plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/BA/26/F7/BA26F7DFCCDE5E55A2175606F27447D8.xml

601 lines
91 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document ID-CLB-Dataset="9604" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.990.55542" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1cede2a7-3880-480c-8401-1015e5440145" ID-PMC="PMC7674391" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-990-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="9F51F78CD53F5005A305DE65494002C4" ID-PubMed="33269011" ID-ZooBank="7B73642C278D40F89091B26213C9A704" ModsDocID="1313-2970-990-1" checkinTime="1605112396458" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Shimizu, So, Broad, Gavin R. &amp; Maeto, Kaoru" docDate="2020" docId="BA26F7DFCCDE5E55A2175606F27447D8" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 990: 1-144" docOrigin="ZooKeys 990" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.990.55542" docTitle="Enicospilus Stephens 1835" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="9F51F78CD53F5005A305DE65494002C4" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="9F51F78CD53F5005A305DE65494002C4" masterDocTitle="Integrative taxonomy and analysis of species richness patterns of nocturnal Darwin wasps of the genus Enicospilus Stephens (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae) in Japan" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732650699849" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="A9C6AA5D3A0EDDF7512E96C072B73433" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="AD71E6307206D689DEEF43A9FB0FEEDF">
<mods:title id="480DD87F78D789B1FE11A7A62BE1481D">Integrative taxonomy and analysis of species richness patterns of nocturnal Darwin wasps of the genus Enicospilus Stephens (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae) in Japan</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="7499E64CC33FB5C0FEFD48D1F33B98F0" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F2F930768ECC2A8987C03BEA8BFFB789">
<mods:roleTerm id="69E1F77B7E52FFF1683B5132772A9661">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="6DEC561FDBE158AA19C06858C576BDA4">Shimizu, So</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="EADC256986B875D9FCDA3313567EADB4">Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1 - 1, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657 - 8501, Japan &amp; DC and Overseas Challenge Program for Young Researchers, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan &amp; Depertment of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="512EF8A71B14F6AB60F94E306DC87401" type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5202-4552</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3791846E10C7BD1C4336012EE16CFD7F" type="email">parasitoidwasp.sou@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="D4E86FC56504176F7A7B24B33139FC6C" type="personal">
<mods:role id="D4DD82EEE2C77C18B8A8A87708808949">
<mods:roleTerm id="8E36638044BF5C25619BF16907F5011A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="8F6C91BE3AB44E56BA29D12A38530559">Broad, Gavin R.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CB41276FD3BA1B765A63282F319EEC45">Depertment of Life Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="6C42EC89EDB602AC1FCC5C19D63E625A" type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7223-5333</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="7B7DB2881207E2CE154FAC107C56782B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="13DE8B3E9651D3F4E80C154582F8D9EF">
<mods:roleTerm id="D0EE5C6BEFBE22CC896AE9D49C39786C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="84EC857CE63F8D738FEB74B1882B7D22">Maeto, Kaoru</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="0785C931BC9017D6C1B7055E984EFDD0">Laboratory of Insect Biodiversity and Ecosystem Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1 - 1, Nada, Kobe, Hyogo 657 - 8501, Japan</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="1B8D710B710CCBDAF4E6868515FF85BE">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="FF95ACC8F29D3FD11AED52CB91E9356F" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="3A3484508456CBF7DDC153683594EB8A">
<mods:title id="985A4EC79171EE01AE8E94556B81A440">ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="211485C6E2D177FC872162299579FE67">
<mods:date id="F78BF7CD7E3DCE00E84CB5F51400A00C">2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="C125D18476F1A474D0FD2BA6950D0651" type="volume">
<mods:number id="2B12B1639E4066EC82C2FFD37B7C26BB">990</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent id="97BBFDBD5254ADDCE9E699F833D82A4C" unit="page">
<mods:start id="D1C60163A065EFAA6885F875766F7517">1</mods:start>
<mods:end id="DFB3E7478ED6E7D8951CEBE6C9DB1F28">144</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location id="B84589DEAB19055136876FAA145EFDE2">
<mods:url id="A5332F27E65D8F14687B9597ADCF5F37">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.990.55542</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="96DCB68D634B14BF5CCE6B4A2EF0A25B">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="88FA7221165F2EC59F3FF78B2E5EEBD9" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.990.55542</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5D86E0C201AC88461A7CEEA936844D20" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-990-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="404FC34C640FAAD05E9604D78345D9F8" type="ZooBank">7B73642C278D40F89091B26213C9A704</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="BAFD92DA6B1A0A8BD230D5DC812E5079" type="Pensoft-UUID">9F51F78CD53F5005A305DE65494002C4</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="BA26F7DFCCDE5E55A2175606F27447D8" ID-GBIF-Taxon="170296346" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BA26F7DFCCDE5E55A2175606F27447D8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA26F7DFCCDE5E55A2175606F27447D8" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_class="Insecta" scope_family="Ichneumonidae" scope_order="Hymenoptera" scope_subFamily="Ophioninae" scope_superFamily="Ichneumonoidea">
<subSubSection id="DEE138602981DCA895523EF56E440CEC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="50B909F4BCC3C022F7D3EFB37F788C19" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="A6AF4CA117A2A3CE212DD826C691993D" ID-CoL="4BV9" ID-ENA="65144" LSID="BA26F7DF-CCDE-5E55-A217-5606F27447D8" authority="Stephens, 1835" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Enicospilus Stephens, 1835</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EDF80CB09E9F4FFDE3C1CC1BBBF39C5F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="4CF6176FFD84A3430D8BAADDEF713F87" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="97D8A8919E5E5044E3C1E23372F43658" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Enicospilus</taxonomicName>
Stephens, 1835: 126; type species,
<taxonomicName id="06A0A929140DE3DF1517C8342239E43B" authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophion merdarius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="merdarius">Ophion merdarius</taxonomicName>
Gravenhorst sensu Stephens (=
<taxonomicName id="F9B62CEE7C5679B4F0B46C20C797A5BB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ichneumon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ichneumon ramidulus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ramidulus">Ichneumon ramidulus</taxonomicName>
Linnaeus), by monotypy (
<bibRefCitation id="D3C3E000CF42C494E942815E721F95A6" author="Stephens, JF" journalOrPublisher="Baldwin &amp; Cradock, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B160" refString="Stephens, JF, 1845. Index, list of plates and errata of &quot;Illustrations of British Entomology. Mandibulata. Vol. VII.&quot;. Baldwin &amp; Cradock, London, 307-312." title="Index, list of plates and errata of &quot; Illustrations of British Entomology. Mandibulata. Vol. VII. &quot;. Baldwin &amp; Cradock, London, 307 - 312." year="1845">Stephens 1845</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2CF24D41C1D2E34EA0374B44949F92E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="B8EE9F0A7414132BCC3EEAFB2AC06D98" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1846" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Henicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Henicospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Henicospilus</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="E69769FC1E11FBE562A9C898F3A06F66" author="Agassiz, LJR" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B2" refString="Agassiz, LJR, 1846. Nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis, continens nomina systematica classium, ordinum, familiarum et generum animalium omnium, tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum unicum disposita, adjectis homonymiis plantarum, nec non variis adnotationibus et emendationibus. Sumptibus Jent et Gassmann, Soloduri [= Solothurn, Switzerland], viii + 393 pp." title="Nomenclatoris zoologici index universalis, continens nomina systematica classium, ordinum, familiarum et generum animalium omnium, tam viventium quam fossilium, secundum ordinem alphabeticum unicum disposita, adjectis homonymiis plantarum, nec non variis adnotationibus et emendationibus. Sumptibus Jent et Gassmann, Soloduri [= Solothurn, Switzerland], viii + 393 pp." year="1846">Agassiz 1846</bibRefCitation>
: 138; unjustified emendation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="85EF7821BCA75C7F9222A092033CAE68" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="08C6A8B355D0D5DA742BAA9C00E6BBF2" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allocamptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allocamptus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Allocamptus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="5D09DE3510D8D434E30079C0BE1FD2E0" originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, 1869: 150; type species,
<taxonomicName id="891DB57F14BF5508F8BC4174C18FC1C7" authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophion undulatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulatus">Ophion undulatus</taxonomicName>
Gravenhorst, 1829, by subsequent designation (
<bibRefCitation id="FDD6BE71B80AC2ABC45E7A73408357CA" author="Thomson, CG" journalOrPublisher="Lund" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1185 - 1201" refId="B170" refString="Thomson, CG, 1888. XXXVI. Oefversigt af de i Sverige funna arter af Ophion och Paniscus. Opuscula Entomologica. Lund 12: 1185 - 1201" title="XXXVI. Oefversigt af de i Sverige funna arter af Ophion och Paniscus. Opuscula Entomologica." volume="12" year="1888">Thomson 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 1189).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EC8C4A3829998B38D5D9E37DF951E782" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="3FED0B37BD413B714215099BEB381DAC" authorityName="Kriechbaumer" authorityYear="1894" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dispilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dispilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dispilus</taxonomicName>
Kriechbaumer, 1894: 309; type species,
<taxonomicName id="800DC35615DBD5AC45F89FE24AE06801" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophion (Dispilus) natalensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natalensis" subGenus="Dispilus">Ophion (Dispilus) natalensis</taxonomicName>
Kriechbaumer, 1894, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B2156788FA5354B18CD5B187067C1748" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="238B405124B4D6A282D14042C0CFDC36" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pleuroneurophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pleuroneurophion" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pleuroneurophion</taxonomicName>
Ashmead, 1900: 86; type species,
<taxonomicName id="1D49080A5D1E61E5C114BBA9185DC2B9" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pleuroneurophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pleuroneurophion hawaiiensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">Pleuroneurophion hawaiiensis</taxonomicName>
Ashmead, 1900, by original designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B57EC33135F8AF6281246913B8AF9211" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="84526A1F2E0F3806D104F7D34E4CD036" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Banchogastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Banchogastra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Banchogastra</taxonomicName>
Ashmead, 1900: 87; type species,
<taxonomicName id="7A73A6F1B08F3B65F4E9111553B7C7AF" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Banchogastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Banchogastra niger" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niger">Banchogastra niger</taxonomicName>
Ashmead, 1900, by original designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6F98EDCE66C78DF018AECA96313EF7BA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E172E4197D94DE205864FDD31075CA86" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pycnophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pycnophion" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pycnophion</taxonomicName>
Ashmead, 1900: 87; type species,
<taxonomicName id="2E636237854E627BB4CFEB677AB514C9" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1900" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pycnophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pycnophion molokaiensis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="molokaiensis">Pycnophion molokaiensis</taxonomicName>
Ashmead, 1900, by original designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="28A3ED020E9C95B424F3033125D528E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="CFB51DDEDCC903837512F9508E757CEB" authorityName="Kriechbaumer" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Cymatoneura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cymatoneura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cymatoneura</taxonomicName>
Kriechbaumer, 1901a: 22; type species,
<taxonomicName id="2CFEE0AAFD3CE9CAB5F1A6F1F4902FF4" authorityName="Gravenhorst" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophion undulatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undulatus">Ophion undulatus</taxonomicName>
Gravenhorst, 1829, by subsequent designation (
<bibRefCitation id="EF0C311CE7859C244494A435704C3460" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.83.1" author="Viereck, HL" journalOrPublisher="United States National Museum Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B187" refString="Viereck, HL, 1914. Type species of the genera of Ichneumon flies. United States National Museum Bulletin 83: 1 - 186, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.83.1" title="Type species of the genera of Ichneumon flies." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.83.1" volume="83" year="1914">Viereck 1914</bibRefCitation>
: 8).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FDD89E975CCFCFE4EA3FB17EF37DAA5A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="8A00953232DDA20CC19164158898A409" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pterospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pterospilus</taxonomicName>
Kriechbaumer, 1901b: 156; type species,
<taxonomicName id="E13C3A95CC97B92F61FB515EB65A3739" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophion (Enicospilus) dubius" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubius" subGenus="Enicospilus">Ophion (Enicospilus) dubius</taxonomicName>
Tosquinet, 1896, by subsequent designation (
<bibRefCitation id="DAC4F328575E40B9440E76FA026ACC1F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.83.1" author="Viereck, HL" journalOrPublisher="United States National Museum Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B187" refString="Viereck, HL, 1914. Type species of the genera of Ichneumon flies. United States National Museum Bulletin 83: 1 - 186, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.83.1" title="Type species of the genera of Ichneumon flies." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.83.1" volume="83" year="1914">Viereck 1914</bibRefCitation>
: 126); junior homonym of
<taxonomicName id="6E37F3DD0EEC32C5C053AC1552986F5E" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Pterospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pterospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pterospilus</taxonomicName>
Rondani, 1856.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="99B3F7BD11A0851C736E3A4039229DFF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="E94115DB047F8565CF2A5B3C4AEE4561" authorityName="Kreichbaumer" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Trispilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trispilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trispilus</taxonomicName>
Kriechbaumer, 1901b: 156; type species,
<taxonomicName id="FE3B1A98B97BB45146A01673228CFD2B" authorityName="Olivier" authorityYear="1811" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophion (Enicospilus) trimaculatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculatus" subGenus="Enicospilus">Ophion (Enicospilus) trimaculatus</taxonomicName>
Tosquinet, 1896, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E427A9393886DC23DF5103E9356A88C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="9AC3D59B87373102655F26D87154F0AA" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1902" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Abanchogastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abanchogastra" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Abanchogastra</taxonomicName>
Perkins, 1902: 141; type species,
<taxonomicName id="C9A85C84DD67168ED90734956E04FF50" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1902" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Abanchogastra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abanchogastra debilis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="debilis">Abanchogastra debilis</taxonomicName>
Perkins, 1902, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="91E463C8D8CC56B705208E729276E734" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="C9F6F617C733886093672B396018EF3C" authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Metophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metophion" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Metophion</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="5428DF840D2F0745E11721A5261ABF72" originalValue="Szépligeti">Szepligeti</normalizedToken>
, 1905: 28; type species,
<taxonomicName id="F25FC595B50BB41C8025B9CF202C88B5" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Metophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Metophion bicolor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bicolor">Metophion bicolor</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="A4729D64F2D90C5A831E65AA1C284D85" originalValue="Szépligeti">Szepligeti</normalizedToken>
, 1905, by subsequent designation (
<bibRefCitation id="3EFFF4832AEB718C9CD98E93F8A664DB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.83.1" author="Viereck, HL" journalOrPublisher="United States National Museum Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 186" refId="B187" refString="Viereck, HL, 1914. Type species of the genera of Ichneumon flies. United States National Museum Bulletin 83: 1 - 186, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.83.1" title="Type species of the genera of Ichneumon flies." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.03629236.83.1" volume="83" year="1914">Viereck 1914</bibRefCitation>
: 94).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8151AC3424D6D88CD91FB0A678A3AB9D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="784C40CEEA8D72B805E97474544ADE84" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ceratospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceratospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ceratospilus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="5872A65CEB0F5CFE9311045539A33D3F" originalValue="Szépligeti">Szepligeti</normalizedToken>
, 1905: 28; type species,
<taxonomicName id="6C2ADEA5E435E516F9D6A4EA6C98360B" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ceratospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ceratospilus biroi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="biroi">Ceratospilus biroi</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="9B80118B2488C4F229201964C1D71610" originalValue="Szépligeti">Szepligeti</normalizedToken>
, 1905, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D43219399899BFFF041356FBF309634A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="3D07C816507246D7E2864AA337B633B2" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Atoponeura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atoponeura" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Atoponeura</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="CC4DBD38B2DDEFBEE01EA6BDB9A39846" originalValue="Szépligeti">Szepligeti</normalizedToken>
, 1905: 34; type species,
<taxonomicName id="818DB90402BB395ED31EC7AF3F3E5AAF" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Atoponeura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Atoponeura concolor" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="concolor">Atoponeura concolor</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="32FB737C6AF637269E2D843FCE89C284" originalValue="Szépligeti">Szepligeti</normalizedToken>
, 1905 (=
<taxonomicName id="764AE1BC6503A8F4E7EA9FF4652E170C" authorityName="Cushman" authorityYear="1947" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus atoponeurus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atoponeurus">Enicospilus atoponeurus</taxonomicName>
Cushman, 1947), by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="326DF7819E017D241EB16441E621C68E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="B7157B062CB1ACB139C6119E28211ED2" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ophiomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiomorpha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ophiomorpha</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="88E58B43027CE795B64C2EF15ACA9F52" originalValue="Szépligeti">Szepligeti</normalizedToken>
, 1905: 34; type species,
<taxonomicName id="C36EF91740B4D05ED1022EC8D1B2924B" authorityName="Kriechbaumer" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophion curvinervis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvinervis">Ophion curvinervis</taxonomicName>
Cameron, 1886 (=
<taxonomicName id="6395315587C71ED5417F3E924C10FDB1" baseAuthorityName="Dalla Torre" baseAuthorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus cameronii" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cameronii">Enicospilus cameronii</taxonomicName>
Dalla Torre, 1901), by subsequent designation (
<bibRefCitation id="B4F08CE4BA1B9679A9E2A40057D63237" author="Hooker, CW" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 176" refId="B49" refString="Hooker, CW, 1912. The Ichneumon flies of America belonging to the tribe Ophionini. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 38: 1 - 176" title="The Ichneumon flies of America belonging to the tribe Ophionini." volume="38" year="1912">Hooker 1912</bibRefCitation>
: 134); junior homonym of
<taxonomicName id="7630F606ED7295161E81A393952E94BC" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ophiomorpha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiomorpha" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ophiomorpha</taxonomicName>
Nilsson, 1836.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E2C24FAB084A33803719656206F287EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="0F79D8E90C160F182820894C2B97624A" authorityName="Brethes" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Cryptocamptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cryptocamptus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cryptocamptus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="77446226A1CBFFC4529DDA1E11A1A32C" originalValue="Brèthes">Brethes</normalizedToken>
, 1909: 230; unnecessary replacement name for
<taxonomicName id="2B9AEB7613E5EC06AA7BA09EB34B6FDF" authorityName="Forster" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Allocamptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Allocamptus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Allocamptus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="D15259E7E8DE09446AB1174983CA3FCF" originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
, 1869.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9968E2DD1A71F867BD8571195D5CBA92" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="858D57B432B295823A79711E9539917A" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Amesospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amesospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amesospilus</taxonomicName>
Enderlein, 1914: 222; type species,
<taxonomicName id="FED6771F066D91AF1CB3E9AC28CAA93B" authorityName="van Vollenhoven" authorityYear="1878" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Ophion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophion unicallosus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicallosus">Ophion unicallosus</taxonomicName>
Vollenhoven, 1878, by original designation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="458F0812A3CFFEC32ED7967B515D3EF0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="4F533051E8A954555326728989BF4B16" authorityName="Perkins" authorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Eremotyloides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eremotyloides" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eremotyloides</taxonomicName>
Perkins, 1915: 530; type species,
<taxonomicName id="62367EDACA4ABBCA68F3AE243704FD4B" authorityName="Ashmead" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Eremotylus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eremotylus orbitalis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbitalis">Eremotylus orbitalis</taxonomicName>
Ashmead, 1901, by monotypy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D64723A49656CFF96E10F1880AB8AF9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="2541DE39EC2CE87EBDA8BC25F520AC5A" authorityName="Seyrig" authorityYear="1936" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Schizospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schizospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Schizospilus</taxonomicName>
Seyrig, 1935: 79; type species,
<taxonomicName id="9E393ED47F280811F25EC2E7EAF92E5B" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Schizospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Schizospilus divisus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="divisus">Schizospilus divisus</taxonomicName>
Seyrig, 1935, by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F3AD521771E84033CDC33E8444B1701C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="D76AF1A39E8FDEAB664FF1619B827B99" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4EECD5D86016817D6A37591B86E292BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Afrotropical, Australasian, Holarctic, Neotropical, Oceanic, and Oriental regions (
<bibRefCitation id="D8FB36A2824026BAA7B245BB21906DE7" author="Yu, DSK" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="www.taxapad.com" refId="B199" refString="Yu, DSK, van Achterberg, C, Horstmann, K, 2016. Taxapad 2016, Ichneumonoidea 2015 Database on flash-drive. Nepean, Ontario, Canada. www.taxapad.com" title="Taxapad 2016, Ichneumonoidea 2015 Database on flash-drive. Nepean, Ontario, Canada." url="www.taxapad.com" year="2016">Yu et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E4519A28B3DADFE7C68E7A5FFE47A3A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="bionomics">
<paragraph id="126CCA22347D1C8C67116C6170C9182D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bionomics.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="38E2C73C83995239F8495246DA078999" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
According to the available evidence, species of
<taxonomicName id="3C9012C985DF3ABFBC1FE4B43DF0E6C2" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="85F920734BB2ECEAED54068CC5D6BE13" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enicospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are koinobiont endoparasitoids of usually late instar
<taxonomicName id="9CF9B72ED8A66C270AFB4F3C438080E6" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
larvae, but sometimes ovipositing in early instars (see summary in
<bibRefCitation id="9AE8C9456C7567AA28EEB3BE8803B35B" author="Broad, GR" journalOrPublisher="Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 418" refId="B8" refString="Broad, GR, Shaw, MR, Fitton, MG, 2018. Ichneumonid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): their classification and biology. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 7 (12): 1 - 418" title="Ichneumonid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): their classification and biology." volume="7" year="2018">Broad et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
). Many lepidopteran families, such as
<taxonomicName id="A96F47F4206FA504EB461C89BD88F38D" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="2207AE3B82C26BDFE7A192610116E4C7" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Notodontidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C9B1CC73EFE8DD357F39D22D43FEBF63" class="Insecta" family="Saturniidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Saturniidae</taxonomicName>
, are recorded as hosts (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="44FB51092B3937086CD2634E41A8C051" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B40" refString="Gauld, ID, Mitchell, PA, 1978. The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of African parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae. CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" title="The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of African parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae." year="1978">Gauld and Mitchell 1978</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="972BE4F6E1838A1F30006AF4162684AE" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B41" refString="Gauld, ID, Mitchell, PA, 1981. The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of Indo-Papuan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae. CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" title="The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of Indo-Papuan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae." year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A85659814D067A00A24C3E11C0A39507" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 309" refId="B35" refString="Gauld, ID, 1988. A survey of the Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of tropical Mesoamerica with special reference to the fauna of Costa Rica. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 57: 1 - 309" title="A survey of the Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of tropical Mesoamerica with special reference to the fauna of Costa Rica." volume="57" year="1988">Gauld 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8258EFDA51B7169692A865888646702D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.187" author="Broad, GR" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 31" refId="B7" refString="Broad, GR, Shaw, MR, 2016. The British species of Enicospilus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae). European Journal of Taxonomy 187: 1 - 31, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.187" title="The British species of Enicospilus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)." url="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.187" volume="187" year="2016">Broad and Shaw 2016</bibRefCitation>
). They are frequently collected at light and usually considered to be nocturnal or crepuscular (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="97C818A70D2C9D6947B8E718C90A8A8A" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B41" refString="Gauld, ID, Mitchell, PA, 1981. The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of Indo-Papuan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae. CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" title="The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of Indo-Papuan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae." year="1981">Gauld and Mitchell 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="D642E740083CA924BDC876930629CFC6" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 309" refId="B35" refString="Gauld, ID, 1988. A survey of the Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of tropical Mesoamerica with special reference to the fauna of Costa Rica. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 57: 1 - 309" title="A survey of the Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of tropical Mesoamerica with special reference to the fauna of Costa Rica." volume="57" year="1988">Gauld 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="09E4B1EA05ECF6EADCD86E1C8481E88F" author="Shimizu, S" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="203 - 207" refId="B148" refString="Shimizu, S, Maeto, K, 2016. Three Oriental species of the genus Enicospilus Stephens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae) newly recorded from Japan. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology 22: 203 - 207" title="Three Oriental species of the genus Enicospilus Stephens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae) newly recorded from Japan." volume="22" year="2016">Shimizu and Maeto 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5097FBAAFA23210E83EF74410D04CB22" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1515/aemnp-2017-0067" author="Shimizu, S" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="183 - 194" refId="B142" refString="Shimizu, S, 2017. Description of a new species and revised key to species of the Enicospilus antefurcalis species-group from Japan (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 57: 183 - 194, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/aemnp-2017-0067" title="Description of a new species and revised key to species of the Enicospilus antefurcalis species-group from Japan (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1515/aemnp-2017-0067" volume="57" year="2017">Shimizu 2017</bibRefCitation>
). Some
<taxonomicName id="A760AD9569BF42D678ABB6107573BCF3" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="E2E3DAD8AC224F100216F12554C98191" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enicospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are parasitoids of economically important
<taxonomicName id="A7D9D406AD371EC20A1078772A4B6F71" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
pests (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="E9EFABC9FAEA6AAB4631AF6CE279BC63" author="Nagatomi, A" journalOrPublisher="Mushi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="81 - 105" refId="B102" refString="Nagatomi, A, Kusigemati, K, Kawasaki, H, Baba, T, 1972. Parasites of Sesamia inferens Walker at sugar cane field in Kagoshima Pref., Japan (Lep., Noctuidae). Mushi 46: 81 - 105" title="Parasites of Sesamia inferens Walker at sugar cane field in Kagoshima Pref., Japan (Lep., Noctuidae)." volume="46" year="1972">Nagatomi et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C200EA051476B840C194866443692BBB" author="Kusigemati, K" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="125 - 127" refId="B84" refString="Kusigemati, K, 1976. New host records of Ichneumonidae from Japan. Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University 12: 125 - 127" title="New host records of Ichneumonidae from Japan." volume="12" year="1976">Kusigemati 1976</bibRefCitation>
). For instance,
<taxonomicName id="973BD351B26926DAB7DCFC5FE46701BF" baseAuthorityName="Tosquinet" baseAuthorityYear="1903" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus signativentris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="signativentris">
<emphasis id="AD7D604258A8280E318CC8CFD8F879A8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enicospilus signativentris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Tosquinet, 1903) is a parasitoid of
<taxonomicName id="3B43068E1FDA799D5D4721ACDD67B3F2" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
pests, such as the noctuid moths
<taxonomicName id="43756AD0E56A08CC90D93024FE908CA9" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Anadevidia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anadevidia peponis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peponis">
<emphasis id="3F9E02D8F6BA413D11F166B37A503D38" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anadevidia peponis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fabricius, 1775,
<taxonomicName id="12BF8A4A310657CD826BCC2636E05E02" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1857" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Autographa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Autographa nigrisigna" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrisigna">
<emphasis id="A401908F142E298471A86B6F11B636C3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Autographa nigrisigna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Walker, 1857 and
<taxonomicName id="C3A42AB1184CA54899B8807F3A45268A" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Trichoplusia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trichoplusia intermixta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="intermixta">
<emphasis id="27F0A5E44E9F92A357CC79EF4EF988C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Trichoplusia intermixta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Warren, 1913) (
<bibRefCitation id="5FFFB5ECFB17219952CE99CF8D143CD3" author="Kusigemati, K" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="125 - 127" refId="B84" refString="Kusigemati, K, 1976. New host records of Ichneumonidae from Japan. Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University 12: 125 - 127" title="New host records of Ichneumonidae from Japan." volume="12" year="1976">Kusigemati 1976</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="26E1BD7D23562C82C6AF1195411ABF14" author="Kusigemati, K" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="135 - 138" refId="B85" refString="Kusigemati, K, 1981. New host records of Ichneumonidae from Japan (IV). Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University 17: 135 - 138" title="New host records of Ichneumonidae from Japan (IV)." volume="17" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="47D124A9F88DE057EB24FE9BC3C64DF0" author="Kusigemati, K" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="83 - 88" refId="B86" refString="Kusigemati, K, Tanaka, A, 1992. New host records of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera), with description of a new Eriborus species from Japan (VIII). Memoirs of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University 28: 83 - 88" title="New host records of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera), with description of a new Eriborus species from Japan (VIII)." volume="28" year="1992">Kusigemati and Tanaka 1992</bibRefCitation>
); and
<taxonomicName id="C70EE27F608660428B3EDDE01B0DA2D9" lsidName="E. sakaguchii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sakaguchii">
<emphasis id="9C8A68A7BBBF0BE6C4DAE18739DA753F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. sakaguchii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Matsumura &amp; Uchida, 1926) is also known as a parasitoid of the rice pests
<taxonomicName id="41935EBC751838ABF1B52CCF34EBEF5C" authorityName="Bulter" authorityYear="1879" class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Sesamia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Sesamia turpis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="turpis">
<emphasis id="0B71F5B2C9CCFF2A00A8ACC988AEE456" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sesamia turpis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Butler, 1879) and
<taxonomicName id="0DE63A8C50938163A9C002C201B3FB06" lsidName="S. inferens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="inferens">
<emphasis id="FDB89155A0CFF8E10C115DF15EA33FD4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. inferens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Walker, 1856) (
<bibRefCitation id="A65490F6591B5FFA78A39652B91958A5" author="Nagatomi, A" journalOrPublisher="Mushi" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="81 - 105" refId="B102" refString="Nagatomi, A, Kusigemati, K, Kawasaki, H, Baba, T, 1972. Parasites of Sesamia inferens Walker at sugar cane field in Kagoshima Pref., Japan (Lep., Noctuidae). Mushi 46: 81 - 105" title="Parasites of Sesamia inferens Walker at sugar cane field in Kagoshima Pref., Japan (Lep., Noctuidae)." volume="46" year="1972">Nagatomi et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
). Hence,
<taxonomicName id="A1881726D3AB1ACC31CAABFE165FA30D" authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ophioninae">Ophioninae</taxonomicName>
could potentially be useful for agriculture as biocontrol agents (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="FFA0C3E4C8F220CE85EEF6E015983473" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B40" refString="Gauld, ID, Mitchell, PA, 1978. The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of African parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae. CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" title="The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of African parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae." year="1978">Gauld and Mitchell 1978</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="B1DFB8921541475FEDC3BFBB5DEBB341" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B41" refString="Gauld, ID, Mitchell, PA, 1981. The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of Indo-Papuan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae. CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" title="The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of Indo-Papuan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae." year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="F36F448904641D6EC8057889FDDD4AAD" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 309" refId="B35" refString="Gauld, ID, 1988. A survey of the Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of tropical Mesoamerica with special reference to the fauna of Costa Rica. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 57: 1 - 309" title="A survey of the Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of tropical Mesoamerica with special reference to the fauna of Costa Rica." volume="57" year="1988">Gauld 1988</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A79297BBE05F0E51515CCDE8A4F85C44" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="generic diagnosis">
<paragraph id="153E11179B8E7C85317ECF85763B2F5B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Generic diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="46AA3AFD6A271D04DF558EDC6B27D5E4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName id="9CB873A978BADC54F9FA537CC948C4CB" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B350C8099F64994A8C5668C94603FD96" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enicospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species are moderately to very large insects, fore wing length usually 10.0-30.0 mm, with ophionoid facies. Easily distinguishable from other
<taxonomicName id="D1C20322DC2649FCE1675EA94BCB97B6" authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ophioninae">Ophioninae</taxonomicName>
by the following characters: fore wing discosubmarginal cell with extensive glabrous area (fenestra), often with one or more sclerites (e.g., Fig.
<figureCitation id="52DBBC2B187A6FC907C098F37CEF78F9" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Morphological terms and measurement characters for wings A fore wing (AC = anal cell, BC = basal cell, DS = discosubmarginal cell, FE = fenestra, FS = first subdiscal cell, FSM = fourth submarginal cell, MC = marginal cell, SD = second discal cell, SB = subbasal cell, SS = second subdiscal cell, TD = third discal cell) B hind wing (NI = mn / no, AC = anal cell, BC = basal cell, DC = discal cell, MC = marginal cell, SB = subbasal cell, SDC = subdiscal cell, SM = submarginal cell) C central part of fore wing (AI = cd / ab, CI = gf / fh, DI = k / fe, ICI = ab / bc, SDI = ef / gi, SI = l / j, SRI = ce / ef). Brown letters indicate veins and sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473770" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4</figureCitation>
); mandibles narrow, slightly to strongly twisted (e.g., Fig.
<figureCitation id="5A78A3AB4068BAF6D6696EE6FDC6E70B" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological terms and measurement characters for head and mandible A head in frontal view (fh = face height, fw = face width, ch = clypeus height, cw = clypeus width) B head in lateral view (be = breadth of eye, bg = breadth of gena; GOI = be / bg) C mandible in outer view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473768" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
); inner surface of fore tibial spur lacking membranous flange.
<taxonomicName id="9E45F73B732D84F57DBF82B22F1633EB" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="20FDC64AF122438918D7E4BB917DF109" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enicospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species can be confused with the genus
<taxonomicName id="4A035F5757A48D2D4905BEB23344CC7E" authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dicamptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicamptus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="55C5C65AC8BDCA12D6090FA98EE1230C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicamptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but easily distinguished by the weakly to strongly tapered and twisted mandible (mandible very weakly tapered and never strongly twisted in
<taxonomicName id="15DA826F1C6C09C0DEF6C63190353AD1" authorityName="Szepligeti" authorityYear="1905" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Dicamptus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicamptus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="2E853601664B58F8195E012639A3F0A3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dicamptus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). A key to the Japanese genera of
<taxonomicName id="D6E747C8178EC85F32C32B9A22C48888" authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ophioninae">Ophioninae</taxonomicName>
has also been provided by
<bibRefCitation id="678757F8C8CE0E0466F3944042612226" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2016.12.011" author="Shimizu, S" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="193 - 197" refId="B149" refString="Shimizu, S, Watanabe, K, 2017. Discovery of the enigmatic genus Skiapus Morley, 1917 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae) from Japan. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 20: 193 - 197, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2016.12.011" title="Discovery of the enigmatic genus Skiapus Morley, 1917 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae) from Japan." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2016.12.011" volume="20" year="2017">Shimizu and Watanabe (2017)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC665D511C2F097F567AAC409D785E41" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph id="0E820900A0FD1639E328B4040643D42B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Generic description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C1CA0B1D8F5C74CAB958BCF2AE630E3B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Middle- to large-sized wasps (fore wing length usually 10.0-30.0 mm).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="44D4FCFF7CB3D67DAA5B2C54D1AA28A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head. Clypeus flat to strongly convex in profile, ventral margin acute, blunt, or impressed. Mandible weakly to strongly tapered and twisted, usually moderately long, outer surface with or without diagonal setose groove or line of punctures, and bidentate apically. Frons, vertex and gena shiny and smooth. Ocelli usually very large and posterior ocellus often close to or touching eye. Occipital carina usually complete, ventrally reaching oral carina or not. Antennae usually longer than fore wing, with usually more than 50 flagellomeres.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4D856768286ECB1DE3E959AC096B0E46" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mesosoma entirely weakly to moderately shiny with setae. Pronotum finely punctate or diagonally wrinkled and not specialised. Mesoscutum shiny and punctate to smooth with setae, evenly rounded in profile, and notauli usually absent. Scutellum moderately convex and usually with lateral longitudinal carinae. Epicnemium usually densely punctate with setae. Epicnemial carina present, straight to curved, inclined to curved to anterior margin of mesopleuron. Posterior transverse carina of mesosternum usually complete. Propodeum evenly rounded or declivous in profile; anterior transverse carina usually complete; anterior area longitudinally striate; spiracular area usually smooth; posterior area reticulate, wrinkled, striate, or rugose; and posterior transverse carina usually absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B8203A30DDE3C21875BF2BFA276809AA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wings. Fore wing pterostigma fairly slender; vein 1m-cu&amp;M evenly curved, angulate or sinuate, usually without a ramulus; vein 2r&amp;RS usually more or less widened and sinuate; discosubmarginal cell usually with bare fenestra, often with one or more sclerotised sclerites. Hind wing vein RS usually straight and rarely weakly curved; vein RA usually with 4-12 uniform hamuli.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2F098EF4D3B5E952764A65A1EC620731" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Legs. Inner mesal surface of fore tibial spur without membranous flange. Outer distal margin of mid and hind trochantelli usually simple without decurved tooth. Hind tarsal claw moderately to strongly curved and usually simply pectinate.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00C77E8BE2386C358A8FE0CCB37D628F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metasoma very slender. Spiracle of T1 far behind middle. Thyridium well developed. Ovipositor straight and almost always not longer than posterior depth of metasoma.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C10A473EC3CF95D830B7986E58F1DD42" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colour. General body colour usually entirely testaceous, with posterior metasomal segments sometimes darker, but body sometimes entirely dark brown to black or pale. Wings usually entirely hyaline or weakly infuscate, but wings with strong infumate area in a few species; fenestra always hyaline; sclerites weakly to strongly pigmented amber.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="60C3000DD348213DEFE1FC4637CD6859" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="species criteria">
<paragraph id="20969B79E59C93157B36B88817B4BFE8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Species criteria.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="202F0AA06DA2D078E95ACC0548E272E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
We summarise the especially important diagnostic characters to identify
<taxonomicName id="5C7D2CAC3BA6DEF1DBE8A72407C88F92" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="544CE7A7919A46885CA98206F9E5D676" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enicospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5F6FE344A13ABCA0015FB18145FA3643" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="97B1799C015A99B458FE354A80DEF3A2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="D2B4F703754A54D6901935E3C064CA24" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Morphological terms and measurement characters for head and mandible A head in frontal view (fh = face height, fw = face width, ch = clypeus height, cw = clypeus width) B head in lateral view (be = breadth of eye, bg = breadth of gena; GOI = be / bg) C mandible in outer view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473768" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</figureCitation>
). The head provides many good characters to define species, as many previous authors have indicated (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="4CC28971AA986AD68822421D728F3D38" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B40" refString="Gauld, ID, Mitchell, PA, 1978. The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of African parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae. CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" title="The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of African parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae." year="1978">Gauld and Mitchell 1978</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="6547FA7E4625B2EC3B8018055E78CEC5" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B41" refString="Gauld, ID, Mitchell, PA, 1981. The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of Indo-Papuan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae. CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" title="The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of Indo-Papuan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae." year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="20B6CE8508F2C4A2411852C4AAEDF53C" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 309" refId="B35" refString="Gauld, ID, 1988. A survey of the Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of tropical Mesoamerica with special reference to the fauna of Costa Rica. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 57: 1 - 309" title="A survey of the Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of tropical Mesoamerica with special reference to the fauna of Costa Rica." volume="57" year="1988">Gauld 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B7759B6AA5A8743B32901F87A259FAC8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.462.8229" author="Schwarzfeld, MD" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="59 - 114" refId="B135" refString="Schwarzfeld, MD, Sperling, FAH, 2014. Species delimitation using morphology, morphometrics, and molecules: definition of the Ophion scutellaris Thomson species group, with descriptions of six new species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). ZooKeys 462: 59 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.462.8229" title="Species delimitation using morphology, morphometrics, and molecules: definition of the Ophion scutellaris Thomson species group, with descriptions of six new species (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.462.8229" volume="462" year="2014">Schwarzfeld and Sperling 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5C201481833CF3E63A4F8D379BE7A709" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.550" author="Johansson, N" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 136" refId="B60" refString="Johansson, N, Cederberg, B, 2019. Review of the Swedish species of Ophion (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae), with the description of 18 new species and an illustrated key to Swedish species. European Journal of Taxonomy 550: 1 - 136, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.550" title="Review of the Swedish species of Ophion (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae), with the description of 18 new species and an illustrated key to Swedish species." url="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.550" volume="550" year="2019">Johansson and Cederberg 2019</bibRefCitation>
). Among them, the width of lower face as well as of clypeus, colour of interocellar area (or stemmaticum), shape of clypeus, and mandibular characters are especially useful and easy to use.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A2A1B7591A3EE050014C1CBEB7199114" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Width of the lower face is usually stable within a species group and/or species, even if the species is widespread, and sometimes provides enough gaps between species, although a few species, such as
<taxonomicName id="31B7652291B8C06DFA27286DCA0AA98E" lsidName="E. capensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="D8FBFB76F3BAFF6A50255215C4533B9D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, exhibit considerable variation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9A4AC56FC69D8007F3CD3057F43F213A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Although body colour can be very variable within species, the colour of the interocellar area is usually stable at the species level and a good diagnostic character.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EEA7A0CFAB52DA082C64BAEB787DB255" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The shape of the clypeus is also very useful. For instance, the nasute clypeus is one of the most critical diagnostic characters of
<taxonomicName id="F3F8C4465517EBA0B2EB674CFCDB96E8" lsidName="E. riukiuensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="riukiuensis">
<emphasis id="41E6E94735EDC5E6BB9E9CF8C95F6D00" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. riukiuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and related species (Fig.
<figureCitation id="C1D584F348A3F3FD1379EBA07E978DAB" captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="F40" captionText="Figure 40. Enicospilus riukiuensis (Matsumura &amp; Uchida, 1926) ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure40" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473806" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">40D</figureCitation>
), and the flat and projecting clypeus of
<taxonomicName id="134EBCBB43B81987E6D49EC28461BA8E" lsidName="E. sakaguchii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sakaguchii">
<emphasis id="30A4569781C9D75FB0EB61AC2BFC22C2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. sakaguchii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinctive (Fig.
<figureCitation id="F0C4BC0DF841907DEEBF189D653969F9" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Enicospilus sakaguchii (Matsumura &amp; Uchida, 1926) ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473807" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">41D</figureCitation>
). The shape of the ventral margin, i.e., acute, blunt, or impressed, is also a very useful diagnostic character.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E1D0B00F427695744BCFC3F0A91C3F65" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Features of mandibles are some of the most important diagnostic characters of
<taxonomicName id="9F5BCD4A5035EB672FA8A0437D42974C" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="179D73D281103EDA564B0E3AE49653B2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enicospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. First, the outer mandibular surface sculpture, especially presence or absence of a diagonal setose groove or line of punctures between the dorsoproximal corner and base of the apical teeth, is important. For example, the outer mandible surface of
<taxonomicName id="5A72B1AEAFC8E2AF1E8B7C192724F8B7" lsidName="E. ramidulus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="ramidulus">
<emphasis id="3A0923F1AD8E2A6D60ECBDDC47DB4115" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. ramidulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a diagonal setose groove (Fig.
<figureCitation id="52371FEB66392CEC9F1E87BC8D52E877" captionStart="Figure 39" captionStartId="F39" captionText="Figure 39. Enicospilus ramidulus (Linnaeus, 1758) ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure39" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473805" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">39B, D</figureCitation>
), but of
<taxonomicName id="F6057954AA096CD0FCEE24CD76F4E611" lsidName="E. pungens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pungens">
<emphasis id="5029D394B783E0E4EDF77504B3440BA2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. pungens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is smooth (Fig.
<figureCitation id="784A0B40C7A8AFAF8E400476BA4DE676" captionStart="Figure 38" captionStartId="F38" captionText="Figure 38. Enicospilus pungens (Smith, 1874) ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure38" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473804" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">38B, D</figureCitation>
). Second, the torsion of the mandible is a useful character, although it is rather difficult to measure. For instance, the strongly twisted mandible of
<taxonomicName id="DC136051EE46BFDB061D542609328DDC" lsidName="E. acutus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="acutus">
<emphasis id="1CBAF27A1EAADB56473D294A29EEFD52" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. acutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is one of the most important diagnostic characters for this species (Fig.
<figureCitation id="E017D303D692D4BF6F62093E07B09E6A" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Enicospilus acutus Shimizu, sp. nov. ♀ from Japan (PT) A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473777" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11B, D</figureCitation>
). Finally, length and shape also provide good characters. For instance, the mandible of
<taxonomicName id="7D358D9BF5131F6F8C48420D7C953952" lsidName="E. shikokuensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="shikokuensis">
<emphasis id="A3BE06A15FCCA696F6D2C765431905EB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. shikokuensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very long, slender, strongly tapered proximally, and subparallel-sided distally (Fig.
<figureCitation id="7B0B4DB22CA7FE46298170D831F7DB08" captionStart="Figure 44" captionStartId="F44" captionText="Figure 44. Enicospilus shikokuensis (Uchida, 1928) ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure44" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473810" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">44B, D</figureCitation>
), but of
<taxonomicName id="C5AFBEB388BCE2F5EA9A018E9145ABD8" lsidName="E. sakaguchii" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="sakaguchii">
<emphasis id="F74E35DB8831441798219A00A46F3D1B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. sakaguchii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very short, stout, and evenly tapered (Fig.
<figureCitation id="BD6E65443F91B4BA61C8D02B1E41F1AB" captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Enicospilus sakaguchii (Matsumura &amp; Uchida, 1926) ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473807" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">41B, D</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="32C80D9EB17C4522872FBD70637C435A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Some mandibular diagnostic characters at the species level, such as degree of torsion and length of teeth are possibly adaptive characters and have been considered to be related to modes of emergence from host insects; hence, these characters are usually easily modified and not phylogenetically restricted, so it is indeed useful for species level taxonomy.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E331639D0144799D3D13951DC2DF0766" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="B8E50835C0E4D28EA14E01BE562F4AA2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mesosoma</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="BBD66720DDF608BF37D6812055574F5D" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Morphological terms for mesosoma A lateral view B dorsal view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473769" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3</figureCitation>
). Mesosomal characters are also very informative. Surface microsculuptures of meso- and metapleuron are rather stable within species and also show large gaps between species and/or species groups. For example, the mesopleuron is coarsely longitudinally striate and metapleuron coarsely rugose in
<taxonomicName id="43FF22AF5C7ED3D67333779DB1646E6A" lsidName="E. nigristigma" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigristigma">
<emphasis id="2F3DF48624A508B0834A04F40DF12E6E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. nigristigma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="8F5880875BDC4CFA6DAE977F6176C942" captionStart="Figure 31" captionStartId="F31" captionText="Figure 31. Enicospilus nigristigma Cushman, 1937 ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure31" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473797" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">31E</figureCitation>
), but the meso- and metapleuron are evenly moderately punctate and strongly shiny in
<taxonomicName id="6045403B338AFC318C5BCB601089CC4B" lsidName="E. unctus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="unctus">
<emphasis id="99FD051A209BCC857F74F5F9B4398E61" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. unctus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (Fig.
<figureCitation id="028D50E61370F4556B746C17DB2FD28C" captionStart="Figure 50" captionStartId="F50" captionText="Figure 50. Enicospilus unctus Shimizu, sp. nov. ♀ (HT) from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure50" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473816" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">50E</figureCitation>
). Propodeum characters are useful as well. The posterior transverse carina of the propodeum of
<taxonomicName id="6236EC3D4E1BDF7A17E850CAB90EA391" lsidName="E. signativentris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="signativentris">
<emphasis id="BA3BFAAA3D07550B981900F72E42FFBE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. signativentris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique in the Japanese species (Fig.
<figureCitation id="6707B02CEF4A95BC68EF8E6D4F2F6375" captionStart="Figure 46" captionStartId="F46" captionText="Figure 46. Enicospilus signativentris (Tosquinet, 1903) ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure46" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473812" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">46E</figureCitation>
), and globally few
<taxonomicName id="F498BD4728EDBCC510F636163E7D1C84" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5AC266304E3BE8B3373764BCE3D41C0C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enicospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species possess this carina. In other cases, the posterior area can be entirely densely punctate to finely reticulate in
<taxonomicName id="C4489A971FDDA5AF26B86E007A7A5AEA" lsidName="E. limnophilus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="limnophilus">
<emphasis id="D8E9FC4B8C98D0C25A1A7E1218C16C4C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. limnophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. (Fig.
<figureCitation id="177F2CB7AC413F0E91F7DC00330AB5A7" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Enicospilus limnophilus Shimizu, sp. nov. ♀ (A-E HT F PT) from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473791" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">25E</figureCitation>
), but coarsely concentrically striate in
<taxonomicName id="3E64EA711A861FD6F650781721C5AFED" lsidName="E. insinuator" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="insinuator">
<emphasis id="A27801C36AF36F471A97E04EBD0A0712" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. insinuator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="50E4A39821D3BE7B28696ABC10904409" captionStart="Figure 19" captionStartId="F19" captionText="Figure 19. Enicospilus insinuator (Smith, 1860) ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473785" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">19E</figureCitation>
), providing an easy means to separate them. In this way, the propodeum is useful for definition of the species or species group when combined with other characters. Characters of the scutellum are also sometimes good for species recognition. For example, the quadrate scutellum of
<taxonomicName id="1700FB26B796F8AFDF58CABC5CA1B448" lsidName="E. formosensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="formosensis">
<emphasis id="3ECABC10D7A0E1EA05276BBBCFE6890A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. formosensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
contributes to its identification, with the scutellum more or less trapezoidal or triangular in most
<taxonomicName id="5DDB2F6A280B71332D967358451C7D7A" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4625ED1ACE31B16FBA2371450AD37E84" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enicospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species. Additionally, the length of the lateral longitudinal carinae of the scutellum is almost always stable within species and useful, with very rare exceptions, such as in
<taxonomicName id="0498F8ED393286873E00036E615E15B3" lsidName="E. limnophilus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="limnophilus">
<emphasis id="834B593A57D317E9C653BE64DD027DAC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. limnophilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., that exhibits a very wide range of variation (length of the carinae varies from 0.1-1.0
<normalizedToken id="95AADA82212A07A9041E6417B9C975AB" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
scutellum length).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6221C8FFA478B88C00A8E00D72908C2D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="E08EFFF86BDB3B5DA7523735067C3E16" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wings</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="9587B37804B32845FC44C54CE5914DF2" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Morphological terms and measurement characters for wings A fore wing (AC = anal cell, BC = basal cell, DS = discosubmarginal cell, FE = fenestra, FS = first subdiscal cell, FSM = fourth submarginal cell, MC = marginal cell, SD = second discal cell, SB = subbasal cell, SS = second subdiscal cell, TD = third discal cell) B hind wing (NI = mn / no, AC = anal cell, BC = basal cell, DC = discal cell, MC = marginal cell, SB = subbasal cell, SDC = subdiscal cell, SM = submarginal cell) C central part of fore wing (AI = cd / ab, CI = gf / fh, DI = k / fe, ICI = ab / bc, SDI = ef / gi, SI = l / j, SRI = ce / ef). Brown letters indicate veins and sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473770" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4</figureCitation>
). Wing characters have probably been regarded as the most important diagnostic characters in nocturnal
<taxonomicName id="EBA9AA89F608E9761CF0F590E3504053" authorityName="Shuckard" authorityYear="1840" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ophioninae">Ophioninae</taxonomicName>
by many previous authors (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="2806403EED010D78B678FA7E084455C2" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/AJZS049" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Zoology (Supplementary Series)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 112" refId="B31" refString="Gauld, ID, 1977. A revision of the Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology (Supplementary Series) 49: 1 - 112, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AJZS049" title="A revision of the Ophioninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Australia." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/AJZS049" volume="49" year="1977">Gauld 1977</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="7504519A82779DFC19EDC0B6A7DAC752" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B41" refString="Gauld, ID, Mitchell, PA, 1981. The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of Indo-Papuan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae. CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" title="The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of Indo-Papuan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae." year="1981">Gauld and Mitchell 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5FAB1C1771001F3E99744E5F5051B031" DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.67.51332" author="Shimizu, S" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="69 - 126" refId="B144" refString="Shimizu, S, 2020. The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae): a preliminary revision and identification key to species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 67: 69 - 126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.67.51332" title="The Nepalese species of the genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae): a preliminary revision and identification key to species." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.67.51332" volume="67" year="2020">Shimizu 2020</bibRefCitation>
). These are much easier to use than other characters and can easily be measured.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9B60798608A5D5566F41063D8AA0F145" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
First, the number, shape, and position of sclerites of the fore wing fenestra is usually very useful in
<taxonomicName id="1F7634F939604EBD02E81A74CCAF51A9" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AED8F6D84769300DCE7C4BB58BE34ED7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enicospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The number of sclerites varies in
<taxonomicName id="5A072A740F27EF51AB04EA6E8E9A75F3" authorityName="Stephens" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Ichneumonidae" genus="Enicospilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enicospilus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="ABF369A869C226B9D53366B62363FB9E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Enicospilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species from zero to four, but is nearly always stable within a species. The shape and position of sclerites are also very diverse, and some previous research has suggested that some species exhibit a wide range of intraspecific variation (e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="DB50600F19EE7752DECEBE208EA68229" author="Gauld, ID" journalOrPublisher="CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B41" refString="Gauld, ID, Mitchell, PA, 1981. The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of Indo-Papuan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae. CAB: Slough / Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London" title="The taxonomy, distribution and host preferences of Indo-Papuan parasitic wasps of the subfamily Ophioninae." year="1981">Gauld and Mitchell 1981</bibRefCitation>
). However, it is stable in many cases and, if a species shows a wide range of intraspecific variation, it is likely that cryptic species are involved.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF7B0F69145F4CF4C5B40939D77782D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Second, the shape and setosity of the fore wing fenestra is sometimes a very useful character. For example, among Japanese species, the fenestra of
<taxonomicName id="E3D839AFD7B4EC0D70D94365471AF45C" lsidName="E. nigribasalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigribasalis">
<emphasis id="1803DEDB9BF7E4CB5339010CABB7599F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. nigribasalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="1A799C5DFE12B1A8F5E8B47D05C866DA" lsidName="E. stenophleps" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="stenophleps">
<emphasis id="C5F83173F897BCA6C9B2475C678D52C8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. stenophleps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is long and its anterodistal corner interstitial to fore wing vein RS (Figs
<figureCitation id="8216DEBC871E0C03F95E1E3D7F732E2A" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Enicospilus nigribasalis (Uchida, 1928) ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473796" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">30F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="6B8B257BB1AF508D29D20A767EA9A8F5" captionStart="Figure 47" captionStartId="F47" captionText="Figure 47. Enicospilus stenophleps Cushman, 1937 ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure47" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473813" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">47F</figureCitation>
), but in other Japanese species the fenestra is shorter and its anterodistal corner clearly antefurcal to RS (e.g., Figs
<figureCitation id="0D92A52857FB8C74C03A87EC71CC5F8C" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Enicospilus limnophilus Shimizu, sp. nov. ♀ (A-E HT F PT) from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473791" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">25F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="9FAF8CC36BB589678B9F2822CF1D7ADD" captionStart="Figure 36" captionStartId="F36" captionText="Figure 36. Enicospilus pudibundae (Uchida, 1928) ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure36" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473802" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">36F</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EADDB0D8DA5CB84C5F6E243FBEB976C8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Finally, the length and shape of wing veins also offer very good diagnostic characters. For example, the shape of fore wing veins 1m-cu&amp;M and 2r&amp;RS, the position of fore wing vein 1cu-a, and values of indices (e.g., AI, CI, ICI) are useful to distinguish species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0337045245233209F1F94CE417D8DD71" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="1636142AA6B42F20197BCB8786B57D38" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Legs</emphasis>
. Legs do not seem to provide many useful characters, but some characters, such as the density of spines on the outer surface of the fore tibia, and pectination of the hind tarsal claw, are useful in species definition. For example,
<taxonomicName id="CB625708442F6F83F23CC345D8A2E158" lsidName="E. maruyamanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="maruyamanus">
<emphasis id="6433B5DD23B8BAEAE10CA387CB941957" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. maruyamanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="B49F263498DDB199C53C3729C76458BC" lsidName="E. pudibundae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pudibundae">
<emphasis id="312D39EB93B384AF64D6DABE89129662" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. pudibundae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are very difficult to distinguish from each other, but the hind tarsal claw of the former is entirely uniformly pectinate, and the latter is not pectinate proximally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="591ABBBEBB409E1DDA72A26EF9C5A62F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="03BA4266A772EAB9E9DE8D5A301B2B6E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Metasoma</emphasis>
(Fig.
<figureCitation id="934E49E9B604EA8F1135C6986A235CDA" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Morphological terms and measurement characters for metasoma (DMI = e / f, PI = a / b, THI = c / d)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473771" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5</figureCitation>
). The shape of the first metasomal segment (e.g., sinuous or straight in profile, slender or stout) is useful (
<bibRefCitation id="211E6680BABB133432DFA9F8B112F0F8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.187" author="Broad, GR" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 31" refId="B7" refString="Broad, GR, Shaw, MR, 2016. The British species of Enicospilus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae). European Journal of Taxonomy 187: 1 - 31, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.187" title="The British species of Enicospilus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae)." url="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.187" volume="187" year="2016">Broad and Shaw 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="6FE5A65326CB2EC15D0DB0F6B2054D4A" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.550" author="Johansson, N" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Taxonomy" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 136" refId="B60" refString="Johansson, N, Cederberg, B, 2019. Review of the Swedish species of Ophion (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae), with the description of 18 new species and an illustrated key to Swedish species. European Journal of Taxonomy 550: 1 - 136, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.550" title="Review of the Swedish species of Ophion (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ophioninae), with the description of 18 new species and an illustrated key to Swedish species." url="https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2019.550" volume="550" year="2019">Johansson and Cederberg 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D551B151E7171EA10D7D1D854BC6D9F5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="A72FFC3F9C6077C35E476EAEABA90D75" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Body size</emphasis>
. Measuring body length is rather difficult due to the wide range of contraction or expansion of metasomal segments after death, hence fore wing length is a more useful character. However, body size shows a very wide range of variation in many species, such as
<taxonomicName id="53EC021B08A7DA5BAF3545CE39115BC8" lsidName="E. pseudoconspersae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pseudoconspersae">
<emphasis id="CFBBACB6A4F240AC2DCA16D4109E3031" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. pseudoconspersae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, although it is stable in a few species (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="84101337E72C3DF3A78329EF3ECB6979" lsidName="E. concentralis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="concentralis">
<emphasis id="C6AB95ACDA4F6AD0A71FD47D8D57162F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. concentralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="42BB40BF5FCD5DED3A46892E366CD31B" lsidName="E. nigronotatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigronotatus">
<emphasis id="7BE61841CF80F05A2C314102AD0A735A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. nigronotatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Therefore, this character is occasionally useful for species definition.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="9ABE30A2D969ED17F7515BC44830E896" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis id="05EBC5027F368515A02B24A4D643388C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colour</emphasis>
. As mentioned above, this character can easily change intraspecifically. For instance,
<taxonomicName id="86AF612A02EF5AB08A51DF64807A21FB" lsidName="E. nigropectus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigropectus">
<emphasis id="9A0E747E6B2ECB7EFD26B889FEA6097F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. nigropectus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="07BDFE1E9C967A26D747EDFFD04EBBDD" lsidName="E. signativentris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="signativentris">
<emphasis id="FEA16DEC142A0C82C9013DBA526D13EA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. signativentris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
show a considerable range of colour variation (body entirely blackish to entirely testaceous). However, this character is stable within some species (e.g.,
<taxonomicName id="57817386636A00EE371BBFC14BA86893" lsidName="E. acutus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="acutus">
<emphasis id="2441196E8546A57EFF58130D3D717F43" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. acutus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. and
<taxonomicName id="E17CEBEA85542F6E2BF2ECDABAA72E24" lsidName="E. nigribasalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigribasalis">
<emphasis id="C3E0228228531017DA827D77233C92E0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E. nigribasalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as in Figs
<figureCitation id="44346E5EEE0E1C12B411D539F70DDFB0" captionStart="Figure 11" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 11. Enicospilus acutus Shimizu, sp. nov. ♀ from Japan (PT) A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473777" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">11</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="7DD25D8E87C9D6A41930FAD1212171F6" captionStart="Figure 30" captionStartId="F30" captionText="Figure 30. Enicospilus nigribasalis (Uchida, 1928) ♀ from Japan A habitus B head, frontal view C head, dorsal view D head, lateral view E mesosoma, lateral view F central part of fore wing." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.990.55542.figure30" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/473796" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">30</figureCitation>
). Hence, this is also a useful critical character, but we need to be careful when relying on colour pattern.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink