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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c78f07a8-c6ec-4490-a8a4-d17697b29e6b" ID-PMC="PMC3264415" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-148-293" ID-PubMed="22287902" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-148-293" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 148" ModsDocTitle="Brachyceran Diptera (Insecta) in Cretaceous ambers, Part IV, Significant New Orthorrhaphous Taxa" checkinTime="1451249597577" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Grimaldi, David A., Arillo, Antonio, Cumming, Jeffrey M. &amp; Hauser, Martin" docDate="2011" docId="84E8A6C0A097C2F3E09ECE8F71B1D082" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 148: 293-332" docOrigin="ZooKeys 148" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809" docTitle="Kumaromyia burmitica Grimaldi &amp; Hauser, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="317" masterDocId="FF87FFED073F016AFFA1FF97FFD3590E" masterDocTitle="Brachyceran Diptera (Insecta) in Cretaceous ambers, Part IV, Significant New Orthorrhaphous Taxa" masterLastPageNumber="332" masterPageNumber="293" pageNumber="314" updateTime="1668152765975" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Brachyceran Diptera (Insecta) in Cretaceous ambers, Part IV, Significant New Orthorrhaphous Taxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Grimaldi, David A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Arillo, Antonio</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Cumming, Jeffrey M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hauser, Martin</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>148</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>293</mods:start>
<mods:end>332</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.148.1809</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-148-293</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032181" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:96FE6FDB-D380-47A8-8EDB-2FE979761B72" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/84E8A6C0A097C2F3E09ECE8F71B1D082" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="21" pageNumber="314">
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="314" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="314">
<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:96FE6FDB-D380-47A8-8EDB-2FE979761B72" authority="Grimaldi &amp; Hauser" class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Kumaromyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kumaromyia burmitica" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="314" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmitica">Kumaromyia burmitica Grimaldi &amp; Hauser</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="21" pageNumber="314">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Fig. 8
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="314" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="314">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="314">As for the genus.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="21" pageNumber="314" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="21" pageNumber="314">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="316" pageId="21" pageNumber="314">
Small fly, total body length ca. 2.70 mm, thorax length 1.0 mm, wing length (estimated) 2.50 mm. Head: Large, with large eyes. Eyes bare, hemispherical in lateral view (posterior margin flat), no dorsoventral differentiation of facets; inner margins of eyes parallel, separated by distance approximately equal to width between antennal bases. Frons slightly convex, not protruding anteriad; with numerous fine setulae, without calli. Face (&quot;subcranial cavity&quot;) depressed, dark (sclerotized?), glabrous. Antennal scape and pedicel small, approximately equal in size, devoid of thick setae; basal flagellomere largest antennomere, drop-shaped, with dense setulae (no setae); apical two antennomeres (including apical style) small, fine, with style slightly longer than penultimate antennal article. Maxilla with bases (cardostipites) sclerotized and partially fused, palp1-segmented. Labellum slightly larger than palps. Postgena well developed, with numerous fine setae (pilosity). Thorax: Deep in lateral view, pleura apparently devoid of fine or bristle-like setae; scutum with at least 8 pairs of setae [dorsal view, including scutellum, obscured]. Scutum with 3 pairs of notopleurals and 5 pairs in supra-alar region and some setulae; no cervical/postcervical setae. Legs: With thick, stiff setae, primarily on tibiae; fore tibia slender, hind tibia
<pageBreakToken pageId="22" pageNumber="315" start="start">thickest</pageBreakToken>
. Fore leg: femur with lateral row of ca. 10 fine setae, tibia with anterior row of 4-5 setae, 4 pre-apical setae. Mid leg: Femur apparently devoid of setae, tibia with 3 evenly-spaced setae on dorsal surface, 2 more ventrad, 4 apically. Hind leg: Coxa with small knob on ventral surface [best seen in left coxa]; femur devoid of setae, tibia with dorsal row of 3-4 setae, lateral row of 3 setae, ventral row of 3-4 setae. Basitarsomere on each leg equal in length to (or slightly longer than) combined length of distal tarsomeres. Each tarsomere with ca. 4 short, stiff setae on rim of distal end. Pretarsus with pair of large pulvilli, empodium setiform. Wing: Large, length nearly equal to that of body. Crossvein h long (space between Sc and C deep); Sc long, length approximately
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
that of wing and slightly shorter than length of R1; apex of Sc apparently incomplete (not meeting C). Apices of Sc and R1 without pterostigma surrounding apices. Fork of R and Rs deep, proximal to level of vein h. R2+3 straight, without apical curve. Fork of R4+5 not widely divergent; R5 in line with stem of R4+5, apex of R5 ending very near apex of wing (not posterior to it); R4 slightly curved, distinctly shorter than R5. Cell d slender, greatest width &lt;0.25
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
length. Veins M1
<pageBreakToken pageId="23" pageNumber="316" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
M2 slightly divergent, M2 and M3 very divergent, all M veins attached to apex of cell d. Apex of M3 meeting apex of CuA1 at wing margin. ABDOMEN: Short, only slightly longer than thorax; details (e.g., sternites, genitalia) not observable.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="23" pageNumber="316">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">
Figure 8.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Kumaromyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kumaromyia burmitica" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmitica">Kumaromyia burmitica</taxonomicName>
Grimaldi &amp; Hauser, gen. et sp. n. (Therevoid family group:?
<taxonomicName family="Apsilocephalidae" lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" rank="family">Apsilocephalidae</taxonomicName>
), in Burmese amber. Right lateral habitus of holotype AMNH Bu131, as preserved. Below: wing, partially reconstructed.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="316" type="type">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">Holotype, female, AMNH Bu131: Myanmar: Kachin State, near Mytikyina (mid-Cretaceous: Late Albian - Cenomanian). Specimen is complete, but the right wing (the only one observable) is folded, and most of the dorsal view is obscured, compromising a complete reconstruction of the venation (fig. 8). The fly is complete, though slightly compressed and with a slight coating of particulate matter over some areas. Its left side is lying on a rough surface of the amber, which obscures that view. The piece also contains some twisted strands of spider webbing.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="23" pageNumber="316" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">In reference to the country of origin.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">
There is little question this fossil belongs to the therevid group, albeit unusually small (within the range in body size of some apsilocephalids and a few genera of
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phycinae">Phycinae</taxonomicName>
, such as
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Efflatouniella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Efflatouniella" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Efflatouniella</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kröber">Kroeber</normalizedToken>
, 1927). Therevid-group features include the antennal structure, bristle-like setae on the scutum and on the legs, the small knob on the hind coxa, as well as the venation. Unlike most
<taxonomicName family="Therevidae" lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" rank="family">Therevidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Kumaromyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kumaromyia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kumaromyia</taxonomicName>
lacks any pruinosity and pilosity (except for the postgena), although
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Xestomyzinae">Xestomyzinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Agaphotinae">Agaphotinae</taxonomicName>
are also robust and have sparse pilosity.
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Kumaromyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kumaromyia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kumaromyia</taxonomicName>
lacks any thick setae that typically encircle the scape and/or pedicel subapically in
<taxonomicName family="Therevidae" lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" rank="family">Therevidae</taxonomicName>
. Also,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Kumaromyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kumaromyia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kumaromyia</taxonomicName>
has R4 and R5 above the wing tip, whereas in
<taxonomicName family="Therevidae" lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" rank="family">Therevidae</taxonomicName>
these are above and below the wing tip, respectively. Unlike
<taxonomicName family="Apsilocephalidae" lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" rank="family">Apsilocephalidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Kumaromyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kumaromyia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kumaromyia</taxonomicName>
has a one-segmented palp, vs. two-segmented in
<taxonomicName family="Apsilocephalidae" lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" rank="family">Apsilocephalidae</taxonomicName>
, where the basal segment is distinctively thin and long (oddly, palp segmentation and structure was not described for
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Kaurimyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kaurimyia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kaurimyia</taxonomicName>
). The antennal stylus and stout body in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Kumaromyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kumaromyia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kumaromyia</taxonomicName>
is much more similar to that of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Clesthentia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Clesthentia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Clesthentia</taxonomicName>
, as the stylus in
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Apsilocephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apsilocephala" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Apsilocephala</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Kaurimyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kaurimyia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kaurimyia</taxonomicName>
, and even
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Burmapsilocephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Burmapsilocephala" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Burmapsilocephala</taxonomicName>
is long and thin. It is quite possible that
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Kumaromyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kumaromyia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Kumaromyia</taxonomicName>
is a stem-group taxon for the therevid-family group, not necessarily belonging within
<taxonomicName family="Apsilocephalidae" lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" rank="family">Apsilocephalidae</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName family="Therevidae" lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" rank="family">Therevidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">
Fossil
<taxonomicName family="Therevidae" lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" rank="family">Therevidae</taxonomicName>
are scarce, with only five definitive species known, all from the Tertiary.
<bibRefCitation author="Hauser, M" journalOrPublisher="Studia Dipterologica" pageId="32" pageNumber="325" pagination="37 - 59" title="Baltic amber Therevidae and Apsilocephalidae (Diptera)." volume="14" year="2007">Hauser (2007)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation author="Hauser, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="32" pageNumber="325" pagination="393 - 401" title="Fossil Therevidae (Insecta: Diptera) from Florissant, Colorado (Upper Eocene)." url="doi: 10.1017/S1477201905001690" volume="3" year="2005">Hauser and Irwin (2005)</bibRefCitation>
revised the fossil species:
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Ambradolon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ambradolon grimaldii" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimaldii">Ambradolon grimaldii</taxonomicName>
Metz and Irwin 2000: Early Miocene Dominican Republic amber
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Arctogephyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arctogephyra agilis" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agilis">Arctogephyra agilis</taxonomicName>
(Meunier 1908): mid-Eocene Baltic amber
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Dasystethos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dasystethos hoffeinsi" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hoffeinsi">Dasystethos hoffeinsi</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Hauser, M" journalOrPublisher="Studia Dipterologica" pageId="32" pageNumber="325" pagination="37 - 59" title="Baltic amber Therevidae and Apsilocephalidae (Diptera)." volume="14" year="2007">Hauser 2007</bibRefCitation>
: mid-Eocene Baltic amber
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Kroeberiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Kroeberiella pinguis" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">Kroeberiella pinguis</taxonomicName>
(Loew 1850): mid-Eocene Baltic amber
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Palaeopherocera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaeopherocera scudderi" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scudderi">Palaeopherocera scudderi</taxonomicName>
(Cockerell 1909): uppermost Eocene, Florissant, Colorado, USA
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">
Fossil
<taxonomicName family="Apsilocephalidae" lsidName="" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" rank="family">Apsilocephalidae</taxonomicName>
range from the Cretaceous to early Tertiary:
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Apsilocephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apsilocephala pusilla" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pusilla">Apsilocephala pusilla</taxonomicName>
(Hennig 1967): mid-Eocene Baltic amber
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Apsilocephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Apsilocephala vagabunda" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vagabunda">Apsilocephala vagabunda</taxonomicName>
(Cockerell 1927): uppermost Eocene, Florissant, Colorado, USA
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="23" pageNumber="316">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Apsilocephalidae" genus="Burmapsilocephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Burmapsilocephala cockerelli" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="316" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cockerelli">Burmapsilocephala cockerelli</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Gaimari, S" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Geology)" pageId="31" pageNumber="324" pagination="43 - 45" title="Burmapsilocephala cockerelli, a new genus and species of Asiloidea (Diptera) from Burmese amber." volume="56" year="2000">Gaimari and Mostovski 2000</bibRefCitation>
: mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="317">
<pageBreakToken pageId="24" pageNumber="317" start="start">Undescribed</pageBreakToken>
sp.: Early Cretaceous amber, Wealden, UK (
<bibRefCitation pageId="24" pageNumber="317">Chandler 2010</bibRefCitation>
: plate 32, fig. 2).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="317">
The position of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Therevidae" genus="Psilocephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psilocephala electrella" order="Diptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="electrella">Psilocephala electrella</taxonomicName>
Cockerell 1920 within the therevoid group is uncertain.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>