434]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" unit="mm" value="0.35">0.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
, distance between centres 2.04–3.47–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD7F621FC40FE6B7855FE6A" box="[928,1027,443,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.97" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" unit="mm" value="4.97">4.97 mm</quantity>
|
||
, primary septa up to two-thirds R, straight and smooth edges, secondary septa absent or visible as points. Corallite arrangement sequence 1–2– 4–4 up to 6.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FCDFFDE57954FD32" blockId="56.[806,1422,198,648]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FCDFFDE57F9BFDF0" box="[831,973,565,586]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Coenosteum.</emphasis>
|
||
Reticulate with evenly arranged elaborated spinules rarely arranged into costae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13398CFCFFD7F621FAFEFD8479D7FDD0" box="[1310,1409,596,618]" captionStart="Figure 28" captionStartId="57.[164,243,1462,1481]" captionTargetBox="[181,1425,196,1433]" captionTargetId="graphics-96@57.[175,1439,183,1452]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="Figure 28. Acropora halmaherae, RGM125830, Gawo Valley, Nias, Sumatra, Pleistocene (0.8–2.6 Ma). A and B, RGM 125830a: A, whole specimen showing degraded tubular radial corallites; B, upper view showing the axial corallite. C and D, RGM125830b: C, whole specimen showing broken branches, probably hispidose; D, detail showing the axial corallite. E and F, RGM125830c: E, whole specimen showing tubular exsert and nariform radial corallites; F, detail of radial corallite and reticulate coenosteum." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5339622" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5339622/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Fig. 28C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Coenosteum amount 0.95–1.63–
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA3D9CFFD7F621FB79FDA278A8FD32" box="[1177,1278,626,648]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.21" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" unit="mm" value="2.21">2.21 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FCC6FD607FF2FD7F" blockId="56.[806,1421,688,1138]" box="[806,932,688,709]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FCC6FD607FF2FD7F" box="[806,932,688,709]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Occurrence</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FCC6FD1E7841FBC8" blockId="56.[806,1421,688,1138]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
|
||
Late Miocene (?) to Recent. The earliest occurrence is one poorly preserved specimen from Ci Bining in Java of Tortonian age, 8.5–11.6 Ma, and although it is similar to modern specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FBAAFCFA78A6FC85" authorityName="WALLACE & WOLSTENHOLME" authorityYear="1998" box="[1098,1264,810,831]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="halmaherae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FBAAFCFA78A6FC85" box="[1098,1264,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">A. halmaherae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the identification remains uncertain. The other fossil material comes from Gawo and Mola Valley, Nias, Sumatra, of Calabrian to Gelasian age,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE36F6BEFFD7F621FBBFFC5578CDFC21" box="[1119,1179,901,923]" degrees="0.781" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" precision="55" value="0.781">0.781</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE36F6BEFFD7F621FB7BFC5578B1FC21" box="[1179,1255,901,923]" degrees="2.588" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" precision="55" value="-2.588">–2.588</geoCoordinate>
|
||
Ma. These occurrences extend the distribution of the species to the eastern Indian Ocean in the Pleistocene. On modern reefs,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FC8FFC327843FC4C" authorityName="WALLACE & WOLSTENHOLME" authorityYear="1998" box="[879,1045,993,1015]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="halmaherae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FC8FFC327843FC4C" box="[879,1045,993,1015]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">A. halmaherae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a narrow distribution as it is only known from its
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B92EDBFFD7F621FBC8FBD0780EFBAF" box="[1064,1112,1024,1045]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FB5BFBD0796FFBAC" box="[1211,1337,1024,1046]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Halmahera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Halmahera</taxonomicName>
|
||
Island, West Papua, and some sparse records in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD7F621FAE7FBCF7F2BFBE9" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD7F621FC6EFBED7858FBE9" box="[910,1038,1085,1107]" name="Micronesia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD7F621FBB2FBED794AFBE9" box="[1106,1308,1085,1107]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C680A5C2FFD7F621FAD0FBED79DEFBE8" box="[1328,1416,1085,1107]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="17.[116,180,384,405]" captionText="Table 4. Present distribution of Acropora and Isopora species in Indonesia and surrounding seas (Malaysia and Philippines) in comparison with the fossil records of this study" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD7F621FCC6FB8C785AFBC8" author="Wallace CC & Done BJ & Muir PR" box="[806,1036,1116,1138]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" pagination="1 - 255" refId="ref54139" refString="Wallace CC, Done BJ, Muir PR. 2012. Revision and catalogue of worldwide staghorn corals Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Museum of Tropical Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 57: 1 - 255." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Wallace
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FC68FB8C7FEFFBCB" box="[904,953,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FCC6FB497856FB14" blockId="56.[806,1421,1177,1536]" box="[806,1024,1177,1198]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FCC6FB497856FB14" box="[806,1024,1177,1198]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Palaeoenvironment</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FCC6FB677F80F9BA" blockId="56.[806,1421,1177,1536]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
|
||
Fossil corals in Ci Bining from the Ci Lanang beds include a rich fauna of several colony forms and genera such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FC61FB257F8AFAB0" box="[897,988,1269,1290]" class="Anthozoa" family="Euphylliidae" genus="Galaxea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FC61FB257F8AFAB0" box="[897,988,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Galaxea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FC0BFB257832FAB0" box="[1003,1124,1269,1290]" class="Anthozoa" family="Pocilloporidae" genus="Stylophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FC0BFB257832FAB0" box="[1003,1124,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Stylophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FB92FB2578AAFAB0" box="[1138,1276,1269,1290]" class="Anthozoa" family="Merulinidae" genus="Hydnophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FB92FB2578AAFAB0" box="[1138,1276,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Hydnophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FAEBFB25790DFAB0" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[1291,1371,1269,1290]" class="Anthozoa" family="Fungiidae" genus="Fungia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FAEBFB25790DFAB0" box="[1291,1371,1269,1290]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Fungia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FCC6FAC37FF1FA92" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" box="[806,935,1299,1320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Pocilloporidae" genus="Pocillopora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FCC6FAC37FF1FA92" box="[806,935,1299,1320]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Pocillopora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that were preserved into clay-rich sediments and interpreted as rolled down from upper parts of the reef (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD7F621FC51FA807869FADD" author="Gerth H" box="[945,1087,1360,1383]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" pagination="387 - 445" refId="ref50255" refString="Gerth H. 1921. Coelenterata. Anthozoa. In: Martin K., ed. Die Fossilien von Java auf Grund einer Sammlung von Dr. R. D. M. Verbeek und von anderen. Sammlungen des geologischen Reichs-Museums in Leiden. Neue Folge 1: 387 - 445, plates 55 - 57." type="journal article" year="1921">Gerth, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Specimens from Gawo and Mola Valley were recovered with contrasting faunas of azooxanthellate and shallow-water corals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD7F621FAA2FA5E7F36FA78" author="Gerth H" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" pagination="22 - 82" refId="ref50353" refString="Gerth H. 1925. Jungtertiare Korallen von Nias, Java und Borneo, nebst einer Uebersicht uber die aus dem Kanozoikum des indischen Archipels bekannten Arten. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 1: 22 - 82." type="journal article" year="1925">Gerth, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FC94FA7D783CFA7B" authorityName="WALLACE & WOLSTENHOLME" authorityYear="1998" box="[884,1130,1452,1474]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="halmaherae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FC94FA7D783CFA7B" box="[884,1130,1452,1474]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Acropora halmaherae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inhabits protected sandy slopes on modern reefs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD7F621FBD1FA1B79DEFA5A" author="Wallace CC & Wolstenholme JK" box="[1073,1416,1483,1505]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" pagination="199 - 384" refId="ref54270" refString="Wallace CC, Wolstenholme JK. 1998. Revision of the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia: Astrocoeniina: Acroporidae) in Indonesia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 123: 199 - 384." type="journal article" year="1998">Wallace & Wolstenholme, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD7F621FCC6FA397F9FF9BA" author="Wallace CC" box="[806,969,1513,1536]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" refId="ref53823" refString="Wallace CC. 1999. Staghorn corals of the world: a revision of the coral Genus Acropora (Scleractinia; Astrocoeniina; Acroporidae) worldwide, with emphasis on morphology, phylogeny and biogeography. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing." type="book" year="1999">Wallace, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F621FCC6F9F77FDDF986" blockId="56.[806,1422,1575,1903]" box="[806,907,1575,1596]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FCC6F9F77FDDF986" box="[806,907,1575,1596]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBD9079FFD7F620FCC6F9957D7DF8D5" blockId="56.[806,1422,1575,1903]" lastBlockId="57.[164,779,1697,1903]" lastPageId="57" lastPageNumber="734" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">
|
||
The specimen RGM 791828, previously identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FCC6F9B4781AF9C0" authority="(Gerth, 1925)" baseAuthorityName="Gerth" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[806,1100,1636,1658]" class="Anthozoa" family="Oculinidae" genus="Madrepora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="duncani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FCC6F9B47FF4F9C3" box="[806,930,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">A. duncani</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD7F621FC56F9B47812F9C0" author="Gerth H" box="[950,1092,1636,1658]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" pagination="22 - 82" refId="ref50353" refString="Gerth H. 1925. Jungtertiare Korallen von Nias, Java und Borneo, nebst einer Uebersicht uber die aus dem Kanozoikum des indischen Archipels bekannten Arten. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 1: 22 - 82." type="journal article" year="1925">Gerth, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was re-interpreted in this study. In addition, the specimens left in open nomenclature including RGM 791813 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD7F621FB48F971796FF90D" author="Gerth H" box="[1192,1337,1697,1719]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" pagination="387 - 445" refId="ref50255" refString="Gerth H. 1921. Coelenterata. Anthozoa. In: Martin K., ed. Die Fossilien von Java auf Grund einer Sammlung von Dr. R. D. M. Verbeek und von anderen. Sammlungen des geologischen Reichs-Museums in Leiden. Neue Folge 1: 387 - 445, plates 55 - 57." type="journal article" year="1921">Gerth, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), RGM 125828 and RGM 125830 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93ED88FFD7F621FBBEF91078BEF96F" author="Gerth H" box="[1118,1256,1727,1750]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" pagination="22 - 82" refId="ref50353" refString="Gerth H. 1925. Jungtertiare Korallen von Nias, Java und Borneo, nebst einer Uebersicht uber die aus dem Kanozoikum des indischen Archipels bekannten Arten. Leidse Geologische Mededelingen 1: 22 - 82." type="journal article" year="1925">Gerth, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were allocat- ed to this species. With their apparently hispidose colony form, slender branches and the typical tubular exsert corallites almost perpendicular from the main axis, these fossil specimens were assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD7F621FB4EF8EA7905F8F5" authorityName="WALLACE & WOLSTENHOLME" authorityYear="1998" box="[1198,1363,1850,1871]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="halmaherae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD7F621FB4EF8EA7905F8F5" box="[1198,1363,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="733">A. halmaherae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and they compare well to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B92EDBFFD7F621FB8EF8897882F8D5" box="[1134,1236,1881,1903]" pageId="56" pageNumber="733" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
MTQ G51513,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD6F620FF44F9717D72F90D" box="[164,292,1697,1719]" class="Insecta" family="Tetrigidae" genus="Halmahera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="694" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Halmahera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315D0E9FFD6F620FECFF9717DC8F90D" box="[303,414,1697,1719]" name="Indonesia" pageId="57" pageNumber="734">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Its protruding tubular corallites resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD6F620FE88F9107E41F96F" box="[360,535,1728,1749]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abrohlosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD6F620FE88F9107E41F96F" box="[360,535,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="734">A. abrohlosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the latter species has thicker branches and more openly reticulate coenosteum. The fossil specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C02EBFAFFD6F620FDD2F92D7E87F8A8" authorityName="WALLACE & WOLSTENHOLME" authorityYear="1998" box="[562,721,1789,1810]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="57" pageNumber="734" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="halmaherae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9764C6BFFD6F620FDD2F92D7E87F8A8" box="[562,721,1789,1810]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="734">A. halmaherae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Nias represent the westernmost report of the species and extend its distribution to the Indian Ocean in the Pleistocene.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |