221 lines
21 KiB
XML
221 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.24908" ID-GBIF-Dataset="39143575-5dd7-49dd-a914-eeaf43060fb1" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970--137" ID-ZBK="63FDA225900E42A69FD18B02D8CD1F44" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970--137" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys " ModsDocTitle="Systematics of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Proceratiinae) in China – with descriptions of three new species based on micro-CT enhanced next-generation-morphology" checkinTime="1555317040329" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Staab, Michael, Garcia, Francisco Hita, Liu, Cong, Xu, Zheng-Hui & Economo, Evan P." docDate="2018" docId="95B68A8F671BB28A113D2D791921F9B7" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 770: 137-192" docOrigin="ZooKeys 770" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.24908" docTitle="Proceratium zhaoi Xu 2000" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="137" masterDocId="0E3A8F7EF24EFFF1D203FF811E3EFFCD" masterDocTitle="Systematics of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Proceratiinae) in China - with descriptions of three new species based on micro-CT enhanced next-generation-morphology" masterLastPageNumber="192" masterPageNumber="137" pageNumber="137" updateTime="1643549215339" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Systematics of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Proceratiinae) in China - with descriptions of three new species based on micro-CT enhanced next-generation-morphology</mods:title>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Staab, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Garcia, Francisco Hita</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Liu, Cong</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Xu, Zheng-Hui</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Economo, Evan P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>770</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>137</mods:start>
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<mods:end>192</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.24908</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.770.24908</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970--137</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">63FDA225900E42A69FD18B02D8CD1F44</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">63FDA225900E42A69FD18B02D8CD1F44</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="156199956" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:95B68A8F671BB28A113D2D791921F9B7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/95B68A8F671BB28A113D2D791921F9B7" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName authority="Xu, 2000" authorityName="Xu" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium zhaoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zhaoi">Proceratium zhaoi Xu, 2000</taxonomicName>
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Figs 4A, 15, 16, 17, 25
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium zhaoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zhaoi">Proceratium zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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Xu, 2000: 435 (w.q.), China
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium nujiangense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nujiangense">Proceratium nujiangense</taxonomicName>
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Xu, 2006: 153 (w.q.), China, syn. n.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Of
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. zhaoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="zhaoi">P. zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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: Holotype. Pinned worker from CHINA, Yunnan Province, Menghai County,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Meng’a">Meng'a</normalizedToken>
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Town, Papo Village, 1280 m asl, deciduous broadleaved forest, soil sample, 10-IX-1997, leg. Zheng-Hui Xu, No. A97-2338 (in SWFU) [examined].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Paratypes. Six pinned workers and 24 alate females; one worker with same data as holotype; all other paratypes with same data as holotype but No. A97-2380 (CASENT0235334 in CASC; CASENT0790671 and all other paratypes in SWFU) [all examined].</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Of
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. nujiangense" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="nujiangense">P. nujiangense</taxonomicName>
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: Holotype. Pinned worker from CHINA, Yunnan Province, Baoshan City, Lujiang Town, Bawan, 1500 m asl,
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<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pinus yunnanensis" order="Pinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="yunnanensis">Pinus yunnanensis</taxonomicName>
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forest on east slope of Nujiang River Valley, 11-VIII-1998, leg. Qizhen Long, label
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“A98-1964”">"A98-1964"</normalizedToken>
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(in SWFU) [examined].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Paratypes. Seven pinned workers and 10 queens with same data as holotype but No. A98-1995, No. A98-1997, No. A98-2010, No. A98-2016, No. A98-2029 (CASENT0790672 and all other paratypes in SWFU) [all examined].</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="virtual dataset">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Virtual dataset.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Volumetric raw data (in DICOM format), 3D rotation videos (in.mp4 format, see Suppl. material 6: Video 4 for
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. zhaoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="zhaoi">P. zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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and Suppl. material 7: Video 5 for
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. nujiangense" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="nujiangense">P. nujiangense</taxonomicName>
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), still images of surface volume rendering, and 3D surfaces (in PLY format) of a paratype of
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. zhaoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="zhaoi">P. zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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(CASENT07900671) and a paratype of
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. nujiangense" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="nujiangense">P. nujiangense</taxonomicName>
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(CASENT0790672) in addition to montage photos illustrating head in full-face view, profile and dorsal views of the body. The data is deposited at Dryad (
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<bibRefCitation author="Staab, M" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" url="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h6j0g4p" year="2018">Staab et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
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, http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.h6j0g4p) and can be freely accessed as virtual representations of the species. In addition to the data at Dryad, we also provide freely accessible 3D surface models at Sketchfab (https://skfb.ly/6txOT and https://skfb.ly/6txOL).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium zhaoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zhaoi">Proceratium zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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differs from the other members of the
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. itoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="itoi">P. itoi</taxonomicName>
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clade by the following character combination: small species (TL 2.0-2.8, WL 0.66-0.80; measurements and indices use data from the original descriptions); of head weakly convex, broadest at level of eyes and gently narrowing anteriorly and posteriorly, posterior head margin weakly concave to almost straight; frontal carinae developed, their lateral lamellae relatively narrow, not extending over antennal insertions; posterodorsal corners of propodeum bluntly angled; posterior face of petiolar node, in profile, shorter and steeper than anterior face, dorsum of node broadly rounded, petiole as long as broad or broader than long (DPeI 98-110), subpetiolar process developed, relatively variable, varying in size and shape (from rectangular to triangular to acutely toothed); only dense pubescence, no erect hairs on dorsum of body, head, and scapes.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Figure 15.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium zhaoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zhaoi">Proceratium zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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paratype worker (CASENT0790671). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in full-face view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Figure 16. Still images from surface display volume renderings of 3D model of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium zhaoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zhaoi">Proceratium zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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paratype worker (CASENT0790671). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in dorsal view D Head in anterodorsal view E Head in anterior view F Head in ventral view G Head in profile H Mesosoma in profile I Mesosoma in dorsal view J Propodeum in posterodorsal view K Abdominal segment II and parts of III in profile L Abdominal segment II and parts of III in dorsal view M Abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken originalValue="II–VII">II-VII</normalizedToken>
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in profile N Abdominal segment III and parts of II and IV in dorsal view O Abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken originalValue="II–VII">II-VII</normalizedToken>
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in ventral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Figure 17. Still images from surface display volume renderings of 3D model of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium zhaoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zhaoi">Proceratium zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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paratype worker of
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. nujiangense" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="nujiangense">P. nujiangense</taxonomicName>
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(CASENT0790672). A Body in profile B Body in dorsal view C Head in dorsal view D Head in anterodorsal view E Head in anterior view F Head in ventral view G Head in profile H Mesosoma in profile I Mesosoma in dorsal view J Propodeum in posterodorsal view K Abdominal segment II and parts of III in profile L Abdominal segment II and parts of III in dorsal view M Abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken originalValue="II–VII">II-VII</normalizedToken>
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in profile N Abdominal segment III and parts of II and IV in dorsal view O Abdominal segments
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<normalizedToken originalValue="II–VII">II-VII</normalizedToken>
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in ventral view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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This species is only known from two locations at mid elevation in forests of southern and western Yunnan Province. The original description reported 45 workers in the type colony (
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<bibRefCitation author="Xu, Z-H" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="434 - 437" title="A systematic study of the ant genus Proceratium Roger from China (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="25" year="2000">Xu 2000</bibRefCitation>
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) and no other data on natural history have been published. However, the relatively short legs suggest a purely hypogeic life style, which conforms to the fact that specimens were extracted from soil samples.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="137" type="taxonomic notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">Taxonomic notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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Even though at the beginning of this study we treated
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. nujiangense" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="nujiangense">P. nujiangense</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. zhaoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="zhaoi">P. zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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as distinct species, thorough examinations combining traditional microscopy with micro-CT scans proved that there are no morphological characters separating them. The virtual comparisons of type specimens of both taxa showed that there are no morphological differences, a fact that is not easy to observe by comparing physical specimens. The types are hairy, dirty, and mounted in ways that hide most important characters, as it is typical for most
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Proceratium</taxonomicName>
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specimens. Furthermore, the main character used by
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<bibRefCitation author="Xu, Z-H" journalOrPublisher="Myrmecological News" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="151 - 155" title="Three new species of the ant genera Amblyopone Erichson, 1842 and Proceratium Roger, 1863 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Yunnan, China." volume="8" year="2006">Xu (2006)</bibRefCitation>
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to separate the species was the subpetiolar process, which has been used for species diagnostics in previous studies (
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<bibRefCitation author="Baroni Urbani, C" journalOrPublisher="Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Monografie (Turin)" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 492" title="The ant genus Proceratium in the extant and fossil record (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="36" year="2003">Baroni Urbani and de Andrade 2003</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hita Garcia, F" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="47 - 86" title="Taxonomy of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Afrotropical region with a revision of the P. arnoldi clade and description of four new species." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.447.7766" volume="447" year="2014">Hita Garcia et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Hita Garcia, F" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="97 - 112" title="Revision of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Proceratiinae) in Fiji." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.475.8761" volume="475" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
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). However, these works either had very little material for the assessment of intraspecific variation and/or treated different clades of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Proceratium</taxonomicName>
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. Our study shows that the subpetiolar process is extremely variable within the
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. itoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="itoi">P. itoi</taxonomicName>
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clade and refrain from using it for species delimitations. As a matter of fact, the variation of the subpetiolar process was already noted in the description of
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. zhaoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="zhaoi">P. zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Xu, Z-H" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="434 - 437" title="A systematic study of the ant genus Proceratium Roger from China (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="25" year="2000">Xu 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). Reexamination of all type specimens of both species also revealed a comparatively high degree of variation and overlap in the form of the posterodorsal corner of the propodeum and the width of the propodeal node. In addition, the morphometric ranges of
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. nujiangense" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="nujiangense">P. nujiangense</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. zhaoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="zhaoi">P. zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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overlap and form a continuum, and there are no significant differences in proportions since all indices are identical. Considering these similarities in light of the newly available images and micro-CT data, we propose treating
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. nujiangense" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="nujiangense">P. nujiangense</taxonomicName>
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as a junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. zhaoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="zhaoi">P. zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="137">
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This species was not mentioned in the revision of
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<bibRefCitation author="Baroni Urbani, C" journalOrPublisher="Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali Monografie (Turin)" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 492" title="The ant genus Proceratium in the extant and fossil record (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="36" year="2003">Baroni Urbani and de Andrade (2003)</bibRefCitation>
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, potentially because the authors were not aware of its description shortly before the completion of their monograph. Despite some size variation (TL 2.0-2.8), the relative body proportions of
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. zhaoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="zhaoi">P. zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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are constant (CI 84-90, SI 61-66).
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium zhaoi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zhaoi">Proceratium zhaoi</taxonomicName>
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is the smallest (WL 0.66-0.80) member of the
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. itoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="itoi">P. itoi</taxonomicName>
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clade. It can be distinguished from all other
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. itoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="itoi">P. itoi</taxonomicName>
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clade species (except for
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. williamsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="williamsi">P. williamsi</taxonomicName>
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) by the absence of erect hairs that protrude through the dense pubescence on the dorsal body surface.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Proceratium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Proceratium williamsi" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="williamsi">Proceratium williamsi</taxonomicName>
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also lacks hairs on the dorsal body surface, but is larger (WL 0.80-0.92), has stronger developed frontal carinae and relatively more slender and longer legs. The relatively weakly developed frontal carinae and the short legs (MFeI <80, MTiI <65, MBaI <40) make
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<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. zhaoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="zhaoi">P. zhaoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
also unique among the Chinese
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="P." lsidName="P. itoi" pageId="0" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="itoi">P. itoi</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |